This document discusses environmental considerations related to traffic engineering, focusing on air pollution and noise pollution. It defines air and noise pollution, identifies major pollutants such as carbon dioxide, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and their sources from industry, transportation and other human activities. Standards for permissible limits of pollutants are mentioned. Methods to control air pollution include use of filters in industries and preference for public transport. Noise pollution affects human health and can be reduced by use of insulation, zoning of noisy areas, and legislative measures.

1. TRAFFIC ENGINEEING
( R10 JNTUK)
UNIT-IV
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS
BY
VK MAHESH

2. CONTENTS
 AIR POLLUTION
 TYPES OF POLLUTANTS
 MODELLING & CONTROL
 NOISE POLLUTION
 MEASUREMENT,NOISE LIMITS
 TRAFFIC NOISE CONTROL

3. AIR POLLUTION

4. Definition
 Air pollution is the introduction of
harmful substances
including particulates and biological
molecules into Earth's atmosphere
 Particulates : those are microscopic
solid or liquid matter suspended in the
Earth's atmosphere

5.  It may cause diseases, allergies or
death in humans
 it may also cause harm to other living
organisms such as animals and food
crops, and may damage
the natural or built environment
 Human activity and natural processes
can both generate air pollution.

8. POLLUATANT
 An air pollutant is a substance in the
air that can have adverse effects on
humans and the ecosystem. The
substance can be solid particles, liquid
droplets, or gases.
 Pollutants are classified as primary or
secondary. Primary pollutants are
usually produced from a process, such
as ash from a volcanic eruption

9.  Other examples include carbon
monoxide gas from motor vehicle
exhaust, or the sulfur dioxide released
from factories
 Rather, they form in the air when primary
pollutants react or interact. Ground level
ozone is a prominent example of a
secondary pollutant.
 Some pollutants may be both primary
and secondary: they are both emitted
directly and formed from other primary
pollutants.

10.  Carbon dioxide(CO2) - This is by far
the most emitted form of human
caused air pollution. billions of metric
tons of CO2 are emitted annually by
burning of fossil fuels CO2 increase in
earth's atmosphere has been
accelerating.

11.  Sulfur oxide (SOx) - SO2 is produced
by volcanoes and in various industrial
processes. Coal and petroleum often
contain sulfur compounds, and their
combustion generates sulfur dioxide.
Further oxidation of SO2, Forms
H2SO4, and thus acid rain
 This is one of the causes for concern
over the environmental impact of the
use of these fuels as power sources.

12.  Nitrogen oxides(NOx) - Nitrogen
oxides, particularly nitrogen dioxide,
are expelled from high temperature
combustion.
 Carbon monoxide (CO) - CO is a
colorless, odorless, toxic yet non-
irritating gas. It is a product
of incomplete combustion of fuel such
as natural gas, coal or wood.

13.  Volatile organic compounds(VOC) -
VOCs are a well-known outdoor air
pollutant. They are categorized as
either methane (CH4) or non-methane
(NMVOCs)
 Toxic metals, such
as lead and mercury, especially their
compounds

14.  Chlorofluorocarbons(CFCs) - harmful
to the ozone layer; emitted from
products are currently banned from
use. These are gases which are
released from air conditioners,
refrigerators,, etc. On release into the
air, CFCs rise to the stratosphere.
Here they come in contact with other
gases and damage the ozone layer

15.  Ammonia (NH3) - emitted from
agricultural processes. Ammonia is a
compound with the formula NH3. It is
normally encountered as a gas with a
characteristic pungent odor. Ammonia,
either directly or indirectly, is also a
building block for the synthesis of
many pharmaceuticals.

16.  Odours-- such as from garbage,
sewage, and industrial processes
 Radioactive pollutants - produced
by nuclear explosions, nuclear events,
war explosives and natural processes
such as the radioactive decay
of radon.

