Ensuring User Data Protection And Privacy

Ensuring User Data Protection And Privacy
##Ensuring User Data Protection & Privacy##
While access to sensitive data on the network is governed via "Access Control" (Refer to Chapter 7 on Network Security), you can assist with
additional privacy to users by ensuring they adopt the following secure data communication & storage practices, provided these practices constitute
approaches identified during the organization's Risk Assessment (Refer to Chapter 1). Keep laws & regulations related to encryption in mind before
recommending these best practices.
###6.1 Encrypt User Data–at–Rest###
Data–at–Rest refers to user information stored on their devices, in external hard drives and on removable media such as USBs, DVDs.
**6.1.i Full disk encryption (FDE)**
When working with users ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
FDE 's biggest advantage is that there 's no room for error if users don 't abide by or don 't understand encryption policies.
Here are some best practices when instituting Full Disk Encryption (FDE):
– Prep the machine: Before enabling encryption on the HDD, ensure the machine is clean and running properly beforehand. It's essential that there are
no disk problems that would render code specific to the encryption engine to be unreadable.
– Its recommended to defragment the hard drive, run checkdisk several times, back up the data, administer all patches and optimize performance before
encrypting.
– Test the waters: Test encryption on a few "pilot" testers– these could be your tech champions to iron out the kinks, gauge user resistance and the
scope of the full deployment, before instituting FDE across the organization. (Refer to Chapter 3 for change management best practices).
– Don't underestimate deployment time; enabling FDE takes time, especially for large drives. A good rule of thumb is that it takes anywhere between
4–6 hours depending on the size of the HDD for the software to encrypt the drive.
– Check for interference with other applications. Another reason for a pilot test is to identify if there is device–driver or BIOS interference between the
encryption software and other applications. Run tests for the various operating systems of devices on your network as not all of them may be
compatible with your FDE solution.

– Ensure users are employing
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Organizational Data Privacy and Security Policy
Organizational Data Privacy and Security Policy
Alyaa Ghanim
What are Organizational Data Privacy and Security Policy?
It is the policy of the Organization to protect against the unauthorized access, use, corruption, disclosure, and distribution of non–public personal
information.
The Organization shall hold non–public personal information in strict confidence and shall not release or disclose such information to any person
except as required or authorized by law and only to such authorized persons who are to receive it. The Organization shall not use any non–public
personal information for any purpose other than the administration of a receivership or in the event that it assists a regulator in the supervision of an
insurer. In ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
5. A succession plan is required from organization for key persons in the event of a disruption to normal business processes.
6. The Organization should ensure that the greatest extent possible based on the size of the organization that there is a clear separation of duties to
prevent important management controls from being overlooked. Segregation of duties as defined in the Procedures will preserve the integrity,
availability, and confidentiality of information assets by minimizing opportunities for security incidents, outages and personnel problems.
7. Training employees and other authorized users are important in an Organization and maintenance of security procedures.
8. Violations of the data privacy and security policy may result in disciplinary action up to and including termination of employment.
Information Systems
There are some procedures that Organization should follow to protect and maintain the security and integrity of its information systems which include
infrastructure and software design, information processing, storage, transmission, retrieval and disposal.
So, Figure (1) illustrates the matters that the procedures should be handled:
Figure (1): Procedure's matters
1. Limiting access to those individuals necessary to carry out the Organization's role with respect to non–public personal information.

2. Physical and electronic protection of

Unregulated Data Mining Undermines Privacy Rights
Unregulated Data Mining Undermines Privacy Rights
Introduction
As we live our everyday lives day to day, data is being gathered from each and every one of us; often without our consent or realization. Data is being
gathered constantly when we subscribe to magazines, when we use coupons, when we use our credit cards and when we browse the Internet. Following
the 9/11 attacks, the government and law enforcement proposed to develop an airline traveler screening program that would consolidate these pieces of
consumer data information. It was not implemented due to its controversial nature. However, privacy and civil liberty advocates are constantly
questioned, "What are you afraid of? What do you have to hide? If you haven 't done anything wrong, what 's there to worry about?". They insinuate
that data is harmless, but according to law professor, Jeffrey Rosen's book The Unwanted Gaze, you are not your profile. These datasets can contain
errors. Furthermore, data misuse and the revelation of information to strangers can lead to misjudgment, wrong conclusions and violations of privacy
rights. Therefore, I will look at the topic of data mining, "a set of methodologies for extracting knowledge from datasets" (Robinson, 2015) as it relates
to the balance of public interest and privacy rights. Thus, this paper will analyze the arguments of Kaplan, Al–Saggaf & Islam, Bahamonde et al.,
McCaul & Meehan and Robinson as they relate to the problem of unregulated data mining. The first

Privacy Preservation Of The Field Of Data Mining
Data Mining is an analytic process designed to explore data (usually large amounts of data – typically business or market related – also known as "big
data") in search of consistent patterns and systematic relationships between variables, and then to validate the findings by applying the detected
patterns to new subsets of data. In recent years, with the tremendous development in the internet, data storage and processing technologies, privacy and
security has become our major concerns in the field of data mining. Privacy preservation is one of the most important and challenging factor as the
sensitive data should not be embarrassed by the adversery.this paper presents wide survey of different privacy preserving techniques and algorithms for
privacy preserving data mining and points out the merits and demerits.
Different approaches of privacy preservation:
In this era where internet is everything, for any purpose the corporations have to maintain large amounts of electronic data, therefore privacy of data
has become our major concern .the main aim of privacy preservation is utilization of enormous amount of data present without harming the
individual's privacy. There are many effective algorithms for privacy preserving data mining but in all the approaches, some form of transformations
are applied to the data in order preserve its privacy. Many methods reduce the granularity in representation in order to reduce the privacy. The
transformed data set is made available

