Certifications and Continuing Education for Healthcare Professionals

Select one of the following options to complete this assignment:
· health information specialist
Write a 700- to 1,050-word paper that summarizes certifications
and continuing education that would be appropriate for a
professional role in a hospital or other applicable health care
setting.
· Identify a professional organization that would provide
professional development opportunities for the role you
selected.
· Describe professional development and other opportunities the
professional organization would provide to you as a member.
· Explain the importance of being a member in a professional
organization.
· Include the link to this organization.
Cite 2 peer-reviewed, scholarly, or similar references to support
your assignment.
Format your assignment according to APA guidelines.
Click the Assignment Files tab to submit your assignment.
Materials
· Certifications and Continuing Education in Your Professional
Role Grading Criteria
Running head: EVALUATING HUMAN FACTORS IN
AVIATION ACCIDENTS 1
EVALUATING HUMAN FACTORS IN AVIATION
ACCIDENTS 21
An Evaluation of Accidents Caused by Human factors in
Commercial Aviation.
by
Sandro Jose Chiappe

A Research Project Proposal
Submitted to the Worldwide Campus
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
of Course, ASCI 490, The Aeronautical Science Capstone
Course
For the Bachelor of Science in Aeronautics Degree
Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University
July 2018
Abstract
The purpose of this project is to evaluate specific accidents in
Commercial Aviation history. To evaluate various factors that
have culminated in such catastrophes, primarily focusing on
human error. Although, there are many unprecedented variables
such as natural disasters that may result in devastating
accidents, they are not as common as human factors (BASI,
1996). The student will review the details of certain accidents
that have been attributed to human factors. One of the accidents
for instance, will be Aeroperu, flight 603 that crashed on
October 1996 (Skybrary, 1996). Although there were a variety
of elements that played into this tragic event, it was primarily
attributed to human error. One of the other accidents that will
be investigated in the duration of this project is the Colgan
crash (Collins). The Colgan crash was a result of multiple
components, most notably, the failure of following sterile flight
deck procedures by both pilots (Collins). Although it is still
under investigation, the Cubana de Aviacion crash of May, 2018

is also suspected to be caused by human errors (Whitefield,
2018). Additionally, the student will evaluate the differences
between factors and how they came into play in each of these
accidents. In addition to human error, other factors may come
into play that may increase the chances of devastation. Factors
such as, mechanical, weather, instrumental or environmental
(Shapell, 2001). The student will delve in each one of these
variables and will determine how each of these factors compare
to human factors. In addition, the student will investigate what
makes human factors the greatest threat in aviation safety and
leading cause of accidents (FAA n,d). The main goal is to
determine how these accidents could have been prevented and
what can be done to prevent future accidents. Comment by
Edward Murphy: This should be one paragraph. This is too long.
The student will also share how the FAA has addressed these
issues and the preventative measures taken. Laws put into place
by the FAA and their precise effectiveness within the industry
will be reviewed. This project will cover the improvements that
have been made after such actions taken. An example of such
action is the relatively new ATP regulation implemented after
the Colgan crash. The student will review what caused more
restrictive laws and the effect it has had with in the industry
(Siebenmark, 2010).
An Evaluation of Accidents Caused by Human Factors in
Commercial Aviation
Statement of Project
This project is a partial fulfillment of the requirements of ASCI
490, The Aeronautical Science Capstone Course for the
Bachelor of Science in Aeronautics Degree. The main goal of
this research project is to understand, review and mitigate
future accidents in aviation which could potentially be caused
by human factors. To demonstrate the student’s understanding,
critical thinking, text and data analyzation, quantitative
reasoning, and error mitigation. In completion of this project, it
will give the student a better understanding on how to identify

and address issues with regards to human error. By analyzing
this information, the goal is to improve the student's situational
awareness while on the job and how to appropriately react if an
issue is presented.
Introduction Comment by Edward Murphy: Many of your
references are not in APA style. Many are not even in the
reference list. Make sure any you use are in APA style and in
the reference list.
This project primarily focuses on factors that directly correlate
to human error. To identify its types, origins, causes and effects
within the aviation industry. The purpose of this project is not
to judge the actions of those who attributed or lead to fatal
accidents. The focus is to reflect and learn from their mistakes
and prevent any future incidents. As always, it is a tragedy that
such events have taken place however, accidents such as these
must always be taken as a learning opportunity.
The majority of accidents have one common denominator and
almost always attributed by human factors (FAA). What are
human factors? Human factors are variables that are directly
linked and are a result of human actions (Shapell, 2001). The
reason that makes human factors the greatest threat to aviation
safety is because they can cause and be caused by a wide range
of things. Human factors can be divided into ten different
categories. The reason why human factors are such a threat is
because to some degree they are unpredictable, as humans are
unpredictable (Shapell, 2001).
Although, human factors have been divided into ten different
categories, each individual has had a different walk of life and
various life experiences. Depending on the individual and their