17. SOURCES
 These sources can be classified into two
major categories
 Anthropogenic (man-made) sources:
 Stationary sources include smoke
stacks of power plants and other types of
fuel-burning heating devices.
 In developing and poor countries,
traditional biomass burning is the major
source of air pollutants
 traditional biomass includes wood, crop
waste and dung.

18.  Mobile sources include motor
vehicles, marine vessels, and aircraft.
 Military resources, such as nuclear
weapons , toxic gases, germ warfare
and rocketry

19. Natural sources:
 Dust from natural sources, usually
large areas of land with little or no
vegetation
 Methane emitted by the digestion of
food by animals, for example cattle.
 smoke and carbon
monoxide from wildfires
 Volcanic activity, which
produces sulfur, chlorine, and ash
particulates

20. AIR QUALITY STANDARDS
National Ambient Air Quality
Standards are the standards for
ambient air quality set by the
Central Pollution Control Board
(CPCB) that is applicable nationwide
The CPCB has been conferred this
power by the Air (Prevention and
Control of Pollution) Act, 1981.

21. STANDARDS

23. Methods to control
 Use ESP, Mechanical dust collectors,
bag house FILTERS at industries
 Prefer public transport to reduce less
fuel consumption
 Plantation of tress necessary
 Make use of CNG automobiles.

24. NOISE POLLUTION
 Noise pollution or noise
disturbance is the disturbing or
excessive noise that may harm the
activity or balance of human or animal
life.
 The source of most outdoor noise
worldwide is mainly caused
by machines and transportation
systems, motor vehicles, aircraft,
and trains.

25.  Poor urban planning may give rise to
noise pollution, since side-by-side
industrial and residential buildings can
result in noise pollution in the
residential areas
 Outdoor noise can be caused by
machines, construction activities, and
music performances, especially in
some workplaces.

29. NOISE LIMITS
 The Central Pollution Control Board
constituted a Committee on Noise
Pollution Control. The Committee
recommended noise standards for
automobiles, domestic appliances and
construction equipments, which were
later notified in
Environment(Protection) Rules,1986
as given below:-

32. effects
 Noise can do Physiological and or /
Psychological damage if the volume is
high or if exposure is prolonged.
 Hearing Loss: Loud noise damages
fine hair cell in the ear. The vibration
of these hair cells is responsible for
hearing of Sound by us, Since our
body cannot replace damaged hair
cells.
 Permanent Hearing loss is caused by
long term exposure to loud noise.

33.  Physiological effects:
 • The Physiological effects like rise in
blood pressure, migraine, headaches,
constriction of blood vessels.
 The working of humans will be affected
as they will lose their concentration
Nervous System
 It causes pain ringing in ears, feeling of
tiredness, thereby effecting functioning of
human system

34.  Sleeplessness: It affects the sleeping
thereby inducing the people to
become restless and loose
concentration and presence of mind
during their activities.

35. Controlling
 Noise is not only a nuisance but a
serious environmental problem and a
health hazard. Like all other pollution,
noise pollution is needed to be
controlled. • Noise pollution can be
effectively controlled by taking
following measures.

36.  For people working in noisy areas ear
protection aids like ear plugs, muffs,
noise helmets, head phones etc
should be provided it reduces
occupational exposure. Controlling at
source

37.  Zoning Increased distance between source
and receiver by zoning of noisy industrial
areas like bus stand and railway stations
away from silence zones near residential
areas, educational institutions and hospitals.
Sound Insulation
 A) Sound insulations can be done by
constructing windows with more than one
panes of glass and filling the gap with sound
absorbing material.
 B) Acoustical tiles, perforated plywood can be
fixed on wall, ceilings, floors to reduce noise.

38.  Planting of Trees Planting of trees and
shrubs along roads, hospitals,
educational institutions help in noise
reduction to a considerable extent.
 Legislative measures Strict legislative
measures need to be enforced to control
the nuisance of noise pollution some of
the measures are A) Minimum use of
loud speakers, near silence zones.
 B) Banning Pressure horns in
automobiles C) Framing a separate
noise pollution act.

39.  Thank you