Big Data And Digital Privacy Policy Concerns
MEMORANDUM
TO: The Internet (for suggestions before sending to Office of President)вЂЁFROM: (Representing: Virtual United Consortium of Big Data Companies)
Date: January 14, 2015
RE: Big data and digital privacy policy concerns
The purpose of this memo is to describe ongoing big data revolution and to show how digital privacy considerations for same can be addressed by
adopting recommended options.
Background:
Although traditional software packages used to track usage patterns to catch bugs with a goal to improve user experience as a whole, the recent growth
of web applications (which includes dynamic websites ranging from digital content consumption, interaction and production– which in turn is really a
small subset of whole ecosystem) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although there are many rationales to use such techniques, broadly they can be classified into two classes: 1) direct usage: which involves usage of
big data techniques for one, specific, predetermined purpose. 2) indirect usage: which involves, as its name suggests, indirect use of collected data
beyond its original intended usage. The application domain is very large – ranging from search engines, online ad marketing, video content analysis for
piracy detection, healthcare, natural language processing to name a few.
Government
The hot topic around government usage of big data has been centered on meta–data crawlers. The meta–data which, as its name suggests, is data about
some particular data. An easy example is of a phone call where the data is single audio file of the phone call and the meta–data is group of many
attributes such as caller, recipient, call time, call duration, call location through signal triangulation etc. Since it is evident that meta–data is very large
in quantity than its parent data itself, thus making it a perfect domain for government agencies to apply the big data analytics2.
End users End user will use the product provided by software and web companies and will provide, either with or without consent, the input to the big
data techniques. It is difficult to draw a clear

Future Privacy Of Data Analysis
Future Privacy of Information Technologies to Protect Personal Data In a modern life, from the minute a person is born, a digital record is created.
From that point on, the individual's behavior is regularly tracked and information are collected about the typical parts of the person life such as when
government collect data about our health, education and income, we hope that the data are used in good way. However, we always have concerned
about our privacy. Liina Kamm did her research on the Information Security Research Institute of Cybernetica AS. Kamm worked with development
team of the secure data analysis system Sharemind to develop she developed a convenient privacy–preserving data analysis tool Rmind to help on the
future privacy... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Second, the Data users have an interest in gathering data to learn the statistical possessions of the qualities or notice designs from this date. Also,
SHAREMIND is designed to be organized as a disseminated secure calculation benefit that can be used for outsourcing data storage and calculations.
The benefits of SHAREMIND are the developer labels data as public or private in the database and in application code, Sharemind routinely applies
cryptographic safety for private data throughout the analysis process step, and Private data cannot be made public without using special functions that
need the compromise of some servers before publication data. Different type of privacy There are four type of privacy levels. they are record–level,
source–level, output–level and cryptographic privacy. First, Record–level privacy is most important in statistical surveys and setups where databases
are published. Second, source–level privacy is very like record–level privacy, but the difference is privacy does not easily report the issue of privacy
leaks as a result of a large number of frequent requests. Third, Output–level privacy looks directly at the result the data analysis more specifically in
how much the outputs of a data removal process leak material about its inputs. This is because breaking output–level privacy means that we learned
something about the private inputs that we should not have learned. Forth, Cryptographic privacy guarantees that only the last

Privacy Of Data Stream Using Sliding Window Method
Privacy Preserving In Data Stream Using Sliding Window Method
1. INTRODUCTION:
Data Mining is defined as extracting information from huge sets of data. In other words, we can say that data mining is the procedure of mining
knowledge from data. There is a huge amount of data available in the Information Industry. This data is of no use until it is converted into useful
information. It is necessary to analyse this huge amount of data and extract useful information from it. Extraction of information is not the only process
we need to perform; data mining also involves other processes such as Data Cleaning, Data Integration, Data Transformation, Data Mining, Pattern
Evaluation and Data Presentation [12].
Information is today probably the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2.1 Anonymization based PPDM
The basic form of the data in a table consists of following four types of attributes:
(i) Explicit Identifiers is a set of attributes containing information that identifies a record owner explicitly such as name, SS number etc.
(ii) Quasi Identifiers is a set of attributes that could potentially identify a record owner when combined with publicly available data.
(iii) Sensitive Attributes is a set of attributes that contains sensitive person specific information such as disease, salary etc.
(iv) Non–Sensitive Attributes is a set of attributes that creates no problem if revealed even to untrustworthy parties [4].
Anonymization refers to an approach where identity or/and sensitive data about record owners are to be hidden. It even assumes that sensitive data
should be retained for analysis. It 's obvious that explicit identifiers should be removed but still there is a danger of privacy intrusion when quasi
identifiers are linked to publicly available data. Such attacks are called as linking attacks. For example attributes such as DOB, Sex, Race, and Zip are
available in public records such as voter list.
Figure 1: Linking Attack
Such records are available in medical records also, when linked, can be used to infer

