2. Biodiesel, is a fuel composed of mono-alkyl esters of long
chain fatty acids derived from variety of vegetable oils or
animal fats, designated as B100, and confirming to different
quality standards e.g. ASTM D 6751, EN14214 or IS 15607
“ ”
Alternative fuel for diesel engines
Made from vegetable oil or animal fat
Lower emissions, High flash point (>300F)
Biodegradable, Essentially non-toxic.
Chemically, biodiesel molecules are mono-alkyl esters produced usually
from triglyceride esters
Biodiesel
Vegetable Oil Glycerin
Alcohol
Fatty Acid
3. = 100% biodiesel / / /
: Transesterification (of oil)
(Europe)
(US)
(Africa, India)
• Castor Bean (Africa, China, S. America)
(Tropical areas)
: Coconut, Brazil nuts,
Jojoba, Peanuts, Cotton seed, Sunflower, and
many more
4. History The concept dates back to 1885 when Dr. Rudolf Diesel
build the first diesel engine with the full intention of running it
on vegetative(Peanut oil) source.
In 1893 remembrance of this event, 10 August declared
“International Biodiesel Day”
In 1900 ran the patented engine on any hydrocarbon
fuel available - which included gasoline and peanut oil.
Scientists discovered that the viscosity ( thickness) of
vegetable oils could be reduced in a simple chemical process
In 1970 and that it could work well as diesel fuel in modern engine
5. CH2OOR1 catalyst CH2OH
| |
CHOOR2 + 3CH3OH 3CH3OORx + CHOH
| |
CH2OOR3 CH2OH
Triglyceride 3 Methanols Biodiesel Glycerin
R1, R2, and R3 are fatty acid alkyl
groups (could be different, or the same), and
depend on the type of oil. The fatty acids
involved determine the final properties of the
biodiesel
While actually a multi-step process, the
overall reaction looks like this
Biodiesel is made from the combination of a
triglyceride with a monohydroxy alcohol (i.e.
methanol, ethanol…). +
=
Methanol
H3C-OH
Typical Oil,
three fatty
acid chains
attached
to glycerol
Byproduct:
Glycerol to
Glycerine
+
Typical
“Biodiesel”
Methyl-
Ester
6. Base Catalyzed Transesterification Process
Free Fatty acids in the oils react with alkaline catalyst
to form soaps.
R-OH + KOH K-OR + H2O
Acid + KOH Soap + water
O
||
HO - C - (CH2)7 CH=CH(CH2)7CH3
Oleic Acid Potassium Hydroxide
+ KOH
O
||
K+ -O -C - (CH2)7 CH=CH(CH2)7CH3 + H2O
Potassium oleate (soap) Water
Soap formation
Excessive utilization of alkali
Loss of catalyst & reduction in yield
Slower reaction
Incomplete conversion
For best conversion FFA should be lower than
0.8%
→
7. Water deactivates the catalysts. Drying of oil is required.
Water hydrolyses fats to form free fatty acids.
Free fatty acids react with alkali catalysts forms soaps
Soaps semi solid mixture glycerol separation
• Can cause the entire product mixture to gel into a semi-
solid mass, giving headaches with separation and washing.
• Increased water use and treatment costs
• Loss of biodiesel product
8. Bio Diesel - Manufacture
(100 kg) (10.55 kg) (.1 kg) (100 kg) (10.55 kg)
Oil Alcohol KOH Bio Diesel Glycerin
CH2-O-COR CH2-OH
| KOH, rt, 6h |
CH-O-COR + 3R’OH 3RCOOR’ + CH-OH
| |
CH2-O-CO-R CH2-OH
9. BioDiesel – A better fuel vs. Diesel
Biodiesel Hydrogen
Technological Readiness Can be used in existing diesel engines, which
have already been in use for 100 years
Electrolyzing water (most likely using fossil fuel
energy) or reforming fossil fuels. Most likely non-
renewable methods with large net CO2
emissions
Fuel Distribution System Can be distributed with existing filling stations
with no changes.
