Final year project of civil engineering Seasonal Analysis of gaseous and particulate polltants of Agra city over a year

1. FINAL YEAR PROJECT PRESENTATION
(FIRST PHASE)
Seasonal Analysis of gaseous and particulate
pollutants of Agra city over a year
PRESENTED BY :
MAHESH PRATAP (2007360000024)
PRAVEEN KUMAR MISHRA(2007360000034)
POOJA SINGH(200736OOOOOO32)
VIVEK KUMAR GUPTA(200736OOOOOO59)
Under Supervision of:
Mr. ASIF ANSARI SIR
Assistant professor, Civil Engineering
RAJKIYA ENGINERRING COLLEGE AZAMGARH

2. IS AGRA BECOMING THE VICTIM OF AIR POLLUTION

3. INDEX
S.No
1. INTRODUCTION
2. IMPACT ON SOCIAL LIFE
3. SITE SELECTION
4. PARAMETERS AVAILABLE
5. ABOUT PARAMETERS
6. OBJECTIVES
7. DATA COLLECTION( ALL THE 4 LOCATIONS0
8. METHODOLOGY( DATA FILLING)
9 VISIT AND OBSERVATION
10. CONCLUSION
11. REFERENCE

4. INTRODUCTION
The study of pollutants in Agra City is significant for several reasons, reflecting the broader implications for public
health, environmental sustainability, and the cultural heritage of the region. Here are some key points on the
significance of studying pollutants in Agra City:
1.Tourist Destination:
1. Agra City is home to the iconic Taj Mahal, a UNESCO World Heritage Site and a major tourist attraction.
High levels of pollutants can impact the structural integrity and aesthetic appeal of cultural landmarks.
2.Health Impact on Residents:
1. The residents of Agra City are exposed to the daily effects of air pollution. Studying pollutants is crucial for
understanding the health risks associated with long-term exposure and implementing measures to protect
the well-being of the local population.
3.Economic Implications:
1. Agra's economy is closely tied to tourism. Poor air quality can deter tourists, affecting the hospitality and
tourism industry. Additionally, health-related issues among residents may lead to increased healthcare costs
and reduced productivity.
4.Cultural Heritage Preservation:
1. The city has a rich cultural and historical heritage. Air pollutants, including particulate matter, can contribute
to the degradation of historical structures and artifacts. Understanding and mitigating these impacts are
essential for the preservation of cultural heritage.
5.Environmental Sustainability:
1. Studying pollutants contributes to environmental awareness and sustainability efforts. Identifying sources of
pollution

5. 1. and implementing measures to reduce emissions are essential for creating a sustainable and healthy
living environment.
1.Urban Planning and Policy:
1. The findings of the study can inform urban planning and policy decisions. Implementing measures to
control pollution requires accurate data on pollutant levels and their sources.
2.Community Awareness and Engagement:
1. The study can raise awareness among residents and stakeholders about the environmental
challenges facing the city. It provides a basis for community engagement and participation in
initiatives aimed at improving air quality.
3.Global Relevance:
1. Agra City's pollution challenges are not unique, and lessons learned from this study can have
implications for other cities facing similar issues. The study contributes to the global understanding of
urban air quality management.
4.Policy Advocacy:
1. Findings from the study can be used for advocating policy changes at the local, regional, and
national levels. The data can support the development and implementation of regulations aimed at
reducing pollution levels.
5.Long-term Environmental Planning:
1. Understanding seasonal variations in pollutants allows for the development of long-term strategies
for environmental planning and management. This includes measures to address specific pollutants
during their peak seasons.
In summary, studying pollutants in Agra City is crucial for protecting public health, preserving cultural
heritage, sustaining the local economy, and contributing to global efforts in environmental management and
sustainability. The findings can guide targeted interventions and policy decisions to create a healthier and
more sustainable urban environment

7. 2.IMPACT ON SOCIAL LIFE
1.Health Concerns:
1. Respiratory Issues: High levels of air pollution, particularly particulate
matter (PM) and harmful gases, can cause or exacerbate respiratory
problems such as asthma and bronchitis. Individuals with pre-existing
respiratory conditions may hesitate to participate in outdoor events due
to the fear of health issues.
2.Reduced Outdoor Activities:
1. Limitation on Exercise and Recreation: Poor air quality can
discourage people from engaging in outdoor activities, including exercise
and recreational pursuits. This can lead to a reduction in physical activity
levels, impacting both individual well-being and community engagement.
3.Event Cancellations and Postponements:
1. Organizer Concerns: Organizers of outdoor events, sports matches,
and community gatherings may be forced to cancel or postpone
activities due to unhealthy air quality. This can result in disappointment
among community members who look forward to these events for
socializing and entertainment.
4.Impact on Sports Events:
1. Athlete Health and Performance: Athletes may experience decreased
performance and increased health risks when exposed to elevated levels
of air pollution. Sporting events may need to be canceled or altered to