The Big Data Is Preserve Privacy Information Of The...
The most important and significant challenge in the big data is to preserve privacy information of the customers, employees, and the organizations.
It is very sensitive and includes conceptual, technical as well as legal significance. Any collected information about a person, when combined with
other sets of data, can lead to the finding of persons secret and private information. " As big data expands the sources of data it can use, the
trustworthiness of each data source needs to be verified, and techniques should be explored to identify maliciously inserted data" (Jaseena K.U. Julie
M. David). Big data gives us a significant opportunity in the field of national security, a breakthrough of diseases, medical researchers, marketing and
business analysis, urban planning, and so on. But these exceptional advantages of big data are also restricted by the privacy concerns and the data
protection. On the other side, privacy is a huge concern. Critical pieces of information of users are collected and used in furtherance to add value for
any businesses. This is done by exploiting the insight in their personal information, and in most of the cases, users are totally unaware of it. The user
might not want to share his/ her information. But, it is already being known to the data owner without the consent or even knowledge of it to the user. "
Unauthorized release of information, unauthorized modification of information and denial of resources are the three categories of security

Computer Aided Mammograms And Trans Atlantic Data Transfer...
Issue Paper: Computer–Aided Mammograms and Trans–Atlantic Data Transfer Privacy
Garrett Gutierrez CSE 485: Capstone I #80015 12:00 PM – 1:15 PM
Introduction:
As new technologies emerge, they cause new and surprising impacts on the world, which shape how people experience life. Yet, these advancements in
computing and engineering may have some negative consequences. Thus, they become controversial issues. Two recent issues in the computing and
engineering field are the effectiveness of computer–aided mammograms in the
United States and Facebook data being used for mass surveillance on European denizens. These issues affect the areas of national healthcare and global
privacy, respectively. Not only do these topics have current ramifications, they also have potential long term consequences that will need to be
addressed. Thus, current leaders are taking actions to address each of these issues in order to resolve them or mitigate their adverse effects. This
paper will identify each issue, its source, the current and future impact of the respective issue, and how current leaders are addressing the issues based
on the facts provided by the credible news sources.
Issue 1 and Source:
On the national level, a contemporary issue involving computing that has arisen is the use of computer–aided mammograms in the U.S. for women's
healthcare. The issue is that recent studies have shown that computer–aided mammograms are not effective at detecting more instances of breast
cancer or tumors,

Privacy Issues Of Data Mining And Data Publishing
Privacy Issues in Data mining and Data Publishing:
With the buzz around many big data applications, privacy concerns regarding their uses have also grown. With the personal data has been mined and
published every day, the battle to reclaim the privacy starts vigorously. E–commerce websites harvests information about all the online searches of
customers. Social Media exposes the likes and preferences of people, their photos and all their daily activities. Video surveillance monitors the
movement of people. The data gets published from health care, censes and other government agencies. With such potential of harvesting, mining and
publishing data, the risks of using big data is more than anything [29].
As the privacy concerns are increasing drastically, privacy preserving techniques is an option that can be employed in both data mining and data
publishing. The principle of this technique is to design techniques for effective data mining and data publishing without compromising privacy.
Data Mining :
Data mining is a very important component in today's big data [22, 23]. Data mining is essential for everyone from large businesses to government
organizations. It helps to identify trends, patterns and make predictions by exploring, comparing, researching and analyzing data.
Various uses of data mining performed in government and private organizations are [10–Page2]:
1.Analysis in science and engineering.
2.Improve intelligence and detecting terrorist activities
3.

Invasion Of Citizens ' Privacy On Digital Data
Invasion of Citizens' Privacy on Digital Data In today's world, people tend to run the majority of their daily errands through the internet. It is very
easy, convenient, and it saves a lot of time. In one hour someone can make a deposit into his personal bank account, order a medical prescription,
pay bills, apply for a loan, get some shopping, and more. All it takes for a customer to be able to do this is having an account with each of these
company's websites. Creating an account is usually a very simple process where the person provides some information and creates a username and a
password to be in a position to return to the website. This information provided by the client is called: digital data or digital information, which is
simply any kind of information in digital format. Digital data can be public or private, it can be kept by the government, banks, medical providers,
and other institutions; as well as a freely available on the internet on websites like myspace.com, Facebook, LinkedIn, etc. But is our data really safe?
Along with its many benefits, the march of technology makes an encompassing surveillance network seem almost inevitable. We owe much of the
privacy we have enjoyed in the past to a combination of immature technology and insufficient manpower to monitor us. But these protective
inefficiencies are giving way to efficiency technologies of data processing and digital surveillance that threaten to eliminate our privacy. Already we
are tracked by our

The Privacy Preserving Data Mining
3.4 Generalization approach
Generalization includes substituting a value along with a less definite but semantically constant value. Generalization can be reached via local recoding
or global recoding[3, 5].
3.5 Cryptographic technique
In this ideal architecture the whole process is divided into the three main components the mediator, customer and a group of data service providers.
Previously there is no interaction between the customer and the data provider. And when the client sends a query, the mediator forwards the
information to all data holders and via exchange of the acknowledgements, the mediator generates the connection with the data providers[4].
There are various techniques suggested in the area of the Privacy Preserving Data Mining but one exceed over the other on the basis of different
criteria. Algorithms are categorized based on utility, performance, cost, complexity, etc. It has been presented a tabular comparison in a chronological
order. Table 1 represents different Merits and Demerits of the Various Techniques of PPDM.
IV. CONCLUSION
Currently, one of the major concerns is privacy to prevent the private data which they don't want to share. This paper targeted on the previous
literatures in the domain of Privacy Preserving Data Mining. From this analysis, it has been found that there is no only one method which is constant
in all fields. All techniques operate in a separate way based on the pattern of data also the kind of domain or application.