life experiences, they have the potential to be the cause of one
or multiple of these factors. However, the key is to properly
self-examine oneself before taking action and the threat of these
factors will decrease tremendously. By being self-aware and
being aware of the environment one is in and potential threats,
human factors have the potential to be obsolete (FAA.,n.d)
Additionally, reviewing accidents primarily caused human error
makes it is easier to understand its cause and effects. It makes it
easier to understand how a simple mistake or negligence can
lead to heightened state of compromised safety (NTSB). A few
examples of compromised safety are the Aeroperu, Colgan and
Cubana de Aviacion Crashes. Each of these crashes have their
own story as to how human error and negligence cost the lives
of many.
Critical Thinking
“The student will show evidence of knowledge at a synthesis
level to define and solve problems within professional and
personal environments” (ERAU, 2017, p. 13).
Critical thinking is the ability to solve problems by studying,
analyzing data and gathering facts to resolve the issue on hand.
Also, it is a disciplined intellectual process, of actively and
skillfully conceptualizing, analyzing, comparing and evaluating
information gathered to compare, generated either by different
means of knowledge. It entails the examination of structures
and elements through implicit in all other kinds of reasoning,
evolving different viewpoints and modes of thinking (Critical
Thinking and Education Reform, 1987).
The student will review and compare texts and literature
published by reputable sources such as the NTSB Aircraft
Accident Report Loss of Control on Approach, Colgan Air, Inc
(NTSB/AAR-10/01, 2010), and the Federal Aviation
Administration published book regarding human factors (FAA
Human Factors Handbook, 2016).
The student will review certain mishaps in aviation history that

led to catastrophes and will learn how to identify them in real
life, such as the Aero Peru Flight 603 accident which can be a
clear example of the SHELL model, in which it relates the crash
to the four main factors of the model. (Directorate of General
Transportation Peru, 1996). The student will demonstrate
critical thinking by analyzing and comparing the SHELL model
from (Hawkins, 1987), against the aviation accidents mentioned
below. This model (Hawkins, 1987), is a functional diagram
which illustrates conceptual ideas of human factors built into a
block model, which helps associate the different components of
aviation-related incidents to human factors.
The student will analyze the interference between people and
other people, such as crew resource management in the cockpit.
Liveware-Liveware (ICAO circular 216-AN31) will demonstrate
how leadership, teamwork and cooperation was handled in the
cockpit during the time of the emergency as well as how it was
handled with air traffic controllers (SkyBrary, 2016). Liveware-
Hardware (ICAO circular 216-AN31), will demonstrate the
interference from the computer with the pilot and perform a safe
operation of the flight (Skybrary 2016). Liveware -
Environment (ICAO circular 216-AN31), will demonstrate the
relationship between the interface and the external environment
and how the aircraft handles the issue that the environment is
providing (SkyBrary, 2016). The student will be describing the
prevailing standards and scientific approach for accidents
reports analysis from the National Transportation Safety Board
(DGAC, 1996) and the Colgan Crash accident report (NTSB
Loss of aircraft control, 2010). The goal of comparing and
contrasting certain accidents with the Shell model is for the
investigator to end up with several leads from model and get to
the final outcome of the investigation. (ICAO circular 216-
AN31). Comment by Edward Murphy: This makes no sense.
The interference from the computer with the pilot????????
Quantitative Reasoning
“The student will show evidence of the use of digitally-enabled
technology & analysis techniques to interpret data for the

