3. HIGH POPULATION DENSITY
๏ต This problem of high population density is caused
due to the heavy rate of migration from rural
areas. The rapid population growth has led to an
acute shortage of dwelling units which resulted
to; overcrowding, traffic congestion, pollution,
housing shortages (slum and squatter housing),
high rents, poor urban living conditions, low
infrastructure services, poverty, unemployment,
and poor sanitation which has become pervasive
and indeed high crime rate. All of these have an
effect on the high population density in
developing countries.
4. INADEQUATE
INFRASTRUCTURES
๏ต One major serious aspect of the urban problem is the poor state of
the infrastructures. Some developing countries are still faced with bad
road network, lack of power supply, inadequate water supply and
some basic amenities.
5. Housing
๏ต Lack of access to secure and safe housing
is a central feature of urban poverty
๏ต At least 600 million urban dwellers in
Africa, Asia and Latin America live in
housing that is so overcrowded and of
such poor quality; with such inadequate
provision for water, sanitation, drainage
and garbage collection that their lives and
their health is continually at risk (UNCHS)
6. ๏ต There are also gender dimensions to
renting and gender-related constraints
to owner-occupation
๏ต Studies of Latin America and West
Africa suggest that female-headed
households are more likely to be
tenants or sharers than owners
๏ต Whilst a study in Bangladesh found that
female-headed households and
supported households were
concentrated in the poorest and
potentially most vulnerable housing
conditions
7. Lack of Jobs
๏ต Urbanization leads to a deficit in jobs.
Businesses and governments cannot
produce enough jobs to meet the
demand of a fast-growing population.
Unemployment rates soar as a result,
causing people to apply for
government-funded programs and
benefits. The government loses
money, reducing the amount of
energy, health care, education, public
transportation, waste management
and physical security offered. Poverty
spreads and stunts economic growth.
8. Air Pollution
๏ต Suspended particulates in the air come from
motor vehicle fuel combustion. Soot, dust,
lead and smoke make up the particulates.
They pose a serious threat to health. Lead
alone can cause brain damage, learning
disabilities and premature death in children.
The World Health Organization stated
suspended particulate concentration should
add up to less than 90 micrograms per cubic
meter. The suspended particulate
concentration soars over that measurement
in cities with a population of 8 million or
more.
9. Biodiversity Threatened
๏ต City growth destroys natural areas
flowing with new and endangered
animal and plant life. No matter how
small, each species plays an important
role in how the Earth works. Without
this variation in life, humans suffer.
Biodiversity protects water and soil
from contamination, stores and
recycles nutrients, breaks down and
absorbs pollutants and helps areas to
recover faster from disasters.
Biodiversity also provides people with
medicine, food and air. Urbanization
limits our access to these resources.
10. Disease
๏ต Urbanization has led to reduced physical
activity and unhealthy nutrition. The World
Health Organization predicts that by 2022
noncommunicable diseases such as heart
disease will account for 69 percent of all
deaths in developing countries. Another
urbanization-related threat is infectious
diseases. Air travel carries bacteria and viruses
from one country to the next. In addition,
people relocating from rural areas are not
immune to the same diseases as long-time city
residents, which puts them at a greater risk of
contracting a disease.
11. Crime
๏ต Rapid urbanization affects crime rates. Residents of different beliefs and
behaviors thrown together suddenly do not have time to adjust or adapt
to different viewpoints, leading to violence. The government's inability to
prevent widespread poverty causes an increase in theft and other crimes.
Frustration and alienation linked to a lower status, limited access to
education, money and other resources push young people to join
organized crime.
๏ต The increase in population leads to an increase in crime rate. Due to the
high level of urban unemployment increase in crime rates suffered by the
majority of the people in Urban cities. "Without economic security and
amid poor living conditions, crime is inevitable"
15. Country wide report 2006-7, 2008-9
๏ง Kidnapping increased 19,909 to 29,600
๏ง Rape increased 4300 to 5712
๏ง Car theft increased 42000 to 6110
(Ehsan shaukat,2010)
16. Q 01; Increasing crime are due to the unemployment ?
Agree 88% Disagree 12 %
Q 02; Does political parties are cause crime? ( Karachi )
Yes 87% No 13%
Q 03: Do you think expansive mobile phones have made an attraction for street crime?
Yes 86% No 14 %
Q 04: Poverty has caused the people to commit crimes ?
Agree 91 % Disagree 9 %
Q 05: Are law enforcement agencies doing their best to solve crime?