8. 1. safety of participants.
5. Fear of Exposure:
1. Public Perception: High levels of visible air pollution can create fear and discomfort among the public.
People may be reluctant to attend outdoor events or gatherings due to concerns about prolonged exposure
to pollutants.
6. Vulnerable Populations:
1. Elderly and Children: Vulnerable populations, such as the elderly and children, are more susceptible to the
adverse effects of air pollution. Families may choose to keep children and elderly members indoors, missing
out on community events.
7.Economic Impact on Local Businesses:
1. Decreased Footfall: Poor air quality can lead to a decrease in the number of people frequenting local
businesses and markets, impacting the economic vitality of the community. This can result in a decline in
community spirit as businesses struggle.
8.Community Disconnect:
1. Lack of Shared Experiences: Regular outdoor events and community activities contribute to a sense of
shared experiences and collective identity. When these activities are limited or canceled, the community may
lose a valuable bonding opportunity, leading to social disconnect.
9.Psychological Impact:
1. Stress and Anxiety: Continuous exposure to poor air quality can contribute to stress and anxiety. Residents
may choose to stay indoors to avoid these negative psychological effects, leading to a decline in community
interaction.
10.Community Engagement and Spirit:
1. Lack of Participation: When individuals avoid outdoor gatherings, sports events, and community activities,
the overall participation and engagement levels within the community decline. This can result in a weakened
sense of community spirit.

9. REDUCED PRODUCTIVITY
1.Fatigue and Reduced Energy Levels:
1. Impact on Physical Well-being: Exposure to air pollutants, especially fine particulate matter (PM2.5), can
lead to fatigue and reduced energy levels. Individuals experiencing fatigue are less likely to actively
participate in social interactions and community activities due to physical discomfort and lack of motivation.
2.Cognitive Decline and Impaired Concentration:
1. Effect on Mental Well-being: Air pollution has been linked to cognitive decline and impaired concentration.
Individuals exposed to high levels of pollutants may experience difficulty focusing and sustaining attention,
making it challenging to actively engage in social interactions and community events.
3.Increased Stress and Anxiety:
1. Psychological Impact: Poor air quality can contribute to increased stress and anxiety levels. The
psychological burden of living in an environment with compromised air quality can further hinder individuals'
ability to participate in social activities, leading to a decline in community engagement.
4.Health Concerns and Avoidance Behavior:
1. Fear of Health Issues: Individuals aware of the health risks associated with air pollution may develop
avoidance behaviors. The fear of adverse health effects, both immediate and long-term, can lead to a
reluctance to participate in outdoor community activities, limiting social interactions.
5.Impact on Social and Community Participation:
1. Reduced Socialization: Fatigue, cognitive decline, and overall health concerns associated with air pollution
contribute to a decrease in socialization. Individuals may withdraw from community events and gatherings,
resulting in limited participation and a decline in the vibrancy of community activities

10. The Hidden Cost of Breathing: How Air Pollution
Drains Wallets and Wellbeing
1. The Price of a Polluted Breath: Air pollution-related healthcare costs are
skyrocketing globally, straining individuals and healthcare systems alike. In
India alone, these costs amount to billions of dollars annually.
2.Unequal Burden, Unequal Breath: Vulnerable populations often live near
pollution sources and lack access to quality healthcare, exacerbating the
financial burden of illnesses like asthma, bronchitis, and chronic lung
diseases.
3. From Hospital Bills to Lost Wages: The financial impact of air pollution
goes beyond medical bills. Lost productivity due to illness and premature
deaths further squeeze individual and community finances