purpose of drawing valid conclusions and solving associated
problems” (ERAU, 2017, p. 14).
The ability to come up with a conclusion through the study of
graphs, data and numerical analyzation is better known as
Quantitative Reasoning. It is the ability to compare numerical
statistics that were gathered prior to, and after an action taken.
To demonstrate this data the student will utilize year 1990 to
2002 providing Federal Aviation Administration frequency of
accidents associated with an aircrew of supervisory human error
(Shappell, 2006). With this information the student will be able
to draw a valuable conclusion by numerically comparing
variables or the changes through time, whether they be positive
or negative. Comment by Edward Murphy: Says who. Need
references here. Comment by Edward Murphy: This is the
proper reference. We use the Author, not the title of the
document.Comment by Edward Murphy: Howe will you
compare. Must use some form of statistical analysis. Also need
specifics. The student will gather this data that data this data
and compare them statistically using the t-test for changes over
time.
The student will demonstrate how human factors compare to
other factors and how much more of a threat they are
statistically by grouping statistical data from 2009 through 2002
and arrange them in visual graphs. In addition, the student will
demonstrate how each of the different human factors compare
numerically and determine which of these human factors is the
greatest threat, to support the his capstone proposal. The
student will show how numbers have changed and corrective
measures have taken through a period of eight years, after the
FAA and US Congress implemented the new ATP restriction of
1500 hours. (Press Conference, FAA Boosts Aviation Safety
with New Pilot Qualification Standards, 2013). This measure
have taken action as a result of a catastrophic events, such as
the Colgan Accident (Accident Report, Loss of Aircraft Control,
2010). Moreover, the student will present in his capstone
proposal quantitive reasoning by analyzing and evaluating the

specific areas from the NTSB (n.d.), and the FAA Aviation
Statistics (n.d) to determine a change and positive curvature of
human factors and safety in the history of aviation. The student
will also determine what skills and actions have worked best to
reduce accidents and incidents to then apply it in the real world
(Shappell, 2006). Comment by Edward Murphy: Makes no
sense. Should this bee 2009 through 2012????? Comment by
Edward Murphy: Makes no sense Comment by Edward
Murphy: This is not the proper reference. Should be a short
reference. Also, this is not in the reference list. Comment by
Edward Murphy: Garmmar. What measure? This measure have
taken. This measure has taken. But makese no sense.
Comment by Edward Murphy: How will you statistically
analyze/ What specifically will you analyze?????
Information Literacy
“The student will show evidence of meaningful research,
including gathering information from primary and secondary
sources and incorporating and documenting source material in
their writing” (ERAU, 2017, p. 15).
Information Literacy is demonstrated by reviewing material
related to the topic through reputable sources. It is
understanding how different texts from different sources
complement or contradict each other. It is the ability to make a
cognitive connection between various texts to then build a
highway to a valid conclusion. Such information will be
obtained through the Federal Aviation Human Factors Handbook
by (FAA, 2010). Comment by Edward Murphy: Who says
this. Need the reference. Comment by Edward Murphy: No, you
must be specific. What exact information will you gather from
the FAA 2010.
In this project the student will demonstrate information literacy
by comparing texts regarding to human factors, such as Aviation
Human Factors Handbook by (FAA, 2010) and accidents in
aviation history. Furthermore the student will also analyze

Cognitive Architectures for human factors in aviation (Keving
Gluck, N.d) and compare an air force research vs the Federal
Aviation Administration. This will allow the student explain in
his capstone proposal two different ways of studies and research
to reach a main objective. In addition the Student will analyze
how the Federal Aviation Administration have changed in their
regulations (FAR 2018), towards a more safe sky. Comment by
Edward Murphy: Weak, must be more specific. Must show how
you will integrate and analyze.
Communication
“The student will show evidence of communicating concepts in
written, digital, and oral forms to present technical and non-
technical information” (ERAU, 2017, p. 16).
Communication is defined as a process by which information is
exchanged between individuals through a common system of
symbols, signs, or behavior (Merriam-Webster). It is the process
of allocating information or share a message directed to a
particular individual or a group of people. The student will
communicate this project through digital, written, and oral form
when necessary to achieve the final outcome of the project.
Comment by Edward Murphy: This is not a proper
reference. It is also not in the reference list. GO through each
reference and make sure it is in your reference list.
On another note, people have different points of views on how
the pilot cockpit interaction and systematization, therefore it’s
important to add and explain the SHELL model (Hawkins, 1987)
and explain the crew resource management in the aviation
industry, this will give a precise explanation on how human
factors, especially with the Liveware-Liveware (Hawkins, 1987)
and explain clearly the person to person interaction and
relationship between both pilots and its human factors.
Additionally, the student will utilize resources from the Hunts
library, Internet and all previous courses from ERAU, such as
aviation safety, Aviation management, Aviation Law,
Commercial Aviation, and will reinforce them with reliable and
official outcomes such as the Federal Aviation Administration,

