2011 national harmony in pharmacy education and training

National HARMONY
In
Pharmacy Education and Training
Version 2011
By Lungwani T.M. Muungo, PhD
(Executive Member of FIP Pharmacy Education Section)
(Second Version 2011)

Content Page
Chapter 1 03
Chapter 2 31
Chapter 3 40
Chapter 4 56
Chapter 5 61
Chapter 6 86
Chapter 7 99

General Introduction
Global health view
No one would dispute the statement that drugs play a significant role in the treatment of most
disease states globally. Also, no one would disagree that drugs are potent and that the drugs of
tomorrow will be more potent than those of today. Yet the extensive prescribing of drugs projects its
unique problems amounting to difficulties to comprehensive patient care. In most of the national
health systems and settings, drugs are distributed by hospital-based medication system which, in
some ways, means well for many health seeking or hospital patrons, of course not without some
difficulties as earlier alluded to ranging from economical, social, political and others to health
professional in nature.
Based on the above outlined points, it can be stated that Global health is the health of populations in
a global context;[1]
the area of study, research and practice that places a priority on improving health
and achieving equity in health for all people worldwide[2]
. Problems that transcend national borders
or have a global political and economic impact are often emphasized [3]
. Thus, global health is about
worldwide health improvement, reduction of disparities, and protection against global threats that
disregard national borders [4]
.
The predominant agency associated with global health (an international health) is the World Health
Organization (WHO). Other important agencies impacting global health include UNICEF, World Food
Programme, and the World Bank. The United Nations has also played a part with declaration of
the Millennium Development Goals [5]
and the more recent Sustainable Development Goals.
Global health employs several perspectives among many that focus on the determinants and
distribution of health in international contexts such as the following:
 Medicine describes the pathology of diseases and promotes prevention, diagnosis, and
treatment.
 Public health emphasizes the health of populations.
 Epidemiology helps identify risk factors and causes of health problems.
 Demography provides data for policy decisions.
 Economics emphasizes the cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit approaches for the optimal
allocation of health resources.
 Other social sciences such as sociology, development studies, anthropology, cultural studies,
and law can help understand the determinants of health in societies.
Measurements of global health have included among many the following, quality-adjusted life Years
(QALYs), mortality and morbidity rate. [6, 7]
 Disability-adjusted life year (DALY) - The DALY is a summary measure that combines the impact
of illness, disability, and mortality by measuring the time lived with disability and the time lost
due to premature mortality.
 Quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) - Combine expected survival with expected quality of life into
a single number.
 Infant and child mortality – this is the infant mortality and child mortality for children under age
5 years of age.
 Morbidity - Morbidity measures include incidence rate, prevalence, and cumulative incidence,
with incidence rate referring to the risk of developing a new health condition within a specified
period of time.

Global interventions for improved health and survival is is in many facets that include
comprehensive health knowledge acquisition, harmonious health education and practice,
promotion of health living and many others. For pharmacy Education, this has been regarded as
priority area for the International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP), the global federation
representing pharmacists and other pharmaceutical scientists worldwide that is
spearheading the Global Pharmacy Education Taskforce, having been established in March
2008 to explore into key issues of pharmacy education development within the Global
Pharmacy Action Plan period 2008-2010 8, 9
. However, the worldwide advancement of
modern pharmacy education and practice started as way back as 1912. Since then, a number
of advancements depending on each individual country and training institution have been
seen around the world. The FIP Academic Pharmacy Section was founded in 1972 with a
purpose of promoting professional values in pharmacy education worldwide and
contributing and facilitating the development of fruitful activities on teaching methodology,
student and faculty exchange programs, and policy development on education and training
of pharmacists and other pharmaceutical personnel staff. The section is also encouraging
individual and member countries which host the professional activities to develop creative
concepts and projects in relation to pharmaceutical education in general and in a
harmonious way.
The Section also promotes the communication between faculty, students and
pharmaceutical professionals in various settings (countries & regions). Interaction and
discussion between teachers / lecturers in pharmacy from all over the world has resulted in
coordinated learning, friendship and thus a network of human resources in pharmacy
education to facilitate sharing of ideas between the yearly professional activities. The
Section has also aimed to maintain contacts with the various national student organizations
to get feed backs from various pharmacy programs offered on global platform.

National health view
Zambia has a well developed private and public care system which provides specialized medical
services such as diagnostic, curative, etc. The private health sector in particular has earned the
reputation as providers of good quality health care.
Health systems are classified into three major categories:
First Level – health posts, rural health centres and district hospitals
Second Level – provincial and general hospitals,
Tertiary Level – Central hospitals National UTH
The arrangements of health delivery services are according to the above outlined categories the
national health system
The disease burden in Zambia varies according to climates but within the categories of tropical and
infectious disease such as malaria, diarrhoea, HIV/AIDS etc. However, Zambia has recently
undergoing some untraditional diseases types such as lifestyle diseases resulting in critical challenges
on a health system that is already poorly facilitated in terms of public health service provision, health
human resources etc. It is a common trend in the country to see many health seekers going abroad
for specialist treatments.
Among many other factors, human resource for health has always been a critical need so as to
provide effective and quality health services to the people of Zambia. Over the years, the aspect of
appropriate health personnel requirements has continued to be critical and pharmaceutical
personnel were not exceptional.
It is based on the need of appropriate human resource requirements for health that localization of
the pharmacists training became a priority of the government and ultimate support of any institution
that would host the training of pharmacists for the country. For this purpose, the University of
Zambia, in consultation with key stake holders such as the Ministry of Health, professional bodies
(PSZ), professional regulatory bodies (Medical Council of Zambia - Professional Health Council of
Zambia) and other relevant institutional organizations formulated a training plan pathway that met
the academic requirements for the University of Zambia. The key components of the training
pathway considered were academic and professional orientation. With reference to the existing
institutional systems such as that of Britain, academic orientation was university-based while the
professional was practice-based under the control of the regulatory professional bodies. Both stages
of pharmacists’ orientation have considered education and training concepts in order to produce
registrable pharmacy practitioners.
Education
Teaching, education and the promotion of lifelong learning are the cornerstones of future
pharmacy - today's students are the leaders in pharmacy of tomorrow. That means that all
parties involved in pharmacy education have a great responsibility in developing new
approaches and visions with respect to teaching future health professionals in general and
pharmacy practitioners in particular. Academic pharmacy has to take a strong position in
anticipating the important changes in the world and developing strategies to improve the
teaching of pharmacy to benefit the health of all. One of the most important aspects is the
development of knowledge and expertise in the academic workforce that should be relevant
to the time.

Pharmacy education and practice have changed from their original narrow product-centered
focus to the current patient-centered focus in many countries around the world, but to
varying degrees10
. The introduction of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), as a
framework for promoting global health in the context of development, has made the
promotion of population health as important as the clinical care of the individual patient.
Health care providers are now called upon to seize the opportunity presented by the
individual patient seeking clinical care to reach him /her, respective household, and the
community with health promotion and disease prevention information, interventions, and
other resources. This calls for a public appropriately health-oriented medical and other
related health education and practice fields that equip the contemporary medical
practitioner to look beyond the individual patient to his/her community and society. Calls for
similar changes in pharmacy education and practice have been made10
. Such a calling
requires to adequately equipping pharmacists with the requisite and comprehensive generic
knowledge, skills, and values to contribute toward the achievement of the MDGs and global
development beyond 2015.
The global practice of pharmacy and, consequently, pharmacy curricula has undergone
significant changes over the past years in response to a rapidly changing regional and
national economic, political, and social environment and operating within this context, the
pharmacist's role had expanded to include more direct interaction with the public in terms
of the provision of health information and advice on the safe and rational use of
medications11, 12, 13
.
Given the significance of pharmacy education to the diverse practice of contemporary
pharmacists and pharmacy support personnel, the need for pharmacy education to attain
greater visibility on the global human resources has been thought through for health
agenda6
. From this perspective, FIP has continued to propagate the development of holistic
and comprehensive pharmacy education and pharmacy workforce action to support and
strengthen regional, national, and local efforts6
.
The role of a global organization such as FIP in pharmacy education is to facilitate, catalyze,
and share efforts to maximize pharmacy education development and stimulate international
research to develop guidance, tools, and better understanding of key issues. To achieve this
goal, FIP has:
1. Established a formal collaborative partnership with the 2 United Nations agencies
representing the education and health sectors, United Nations Educational, Scientific and
Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and the World Health Organization (WHO);
2. Established the Global Pharmacy Education Taskforce to serve as the coordinating body
of these efforts through its affiliated individual and professional body members.
The initial effort for this activity by FIP has been to serve the leverage of strategic leadership
and maximize the impact of collective actions at global, regional, and national levels. Three
project teams have been convened to conduct research, consultations and develop guidance
in the domains of vision for pharmacy education, competency, quality assurance, academic
workforce, and institutional capacity.

