5. Characteristics Of Biodiesel
Liquidvarying in color
Immiscible inwater
Highboiling point of 360–640°F (182–338°C)
Low vapor pressure: < 2 mmHg
Specific gravity between0.86 & 0.90
Vapor density > 1
Less hazardous in terms of flammability
6. Biodiesel As Lubricant And Solvent
Biodiesel can be used straightas a
machinery lubricant.
Biodiesel’s solvent properties may be
used to clean dirty or greasy engine
or other machine parts.
7. Advantages of Biodiesel
Renewable energy source
Less polluting
Utilizes excess production of
soybeans for manufacture
Can distribute through
existing diesel fuel pumps
Can use in existing oil
heating systems and diesel
engines
Can be mixed with
petroleum diesel at any
concentration and time
8. Disadvantages Of Biodiesel
More expensive
Could harm rubber hoses in engines
Requires energy to:
Produce biodiesel from soy crops & sow, fertilize
and harvest
Requires frequent filter changing
Requires improvement in distribution infrastructure
17. Microorganisms available for biodieselproduction
Microalgae
Bacteria
Fungi
Yeast
Biodiesel production using microbial lipids, which is named as single cell oils (SCO),
has attracted great attention in the whole world.
Lipidsfromall cannotbeconverted into
biodiesel mainly dueto less yield
Oleaginous microorganisms are able to accumulate lipids above the 20% of their
biomass, on dry basis.
18.
19. Stagesof Lipid accumulation
...
Cells reach limit of obesity → stop accumulating.
Lipid accumulation → cells expand
Cells convert C → storage lipid (intracellular)
Exhaustion of N, cells stop divide
Microorganisms grow and multiply until a certain time
Prepare medium: high Carbon, low Nitrogen
21. • Can growrapidly
• Live in harsh conditions due to their unicellular orsimple multicellular structure.
Of the 33,000 known species of algae at least forty are considered oleaginous
Goodcandidatesfor biodieselproduction,
higher photosynthetic efficiency
higher biomass production and
faster growth compared to other energy crops
MICROALGAE
22. continue..
• Can beinduced to accumulate substantial quantities of lipids thus contributing to a high oil
yield.
• Someofthe common algae
chlorella, crypthecodinium, cylindrotheca, dunaliella, isochrysis, nannochloris,
nannochloropsis, neochloris, nitzschia, phaeodactylum, porphyridium, schizochytrium,
tetraselmis, etc,….
average lipid content- (1-70%)
maximum- 90%
23. How to obtain biodiesel from algae?
Pickingupthebestalgae
Growingthealgae
Extraction
Transesterification
Biodiesel
24. Choosing an Algae
Important characteristicsof
Algae
High % oftotal biomass is oil
Maintains a high % of oil even
under stress
Compatible with ourregional
climate
25. Where To Grow It
Extensionsonto our water treatmentplants
Clean up our waste and generate fuel
Agriculture runoff
Water ponds
Algae could well grow on salty water aswell assoft water
31. DIFFERENCE B/W BIODIESEL FROM ALGAE AND OTHER
PLANT/VEGETABLE OILS
• The yield
• According to some estimation,
theyield (per acre) of oilfrom algaeis over 200 times theyield
from the best-performingplant/vegetable oils.
32. ADVANTAGES OF MICROALGAE AS A SOURCE OF BIODIESEL
• High Yield
-low cost ofproduction
• Algae can grow
–In places away from farm land
(Nodestruction tofood chain)
–Sewages
–Near to power plants
(takes CO2from smokestacks and yields oil)
• Oil Productivity
–Greaterthan bestproducing oil crops
• Higher grade protein→Animal Feed
• Balanced N: P ratio→Organic Fertilizers
33. Biodiesel from Fungus
Oleaginous fungi hasalso been considered as potential oilsources for biodiesel
production because they accumulate large amounts of lipids
Among these microorganisms, particular attention has beendedicated to various
oleaginous zygomycetes species, such as
Mortierella isabelina and
Cunninghamella echinulata,
which may accumulate up to 86% and 57% of lipids in the dry biomass, respectively
34. Biodiesel from Fungus
Fungal Bio Mass Mucorcircinelloides
Three Different Solvent Systems:
Chloroform:Methanol (C:M),
Chloroform:Methanol:Water (C:M:W)
n-hexane
Acid Catalyst (BF3, H2SO4 and HCl )
Materials
35. Biodiesel from Fungal Bio Mass
Extraction oflipids
Solvent +Dried biomass
Mixture
Ultrasonication
Centrifugation
RotaryEvaporation
Lipids
38. Rhodosporidium sp.,
Rhodotorula sp.and
Lipomyces s
species can accumulateintracellular lipids as high as 70% of their biomass dry weight.
•Cryptococcus curvatus
oleaginous yeast Accumulate storage lipid up to >60% ona dry weight basis)
Biodiesel from yeasts
40. Media
Pre-culture
YM medium wasusedaspre-culturetocultivateoleaginous yeastcells
o glucose as a carbon source
o Peptone
o yeast extract
Sterlisation - 120ºC temperaturefor20minutes
Semi-synthetic medium was usedas mainculturetogrowoleaginousyeasts
o Glucose, xyloseor a mixture of both were used as carbon sources
o nitrogen sources (NH4Cl)
o phosphate buffer (KH2PO4)
o Mineral-elementsolution (CaCl2×2H2O ,FeSO4×7H2O ,citric acid×H2O)
MediumpH - 5.8
Main culture
41. Freeze drying
o Collected samples were centrifuged at 10 min andwashed with sterile water once, then
centrifuged again
o Thepellets weretransferred into pre-weighed vials and kept at -50°C until freezedrying
44. Biodiesel from Bacteria
Bacteria can accumulateoilof about 20-40% of dry biomass
Arthrobactersp.-40%
Acinetobactercalcoaceticus-38%
Have a superiority in the production of biodiesel dueto
Highest growthrate(reachhuge biomassonlyneed 12–24h)
Easyculturemethod.
Actinomycetegroup high amountoffattyacids (up to70%ofthe cellular dryweight) using glucose
undergrowth-restrictedcondition
45. Downside
• Veryfewareoil producer
• Only a fewbacteria accumulate complicated lipoid.
• It is difficult toextract becausethese lipoid aregenerated in the outer membrane
• So there is no industrial significance in the actual production of biodiesel by using oleaginous
bacteria as raw material
46. Quality ofbiodiesel from microbes
• Biodiesel fuel, in the form of FAME, is nowmanufactured in many countries.
• Relevant standard to assessbiodiesel are;
ASTMD6751( In USA)
EN14214(In EU, intended for vehicle use)
EN14213(In EU, for use as heatingoil)
47.
48. Conclusion
•At presentplant oil is the main feedstock for biodiesel production.
• However, at present biodiesel is not competitive with conventional fuels in the whole
world duetohigh cost of production.
• Production of microbial based diesel can be an economical beneficial.
• However, it still needs lots of improvement which could be done using the various
biotechnological techniques and methods.
• Developing high lipid content microorganisms for biodiesel production from microbes
are promising option in future and opens a possibility for academic research