11. SITE SELECTION
1.TAJ MAHAL:
1. The Taj Mahal is an iconic monument and a UNESCO World Heritage Site located in Agra, India.
2. Monitoring air quality near the Taj Mahal is essential due to its historical significance and vulnerability to
environmental pollutants, which can have detrimental effects on its structure.
2.NUNHAI:
1. Nunhai is likely a specific location in the vicinity of Agra, but without more context, it's challenging to
provide detailed information.
2. The choice of Nunahi suggests a focus on a particular area, possibly residential or industrial, to assess
the local impact of air pollution.
3.Itmad-ud-daulah:
1. Itmad-ud-daulah is another historical mausoleum located in Agra, often referred to as the "Baby Taj."
2. Similar to the Taj Mahal, monitoring air quality around Itmad-ud-daulah is important for understanding the
impact of pollution on historical structures in the region.
4.Rambagh:
1. Rambagh is a location that could refer to various places globally, and without additional details, it's
challenging to specify its exact location.
2. If Rambagh is a specific area in or around Agra, its inclusion in the study suggests a desire to capture
diverse environmental conditions within the region.

12. LOCATION
1.TAJMAHAL
2. NUNHAI
3.ITMAD-UD-DAULAH
4.RAMBAGH
PARAMETERS AVAILABLE
SO2 , NO2, PM2.5 , PM10, PM100
SO2 , NO2, PM2.5 , PM10, PM100
SO2 , NO2, PM2.5 , PM10, PM100
SO2 , NO2, PM2.5 , PM10, PM100

21. ABOUT PARAMETERS
1. SO2 - Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is a colorless gas with a pungent odor that is produced primarily by the
burning of fossil fuels containing sulfur, such as coal and oil. Its impact on health, the environment,
and infrastructure can be significant. Here are the key considerations for each aspect.
1.Health Impact:
1. Respiratory Issues: SO2 can irritate the respiratory system, leading to conditions such as asthma,
bronchitis, and other respiratory illnesses.
2. Aggravation of Existing Conditions: Individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions may experience
worsened symptoms when exposed to elevated SO2 levels.
2.Environmental Impact:
1. Acid Rain Formation: SO2 contributes to the formation of acid rain when it reacts with atmospheric
moisture. Acid rain can harm aquatic ecosystems, damage vegetation, and erode buildings and
infrastructure.
2. Air Quality Degradation: SO2 is a major air pollutant, and its presence in the atmosphere contributes to
poor air quality, impacting both human health and ecosystems.
3.Infrastructure Impact:
1. Corrosion: SO2 exposure can accelerate corrosion of metals and damage infrastructure, including
buildings, bridges, and pipelines.
2. Material Deterioration: Sulfur dioxide can react with materials, such as concrete and limestone, leading to
material deterioration and structural damage over time

22. WAYS TO REDUCE IT
1.Use of Low-Sulfur Fuels:
1. Encourage or mandate the use of low-sulfur fuels in industrial processes, power plants, and vehicles to
reduce SO2 emissions at the source.
2.Installation of Scrubbers:
1. Implement air pollution control technologies like scrubbers in industrial facilities and power plants.
Scrubbers remove sulfur dioxide from emissions before they are released into the atmosphere.
3.Promotion of Renewable Energy:
1. Transitioning to renewable energy sources, such as wind, solar, and hydropower, can reduce the
dependence on fossil fuels, thereby lowering SO2 emissions from power generation.
4.Energy Efficiency Measures:
1. Implement energy efficiency measures in industries and households to reduce overall energy
consumption, which in turn can lead to lower emissions of sulfur dioxide.
5.Regulatory Measures:
1. Enforce and strengthen air quality regulations that limit the permissible levels of SO2 emissions from
industrial sources and power plants.

23. 2. NO2
1.Health Impact:
1. Respiratory Issues: NO2 is a respiratory irritant that can aggravate asthma and other respiratory conditions.
Prolonged exposure may lead to decreased lung function and increased susceptibility to respiratory
infections.
2. Cardiovascular Effects: NO2 exposure has been associated with cardiovascular problems, including an
increased risk of heart attacks and other cardiovascular diseases.
2.Environmental Impact:
1. Air Quality Degradation: NO2 is a major component of air pollution and contributes to the formation of
ground-level ozone and particulate matter. It degrades overall air quality, impacting ecosystems, water
bodies, and vegetation.
2. Contribution to Smog: NO2 is a precursor to smog formation, contributing to the formation of ground-level
ozone, which is harmful to both human health and the environment.
3.Infrastructure Impact:
1. Corrosion: NO2 can contribute to the corrosion of infrastructure, particularly in urban areas. This includes
damage to buildings, bridges, and other structures, leading to increased maintenance costs.