Considering the above as outlined, the Academic section of FIP has been strategized to the
Zambian pharmaceutical education system through the affiliation membership of
Pharmaceutical Society of Zambia (PSZ). Through such collaborative strategies, FIP has
continued to provide an interactive platform for the exchange and debate on pharmacy
education both regionally and internally. Such an arrangement has also strengthened
collaboration with other regional and global sections and special interest groups in pharmacy
education in order to develop cross-links and joint projects that may feed into group-
promotion of harmonious regional and global education systems. To meet this requirement
for Zambia, the PSZ is promoting the generic form of components that have been agreed
upon to train and qualify a pharmacist to registrable practitioner for Zambia.
Training
Pharmacy profession as earlier alluded to, has become more dynamic in recent years.
Pharmacy graduates therefore required to scale up their respective practical and clinical
skills work applications which can be acquired from direct interaction with patients and
other health care professionals during training14, 15
. To accomplish this, graduates require
more effective courses and clerkship's. Effective clinical pharmacy clerkship is essentially a
pharmacy training program in clinical settings where pharmacy graduates acquire clinical
training and skills. In Pakistan and other related countries, clinical pharmacy continues to be
at its gross-root level and because of this reason the involvement of the pharmacist in direct
patient care is restricted leading to therapeutical disadvantages of the patient care
recipients. Suggestion is that there should be a legally quailed and professionally competent
pharmacist in every unit of the hospital. This viewpoint has highlighted hurdles in the recent
past to the profession and the clerkship program so that the main stakeholders can
intervene to transform such training pathways as for such of Pakistani healthcare system in
order to establish a good foundation for practicing pharmacists and to develop strategies to
cope with the clinical challenges consequently in a comprehensive approach. Based on this
practice scenario as reviewed for some international systems, the program outline for
Zambian training pathway highlighted the patient-focus training approach as per modern
requirement in pharmacists’ training.
Skills Training requirements for Pharmacists
The required and appropriate skills from pharmacy training process can be categorized according to
the following:
 Technical & Information
 Analysis & Research
 Creativity & Communication
 Leadership & Management

Technical & Information
1. Pharmaceutical Sciences - Using scientific rules and methods to solve scientific-based health
problems
2. Social Sciences - Using scientific rules and methods to solve social-based health problems
3. Pharmaceutical Mathematics - Using mathematics to solve both quantitative and quality-based
problems in pharmacy practice.
4. Learning Strategies - Selecting and using training/instructional methods and procedures for
effective learning outcomes appropriate for the situations during pharmacy training
5. Computer-based Knowledge – For e-learning based knowledge
Analysis & Research
1. Monitoring - Monitoring/Assessing performance of oneself, other individuals, or organizations to
make improvements or take corrective action.
2. Service Orientation - Actively looking for ways to help people in their respective quest for health
lives.
3. Active Learning - Understanding the implications of new information for both current and future
problem-solving and decision-making.
4. Social Perceptiveness - Being aware of others' reactions and understanding why they react as
they do
5. Systems Analysis - Determining how a system should work and how changes in conditions, operations,
and the environment will affect outcomes.
6. Systems Evaluation - Identifying measures or indicators of system performance and the actions needed to
improve or correct performance, relative to the goals of the system.
7. Operations Analysis - Analyzing needs and product requirements to create a design.
8. Quality Control Analysis - Conducting tests and inspections of products, services, or processes to evaluate
quality or performance levels of health line delivery processes
Creativity & Communication
1. Reading Comprehension - Understanding written sentences and paragraphs in work related
documents.
2. Active Listening - Giving full attention to what other people are saying, taking time to understand
the points being made, asking questions as appropriate, and not interrupting at inappropriate times.
3. Writing - Communicating effectively in writing as appropriate for the needs of the audience.
4. Speaking - Talking to others to convey information effectively.
5. Critical Thinking - Using logic and reasoning to identify the strengths and weaknesses of alternative
solutions, conclusions or approaches to problems.
Leadership & Management
1. Instructing - Teaching others how to do something.
2. Judgment and Decision Making - Considering the relative costs and benefits of potential actions to choose
the most appropriate one.
3. Time Management - Managing one's own time and the time of others
4. Complex Problem Solving - Identifying complex problems and reviewing related information to develop
and evaluate options and implement solutions.
5. Management of Personnel Resources - Motivating, developing, and directing people as they work,
identifying the best people for the job.
6. Coordination - Adjusting actions in relation to others' actions.
7. Persuasion - Persuading others to change their minds or behavior.
8. Negotiation - Bringing others together and trying to reconcile differences.

9. Management of Material Resources - Obtaining and seeing to the appropriate use of equipment, facilities,
and materials needed to do certain work.
Knowledge base needs for Pharmacists
The required and appropriate knowledge from pharmaceutical education can be categorized
according to the following:
 Scientific-based Knowledge
1. Mathematics - Knowledge of arithmetic, algebra, geometry, calculus, statistics, and their applications.
2. Basic Sciences – Knowledge gained from scientific basis of
biology, epidemiology, statistics, chemometrics, mathematics, physics, chemical engineering, technology,
sociology etc
3. Chemistry - Knowledge of the chemical composition, structure, and properties of substances and of the
chemical processes and transformations that they undergo. This includes uses of chemicals and their
interactions, danger signs, production techniques, and disposal methods.
4. English Language - Knowledge of the structure and content of the English language including the meaning
and spelling of words, rules of composition, and grammar.
5. Pharmaceutical Sciences – Knowledge gained from interdisciplinary areas of study concerned with the
design, action, delivery, and disposition of drugs gained from basic sciences ( chemistry,
biology, epidemiology, statistics, chemometrics, mathematics, physics, chemical engineering) and
pharmaceutical specialty fields (Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pharmaceutics and
Pharmacognosy)
 Academic-based Knowledge
1. Basic medical service - Knowledge of the information and techniques needed to diagnose and treat human
injuries, diseases, and deformities. This includes symptoms, treatment alternatives, drug properties and
interactions, and preventive health-care measures.
2. Computers and Electronics - Knowledge of circuit boards, processors, chips, electronic equipment, and
computer hardware and software, including applications and programming
3. Clerical - Knowledge of administrative and clerical procedures and systems such as word processing,
managing files and records, stenography and transcription, designing forms, and other office procedures
and terminology that help in systems administration and management.
 Professional-based knowledge
1. Education and Training - Knowledge of principles and methods for curriculum and training design,
teaching and instruction for individuals and groups, and the measurement of training effects
2. Law and Government - Knowledge of laws, legal codes, court procedures, precedents, government
regulations, executive orders, agency rules, and the democratic political process
 Service-based Knowledge
1. Customer and Personal Service - Knowledge of principles and processes for providing customer and
personal services. This includes customer needs assessment, meeting quality standards for services, and
evaluation of customer satisfaction.
2. Administration and Management - Knowledge of business and management principles involved in
strategic planning, resource allocation, human resources modeling, leadership technique, production
methods, and coordination of people and resources.
3. Therapy and Counseling - Knowledge of principles, methods, and procedures for diagnosis, treatment,
medications, and rehabilitation of physical and mental dysfunctions, and for career counseling and
guidance.
4. Psychology - Knowledge of human behavior and performance; individual differences in ability, personality,
and interests; learning and motivation; psychological research methods; and the assessment and
treatment of behavioural and affective disorders

