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2.  Logic is heavily stressed by idealism. Since mind
is the prime reality, and since the interpretation
of our perceptions and the unifying of our ideas
are the methods of knowledge, it is important to
master the science of formal logic.
 It is a tool by which our thinking can be examined
and rendered coherent.
 Therefore, it is of primary significance.

3.  Idealist logic does include induction as well as
deduction.
Induction- means of relation to nature and society
which yields the material with which formal logic
must work to be fruitful.
According to J.E. Creighton in his famous
Introductory Logic tells us that the material of
logic comes from our social experience.

4.  There are great number of generally
accepted truths he holds which have been
verified by a great number of individuals,
“ a perament body of knowledge which no
one thinks of calling in question”
 Some truths come from two main sources.
 Some of them comprise the everyday
knowledge of men,
 And the others have been yielded as
accurate knowledge by the various sciences.

5.  Creighton regards these as really being
similar.
 Both seek to discover the common bonds
linking objects, events and such.
 They both try to discover the logical
relations by which things and groups of
things are tied together.
takes particular objects as
starting point
begins with general concepts
or judgments

6.  Creighton underlies his treatment of
logic with distinctive belief that
“ the various pieces of our knowledge are
never independent of one another, but
form an organic whole, like the
members of a living organism, that
certain facts follow, as we say, from
certain other facts.”

8. Animals Intelligent beings

9.  Idealist logicians such as Creighton and Bosanquet,
being more objective and speculative in their approach
are more greatly preoccupied with such phases of logic
as those just describe with function at the conceptual
level of experience.
 Whereas idealists who sit at the feet of Berkeley and
Leibniz as much as they listen to the teachings of
Hegel will be as much interested in the logic of
percepts as in the logic of concepts.
 Accordingly they regard science, inductive method
and the individual’s own sensory contact with the
world as being important sources for the material of
logic, the content of thought.

10.  Doubtless they will agree quite fully with the
realist and pragmatist in their insistence that
formal logic be extended so as to take perceptual
values into full account.
 Miss Calkins, J.A. Leighton, and E.S. Brightman
are representatives of the latter emphasis in
idealism.
 Plato and Hegel especially, in the beliefs that truth
must be consistent and that the demand for unity
which most of us feel is deeply rooted in the very
texture of existence, they hold that certain general
concepts or judgments can be tested by the
principle of contradiction, although they cannot
be checked by scientist method.

11. “All rules have exceptions.”
 Use minor premise.
“This is a rule.”
(Major premise)
All rules have exceptions.
This is a rule.
“This rule has exceptions.”
The premise states that all rules have exceptions. And that
is tantamount to saying that there are some rules which do
not have exceptions.

12. “There is no truth.”

13.  This of course is dialectical method.
 To some philosophers it is little more than black
magic or sleight of hand.
 But many idealists swear by it as a method of
thinking which is rooted in the very structure of
mind and reality.
 Must the truths we believe support and
reinforce one another?
 Must our thinking be consistent?
 Many idealist say, “YES.”

14. From the idealist point of view the growth and
development of knowledge, whether in the individual mind or
in the experience of the race, is a matter of extending vision so
that individuals and classes are seen in their larger and more
complete relationships. To the mind of limited development
and to the less mature, experience is a matter of wholes which
are accepted quite unconsciously, without any insight into or
appreciation of the complex interrelationships which
constitute them as wholes.
The more knowledge is developed, the more analysis and
synthesis take place, and wholes are seen with deeper insight
as being constituted of interrelated parts.