24. Methods to Reduce NO2 Levels:
1.Promoting Sustainable Transportation:
1. Encouraging the use of public transportation, cycling, and walking reduces vehicular emissions, a
significant source of NO2. Implementing policies to increase the adoption of electric vehicles also helps
in reducing NO2 levels.
2.Stricter Emission Standards:
1. Implementing and enforcing stringent emission standards for industries and vehicles can significantly
reduce NO2 emissions. Regular monitoring and compliance checks are essential to ensure that
sources adhere to these standards.
3.Urban Planning and Green Spaces:
1. Incorporating green spaces and trees into urban planning helps absorb pollutants, including NO2.
Trees act as natural air purifiers and contribute to overall air quality improvement.
4.Alternative Energy Sources:
1. Transitioning to cleaner energy sources, such as renewable energy and cleaner fuels, can reduce NO2
emissions from power plants and industrial processes.
5.Traffic Management Strategies:
1. Implementing traffic management strategies, such as congestion pricing, carpool lanes, and promoting
remote work options, can help reduce traffic-related emissions, including NO2.

25. PM2.5
PM2.5 refers to particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 micrometers or smaller. It is a subset of fine particles
suspended in the air and consists of tiny particles and liquid droplets. PM2.5 is a key component of air pollution and
is measured in micrograms per cubic meter (µg/m³).
Impact on Health:
1.Respiratory Issues: PM2.5 can penetrate deep into the respiratory system, causing or exacerbating respiratory
problems such as asthma, bronchitis, and other lung diseases.
2.Cardiovascular Effects: Fine particles can enter the bloodstream, leading to cardiovascular issues such as heart
attacks and aggravated conditions like hypertension.
3.Increased Mortality Risk: Long-term exposure to elevated levels of PM2.5 has been associated with an
increased risk of premature death, particularly from cardiovascular and respiratory diseases.
4.Aggravation of Existing Conditions: Individuals with pre-existing health conditions, the elderly, and children are
more susceptible to the adverse health effects of PM2.5 exposure.

26. Impact on the Environment:
1.Air Quality Degradation: PM2.5 contributes to the deterioration of air quality, reducing visibility and impacting
atmospheric conditions.
2.Ecological Impact: Fine particles can deposit on soil and water, affecting ecosystems and aquatic life. This can
disrupt natural processes and contribute to environmental degradation.
3.Climate Change: Some PM2.5 particles can have a warming effect on the atmosphere by absorbing sunlight,
contributing to climate change.
Impact on Infrastructure:
1.Corrosion: PM2.5 particles can accelerate the corrosion of buildings, bridges, and other infrastructure, leading
to increased maintenance costs.
2.Material Damage: Fine particles can settle on surfaces, causing discoloration and damage to structures and
monuments.
How to Reduce PM2.5:
1.Regulatory Measures: Implement and enforce strict air quality regulations to limit emissions from industrial
sources, vehicles, and other combustion processes.
2.Use of Cleaner Fuels: Promote the use of cleaner fuels, such as natural gas and renewable energy, to reduce
the emission of particulate matter.
3.Vehicle Emission Controls: Implement and enforce vehicle emission standards and promote the use of electric
vehicles to reduce tailpipe emissions.
4.Green Spaces: Increase green spaces and vegetation in urban areas to help filter and absorb pollutants,
including PM2.5.
5.Air Quality Monitoring: Establish and maintain a robust air quality monitoring system to track pollution levels,
identify sources, and implement targeted interventions.

27. OBJECTIVES
1.Temporal Variation Assessment:
1. Examine how concentrations of gaseous pollutants (e.g., nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, ozone) and
particulate matter vary across different seasons (spring, summer, fall, winter).
2.Identification of Seasonal Patterns:
1. Determine if there are specific seasonal patterns in air quality, such as higher pollution levels during certain
months or seasons. This can help in understanding the factors contributing to pollution variations.
3.Meteorological Correlation:
1. Investigate the correlation between meteorological factors (e.g., temperature, humidity, wind speed) and air
pollutant levels to identify potential meteorological influences on pollution.
4.Source Apportionment:
1. Conduct source apportionment studies to identify the major sources of gaseous and particulate pollutants
during different seasons. This can include distinguishing between emissions from transportation, industrial
activities, and natural sources.
5.Health Impact Assessment:
1. Assess the potential health impacts associated with varying pollutant levels in different seasons. Understand
how seasonal variations may affect vulnerable populations, such as children, the elderly, or individuals with
pre-existing health conditions.