5. Production and Processing - Knowledge of raw materials, production processes, quality control, costs, and
other techniques for maximizing the effective manufacture and distribution of goods (Pharmaceuticals and
other deliverables).
6. Sales and Marketing - Knowledge of principles and methods for showing, promoting, and selling products
or services. This includes marketing strategy and tactics, product demonstration, sales techniques, and
sales control systems.
Work Styles Requirements for Pharmacy Practitioners
The available working styles for pharmaceutical service provision are part of the lead requirements to
train an appropriate, effective, ethically oriented, dependable, reliable and many personal qualities
as a practitioner pharmacist. The work related facets can be categorized according to the following:
 Work-doing
1. Attention to Detail - Job requires being careful about detail and thorough in completing work tasks.
2. Adaptability/Flexibility - Job requires being open to change (positive or negative) and to considerable
variety in the workplace.
3. Achievement/Effort - Job requires establishing and maintaining personally challenging achievement goals
and exerting effort toward mastering tasks.
4. Persistence - Job requires persistence in the face of challenges, difficulties, obstacles etc.
5. Achievement - Occupations that satisfy this work value are results oriented and allow employees to use
their strongest abilities, giving them a feeling of accomplishment. Corresponding needs are Ability,
Utilization and Achievement.
 Work-leading
1. Self Control - Job requires maintaining composure, integrity, transparency, keeping emotions in check,
controlling anger, and avoiding aggressive and desperate behavior, even in very difficult and tempting
situations.
2. Initiative - Job requires a willingness to take on responsibilities and challenges in service provision
atmosphere, but not in an opportunistic way.
3. Leadership - Job requires a willingness to lead, take charge, and offer opinions and direction.
4. Recognition - Occupations that satisfy this work value offer advancement, potential for leadership, and are
often considered prestigious. Corresponding needs are Advancement, Authority, Recognition and Social
Status.
5. Independence - Occupations that satisfy this work value allow employees to work on their own and make
decisions. Corresponding needs are Creativity, Responsibility and Autonomy.
 Team-working
1. Integrity - Job requires being honest and ethical.
2. Dependability - Job requires being reliable, responsible, and dependable, and fulfilling obligations.
3. Stress Tolerance - Job requires accepting criticism and dealing calmly and effectively with high stress
situations.
4. Concern for Others - Job requires being sensitive to others' needs and feelings and being understanding
and helpful on the job
5. Cooperation - Job requires being pleasant with others on the job and displaying a good-natured,
cooperative attitude.
6. Social Orientation - Job requires preferring to work with others rather than alone, and being personally
connected with others on the job.
7. Working Conditions - Occupations that satisfy this work-value offer job security and good working
conditions. Corresponding needs are Activity, Compensation, Independence, Security, Variety and Working
Conditions.
8. Relationships - Occupations that satisfy this work value allow employees to provide service to others and
work with co-workers in a friendly non-competitive environment. Corresponding needs are Co-workers,
Moral Values and Social Service.

 Work-Learning
1. Independence - Job requires developing one's own ways of doing things, guiding oneself with little or no
supervision, and depending on oneself to get things done.
2. Analytical Thinking - Job requires analyzing information and using logic to address work-related issues and
problems.
3. Innovation - Job requires creativity and alternative thinking to develop new ideas for and answers to work-
related problems.
4. Support - Occupations that satisfy this work value offer supportive management that stands behind
employees. Corresponding needs are Company Policies, Supervision: Human Relations and Supervision:
Technical.

Major Training fields in Pharmacy
These major training fields are regarded as core or generically closest inter-related areas to the pharmaceutical
career training pathways (the generic presentation of actual program names may vary from school to school or
institution to institution).
1. Clinical and Industrial Drug Development
Description: This would be a training pathway for pharmacy program that focuses on the scientific knowledge
and application of pharmacology; pharmaceutics; and industrial management to the development; production;
marketing, and distribution of pharmaceutical products.
Pathway: This includes educational instructions in industrial microbiology, plasmids, expression vectors,
protein chemistry, assay and evaluation, drug synthesis and purification, quality control, industrial
management, production security, patent procedures, intellectual property regulations and issues, patent
enforcement and defence, and research design and testing
The required and elective courses one would take for Clinical and Industrial Drug Development as majors vary
considerably among schools or training institutions depending on the local needs. However, for a single
country, the variety of the institutions offering the pharmacy training must be in harmony with the country’s
requirements (institutional curricula that are derived from the country’s generic training pathway). The courses
that are listed below are illustrative of the breadth of topics one is likely to experience when identified as
majors in this field pathway of pharmacy training.
 Forest Sciences and Biology - Major
 Biology Biological Sciences - Major
 Soil Chemistry and Physics - Major
 Engineering Chemistry - Major
1. Ethics - Major
 Applied and Professional Ethics - Major
 Bioethics / Medical Ethics - Major
 Natural Resources Law Enforcement and Protective Services - Major
 Law - Major
 Agricultural Business and Management - Major
 Farm / Farm and Ranch Management - Major
 Horse Husbandry Equine Science and Management – Major
 Animal-Assisted Therapy – Major
 Art Therapy/Therapist – Major
 Assistive/Augmentative Technology and Rehabilitation Engineering – Major
 Behavioral Aspects of Health – Major
 Clinical, Hospital, and Managed Care Pharmacy – Major
 Community Health and Preventive Medicine – Major
 Comparative and Laboratory Animal Medicine – Major
 Dance Therapy/Therapist – Major
 Environmental Health – Major
 Health Aide – Major
 Health Aides/Attendants/Orderlies – Major
 Health Services Administration - Major
 Health/Medical Physics – Major
 Home Health Aide/Home Attendant – Major
 Industrial and Physical Pharmacy and Cosmetic Sciences – Major
 International Public Health/International Health – Major

 Kinesiotherapy/Kinesiotherapist – Major
 Large Animal/Food Animal and Equine Surgery and Medicine – Major
 Maternal and Child Health – Major
 Medical Illustration and Informatics – Major
 Medical Illustration/Medical Illustrator – Major
 Medical Informatics – Major
 Medication Aide – Major
 Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry - Major
 Therapist - Major
 Natural Products Chemistry and Pharmacognosy – Major
 Occupational Health and Industrial Hygiene – Major
 Occupational Therapy/Therapist – Major
 Orthotist/Prosthetist – Major
 Pharmaceutical Marketing and Management - Major
 Pharmaceutical Sciences - Major
 Pharmaceutics and Drug Design - Major
 Pharmacoeconomics/Pharmaceutical Economics – Major
 Pharmacy Practice – Major
 Pharmacy Administration and Pharmacy Policy and Regulatory Affairs – Major
 Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Administration – Major
 Physical Therapy/Therapist – Major
 Podiatric Medicine/Podiatry – Major
 Public Health – Major
 Public Health Education and Promotion – Major
 Rehabilitation Aide – Major
 Rehabilitation and Therapeutic Professions – Major
 Rehabilitation Science – Major
 Small/Companion Animal Surgery and Medicine – Major
 Therapeutic Recreation/Recreational Therapy – Major
 Veterinary Anatomy – Major
 Veterinary Biomedical and Clinical Sciences – Major
 Veterinary Infectious Diseases – Major
 Veterinary Medicine – Major
 Veterinary Microbiology and Immunobiology – Major
 Veterinary Pathology and Pathobiology – Major
 Veterinary Physiology – Major
 Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Epidemiology, and Public Health – Major
 Veterinary Toxicology and Pharmacology – Major
 Vocational Rehabilitation Counseling/Counselor – Major