Urban Data Collection And Data Privacy Essay
Urban Data Collection and Data Privacy
(Case Study on LinkNYC Kiosk)
Part I
As the data are getting more and more easily accessed and analyzed by software and algorithms, the development of Urban Science has entered a
new era. The urban technologies have being created to tackle the universe of the big data, and the popularized use of Mobile devices has made data
collection never so easy. Data is everywhere, anytime and in any format. The science of data can be highly applicable to almost any industries, such as
medicine, urban planning, health care, and economics, etc. Most of them are closely connected to citizens' everyday lives, so the responsibilities of
regularizing the data use from private or public uses become extremely crucial for the progress of the overall economy.
In this essay, our primary discussion in this part will be around some specific examples on how urban data is being captured, from examples of 311
calls to interactive street displays like LinkNYC, how the newly collected data is shaping the urban planning process and aiming to solve wicked
problems, and more detailed case analysis on LinkNYC, including the a proposed optimized outcome of deploying this new data collecting technology.
The capturing procedure of the data is the beginning of every story. Take Baltimore's Citi–Stat program for example. Citi–Stat lead by its former mayor
Martin O'Malley is a leadership strategy that a mayor can employ to mobilize city agencies to produce specific

Database Data Mining: the Silent Invasion of Privacy
Database Data Mining: The Silent Invasion of Privacy
Database Data Mining: The Silent Invasion of Privacy
Dustin Johnson
University of Maryland University College
As coined in an article in the St. Louis Post–Dispatch by Aisha Sultan, "Data is the new world currency."Data mining is the process of analyzing data
from different perspectives and then summarizing it into useful information. In essence is it applying all different types of what if scenarios on large
swaths of data to get possible results to aid in better decision making. This sort of decision making isn't something new, it's the technology aiding the
decision making that is new. This has reduced the amount of time it takes in the decision making process and given the... Show more content on
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But after realizing that companies can't govern themselves since the allure of profits from selling consumer information they collect to other agencies
is so great, the FTC has had a change of mind and is now promoting the effort of government regulation of protection of privacy of consumer data. Now
this brings up a good question. What has the FTC done to promote standards/regulations to protect consumer privacy data and what are the punishments
for not complying with those standards and regulations. The FTC had advised congress on enacting laws to protect consumer privacy. Some of those
laws are the Children's' Privacy Protection Act of 1998, Gramm–Leach–Bliley Financial Modernization Act (GLBA), Cable Communications Policy Act
of 1984, Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act of 1994, Driver Privacy Protection Act of 1994, Electronic Communications Privacy
Act of 1986, Electronic Fund Transfer Act, Fair Credit Reporting Act, and the Federal Privacy Act (Kim). Most of these regulations are predominantly
enacted for the public sector in order to prevent illegal gathering of information by government agencies at the federal, state, and local level. It is also
the FTC that handles the cases against companies that don't comply with these regulations besides promoting further enhancement of regulations. For
example the FTC is currently advising Congress and implementing a stronger

Consumer Security And Data Privacy
Over the years the consumers of the internet have used this resource for many professional and personal needs. However, even though internet can
seem like a good thing to us, it sometimes can be a bad thing and very threatening. Consumer security, and the protection of our data on websites and
apps that we explore every day, is very important and should never be violated. Over the years there have been many services that in a way threaten
this security and privacy and at the same time some services have helped us and most people are blind to this. The protection of our personal data on
social media websites, to important data like medical information and social security is also affected in both ways. Consumer security and data privacy
has affected we the consumers negatively through the lies from Facebook, ads containing malware from cyber criminals, non–malware, Google, and
positively through LifeLock. Consumer security and data privacy is very important for everyone to know about because it can greatly affect us.
Consumer security is our online security against many things such as hackers stealing money from us, preventing criminals and strangers from
finding out where people live, and what people do. Data privacy is one of the many features of information technology that then allows users to store
information about ourselves, other people, or really just anything people may be looking up, typing in and more. Data privacy and determining what to
do with it can be a very

Data Mining and Privacy-an ethical look Essay
Data Mining and Privacy–an ethical look
I. Introduction
In 2001, the MIT Technology Review listed data mining as one of the top 10 technologies that will change the world.[i] So, what is data mining? For
many people, the simple answer is that data mining is the collecting of people's information when logged onto the Internet. But Webopedia emphasizes
that data mining is not the collection of data itself, but the statistical interpretation of it – allowing people to obtain new information or find hidden
patterns within that collected data.[ii] It is the combination of these, collection and analysis, which are cause for concern. People want to know: What
information is being collected about me? Who has access to that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
But these people didn't fit into any of MSNBC's existing user categories. By discovering that these people enjoyed tabloid–style news, the website was
able to encourage use of their website by including at least one really juicy story on their homepage each day.[i]
Amazon.com has something they call "Purchase Circles" where, based on data mining they have done on their customers, you can see what the most
popular purchases are for employees of certain companies, people in particular zip codes, and students of individual schools. They do allow you to
opt–out of the data collection, but only after the initial uproar over the information collected – and it is not easy to figure out how.[iii]
Computer scientist Jon Kleinberg used data mining to determine what new words are entering our language. He has analyzed every State of the Union
address to see how phrases come in and out of popularity. Current web logs are examined to find current 'hot' words that can be used in targeted
advertising.[iv]
B.In Britain
The Leeds Building Society uses data mining on their 500,000 mortgage holders to determine which ones are most likely to go into arrears. They
looked at all the information held on accounts that went into arrears in the past to form 'high risk' account profiles that can be applied to current and
future accounts. They had some surprising