National Transportation Safety Board, International Civil
Aviation Organization and all related official sources, to give a
professional outcome.
Scientific Literacy
“The student will show evidence of analyzing scientific
evidence as it relates to the physical world and its
interrelationship with human values and interests” (ERAU,
2017, p. 18).
Scientific literacy is the ability to interpret scientific evidence
in relation to the issue on hand. Scientific literacy is also used
to better understand the issue with a scientific perspective. The
issue on hand being human factors and their effects in
commercial aviation. The student will demonstrate scientific
literacy by reviewing the psychological and physical causes of
human factors (Human Factors in Aviation, 2010). This
information will be focused on how the human body works and
copes with stress, fatigue and depression which is something
that needs to factored in the equation of a healthy pilot. It is
proven that an individual’s physical, emotional, psychological
and environmental conditions are main contributors of human
factors. The student will provide information by the FAA Civil
Aerospace Medical Institute and will that will help identify the
causes of human factors to then prevent its effects. In addition,
the student will provide solutions that will help reduce human
factors and in turn, mitigate future incidences. Comment by
Edward Murphy: Says who. Need reference. Comment by
Edward Murphy: This makes no sense. Human factors are the
psychological and physical causes of aviation incidents and
accidents. You have this all backward. Comment by Edward
Murphy: Makes no sense. Comment by Edward Murphy:
Nothing is ever proven. Who says this???? Comment by
Edward Murphy: What information? What reference.
Comment by Edward Murphy: What references?
Cultural Literacy

“The student will show evidence of the analysis of historic
events, cultural artifacts and philosophical concepts” (ERAU,
2017, p. 19).
Cultural literacy is demonstrated by reviewing events that have
happened within the industry. It is reviewing events that have
happened historically and reflecting on how it has affected the
industry today. Cultural literacy is also demonstrated by
reflecting on how environment or situational actions influence
human behavior or vice versa. The student will demonstrate
cultural literacy by reviewing and reflecting on particular,
catastrophic events and how they affected the industry today.
This will demonstrate the student ability to analyze and review
historical data from the past, such as the American Airlines
Flight 965, (Flight Safety Foundation 1998). Due to poor lack
of planning and flight crew improper action of reviewing the
flight plan and having poor navigational skills, American
Airlines Flight 965 Boeing 757 crashed into the mountains of
Cali, Colombia. Comment by Edward Murphy: Need
reference. Comment by Edward Murphy: Need to make short
references for proper use within document. For example, you
could just make this (Flight Safety Foundation, 1998). The full
title would be within the reference list.
In addition, the student will demonstrate the difference of how
the aviation industry approaches technology and flight
management system navigation compared to this new aviation
age. Because of this error in navigation the student will analyze
how important it is to understand and don’t over rely on the
automation and navigation the aircraft provides. The student
will compare the AA 965 flight with Antonio Chialastri article
(Automation in Aviation, n.d), in which states that automation
is the use of control systems and information technologies to
reduces the need for human work. On the other hand, the
student will review how during the Colgan Crash, complacency
resulted in a compromised state of safety and how it affected
the actions of the pilots. (Accident Report, Loss of Aircraft
Control, 2010). The Colgan crash, along with several others

causes attributed to human error. The student will review how
these events motivated the FAA to push for more restrictive
regulations, and how the impact on society and aviation changed
after the fatadyical accident as reported by USA Today. (FAA
Requires more pilot training after Colgan crash, 2013). The
FAA has implemented Regulations as a guideline for human
action and behavior. The student will review how new
regulations placed by the FAA has affected the culture in
commercial aviation as we know it today. In this capstone
proposal we will evaluate different points of views in which
several people from the industry, agree or disagree that having a
higher flight hour requirement, will actually make the pilot
better rather than giving a better training program. As Deborah
Harsmant from the NTSB states, ”It's not always about the
hours because we see very experienced pilots with tens of
thousands of hours making mistakes. In fact, in the Colgan
accident, those pilots had more than 1,500 hours, but they still
made mistakes’' (Regional Airline Association, 2018.)
Comment by Edward Murphy: This is not in the reference
list. This is not a proper reference. Comment by Edward
Murphy: This is not a proper reference. Comment by Edward
Murphy: Need page number for all direct quotes.
I stopped here. Your reference list is so messed up and not in
alphabetical order. Many of your references are missing. Fix
above and I will review. Get all these corrections done.
Lifelong Personal Growth
“The student will show evidence of the skills needed to enrich
the quality of life through activities which enhance and promote
lifetime learning” (ERAU, 2017, p. 20).
Lifelong personal growth is expressed by the culmination of life
experiences, training and research and being able to apply them
positively in one’s life. In this proposal the student will