2.Clinical, Hospital, and Managed Care Pharmacy
Description: This would be a training pathway for pharmacy program that prepares individuals to deliver
specialized pharmacy services and produce pharmaceutical products in clinical settings in conjunction with
other health care professionals.
Pathway: This includes educational instructions in biostatistics; clinical pharmacokinetics &
pharmacodynamics; biopharmaceutics; body organic & systemic pharmacology; drug delivery systems; drug
metabolism; chemotherapy; pharmacotherapy; clinical pharmacy management; medical and research ethics
and applications to nuclear, nutrition support, oncology, psychiatric; therapeutic pharmacy; clinical sampling
and research design
The required and elective courses one would take for Clinical Hospital and Managed Care Pharmacy majors
vary considerably among institutions depending on the local needs. However, for a single country, the variety
of the institutions offering the pharmacy training must be in harmony with the country’s requirements
(institutional curricula that are derived from the country’s generic training pathway). The courses that are listed
below are illustrative of the breadth of topics one is likely to experience when identified as majors in this field
pathway of pharmacy training.
 Applied and Professional Ethics – Major
 Clinical and Industrial Drug Development – Major
 Ethics - Major
 Health Services Administration – Major
 Management – Major
 Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry – Major
 Music Therapy/Therapist – Major
 Health & Therapeutics – Major

 Pharmaceutical Marketing and Management – Major
 Pharmaceutical Sciences – Major
 Pharmaceutics and Drug Design – Major
 Pharmacology - Major
 Psychiatry – Major
 Research Design – Major
 Statistics – Major

3.Industrial, Physicochemical and Cosmetic
Pharmaceutical Sciences
Description: A program that focuses on the application of pharmaceutical sciences and pharmacy to the study
of pharmaceuticals production and distribution, and prepares individuals to manage pharmaceutical industry
operations.
Pathway: This includes instruction in pharmacoeconomics, industrial management, operations management,
preformulation evaluation, product formulation/reformulation, drug product development, stability testing,
dosage design, pilot scale-up, drug marketing, quality control, drug information, and legal and regulatory affairs
The required and elective courses one would take for Industrial and Physical Pharmacy and Cosmetic
Sciences majors vary considerably among institutions. However, for a single country, the variety of the
institutions offering the pharmacy training must be in harmony with the country’s requirements (institutional
curricula that are derived from the country’s generic training pathway). The courses that are listed below are
illustrative of the breadth of topics one is likely to experience when identified as majors in this field pathway of
pharmacy training.
 Biology - Major
 Biomaterials - Major
 Biostatistics – Major
 Chemistry – Major
 Dosage Design - Major
 Pharmaceutical Engineering - major
 Pharmaceutics – major
 Pharmaceutical Sciences - major

3.Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
Description: A program that focuses on the application of chemistry to the study of biologically and clinically
active substances, biological and pharmacological interactions, and the development of associated research
methods, techniques, and clinical trial procedures.
Pathway: This includes instruction in organic chemistry, biochemistry, molecular graphics, rational drug design,
toxicology, molecular biology, pharmacology, enzyme mechanisms, receptor theory, neurochemistry, drug
metabolism, drug synthesis, biological mechanisms of drug action, research tools and techniques, and
laboratory safety
The required and elective courses one would take for Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry majors vary
considerably among institutions. However, for a single country, the variety of the institutions offering the
pharmacy training must be in harmony with the country’s requirements (institutional curricula that are derived
from the country’s generic training pathway). The courses that are listed below are illustrative of the breadth of
topics one is likely to experience when identified as majors in this field pathway of pharmacy training.
 Ethics - Major

4.Natural Products Chemistry and Pharmacognosy
Description: A program that focuses on the scientific study of biologically active compounds found in naturally
occurring sources such as plants, animals, and microbes and their use and/or modification as medicinal
substances.
Pathway: This includes instruction in medicinal chemistry, organic medicinals, pharmacological therapeutics,
pharmacokinetics, molecular biology, structural chemistry, enzymes, nucleic acids, economic botany,
ethnobotany, bio-prospecting, bioassay, compound identification and isolation, mass spectrometry, and
analytical instrumentation and techniques
The required and elective courses one would take for Natural Products Chemistry and Pharmacognosy majors
vary considerably among institutions. However, for a single country, the variety of the institutions offering the
 Ethics - Major

5.Pharmaceutical Sciences
Description: A program that focuses on the basic sciences that underlie drugs and drug therapy and that
prepares individuals for further study and/or careers in pharmaceutical science and research, pharmaceutical
administration and sales, biotechnology, drug manufacturing, regulatory affairs, and related fields.
Pathway: This includes instructions in mathematics, biology, chemistry, physics, statistics, pharmaceutics,
pharmacology and toxicology, dosage formulation, manufacturing, quality assurance, and regulations
The required and elective courses one would take for Pharmaceutical Sciences majors vary considerably
among institutions. However, for a single country, the variety of the institutions offering the pharmacy training
must be in harmony with the country’s requirements (institutional curricula that are derived from the country’s
generic training pathway). The courses that are listed below are illustrative of the breadth of topics one is likely
to experience when identified as majors in this field pathway of pharmacy training.
 Industrial and Physical Pharmacy and Cosmetic Sciences - Major
 Biology - Major
 Biomaterials – Major
 Biostatistics - Major
 Chemistry – Major
 Dosage Design – Major
 Pharmaceutical dosage Technology and Engineering – Major
 Pharmaceutics & Drug Design - Major
 Information Technology and Communication – Major

6.Pharmaceutics and Drug Design
Description: A program that focuses on the scientific study of the formulation of medicinal substances into
product vehicles capable of being stored, transported, and then introduced into the patient and behaving in
ways optimal to therapeutic interaction.
Pathway: This includes instruction in statistics, biopharmaceutics, drug metabolism, pharmacokinetics,
pharmacodynamics, physical pharmacy, pharmacological analysis, drug design and development,
pharmaceutical biotechnology, chemical separations, spectroscopy, drug-host interactions, immunology,
quantitative drug measurement, enzymatic transformations, and metabolic excretion
The required and elective courses one would take for Pharmaceutics and Drug Design majors vary considerably
among institutions. However, for a single country, the variety of the institutions offering the pharmacy training
must be in harmony with the country’s requirements (institutional curricula that are derived from the country’s
 Ethics - Major

7.Pharmacoeconomics/Pharmaceutical Economics
Description: A program that focuses on the application of economics and policy analysis to the study of the
relationship of pharmacy services and pharmaceutical processes and products to the health care system and
their impact on health care organizations.
Pathway: This includes instruction in healtheconomics, pharmacoeconomics, healthcare systems, healthcare
organization and management, statistics and biostatistics, outcomes of research process, healthcare policy,
pharmacy services, and pharmaceutical industry operations.
The required and elective courses one would take for Pharmacoeconomics/Pharmaceutical Economics majors
vary considerably among institutions. However, for a single country, the variety of the institutions offering the
 Ethics - Major

8.Pharmacy Administration, Policy and Regulatory
Affairs
Description: A program that prepares individuals to apply managerial, social, and economic sciences to the
study and management of the distribution and use of pharmaceutical products and the provision of pharmacy
services.
Pathway: This includes instruction in research design and methods, statistics, social and organizational
behavior, pharmacoeconomics, management of pharmacy services, outcomes research, product planning and
reimbursement, cost-benefit analysis, drug marketing, pharmacy and pharmaceutics law and regulation, risk
assessment, and organization of the health care system
The required and elective courses one would take for Pharmacy Administration and Pharmacy Policy and
Regulatory Affairs majors vary considerably among institutions. However, for a single country, the variety of
the institutions offering the pharmacy training must be in harmony with the country’s requirements
(institutional curricula that are derived from the country’s generic training pathway). The courses that are listed
below are illustrative of the breadth of topics one is likely to experience when identified as majors in this field
pathway of pharmacy training.
 Ethics - Major