Data Collection And Privacy Policies
Data collection generally can provide and opportunity for abuse, misuse and identity theft in some cases (there have been several reported cases of
major data breached from companies like Target and Apple). Privacy and security are one of the biggest issues, my client will be justifiably
concerned not only about what my company will do with the data we will collect, but also how it will be protected from third parties. Transparency
about the use and protection of consumers' data will reinforce trust by my client for my company. There is also a need to give my clients and their
employees full control over what part of their data can be collected and used for product enhancements. There is also the fact that my client may not
fully grasp the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The customers will be provided with the appropriate value in exchange for collected data, they will be educated about how it is collected, and
allowed to have control over what information we can or cannot received. Our data collection practices and privacy policies will also be spelt out
upfront, we expect that the tradeoffs will be transparent to the customer who stands to gain significantly when we use the information provided from
the data collected to enhance their companies efficiency and effectiveness. Since customer data will continue to be a strong competive advantage for
my company, gaining my clients confidence will be key. Transparency about the information we gather from our customer and their employees is
critical. We must also give them full control over their data, and offer fair value in return to earn contineous access. We understand how much data is
worth to our consumers, we offer commensurate value in return for it. We will make the exchange transparent to build trust and encourage data
sharing. We will ensure we focus on safeguarding privacy, educating users, and giving them control. We will also voluntarily continuously identify
and adopt the most stringent data privacy policies to protect our company against legal challenges and let our customer know how highly place we
consider their data to us. 2. a. The ROI analysis was unreliable because the average ROI % was greater

Analysis On Data Security And Privacy
Introduction
The goal of our research paper is to provide a concise analysis on data security and privacy protection issues pertaining to data and databases as well
as the current advancement/ breakthrough made and achieved in regards to database security and privacy concerns. We will also discuss in this paper
some current solutions in the security market. First, we looked at the a trusted database model which makes it possible to shield database with absolute
secrecy to benefit trusted equipment presented on the side of server and made to work at the charge of any cryptography which permits private data
handling on a simple device.
Also, we looked into the problem of Enterprise Search Engines, How it gives out detailed aggregate information about the enterprise which is a
bridge in privacy and this is a big concern. Also review the new technique that was proposed and used in analyzing the problem by suppressing
sensitive aggregate for enterprise search and still keeping it originality in answering users.
We will use another technique which is encrypting data with different encryption keys assigned to each group this makes a challenge which is we
would like to execute queries without revealing information on the server mean while doing less computations on the client, some techniques minimize
the revealed information on the server and amount of computations on the client. We also focus on investigating the operational model, database use in
Rails.
Therefore, we provide

Privacy Protecting Confidential Information On The...
Abstract– Privacy preserving in data mining specifies the security of the confidential data or attribute in the large data base. Sharing of extracted
information from a data set is beneficial to the application users. But at the same time analysing such data opens treats to privacy if not done properly.
This work aims to reveal the information by protecting confidential data. In the literature various methods including Randomization, k–anonymity and
data hiding have been suggested for the same. In this paper we introduce new masking technique for hiding sensitive data based on the concept of
genetic algorithms. The main purpose of this method is fully supporting security of continuous numerical data in the database and keeping the utility ...
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This usually involves using database techniques such as spatial. These patterns can then be seen as a kind of summary of the input data.
In recent years, data mining has been viewed as a threat to privacy because of the widespread proliferation of electronic data maintained by [2]
corporations. A number of techniques have been proposed for modifying or transforming the data in such a way so as to preserve privacy. The privacy
preserving in data mining concerns the protection of confidential data from unauthorized users. The confidential data may be numerical, categorical or
both. The protection of confidential data may give personal security to the workers of a company, government employers and sometimes it concerns
with national security.
A key problem that arises in any mass collection of data is that of confidentiality. The need for privacy preserving is sometimes due to law [3] or
can be motivated by business interests. However, sharing of data can be beneficial to others and give mutual gain. A key utility of large databases
today is research, whether it is scientific or economic and market oriented. For example, medical field has much to gain by pooling data for research.
Despite the potential gain, this is often not possible due to the confidentiality issues which arise. So the privacy of the one's confidential data should be
preserve from other corporate or public sectors.
The problem of

The Ethics Of Big Data And An Individual 's Privacy
The Ethics of Big Data and an Individual's Privacy What is Big Data? Big Data is the mass collection of user data by mathematical algorithms,
databases, data mining, and the use of datasets that were once believed to be static and unusable. Big Data's history goes way back "...70 years to
the first attempts to quantify the growth rate in the volume of data, or what has popularly been known as the "information explosion" (Press,
Gil)." Researchers had predicted the massive growth of information and how our ability to collect and store it would need to continue to grow as
well. Libraries would be considered the first cataloging of human information, but as software and hardware continued to grow in the ability to
collect and store data information is now happening at an astronomical rate. To get a glimpse, or bigger picture, of Big Data here are a few facts of
how much data is being generated and managed (Villanova University): 1)Per IBM, users create 2.5 quintillion bytes of data every day. In practical
terms, this means that 90% of the data in the world today has been created in the last two years alone. 2)Walmart controls more than 1 million
customers transitions every hour, which are then transferred into a database working with over 2.5 petabytes of information. 3)Per FICO, the credit
card fraud system helps to protect over two billion accounts all over the globe. 4)Facebook holds more than 45 billion photos in its user database, a
number that is growing daily 5)