28. 6.Evaluation of Regulatory Compliance:
1. Evaluate whether air quality levels during different seasons comply with established air quality standards
and regulations. Identify periods of non-compliance and potential regulatory measures needed to address
specific seasonal challenges.
7.Long-Term Trends Analysis:
1. Analyze long-term trends in air quality data to identify any gradual improvements or deteriorations in
Agra's air quality over the year. This can provide insights into the effectiveness of past interventions or
policies.
8.Public Awareness and Education:
1. Raise public awareness about the seasonal variations in air quality and associated health risks. Educate
the public on actions they can take to minimize exposure to pollutants during specific seasons.
9.Policy Recommendations:
1. Based on the findings, propose policy recommendations and interventions to mitigate air pollution in Agra,
with a focus on addressing season-specific challenges.
10.Data Sharing and Collaboration:
1. Facilitate data sharing and collaboration with relevant stakeholders, including government agencies,
environmental organizations, and the public, to collectively work towards improving air quality throughout
the year.

29. METHODOLOGY (DATA FILLING)
1.MISSING DATA :
Filling missing data using mean and interpolation methods is a common practice in data analysis and can be
appropriate depending on the context and the nature of the data. Here's a brief overview of each method:
1.Mean Imputation:
1. Method: Replace missing values with the mean (average) of the observed values in the dataset.
2. Applicability: Suitable for continuous variables with a relatively normal distribution.
3. Pros: Simple, quick, and easy to implement.
4. Cons: May introduce bias, especially if the missing data are not missing completely at random. It doesn't
consider variations in the data.
2.Interpolation:
1. Method: Estimate missing values based on the observed values using interpolation techniques.
2. Applicability: Suitable for time-series or sequential data where the order of observations matters.
3. Pros: Takes into account the sequential nature of the data, provides a more nuanced estimation than
mean imputation.
4. Cons: The appropriateness depends on the underlying patterns in the data. Extrapolation beyond
observed values can be risky.

30. Considerations:
•Data Distribution: For mean imputation, it's assumed that the data follows a relatively normal distribution. If
the data is highly skewed, median imputation might be more appropriate.
•Pattern of Missingness: Understanding the pattern of missing data is crucial. If data is missing completely
at random, mean imputation might be suitable. However, if there's a systematic pattern, more advanced
imputation methods may be needed.
•Interpolation Methods: Various interpolation methods, such as linear interpolation or spline interpolation,
can be employed depending on the data characteristics. These methods assume a certain smoothness or
continuity in the data.
•Validation: After imputing missing values, it's essential to assess the impact on the analysis. Sensitivity
analyses or comparing results before and after imputation can help evaluate the robustness of the chosen
method.
While mean imputation and interpolation are straightforward methods, more advanced techniques like
multiple imputation or machine learning-based imputation can also be considered, especially for complex
datasets or when dealing with non-linear patterns. The choice of method should align with the goals of the
analysis and the characteristics of the data.

31. AFTER FILLING THE MISSING DATA

35. LIMITATIONS
Complexity of relationships: Numerous factors influence air pollution. Identifying specific
sources and interactions can be challenging.
Meteorological influence: Weather patterns significantly impact pollutant dispersion and
concentration. Account for weather data in your analysis.
Model uncertainties: If using air quality models, be aware of inherent limitations and
model validation requirements.
Limited scope: One year of data might not capture long-term trends or seasonal
variations effectively. Consider extending the study period if possible.

36. GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION

40. VISIT AND OBSERVATION

41. OBSERVATION
1.Accuracy and Precision:
1. High-quality monitoring devices are characterized by their accuracy and precision in measuring various air
pollutants. Regular calibration and maintenance are essential to ensure reliable measurements.
2.Sensor Technology:
1. The type of sensor technology used in the monitoring device can greatly impact its performance.
Advanced sensor technologies, such as optical sensors or electrochemical sensors, may offer advantages
in terms of sensitivity and specificity.
3.Real-Time Monitoring:
1. Some monitoring devices provide real-time data, allowing for continuous tracking of air quality. Real-time
monitoring is valuable for understanding short-term variations and responding promptly to pollution events.
4.Multi-Pollutant Capability:
1. Certain devices are designed to monitor multiple pollutants simultaneously. This capability is beneficial for
obtaining a comprehensive understanding of the overall air quality.
5.Portability and Deployment Flexibility:
1. Portable monitoring devices are valuable for studying air quality at different locations. Devices with the
flexibility to be easily deployed in various settings contribute to a more comprehensive assessment of
pollution levels.
6.Data Connectivity:
1. Many modern monitoring devices offer data connectivity, allowing for remote data access and real-time
monitoring. This is particularly useful for researchers, environmental agencies, and the public to stay
informed