9.Pharmacy Practice
Description: A program that prepares individuals, under the supervision of pharmacists, to prepare
medications, provides medications and related assistance to patients, and manages pharmacy clinical and
business operations.
Pathway: This includes instruction in medical and pharmaceutical terminology, principles of pharmacology and
pharmaceutics, drug identification, pharmacy laboratory procedures, prescription interpretation, patient
communication and education, safety procedures, record-keeping, measurement and testing techniques,
pharmacy business operations, prescription preparation, logistics and dispensing operations, and applicable
standards and regulations
The required and elective courses one would take for Pharmacy Practice majors vary considerably among
institutions. However, for a single country, the variety of the institutions offering the pharmacy training must
be in harmony with the country’s requirements (institutional curricula that are derived from the country’s
 Allied Health and Medical Assisting Services – Major
 Anesthesiologist Pharmacist – Major
 Chiropractic Pharmacist – Major
 Clinical Research Coordinator – Major
 Clinical/Medical Laboratory Pharmacist – Major
 Emergency Care Attendant (EMT Ambulance) – Major
 Medical/Clinical Pharmacist – Major
 Occupational Therapist Pharmacist – Major
 Pathology/Pathologist Pharmacist – Major
 Physical Therapy Pharmacist – Major
 Radiologist Pharmacist – Major
 Respiratory Therapy Pharmacist – Major
 Veterinary/Animal Health Pharmacist – Major

Major Learning Fields Related to Core Areas of
Pharmacy Education & Training Process
1. Forest Sciences and Biology - Major
Description: A program that focuses on the application of one or more forest-related sciences to the study
of environmental factors affecting forests and the growth and management of forest resources. Includes
instruction in forest biology, forest hydrology, forest mensuration, silviculture, forest soils, water
resources, environmental science, forest resources management, and wood science
2. Biology Biological Sciences - Major
Description: A general program of biology at the introductory, basic level or a program in biology or the
biological sciences that is undifferentiated as to title or content. Includes instruction in general biology and
programs covering a variety of biological specializations
3. Biomaterials – Major
Description: A program that focuses on the application of biomaterials principles to research and
concerning the nature and properties of living systems and the conservation and the engineering aspects
in the development of new pharmaceutical products. Biomaterials science encompasses elements
of medicine, biology, chemistry, tissue engineering and materials science.
4. Chemistry – Major
Description: A program that focuses on the scientific study and application of techniques for analyzing and
describing matter, including its precise composition and the interrelationships of constituent elements and
compounds. Includes instruction in spectroscopy, chromatography, atomic absorption, photometry,
chemical modeling, mathematical analysis, laboratory analysis procedures and equipment maintenance,
and applications to specific research, industrial and health problems
5. Dosage Design – Major
Description: A program that focuses on the art and science of designing and preparation of various
pharmaceutical dosage forms, scientific studies of techniques for analyzing and describing matter,
including their precise compositions and the interrelationships of constituent elements and compounds.
Includes instruction in physical pharmacy, pharmaceutics, dosage form design, excipients,
biopharmaceutics, bioavailability, prodrugs
6. Information Technology and Communication – Major
Description: A program of information and communications technology - or technologies (ICT) that
includes any communication technology and devices or application, encompassing: radio, television,
cellular phones, computer and network hardware and software, satellite systems and so on, as well as the
various services and applications associated with them, such as videoconferencing and distance learning.
Includes instruction in wide range education systems, health care, or libraries
7. Soil Chemistry and Physics - Major
Description: A program that focuses on the application of chemical and physical principles to research and
analysis concerning the nature and properties of soils and the conservation and management of soils.
Includes instruction in soil and fluid mechanics, mineralogy, sedimentology, thermodynamics,
geomorphology, environmental systems, analytical methods, and organic and inorganic chemistry

8. Engineering Chemistry - Major
Description: A program that focuses on the general application of chemical principles to the analysis and
evaluation of engineering problems, such as development of electronic materials, solid-state science and
technology, polymers, ceramics, and biomaterials. Includes instruction in physical chemistry, organic
chemistry, materials science, chemical processes and systems, chemical reaction engineering, biochemical
engineering, engineering mathematics, classical and modern physics, and computer science
9. Ethics - Major
Description: A program that focuses on the application of ethics, religion, jurisprudence, and the social
sciences to the analysis of health care issues, clinical decision-making, and research procedures. Includes
instruction in philosophical ethics, moral value, medical sociology, theology, spirituality and health, policy
analysis, decision theory, and applications to problems such as death and dying, therapeutic relationships,
organ transplantation, human and animal subjects, reproduction and fertility, health care justice, cultural
sensitivity, needs assessment, professionalism, conflict of interest, chaplaincy, and clinical or emergency
procedures
10. Applied and Professional Ethics - Major
Description: A program that focuses on the systematic study of ethical issues in the workplace and public
life, and the application of ethical decision-making to the practical problems of society and the professions.
Includes instruction in ethical theory; history of ethics; contemporary social dilemmas; methods in applied
ethics; and applications including medical / Pharmaceutical / Health ethics, legal ethics, business ethics,
environmental ethics, and criminal justice ethics
11. Bioethics / Medical Ethics - Major
Description: A program that focuses on the application of ethics, religion, jurisprudence, and the social
sciences to the analysis of health care issues, clinical decision-making, and research procedures. Includes
instruction in philosophical ethics, moral value, medical sociology, theology, spirituality and health, policy
analysis, decision theory, and applications to problems such as death and dying, therapeutic relationships,
organ transplantation, human and animal subjects, reproduction and fertility, health care justice, cultural
sensitivity, needs assessment, professionalism, conflict of interest, chaplaincy, and clinical or emergency
procedures
12. Natural Resources Law Enforcement and Protective Services - Major
Description: A program that prepares individuals to enforce natural resource and environmental
protection regulations and laws; and to perform emergency duties to protect human life, property and
natural resources, including fire prevention and control measures, and emergency and rescue procedures.
Pathways: This includes instruction in natural and physical sciences, natural resource management,
outdoor field skills, firearms and outdoor equipment and vehicle operation, evidence collection and
environmental sampling and monitoring, natural resource legislation, environmental compliance
techniques, patrol procedures, investigation and report writing, interpersonal skills and crisis intervention,
community liaison, public safety, public education, and public relations
13. Law - Major
Description: A program that prepares individuals for the professional study of law at the post-
baccalaureate level with bias towards pharmacy law and ethics
14. Agricultural Business and Management - Major
Description: A general program that focuses on modern business and economic principles involved in the
organization, operation, and management of agricultural pharmacy enterprises
15. Farm / Farm and Ranch Management - Major
Description: A program that prepares individuals to manage farms, ranches, and similar enterprises from
the pharmaceutical point of view. Includes instruction in applicable agricultural specialization, business

management, accounting, taxation, capitalization, purchasing, government programs and regulations,
operational planning and budgeting, contracts and negotiation, and estate planning
16. Animal Husbandry Equine Science and Management - Major
Description: A program that prepares individuals to manage the selection, breeding, care, and
maintenance of various animals; and to manage animal farms, stables, tracks and related equipment and
operations.
Pathway: this includes instruction in applicable principles of animal science, care, and health; stable and
track management; design and operation of facilities and equipment; and related issues such as
regulations, business management; and logistics
17. Animal-Assisted Therapy – Major
Description: A program that prepares health and human service professionals to integrate the use of
animals into their treatment practices in order to facilitate change in people with mental and physical
disabilities.
Pathway: This includes instruction in psychology, psychology of disabilities, animal behavior, animal
training, the human-animal bond, integration of animals into therapeutic settings, and ethical and cultural
issues
18. Art Therapy/Therapist – Major
Description: A program that prepares individuals, in consultation with other rehabilitation team members
or in private practice, to use drawing and other art media forms to assess, treat, and rehabilitate
individuals with mental, emotional, developmental, or physical disorders.
Pathway: This includes instruction in art, history and theory of art therapy, art therapeutic techniques,
psychopathology, patient assessment and diagnosis, cultural diversity issues, legal and ethical practice
issues, and professional standards and regulations
19. Assistive/Augmentative Technology and Rehabilitation Engineering – Major
Description: A program that prepares individuals to apply the principles of psychology, engineering, and
occupational therapy to the design and implementation of technological interventions and systems to
promote patient rehabilitation and function.
Pathway: This includes instruction in ergonomics, seating and mobility design, universal and near
environment systems design, rehabilitation research, rehabilitation biomechanics, access and
communications design, microprocessor-based technologies, neurological trauma, standards and testing,
and service delivery management
20. Behavioral Aspects of Health – Major
Description: A program that focuses on the biological, behavioral, and socio-cultural determinants of
health and health behavior, and the interventions and policies aimed at improving community and
population health. Includes instruction in behavioral sciences, public health practice and policy, human
services, and research methods