Informational Privacy And The Challenge Of Big Data
Informational Privacy and the Challenge of Big Data
By analysing an "unprecedented breadth, depth, and scale" of data, Big Data may benefit society, discovering a positive relationship between
therapeutic vitamin B use and delayed AIDS development and tracking the spread of influenza for instance. However, despite the benefits, there are
significant privacy concerns surrounding the ability to provide informed consent considering Big Data's aggregate and unpredictable character. For
example, regarding the use of Big Data to track the spread of influenza, Google analysed search terms related to the virus and then plotted users'
locations, without notifying the users, thus arguably ignoring individual informational privacy.
Accordingly, this essay will consider the importance of informational privacy and the potential harms resulting from Big Data use. It will be argued that
the existing mechanisms are inadequate to address the informational privacy concerns surrounding Big Data.
The Importance of Privacy
While Egger's protagonist Mae Holland stated that "Privacy is theft" on the grounds that maintaining a degree of personal privacy was seen to
deprive others from the vicarious enjoyment of an individual's personal experiences, it is submitted that privacy is vital to freedom of expression. By
procuring an isolated area, free from public observation, individuals may develop new ideas that may improve society. Such ideas might not develop if
subject to continua public or

Privacy Versus Security: Personal Data and Internet Use,...
Privacy versus Security: Personal Data & Internet Use There are many Americans who are perplexed by the very topic of Internet Privacy as well as
the security of their personal data. While the topics, privacy and security are clearly defined by Merriam–Webster's Dictionary as two different things,
they possess the ability to work together while one does not encroach upon the other. While these are two different topics, there are some that make the
mistake of using these terms interchangeably. There is a way to maintain not being observed while remaining secure. Some fear that the mere use of the
Internet is funneling their information to some huge database recording personal activity along with personal information. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The 3rd party company validates the user as either the cardholder or not without accessing any additional or identifying information. This type of
process enforces security to the user while at the same time maintaining their privacy. As many stories fill the news of databases being compromised or
government laptops being lost or stolen, the "Shibboleth" project will win many supporters. However, even with privacy being protected and security
being enforced, it is up to the consumer to be vigilant regarding their personal information in the same way. Many internet users fill the web–sphere
with personal information from Facebook to LinkedIn. These networks (professional and social) encourage users to divulge information about
themselves that may end up being dangerous, especially for our youth. There have been stories of people killed or hurt because they posted a
specific status on their Facebook page. This can be simply taken care of by using the tools already resident on the site (privacy tools). There are
various ways in which personal data and Internet privacy can be maintained while keeping national security in top working order. There are various
sources that allowing this to be the case more than the theory on an individual user level, without packages such as the "Shibboleth" software
application. Utilizing the firewall in your Windows or Mac operating system is an excellent method of

The Importance Of Information Security And Data Privacy
The Internet is a method of communication and a source of information that is becoming more popular among those who are interested in. The problem
with this much information being accessible to this many people is that some of it is deemed inappropriate for minors. Supervision is used because
many different types of groups of people are using it. Legislative regulation of the internet would be an appropriate function of the government.
Although the freedom of speech and privacy is important to the history and culture of the United States, certain regulations over the internet are needed.
Protecting Personal Data If personal data is required for a use, it should be secured. Millions of people use the internet basically everyday. The issue of
information security and data privacy is assuming tremendous importance among global organizations and particularly in an environment marked by
computer virus and terrorist attacks. As crucial information of a financial, insurance, medical and personal nature begins to get handled by remotely
located offshore outsourcing service providers, there is a growing concern about the manner in which it is being collected, stored and utilized. But
luckily the government is taking action by the following, "Government and law enforcement officials contend that access to such information spurs
rapid identification of criminals, helping to combat credit fraud, terrorism, and illegal immigration" (Privacy). The internet needs a policy and

Advantages Of A Model Contract
Model Contract
A model contract can be described as an agreement between the parties which are data exporter and the data importer, which covers lot of important
aspects for not only to communicators but also to data transport. This means that the relevant company in the United States must have a contract or
some kind of an agreement for each and every country to which it sends and receives data. Usually model contracts tend to be better suited for small
and medium–sized enterprises that do not have very large employee base or partners in many countries. But if it is a larger company that may have
employees or partners in different countries, standard contracts are not going to be that much helpful in practical a situation. In large companies, model
contracts ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
g)
HP states "Protecting customer and employee personal and confidential data promotes trust and loyalty and energize the HP brand". Though HP is a
large corporation, its dedication to protecting employee data has prevented altering, mishaps, such as major leaks of employee data.
But a large and a well renowned company like HP may also be vulnerable to some potential threats such as,
Global protection and national data protection for employees. As we know the "safe harbor" is largely paying its attention only towards the EU
member states. But they work in more than I70 countries throughout the world. Which means they can't keep one single policy for all their
employees, which will eventually lead to a chaos. Thus, it can be difficult to cope if a security problem arise in a country which is not part of the EU.
So in order to mitigate this kind of an incidence they should keep separate rules and regulations, policies, agreements which can be applied to any
circumstances with that county regarding their employee data or information protection despite of their general EU

Data Privacy
Data Privacy
G.Maruthi
What is data privacy?
Protection of personal data Why do we need protect personal data?
– The need to control personal data
Fear of misuse Identity Theft Cases of Fraud Other form of cyber crimes
What is Personal Information?
According to the European Directive on Data Protection
– Article 2: "Personal Data shall mean any information relating to an identified or identifiable natural person ('data subject'); an identifiable person is
one who can be identified , directly or indirectly, in particular, by reference to an identification number or to one or more factors specific to his
physical, physiological, mental economic , cultural or social identity" – Article 8: Personal data revealing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
the person so affected" – Body Corporate: "means any company and includes a firm, sole proprietorship or other association of individuals engaged in
commercial or professional activities"
Data Privacy: India
Under the chapter XI: Offences Section 72: Penalty for breach of confidentiality and privacy Section 72A: Punishment for disclosure of information in
breach of lawful contract:
Data Privacy: India
Information Technology (Reasonable Security Practices and Procedures and Sensitive Personal Data or Information) Rules, 2011:
– Rule 3: Sensitive personal data or information
Password; Financial information such as Bank account or credit card or debit card or other payment instrument details; Physical physiological and
mental health condition Sexual orientation Medical records and history Biometric information
Data Privacy: India