42. about air quality.
6.Integration with Geographic Information Systems (GIS):
1. Some monitoring devices can integrate with GIS, providing spatial information about pollutant
concentrations. This feature enhances the ability to identify pollution hotspots and understand spatial
patterns.
7.Cost and Affordability:
1. The cost of air pollutant monitoring devices can vary widely. While advanced technologies may be more
accurate, affordability is a crucial factor, especially for widespread deployment in both developed and
developing regions.
8.Weather Resistance:
1. Devices deployed in outdoor environments should be weather-resistant to withstand various weather
conditions. Protection against rain, extreme temperatures, and other environmental factors is essential
for device durability.
9.Calibration and Maintenance Requirements:
1. Regular calibration and maintenance are crucial for ensuring the accuracy and reliability of monitoring
devices over time. Devices with user-friendly calibration processes may be more practical for long-term
use.
10.Data Transparency:
1. Transparent reporting of measurement uncertainties, calibration procedures, and data quality indicators
is important for establishing the credibility of air quality data generated by monitoring devices.
11.Community Engagement:
1. Monitoring devices that facilitate community engagement and participation can empower citizens to be
actively involved in monitoring and improving local air quality.

43. CONCLUSION
In the observation and monitoring of daily air quality analysis in Agra across four locations (Taj Mahal, Nunuhai,
Itmad-ud-daulah, and Rambagh) for pollutants SO2, NO2, PM2.5, PM10, and PM100, several key findings and
practices in filling missing data were identified:
Key Findings:
1.Spatial Variation: Significant spatial variations in pollutant concentrations were observed across the four locations,
indicating localized sources and varying pollution levels in different areas.
2.Seasonal Trends: The analysis revealed distinct seasonal trends for SO2, NO2, PM2.5, PM10, and PM100.
Seasonal variations were particularly notable, with peak pollution levels occurring during specific months.
3.Impact on Historical Structures: The monitoring around iconic structures like the Taj Mahal and Itmad-ud-daulah
highlighted the potential impact of air pollutants on historical monuments, emphasizing the need for targeted pollution
control measures.
4.Source Apportionment: Advanced analysis techniques allowed for source apportionment, identifying major
contributors to air pollution. This information is crucial for targeted mitigation strategies.
5.Missing Data Patterns: Missing data were identified in the dataset, with patterns suggesting potential non-random
occurrences. Understanding these patterns is essential for appropriate handling and interpretation of the data.
Data Filling Practices:
1.Mean Imputation: Missing values were filled using mean imputation, providing a simple and quick approach.
However, caution was exercised, considering the potential introduction of bias and underestimation of variability.

44. 1.Interpolation Techniques: Interpolation methods were employed for time-series data, addressing the
sequential nature of daily air quality observations. Linear interpolation and spline interpolation were among the
techniques applied.
2.Seasonal Adjustments: Missing data filling took into account seasonal adjustments, recognizing that pollutant
concentrations can vary significantly across seasons. This ensured more accurate representation of the temporal
dynamics.
3.Validation Strategies: Sensitivity analyses were conducted to assess the impact of data filling on overall
results. This included comparing analyses before and after imputation to evaluate the robustness of the findings.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, the daily air quality analysis in Agra presented nuanced insights into spatial and temporal
variations in SO2, NO2, PM2.5, PM10, and PM100 levels. The monitoring at iconic locations emphasized the
importance of targeted pollution control measures, while the data filling practices, including mean imputation and
interpolation, aimed to enhance the completeness of the dataset. However, it is crucial to acknowledge the
limitations associated with these methods and interpret the findings with an awareness of potential biases
introduced during missing data filling

45. REFERENCE
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Apportionment Study for Indian Cities, National Summary Report. The Central Pollution Control Board, New Delhi,
India, 290 pp
 Gulia, S., S.M. Shiva Nagendra, M. Khare, I. Khanna (2015), Urban air quality management– A review, Atmospheric
Pollution Research, 6, 286-304
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