21. Biostatistics – Major
Description: A program that focuses on the application of descriptive and inferential statistics to
biomedical research and clinical, public health, and industrial issues related to human populations.
Pathway: This includes instruction in mathematical statistics, modeling, clinical trials methodology, disease
and survival analysis, longitudinal analysis, missing data analysis, spatial analysis, computer tomography,
biostatistics consulting, and applications to such topics as genetics, oncology, pharmacokinetics,
physiology, neurobiology, and biophysics
22. Clinical, Hospital, and Managed Care Pharmacy – Major
Description: A program that prepares individuals to deliver specialized pharmacy services and produce
pharmaceutical products in clinical settings in conjunction with other health care professionals.
Pathway: This includes instruction in biostatistics; clinical pharmacokinetics; biopharmaceutics;
neuropharmacology; pharmacodynamics; drug metabolism; clinical sampling and research design; drug
delivery systems; chemotherapy; pharmacotherapy; clinical pharmacy management; medical and research
ethics; and applications to nuclear, nutrition support, oncology, psychiatric, and therapeutic pharmacy
23. Community Health and Preventive Medicine – Major
Description: A program that prepares public health specialists to plan and manage health services in local
community settings, including the coordination of related support services, government agencies, and
private resources.
Pathway: This Includes instruction in public health, community health services and delivery, health
behavior and cultural factors, local government operations, human services, health communication and
promotion, health services administration in local settings, environmental health, preventive and
comparative medicine, epidemiology, biostatistics, family and community health, and applicable law and
regulations
24. Comparative and Laboratory Animal Medicine – Major
Description: A program that focuses on the scientific study of animal models of human disease and related
experimental procedures, and prepares veterinarians and animal health specialists to manage the
laboratory use and care of experimental animals.
Pathway: This includes instruction in laboratory animal husbandry, laboratory animal disease, biohazard
control, gnotobiology, breeding, comparative anatomy and physiology, comparative gene mapping,
protein function, physical and mathematical modelling, computer modelling, stem cell technology, colony
and genetic stock management, cryopreservation, applicable regulations, and bioethics
25. Dance Therapy/Therapist – Major
or in private practice, to use the therapeutic application of creative dance movement to assist in
promoting client rehabilitation and physical, emotional, and mental health.

Pathway: This includes instruction in Neuroanatomy, personality development, movement and motor
behavior, psychology, dance, creative expression modalities, improvisation, group psychology and
leadership, client evaluation and supervision, dance therapy practice, and professional standards and
ethics
26. Environmental Health – Major
Description: A program that prepares individuals to apply mathematical and scientific principles to the
design, development and operational evaluation of systems for controlling contained living environments
and for monitoring and controlling factors in the external natural environment
Pathway: This includes pollution control, waste and hazardous material disposal, health and safety
protection, conservation, life support, and requirements for protection of special materials and related
work environments
27. Health Aide – Major
Description: A program that prepares individuals to provide routine care and assistance to patients under
the direct supervision of other health care professionals, and/or to perform routine maintenance and
general assistance in health care facilities and laboratories
28. Health Aides/Attendants/Orderlies – Major
Description: A program that prepares individuals to provide routine care and assistance to patients under
the direct supervision of other health care professionals, and/or to perform routine maintenance and
general assistance in health care facilities and laboratories
29. Health Services Administration - Major
Description: A program that focuses on the application of policy analysis, public administration, business
management, and communications to the planning and management of health services delivery systems in
the public and private sectors, and prepares individuals to function as health services administrators and
managers.
Pathway: This includes instruction in health systems planning, public health organization and
management, public health policy formulation and analysis, finance, business and operations
management, economics of health care, organizational and health communications, marketing, human
resources management, and public health law and regulations
30. Health/Medical Physics – Major
Description: A program that focuses on the application of physics, nuclear science, and engineering physics
to diagnostic, treatment, and therapeutic processes and public health protection.

Pathway: This includes instruction in radiation biophysics, biophysics, health effects of natural and
artificially induced radiation, hazard evaluation, environmental radioactivity, nuclear physics, engineering
physics, radiobiology, medical radiology, calibration and dosage theory, computer applications and medical
informatics, and specific research problems
31. Home Health Aide/Home Attendant – Major
Description: A program that prepares individuals to provide routine care and support services for
homebound disabled, recovering, or elderly people.
Pathway: This Includes instruction in basic nutrition, home sanitation, infection control, first aid, taking
vital signs, personal hygiene, interpersonal communication skills, supervised home management,
emergency recognition and referral, geriatric care, and legal and ethical responsibilities
32. Industrial and Physical Pharmacy and Cosmetic Sciences – Major
Description: A program that focuses on the application of pharmaceutical sciences and pharmacy to the
study of pharmaceuticals production and distribution, and prepares individuals to manage pharmaceutical
industry operations.
Pathway: This includes instruction in pharmacoeconomics, industrial management, operations
management, preformulation evaluation, product formulation/reformulation, drug product development,
stability testing, dosage design, pilot scale-up, drug marketing, quality control, drug information, and legal
and regulatory affairs
33. International Public Health/International Health – Major
Description: A program that focuses on the application of public health specializations, the social and
behavioral sciences, and policy and communications methods to the study of health problems in low- and
middle-income countries and regions, and prepares individuals to function as professional international
health specialists.
Pathway: This includes instruction in health education and promotion, research design and evaluation,
infectious disease epidemiology, international health policy and management, public nutrition and food
security, information systems, program evaluation, medical anthropology, international communication,
behavioral sciences, maternal and child health, demography and population policy, and health care finance
and economics
34. Kinesiotherapy/Kinesiotherapist – Major
Description: A program that prepares individuals, under the direction of physicians, to treat the effects of
disease, injury, and congenital disorders through therapeutic exercise and education.
Pathway: This includes instruction in human anatomy, human physiology, kinesiology, biomechanics,
therapeutic exercise and adapted physical education, human growth and development, motor learning and
performance, testing and measurement, first aid and cardiopulmonary resuscitation, psychology,
rehabilitation procedures, patient assessment and management, and professional standards and ethics