No system currently exists, would take decades
to develop. Would cost 176 billion to put one
hydrogen pump at each of the filling stations in
the US.
Fossil Energy Balance [higher is better] 3.2 units (soy)
4.3 units (rapeseed)
0.66 units (steam reforming of natural gas)
Large scale fuel development cost analysis For an estimated 1691 billion, enough algae
farms could be built to completely replace
petroleum transportation fuels with biodiesel
To produce enough clean hydrogen for our
transportation needs would cost 2.5 trillion (wind
power) or 25 trillion (solar)
Safety Flash point over 300 F (considered “not
flammable”)
Highly flammable, high pressure storage tanks
pose a large risk due to store mechanical
energy, as well as flammability/explosiveness
Time scale for wide scale use 5-15 years 30-70 years optimistic assumption
Cost of engines Comparable to existing vehicles Currently 50-100 times as expensive as existing
engines.
Tank capacity required for 1,000 mile range in
conventional sedan
20 gallons 268 gallons
10. Biodiesel Advantages
Produced from renewable materials – eco friendly / closed CO cycle.
Local & self production – less reliance on foreign oil.
Contains practically no sulfur (0.001%) – non toxic.
Considerably decreases emissions (up to 50%).
Easily decomposes – does not harm soil or ground water.
Biodiesel is not hazardous material (flashpoint above 110°C).
Eligible as fuels under international standards & specifications (world-wide).
Eligible for CDM (Clean Development Mechanism - Kyoto Treaty).
Biodiesel can be used in existing Diesel Engines
Pure Biodiesel (B100) or blended with petroleum diesel (B20,
BXX).
Rudolf Diesel: peanut oil.
Little or no engine modifications
Use existing fuel distribution network.
Available now
11. LIFE CYCLE EMISSIONS – CO2
Biodiesel generates 573.96 g/bhp-h compared to 548.02 g/bhp-h for petroleum diesel
The higher CO2 levels result from more complete combustion
The overall life cycle emissions are 78.45% lower for biodiesel; direct result of carbon
cycling by the soybean plants
Biodiesel’s Closed Carbon Cycle
Biodiesel is environmentally beneficial properties & benefit is ‘carbon
neutral’. This means that fuel produces no net output of carbon form of
carbon dioxide (CO2).
This effect occurs oil crop grows it absorbs the CO2 as is released when
fuel is combusted.
In fact this is not completely accurate as CO2 is released during the
production of the fertilizer required to fertilize the fields in which the oil
crops are grown.
Fertilizer production is not the only source of pollution associated with the
production of biodiesel, other sources include the esterification process,
the solvent extraction of the oil, refining, drying and transporting
All processes require an energy input either form of electricity or from a fuel, both
of which will generally result in the release of green house gases.