demonstrate personal life long growth by demonstrating how the
material learned can be applied in their personal, day to day
life. The student will review the Human Factors Handbook,
provided by the federal aviation administration, in which
explains the different types of human factors and the different
situations and behaviors that a can be addressed to develop into
a problem, or it could even worse create a chain of problem that
could lead into a terrific accident. (FAA AMT, 2010).
Additionally, the student will identify human factors while on
the job and how to properly address them, so that safety is not
compromised. The student will analyze and compare this
information using the Pear Model, which gives a simple
explanation of human factor effects on people who do the day to
day job. (FAA AMT, 2010). The student will also analyze the
physical conditions that affects human factors. The student will
analyze the Tenerife disaster, when a Pan Am and KLM Boeing
747 collide against each other in the runway, demonstrating that
there had to be a change in the way people looked aviation.
Stating that it is not anymore only just about the equipment,
but also there should be a special emphasis on the human who
is actually controlling the equipment. (AOPA GA Human
Factors, n.d). In this capstone proposal, the student will also
provide information on why is aviation more prone to have more
human factors deficiencies in todays industry, compared to the
1970, or the 1980. The student will compare an interview from a
pilot who has flown in the 1970, 1980 and in this century and
will demonstrate why in this days we are more prone to errors
due to the higher emphasis on automation and technological
advancements. (USA Today, 2015).
Aviation/Aerospace/Aeronautical Science
“The student will show evidence of advanced concepts of
aviation, aerospace, and aeronautics to solve problems
commonly found in their respective industries” (ERAU, 2017, p.
22).
Science can be utilized to gain a better understanding of the

underlying problems within commercial Aviation. The main
topic of this project is human factors, its causes and its effects.
Human factors everything to do with humans, how they think
and how they act. To better understand the root causes of human
factors the student will delve in each of the ten categories of
human factors. In this proposal the student will implement
different aeromedical factors, such as confusion, fatigue, stress
and spatial disorientation that could lead into a human factor
accident, this information will be provided by the Pilot
Handbook of Aeronautical knowledge. (PHAK,2012). The
student will demonstrate life events or life experiences that can
alter an individuals state of mind, this will be presented as
personal life experience situations. Additionally, the student
will review what can be done to identify these factors in others
and in oneself and how to appropriately address them.
Aviation Legislation and Law
“The student will show evidence of the basic concepts in
national and international legislation and law as they pertain to
the aviation, aerospace and aeronautics industries” (ERAU,
2017, p. 23).
Aviation legislation and law are a very important and vital
aspect of commercial aviation. Laws, legislation and regulations
provide a comprehensive guideline and standardizes practices
with in the industry. The student will review laws and
regulations set by the FAA that have been put in place to
address human factors. Soon after the Colgan crash the FAA
implemented stricter regulations in order for pilots to obtain an
ATP (Urdis). In addition, the FAA has put laws in place that
address factors such as work load, minimum rest requirements
or fatigue to keep the employee and employer in check. The
FAA has implemented several rules depending of the type of
flying performed, such as part 121, 135, 91 and 61. (FAR
AIM,2018). The FAA has also implemented strategies to keep
any person who works in aviation accountable. Regardless if it
is a pilot, flight attendant or mechanic, there are safety check

put in place that meant to mitigate human factor based
incidences (FaaSafety). As a result the Federal Aviation
Administration works hand to hand with the National
Transportation Safety Board to mitigate and solve any outcomes
regarding aviation. There are several program assisting pilots
and aviation personnel, in allowing a margin of error, if the
person reports it to the FAA. This is called the Aviation Safety
Reporting System, (Nasa) program. In the case that there has
been a violation or any issue regarding aviation, the person has
the chance to report it and use it as a “get out of jail” card.
(AOPA, 2012). In this proposal the student will explain how
accepting the errors and learning from them, will help the
aviation community to grow and be safer each day.
Aviation Safety
“The student will show evidence of basic concepts in aviation
safety as they pertain to the aviation, aerospace, aeronautics
industry” (ERAU, 2017 p. 24).
Aviation law and legislation are very closely correlated to
aviation safety. The FAA continuously revises laws to address
aviation safety and concerns. The most effective way of
avoiding a compromised state of safety is by adhering to these
regulations. A great way of doing so is by keeping your peers
accountable for the work they do and ask that they keep you
accountable in the same way. However, when it comes to safety
on the job it is important to accept personal responsibly for
every action take. The student will demonstrate the Human
Factor and Classification System, demonstrating human factor
errors in an aviation accident (Wiegman & Shapell, 2001). It is
important to constantly pause and evaluate oneself or being
aware of oneself and the environment on is in. In this proposal
we will explain and analyze the IMSAFE checklist, a precise
checklist where the person does their own personal assessment
of how safe they are, and how good they feel before starting a
shift (PHAK, 2013). This checklist is something that all