35. Large Animal/Food Animal and Equine Surgery and Medicine – Major
Description: A program that focuses on the scientific study of the internal medicine and invasive and non-
invasive treatment of herd, work, sport, and food animals.
Pathway: This includes instruction in equine medicine, swine and dairy medicine, food animal medicine,
pathophysiology, large animal diseases, large animal anaesthesiology and surgical procedures,
preoperative and postoperative care, and specific medical specialties such as dentistry, ophthalmology,
oncology, obstetrics/theriogenology, and orthopedics
36. Management – Major
Description: A general program that focuses on modern business and economic principles involved in the
organization, operation, and management of agricultural enterprises
37. Maternal and Child Health – Major
Description: A program that focuses on the application of public health specializations, public policy
studies, and the social and behavioral sciences to issues of health affecting women, children, and families;
and prepares individuals to function as maternal and child health specialists.
Pathway: This includes instruction in research design and testing, program evaluation, public policy
analysis, public finance, economics of health care, community health, family development and dynamics,
women's studies, social psychology, fetal and child development, biostatistics, health education and
promotion, nutrition, neonatal development, psychology, and social services delivery
38. Medical Illustration and Informatics – Major
Description: A program that prepares individuals to apply the principles and techniques of art and
computer-assisted imaging, graphics, and animation to create visual materials to facilitate the recording
and dissemination of biomedical knowledge for educational, research, and clinical purposes.
Pathway: This includes instruction in anatomy, physiology, pathology, histology, embryology,
Neuroanatomy, medical terminology, artistic media and techniques, illustration techniques, three-
dimensional modelling, prosthetics, data display design, exhibit design and production, medical
photography, multimedia, computer graphics and animation, digital imaging, business management,
production technology, and instructional design
39. Medical Illustration/Medical Illustrator – Major
Description: A program that prepares individuals to apply the principles and techniques of art and
computer-assisted imaging, graphics, and animation to create visual materials to facilitate the recording
and dissemination of biomedical knowledge for educational, research, and clinical purposes.
Pathway: This includes instruction in anatomy, physiology, pathology, histology, embryology,
Neuroanatomy, medical terminology, artistic media and techniques, illustration techniques, three-
dimensional modelling, prosthetics, data display design, exhibit design and production, medical

photography, multimedia, computer graphics and animation, digital imaging, business management,
production technology, and instructional design
40. Medical Informatics – Major
Description: A program that focuses on the application of computer science and software engineering to
medical research and clinical information technology support, and the development of advanced imaging,
database, and decision systems.
Pathway: This includes instruction in computer science, health information systems architecture, medical
knowledge structures, medical language and image processing, quantitative medical decision modelling,
imaging techniques, electronic medical records, medical research systems, clinical decision support, and
informatics aspects of specific research and practice problems
41. Medication Aide – Major
Description: A program that prepares individuals to administer prescribed medications; observe and
report patient reactions and side effects; and perform related emergency and recording duties under the
supervision of nurses and/or physicians.
Pathway: This includes instruction in basic anatomy and physiology, common medications and their
effects, taking vital signs, oxygen administration, medication administration and application, record-
keeping, and patient observation
42. Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry - Major
Description: A program that focuses on the application of chemistry to the study of biologically and
clinically active substances, biological and pharmacological interactions, and the development of
associated research methods, techniques, and clinical trial procedures.
Pathway: This includes instruction in organic chemistry, biochemistry, molecular graphics, rational drug
design, toxicology, molecular biology, pharmacology, enzyme mechanisms, receptor theory,
neurochemistry, drug metabolism, drug synthesis, biological mechanisms of drug action, research tools
and techniques, and laboratory safety
43. Music Therapy/Therapist - Major
Description: A program that prepares individuals, in association with a rehabilitation team or in private
practice, to use music in therapeutic relationships to address patients' physical, psychological, cognitive,
emotional, and social needs.
Pathway: This includes instruction in music theory and performance, human growth and development,
biomedical sciences, abnormal psychology, disabling conditions, patient assessment and diagnosis,
treatment plan development and implementation, clinical evaluation, record-keeping, and professional
standards and ethics

44. Natural Products Chemistry and Pharmacognosy – Major
Description: A program that focuses on the scientific study of biologically active compounds found in
naturally occurring sources such as plants, animals, and microbes and their use and/or modification as
medicinal substances.
Pathway: This includes instruction in medicinal chemistry, organic medicinals, pharmacological
therapeutics, pharmacokinetics, molecular biology, structural chemistry, enzymes, nucleic acids, economic
botany, ethnobotany, bioprospecting, bioassay, compound identification and isolation, mass spectrometry,
and analytical instrumentation and techniques
45. Occupational Health and Industrial Hygiene – Major
Description: A program that prepares public health specialists to monitor and evaluate health and related
safety standards in industrial, commercial, and government workplaces and facilities.
Pathway: This includes instruction in occupational health and safety standards and regulations; health-
related aspects of various occupations and work environments; health hazard testing and evaluation; test
equipment operation and maintenance; industrial toxicology; worker health and safety education; and the
analysis and testing of job-related equipment, behavior practices, and protective devices and procedures
46. Occupational Therapy/Therapist – Major
Description: A program that prepares individuals to assist patients limited by physical, cognitive,
psychosocial, mental, developmental, and learning disabilities, as well as adverse environmental
conditions, to maximize their independence and maintain optimum health through a planned mix of
acquired skills, performance motivation, environmental adaptations, assistive technologies, and physical
agents.
Pathway: This includes instruction in the basic medical sciences, psychology, sociology, patient assessment
and evaluation, standardized and non-standardized tests and measurements, assistive and rehabilitative
technologies, ergonomics, environmental health, special education, vocational counselling, health
education and promotion, and professional standards and ethics
47. Orthotist/Prosthetist – Major
Description: A program that prepares individuals, in consultation with physicians and other therapists, to
design and fit orthoses for patients with disabling conditions of the limbs and/or spine, and prostheses for
patients who have partial or total absence of a limb or significant superficial deformity.
Pathway: This includes instruction in biomechanics, gait analysis, pathomechanics, kinesiology, pathology,
Neuroanatomy, materials science, diagnostic imaging, patient analysis and measurement, impression
taking, model rectification, assistive/restorative technology and engineering applications, product
finishing, diagnostic and definitive fitting and alignment, power devices, postoperative management, and
patient counselling and follow-up

48. Pharmaceutical Marketing and Management - Major
Description: A program that combines the study of basic and pharmaceutical sciences with marketing and
management studies; and that prepares individuals for careers in pharmaceutical sales, marketing,
management, and related fields within the health care industry.
Pathway: This includes instruction in biology, chemistry, pharmaceutics, pharmacology, health care
systems, issues and structure of pharmaceutical industry, management, pharmaceutical marketing,
pharmaceutical and medical product management, and legal issues
49. Pharmaceutical Sciences - Major
Description: A program that focuses on the basic sciences that underlie drugs and drug therapy and that
prepares individuals for further study and/or careers in pharmaceutical science and research,
pharmaceutical administration and sales, biotechnology, drug manufacturing, regulatory affairs, and
related fields.
Pathway: This includes instruction in mathematics, biology, chemistry, physics, statistics, pharmaceutics,
pharmacology and toxicology, dosage formulation, manufacturing, quality assurance, and regulations
50. Pharmaceutical dosage Engineering – Major
Description: Description: A program of pharmaceutical science and technology that
involves development and manufacturing of products, processes, and components in the pharmaceuticals
industry.
Pathway: This includes instruction in medicinal chemists, analytical chemists, clinicians/pharmacologists,
pharmacists, chemical engineers, biomedical engineers
51. Pharmaceutics and Drug Design - Major
Description: A program that focuses on the scientific study of the formulation of medicinal substances into
product vehicles capable of being stored, transported, and then introduced into the patient and behaving
in ways optimal to therapeutic interaction.
Pathway: This includes instruction in statistics, biopharmaceutics, drug metabolism, pharmacokinetics,
pharmacodynamics, physical pharmacy, pharmacological analysis, drug design and development,
pharmacological biotechnology, chemical separations, spectroscopy, drug-host interactions, immunology,
quantitative drug measurement, enzymatic transformations, and metabolic excretion
52. Pharmacoeconomics/Pharmaceutical Economics – Major
Description: A program that focuses on the application of economics and policy analysis to the study of the
relationship of pharmacy services and pharmaceutical processes and products to the health care system
and their impact on health care organizations.