Information Technology (Reasonable Security Practices and Procedures and Sensitive Personal Data or Information) Rules, 2011: Rule 4: Body
corporate to provide policy for privacy and disclosure of information: Responsibilities of data controllers:
– – – – – Practices and policies Type of information collected Purpose of collection and usage of such information Disclosure of information
Reasonable security practices
Data Privacy: India
Information Technology (Reasonable Security Practices and Procedures and Sensitive Personal Data or Information) Rules, 2011: Rule 5: Collection of
information: Rule

Is Data Mining Violating Our Privacy And Rights? Why Are...
Imagine, that you come back from a hard day's work. You put on your favorite grey sweats with a cozy sweater. Soon after, you get a cup of hot
chocolate with marshmallows. Then you lean back on the sofa, turn on the television and change the channel to the local news. Breaking news with
bright red letters are plastered across the screen. The news anchor goes on explaining that an employee at the local hospital accidentally donated data of
patients. This means that patient's social security numbers, addresses, medical records, and other personal information, were given away without
patients' permission or consent. At that moment you realize that all your personal information is out there for everyone to see and use; and there is
nothing you can do about it. The collection of personal information is called data mining, and is collected through large online databases. The real
question is that data mining violating our privacy and rights? Why are companies still collecting our personal information without our consent and how
can we protect ourselves from breaches? Data mining should be limited in the United States and needs to undergo more appropriate privacy and
security policies to protect citizens privacy. To begin with, Dell software an information technology enterprises describes Data Mining as "an analytic
process designed to explore data in search of consistent patterns and/or systematic relationships between variables, and then to validate the findings by
applying the

Big Data And Information Privacy
Davis Model United Nations Conference 2016 Committee: CSTD Country: Indonesia Topic 1: Big Data and Information Privacy Topic
Background The amount of data on the planet in 2014 was around 4.4 zettabytes. It's expected to grow to 44ZB by the year 2020. It's also
predicted that by 2020, the amount of information produced by machines will account for about 10% of data on earth. One Zettabyte is 1000
Exabytes or 1 Billion Terrabytes. To put it in perspective, with one exabyte of data, a person can watch 36,000 years worth of HD videos. So, with
one zettabyte of data, thousands of generations can watch 36 million years of HD videos. One doesn't have to be Albert Einstein to know that the
amount of data usage on this planet will reach... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It predicts the most likely event as the probable future, not using magic or any machines from Science Fiction novels. Big Data also cannot "read
minds". Rather, it predicts a person's interests and produces the types of advertisements or information the said person would be interested in. Big
Data can analyze a customer's purchases, profile information, and make an accurate prediction on what his/her interests will be. Big Data has the
potential to be the phenomenal tool of the future. It can accurately predict what a customer wants and show advertisements that he or she is actually
interested in; It can be installed in smart cars, where an automatic distress call is sent when an unlucky individual is in a car accident; It can be
uploaded to devices that closely monitor people's health and report any irregularities to their doctor.4 Past UN Involvement There is a committee
called the United Nations Global Pulse, which is dedicated to "harnessing big data for development and humanitarian action".5 "Its vision is a future
in which big data is harnessed safely and responsibly as a public good. Its mission is to accelerate discovery, development and scaled adoption of big
data innovation for sustainable development and humanitarian action."5. Global Pulse functions as innovation initiative that explores how big data and
real–time analytics can help the advancement of the

How Data Breaches Affect Privacy And Security
Anonymity, Security, Privacy, and Civil Liberties:
How Data Breaches Affect Privacy and Security
Micheal Boor
CS300DL Technology in a Global Society
Park University
Mr. Mark Munoz
10 July 2015
Outline
1.Introduction
2.Data Breaches Affect Privacy and Security
a.Office of Personnel Management
b.Target
3.Conclusion
a.How to protect yourself and your information
4.Works Cited
Introduction:
While technology has advanced to previously unexperienced levels, our personally identifiable information is less secure now than ever before.
Personally identifiable information can be best described as "data that could potentially be used to identify a specific person;" which includes
information such as your date of birth, social ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2015. CNN Money, OPM hack's unprecedented haul: 1.1 million fingerprints [Internet]. Available from: http://money.cnn.com/2015/07/10/technology
/opm–hack–fingerprints/. Accessed: 07/10/2015.
OPM. 2014. Background Investigations [Internet]. Available from: https://www.opm.gov/investigations/background
–investigations/. Accessed: 07/09
/2015.
Bertrand, Natasha. 2015. Buisness Insider, The US agency plundered by Chinese hackers made one of the dumbest security moves possible [Internet].
Available from: http://www.businessinsider.com/

the–us–agency–plundered–by–chinese–hackers–made–one–of–the–dumbest–security–moves–possible–2015–6. Accessed: 07/09/2015.
Rosenblum, Paula. 2014. Forbes Business, The Target Data Breach Is Becoming A Nightmare [Internet]. Available from: http://www.forbes.com/sites
/paularosenblum/2014/01/17/the–target–data–breach–is–becoming–a–nightmare/. Accessed: 07/09/2015.
Harris, Elizabeth A., Perlroth, Nicole, and Popper, Nathaniel. 2014. New York Times, A Sneaky Path Into Target Customers' Wallets [Internet].
Available from: http://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/18/business/a–sneaky–path–into–target–customers–wallets.html?_r=1. Accessed:

Why Customers Care About Data Privacy
Why customers care about data privacy? Nowadays, questions that involve data privacy and security are becoming progressively significant. There
exist some data collectors that are almost impossible to be identified, so consumers are concerned about it. (BergstrГ¶m, 2015)
Consumers need to preserve their privacy, due to the fact that they don't want to exposure their personal information to others. This fact has became one
of the most important barrier for companies that try to collect as much information as they can, to arrive through a direct way to their consumers (Lee,
2015).
Big data affects in a different way depending on how privacy, security and welfare influence to the customers. There are different types of consumers
depending on ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A wrong use of the personal data can produce a big problem for them, but also can be a huge connotation for the society. It is difficult to control the
manipulation of the information, because some data collectors are really hard to be identified. (BergstrГ¶m, 2015)
Consumer trusting is a key factor for the companies; if the costumers believe and trust to others it would be easy for them to get their personal
information. So we can affirm that "trust" is an important key factor for the privacy concerns. (BergstrГ¶m, 2015). For the majority of business,
consumers' data is relevant and if they collect as much information as possible, it would be easier to improve a lot their products and services.
(TRUSTe, 2013)
Some companies give to their customers the opportunity to get some presents or the entry to limited content, in exchange of their personal
information. For a lot of people, this type of assistance has an important value so they decide to accept it, and they give them their personal data.
Sometimes, different brands are offering some special deals or they make an auction for those people who have created an account during the time
the promotion is valid. With this, brands have more personal data of potential consumers and they send them newsletters and so on, for catching each
time more clients. For example, Fashion brands like ZARA or H&M they were promoting a special discount of a 25% of a purchase doing an auction
for all the

Privacy and Citizens' Data
Introduction This is an era of massive violations of privacy rights and individual liberties due to the new technologies of surveillance, data mining,
electronic monitoring, biometric chips, spamming, hacking, phishing, and security breaches at major private and public institutions. These new
technologies make the protection of privacy rights far more difficult than in the pre–electronic past. Given the nature of the Internet, thousands or even
millions of people can view these Twitter and Facebook postings in a very short time, and they can quickly go 'viral' and spread globally almost
overnight (Owyang and Milliken 2010). Governments collect data on the entire life cycles of individuals, from birth to death, as well as information
on marriages, divorces, legal records, financial histories, voting, motor vehicles and property ownership. Those suspected of terrorist or 'subversive'
sympathies are subjected to far more intensive covert monitoring and investigation by the federal government, under the provisions of the Patriot Act.
Banks, corporations and private organizations in general also collect an immense amount of personal and financial data for credit and marketing
purposes. In short, these governmental and private organizations now have considerable power over "individual autonomy and decision making"
thanks to these new technologies (Solove, 2006, p. 2). Social Networks Privacy The personal right to privacy is a modern concept and hardly existed
anywhere in

Online Data Collection and Personal Privacy-a Review of...
Introduction
The growth of the internet enters into marketing world (KД±mД±loДџlu, 2004). The internet is used as another marketing tool in several purposes; a
cost–effective advertising channel (Eri, Islam and Daud, 2011), a resource for customers' personal data obtaining (Pope and Lowen, 2009), and a
market place (Lwin, Wirtz and Williams, 2007). Apart from those rising benefits, there are also problems and ethical issues growing aside.Privacy
seems to be the biggest issue that marketers have to deal with the growth marketing use of the internet (Pitta, Franzak and Laric, 2003; Miyazaki,
2008). Many researches found that privacy could have effects on trust, loyalty, and attitude on customers toward companies doing business on the...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
3.Collecting
2
personal data to create information with intention of selling it; this approach of data collecting tends to be the most invasive to personal privacy
perspectives.
Miyazaki (2008) states that the invasion of personal privacy of data collecting occurs when it is combined by two perspectives; tracking data and
information of customers (KД±mД±loДџlu, 2004), and the lack of information about how data is collected or is used and ability to control. The latter
seems to be a huge problem issue and privacy invasion (Dommeyer and Gross, 2003; Pitta, Franzak and Laric, 2003; Dubelaar, Jevons and Parker,
2003; Christiansen, 2011). There are many undisclosed circumstances of using personal information that threat customers' privacy for example price
adjusting and shopping pattern tracking. Insurance companies measure individual's risk of injury and death based on personal information of the
internet searches and blogs, then accordingly adjust one's insurance price (Pitta, Franzak and Laric, 2003; Christiansen, 2011). Providing a club card to
use in supermarkets for customers to collect points allows supermarkets to track consumers' shopping patterns (Pitta, Franzak and Laric, 2003).
As the increase of data collection and media reports of its affect (Pitta, Franzak and Laric, 2003; Ha, 2004), privacy concern increases on customers
(Pitta, Franzak and Laric, 2003; Ha, 2004; Spake, Finney and Joseph, 2011; Bernard, 2011). This is the

Little Rock-Based Companies: A Case Study
leading data brokering company with one of the largest commercial database on consumers in the world is Acxiom Corporation. This 9 Little Rock–
based company, according to its executives has about 1500 data points for each of about 500 million consumers worldwide (10% of world
population); in order to manage all data they have (as the пїјпїјпїјпїјпїјпїјпїјпїјпїјпїјпїјпїјпїјпїјпїјпїјпїјпїј

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