12. ** B100 (100% biodiesel) with NOx adsorbing catalyst on vehicle
Relative emissions: Diesel and Biodiesel
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Total Unburned HCs
CO
Particulate Matter
**NOx
Sulfates
PAHs
n-PAHs
Mutagenicity
CO2
Percent
B100 **
B20
Diesel
13. Oil
Content
US
gal/acr
e
Liters
oil/ha
Kg
oil/ha
Crop
50% - 55%
151
1413
1188
Castor beans
70%
287
2689
2260
Coconut
12%
18
172
145
Corn (maize)
13% - 15%
35
325
273
Cotton
30% - 35%
202
1892
1590
Jatropha
35%
635
5950
5000
Palm oil
36%
113
1059
890
Peanuts
37%
127
1190
1000
Rapeseed
15%
48
446
375
Soybean
32%
102
952
800
Sunflower
Source: www.journeyforever.com – Jan. 2007 – This data is compiled from a wide variety of
sources. The yield figures are most useful as comparative estimates, crop yields vary widely
14. Algae to Biodiesel
Converts 61% of its biomass into oil
86% of it is long chain hydrocarbons
Drops to only 31% oil under stress
Grows best between 22-25o
C (71-77o
F)
Choosing an Algae
High % of total biomass is oil
Maintains a high % of oil even under stress
Compatible with the area climate
DOE concluded a 16-year study of algal biomass in 1996 (and wrote a 328-page report)
http://www.nrel.gov/docs/legosti/fy98/24190.pdf
Conducted large-scale tests in California, New Mexico and Hawaii
With good temperatures, could harvest 50 grams of algae per sq. meter per day
Used a 1,000 m2 pond for 1 year
UNH paper may hopefully rekindle research
Due to the burgeoning interest in alternatives to fossil fuels, there has been
renewed research interest in Botryococcus braunii. The DOE Joint Genome
Institute is sequencing the DNA of Bb in 2009-2010
15. European biodiesel sales grew by 54% in 2006 to just under 5 billion litres. Since 2006,
biodiesel capacity has more than doubled. The International Energy Agency predicts that
biodiesel has the capacity to displace 1.2% of the world’s diesel just by 2013
United States and Asia, in particular India and China, where the government
target is 15% replacement of petrodiesel by 2020 (Global market survey oct.2006)
Asia – although significant market yet, relatively
small
Eastern Europe & N. America – 2nd largest markets
(FR, IT, UK) – main producers and
consumers – 75% of world
2005
– 3rd largest markets, with US as
the single largest consumer – 18% of world
– will become the 2nd largest market (China, India –
consumption & production)
Western Europe -( FR, IT, UK) – main producers and consumers –
38% of world
2010
16. Name of Biodiesel started making appearance at Indian
Conferences, Workshops & Seminars in 1999
‘Report of the Committee on Development of Biofuel’ –
Planning Commission, GOI in 2003
Stage I ‘Demonstration Project’ use Jatropha in 2006-
2007
Stage II – 11 mill ha (13 MMT biodiesel) for 20% blend.
Demonstration project started with initial grant of 11mn
for nursery raising rest is expected to be sanctioned late
this year
First 10,000 TPA plant in Hyderabad about to start
production
Garware100,000 TPA DMT plant modified for biodiesel
production
A 250,000 TPA plant is being setup in Vishakhapatnam ,
A.P.
A 100,000 TPA plant is coming up in Kakinada , A.P
17. Year Diesel Demand
(MT)
Biodiesel requirement for
blending (MMT)
Area Requirement for Blending
(Mha)
@
5%
@ 10% @ 20% @
5%
@ 10% @ 20%
2006-07 52.33 2.62 5.24 10.48 2.19 4.38 8.76
2011-12 66.90 3.35 6.69 13.38 3.35 5.58 11.19
5 % mixing of Biodiesel in HSD by 2007
20 % mixing of Biodiesel in HSD by 2012
Diesel & Biodiesel Demand, Area Required under Jatropha For Different
Blending Rates
1 Million hectare's of waste land is brought under Jatropha
cultivation
Can yield
0.8-1 million tons of oil
For 66.9 MMT diesel (Projected 2011-12)
13 MMT bio diesel for 20% blend
11 MH land required
18. Biodiesel is an renewable fuel for diesel engines that can be made from
virtually any oil or fat feedstock
Biodiesel with a potential consumption of 15000 million litres can have a
retail turnover of more than 9000 mn per year
It can provide huge rural employment potential of 40 to 50 million
families and transform the rural economy
Remote village electrification and power for agriculture application –
Energy grown & used by village
The dominant factor in biodiesel production is the feedstock cost which
around 70%, with capital cost contributing only about 7 % of the product
cost. Therefore high FFA, lower quality feedstock should be promoted for
biodiesel production in India.
For meeting energy security and electricity for all, it is necessary to
develop and commission small to medium capacity biodiesel unit at village &
community level..
Maintaining product quality is also essential for the growth of the biodiesel
industry in India.
In conclusion