Pathway: This includes instruction in health economics, pharmacoeconomics, health care systems, health
care organization and management, statistics and biostatistics, outcomes research, health care policy,
pharmacy services, and pharmaceutical industry operations
53. Pharmacology – Major
Description: A program with an integrated, combined approach to the study of pharmacological and
toxicological issues in biology and the biomedical sciences.
Pathway: This includes instruction in topics such as solvents, xenobiotic metabolism, chemical toxicity,
neurotoxicology, immunopharmacology, biotransformation, tissue culture and in vitro studies,
biomolecular analysis, bioactivation and inactivation, enzyme regulation, chemoprevention and
chemotherapy, industrial and chemical studies, radiation health, and bioinformatics
54. Pharmacy – Major
Description: A program that prepares individuals, under the supervision of pharmacists, to prepare
medications, provides medications and related assistance to patients, and manage pharmacy clinical and
business operations.
Pathway: This includes instruction in medical and pharmaceutical terminology, principles of pharmacology
and pharmaceutics, drug identification, pharmacy laboratory procedures, prescription interpretation,
patient communication and education, safety procedures, record-keeping, measurement and testing
techniques, pharmacy business operations, prescription preparation, logistics and dispensing operations,
and applicable standards and regulations
55. Pharmacy Administration and Pharmacy Policy and Regulatory Affairs – Major
Description: A program that prepares individuals to apply managerial, social, and economic sciences to the
study and management of the distribution and use of pharmaceutical products and the provision of
pharmacy services.
Pathway: This includes instruction in research design and methods, statistics, social and organizational
behavior, pharmacoeconomics, management of pharmacy services, outcomes research, product planning
and reimbursement, cost-benefit analysis, drug marketing, pharmacy and pharmaceutics law and
regulation, risk assessment, and organization of the health care system
56. Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Administration – Major
Description: A program that prepares individuals for the independent or employed practice of preparing
and dispensing drugs and medications in consultation with prescribing physicians and other health care
professionals, and for managing pharmacy practices and counselling patients.
Pathway: This includes instruction in mathematics, physics, chemistry, biochemistry, anatomy, physiology,
pharmacology, pharmaceutical chemistry, pharmacognosy, pharmacy practice, pharmacy administration,
applicable regulations, and professional standards and ethics

57. Physical Therapy/Therapist – Major
Description: A program that prepares individuals to alleviate physical and functional impairments and
limitations caused by injury or disease through the design and implementation of therapeutic
interventions to promote fitness and health.
Pathway: This includes instruction in functional anatomy and physiology, kinesiology, neuroscience,
pathological physiology, analysis of dysfunction, movement dynamics, physical growth process,
management of musculoskeletal disorders, clinical evaluation and measurement, client assessment and
supervision, care plan development and documentation, physical therapy modalities, rehabilitation
psychology, physical therapy administration, and professional standards and ethics
58. Podiatric Medicine/Podiatry – Major
Description: A program that prepares individuals for the independent professional practice of podiatric
medicine, involving the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases, disorders, and injuries to the foot
and lower extremities.
Pathway: This includes instruction in the basic medical sciences, anatomy of the lower extremity,
functional orthopedics, foot biomechanics, podiatric radiology, dermatology, podiatric surgery,
podopediatrics, sports medicine, physical diagnosis, emergency medicine and traumatology, practice
management, and professional standards and ethics
59. Public Health – Major
Description: A program that focuses on the scientific study of dental disease prevention and control,
community dental health promotion, and prepares dentists and public health professionals to function as
dental health specialists.
Pathway: This includes instruction in preventive dentistry, the relationship of oral disease to health and
quality of life, patient and practitioner behavior, dental epidemiology, nutrition and dental health, dental
care policy and delivery, oral health program planning and administration, biostatistics, and research
methods
60. Public Health Education and Promotion – Major
Description: A program that focuses on the application of educational and communications principles and
methods to the promotion of preventive health measures and the education of targeted populations on
health issues, and prepares individuals to function as public health educators and health promotion
specialists.
Pathway: This includes instruction in human development, health issues across the life span, population-
specific health issues, principles and methods of public health education, administration of health
education campaigns and programs, evaluation methods, public communications, and applications to
specific public health subjects and issues

61. Rehabilitation Aide – Major
Description: A program that prepares individuals to assist in rehabilitation services under the supervision
of physical therapists, occupational therapists, speech-language pathologists, and other therapeutic
professionals, and to perform routine functions in support of rehabilitation. Includes instruction in roles
and responsibilities of rehabilitation providers, basic function of the human body, disabling conditions,
therapeutic skills, client management, and communication skills
62. Rehabilitation and Therapeutic Professions – Major
or in private practice, to use drawing and other art media forms to assess, treat, and rehabilitate
individuals with mental, emotional, developmental, or physical disorders.
Pathway: This includes instruction in art, history and theory of art therapy, art therapeutic techniques,
psychopathology, patient assessment and diagnosis, cultural diversity issues, legal and ethical practice
issues, and professional standards and regulations
63. Rehabilitation Science – Major
Description: A program that focuses on human function, disability, and rehabilitation from the
perspectives of the health sciences, social sciences, psychology, engineering, and related fields.
Pathway: This includes instruction in psychological, social, and cultural aspects of disability and
rehabilitation; sensory and motor function and dysfunction; biomechanics and kinesiology; assistive
technology; rehabilitation instrumentation and methodology; statistics; and health and rehabilitation
policy
64. Small/Companion Animal Surgery and Medicine – Major
Description: A program that focuses on the scientific study of the internal medicine and invasive and non-
invasive treatment of companion and household animals.
Pathway: This includes instruction in avian medicine, pet care, companion animal medicine,
pathophysiology, small animal diseases, small animal anaesthesiology and surgical procedures,
preoperative and postoperative care, and specific medical specialties such as dentistry, ophthalmology,
oncology, obstetrics/theriogenology, and orthopedics
65. Therapeutic Recreation/Recreational Therapy – Major
Description: A program that prepares individuals to plan, organize, and direct recreational activities
designed to promote health and well-being for patients who are physically, mentally, or emotionally
disabled.
Pathway: This includes instruction in the foundations of therapeutic recreation, leisure education and
counselling, program planning, therapeutic recreational modalities, basic anatomy and physiology,

psychology, medical terminology, human growth and development, patient observation and evaluation,
special needs populations, and professional standards and ethics
66. Veterinary Anatomy – Major
Description: A program that focuses on the scientific study of the structure of small and large animal
cellular, organ, tissue, and body systems and their relation to physiologic function, disease, and
therapeutic treatment. Includes instruction in histology, ultrastructure, molecular biology, biochemistry,
developmental biology, neuroscience, electrophysiology, electron microscopy, computer imaging, and
applications to specific species
67. Veterinary Biomedical and Clinical Sciences – Major
Description: An integrated program of study in one or more of the veterinary medical or clinical sciences
or a program undifferentiated as to title
68. Veterinary Infectious Diseases – Major
Description: A program that focuses on the scientific study of zoonotic infectious diseases, disease
mechanisms, and prevention and treatment strategies.
Pathway: This includes instruction in disease pathogenesis, vector biology, mycobacterial infection, blood
parasites, retroviruses, food-borne diseases, new infectious agents, ecotoxicology, mechanisms of disease
transfer, antibody resistance, comparative pathology, communicable diseases, and disease prevention and
eradication
69. Veterinary Medicine – Major
Description: A program that prepares individuals for the independent professional practice of veterinary
medicine, involving the diagnosis, treatment, and health care management of animals and animal
populations and the prevention and management of zoonosis.
Pathway: This includes instruction in the veterinary basic sciences, infectious and non-infectious disease,
diagnostic procedures, veterinary clinical medicine, obstetrics, radiology, anaesthesiology, surgery,
toxicology, animal health and preventive medicine, clinical nutrition, practice management, and
professional standards and ethics
70. Veterinary Microbiology and Immunobiology – Major
Description: A program that focuses on the scientific study of the microbial causation and immunologic
processes related to animal disease, prevention, and treatment.
Pathway: This includes instruction in bacteriology, mycology, virology, immune response mechanisms,
humoral and cell function, cancer defenses, immune system dysfunction, immunologic diseases,
parasitology, pathogenesis, and disease vectors

2011 national harmony in pharmacy education and training

2011 national harmony in pharmacy education and training

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