Yes 32% No 68%
(Hannah Irfan ,2008)
17. ๏ There is no single factor that can be specified as
the main cause of criminal behavior
๏ Cause of crime differ from country to country
( Muhammad Ali Shuja , 2009)
Positive association of crime with
urbanization .
Reasons:
1) Policy maker (planning of urbanization
)
2) Unemployment
3) income inequality
(Hafiz Hanzai Jalil & Muhammad Mazhar
Iqbal , 2010)
Thousand of crime take place on a daily basis almost 50%
crime are never registered by the police authority because
of lack of legal awareness among the people
(Malik Ayub Sumble,2011)
18. Water and Sanitation
๏ต In most Pakistani cities, water is supplied only four to 16
hours per day and to only 50 percent of the population.
According to the Asian Development Bank (ADB), 90
percent of water supply schemes are unsafe for drinking.
Shared latrines among households are common in cities
and access to solid waste management services remains
low. In the most population-dense areas of Karachi, one
toilet is shared between twenty people . The World Bank
estimates that poor sanitation costs Pakistan around 3.9
percent of GDP; diarrhea related death and disease
among children under five being the largest
contributors.
19. LACK OF AFFORDABLE
HOUSING
๏ต Lack of affordable housing has led to confrontations
with well organized squatters, who take over
unoccupied buildings to live rent- free or prevent
demolitions. Which has brought about, lack of housing
vacancy rate, due to the rapid job growth and housing
costs that has increased. Problems such as insufficient
housing, especially particular for low income families,
are being faced, which resulted in overcrowding of
already congested areas.
20. FLOODING
๏ต Flooding is a very serious problem faced in urban
areas, especially in developing countries, during the
rainy seasons. The drainage is poorly constructed
leading to difficulty in accessing the roads due to the
flood leading to the flood disaster in some developing
countries.
21. CREATION OF SLUM
๏ต The growth of slums in cities is one of the serious
problems created by the rapid industrialization and
urbanization. The following projects are introduced to
eliminate slums in urban societies; extensive slum
clearance, rehabilitation and rebuilding, slum
improvement scheme, construction of a network of
expressways to alleviate urban decay and ensure the
future propensity of the central areas, relocation of
inhabitant to the suburb, slum upgrading scheme
which makes provision of some basic amenities such
as street lights, drainage, and accessible roads.
22. CONGESTION
๏ต It could be in traffic and overcrowding. In traffic, there is
an overcrowding of a route, leading to slow and
inefficient flow which makes movement difficult. Large
increases in motor vehicle usage have resulted in
congestion on the roads. Congestion within urban areas
restricts accessibility. Traffic flow could be controlled by
various rules, regulation and signs which are used to
keep traffic flow smoothly. The traffic flows helps to
avoid collisions and other hazard.
23. Poverty, Employment and Livelihoods
๏ต There is gender-differentiated access to employment and income-
earning opportunities in urban areas.
๏ต In general terms, there are two broad labour market trends: the
feminization of the labour force; and the deregulation and casualistion
of the labour market.
๏ต The rise in female labour force participation can be attributed in part to
a rise in demand for female labour in industries and in part to
household survival strategies during economic restructuring.
24. ๏ต There is evidence that in many
countries gender segmentation in
the labour market remains
widespread (Gilbert 1997) and
that womenโs work remains
characterized by insecurity and
low returns.
25. Assets and Consumption Patterns
๏ต Evidence from cities indicate that with declining incomes and high
unemployment, households have modified their consumption and
dietary patterns
๏ต And have adjusted household expenditures, in many instances in the
direction of cheaper and less nutritious substitutes.
๏ต Womenโs responses were mainly individual, taking greater cuts in their
own consumption, spending more time shopping for bargains and
working longer hours for poorer returns.
26. Urban Environment, Health and
Poverty
๏ต The determinants of health in urban areas are complex, but social and
cultural factors, including composition of the family and cultural
restrictions are important (Fustukian 1996).
๏ต Poor health can reduce capacity to earn an income, and health
treatment can use up scarce savings or lead to debt.
27. ๏ต For South Asia as a whole, it has been suggested that in
the case of the urban poor, ill-health is the most
important trigger pushing households into poverty and
destitution, particularly when the sick person is the
adult wage earner is male.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33. Urban Policy
and
Strategies
๏ต There are relatively few examples
given of successful policies in
urban areas.
๏ต The increasing sociological and
anthropological work on urban
issues may bring about some
change.
Examples
๏ต Sehat cards
๏ต Metro bus services
๏ต Benazir income support
๏ต Housing scheme