instructors teach their students since day one. The student will
analyze the checklist and compare it to the Air France Flight
447, in which the most probable cause of the accident was
human error by pilot stress. (AFP,2014). While on the job, the
FAA advices to always expect to find something wrong, to
always double check the work down and to never fill out
paperwork to a job not completed (FaaSafety). It is important to
understand the real meaning of every accident because its what
will take a step to prevent something worse in the future, so
this job is very important in regarding to, solve or get to the
final truth and then help and support the aviation community.
Aviation Management and Operations
“The student will show evidence of sound, ethical management
principles within standard aviation, aerospace, and aeronautics
operations” (ERAU, 2017, p. 25).
Aviation management and operations is the result of various
parties coming together to improve the safety within the
commercial aviation industry. Many times these parties have an
obligation to themselves, to each other and to the public. An
example that can be shared is how the NTSB investigates
particular events to find the root of the cause of the accident or
incident. As a result of the investigation in combination with
the desire to prevent the same mistake, the FAA sets the
standard for laws and legislation with in the industry. This laws
and regulations could be shown in the Federal Aviation
Website, and also by observing Advisory Circulars that are
usually send when there an urgent fix. (FAA Circulars, 2018).
Additionally, once a solution is formulated, the affected parties
by the legislation are responsible for properly carrying it out.
Communication is also an very vital piece of aviation
management and operation. In order to avoid miss
understandings, clear and concise language is used to convey
expectations ensure that every one involved understands what is
being communicated (FAA). As Culture Factors (2010) states,
management and leadership contribute in a significant role for

the importance of safety within the workplace, by implementing
policies that go hand in hand as well as an open culture in
regards to solving issues that matter. Therefore the student will
demonstrate in this proposal how leadership should surround
management and safety operations.
References Comment by Edward Murphy: These are not in
APA style. The second line must have a full indent. We use title
casing on title. That means we only capitalize the first word,
proper names, and after a colon. You fix the one’s I did not fix.
This must also be in alphabetical order.
AAIASB. (2006, November). Helios Airways Flight Boeing 757,
Hellas, on 14th August 2005.
Retrieved July 18, 2018, from
http://www.aaiu.ie/sites/default/files/Hellenic. Republic
Accident Helios Airways B737-31S HCY522 Grammatiko
Hellas 2005-085-14.pdf
AFP, M. C. (2014, March 26). What happens on a ghost flight?
5 case studies. Retrieved July 18,
2018, from http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2014/03/what-
happens-on-a-ghost-flight-5-case-studies.html
BASI. (1996, April). Human factors in fatal aircraft accidents.
rhttps://www.atsb.gov.au/media/28363/sir199604_001.pdf
BEA. (2012, July). Final report presentation - BEA. Retrieved
July 18, 2018, from
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0ca&cid=1ddc39c1929161991ed235f1936c60c5&rd=1&h=d4s3x
vt2f0pbdig66bkm04ckg6vbfctkrqwjlo5ncwi&v=1&r=https://ww
w.bea.aero/uploads/tx_elyextendttnews/presentation.rapport.fina
l.05juillet2012.en_02.pdf&p=devex.lb.1,5535.1
Critical Thinking (2018). Critical thinking. Retrieved July 22,
2018, from:

https://www.utc.edu/walker-center-teaching-learning/teaching-
resources/ct-ps.php
Daschel, L. H. (1996, November 15). National Transportation
Safety Board Safety
Recommendation. Retrieved July 18, 2018, from:
https://www.ntsb.gov/safety/safety-recs/recletters/A96_141.pdf
Jansen, B. (2013). (2013, July). FAA Requires more pilot
training after Colgan Crash.
USA Today. Retrieved July 22, 2018, from
https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/flights/2013/07/10/faa-
pilot-training-colgan-crash/2505499/
NTSB. (1986, August 15). Delta Air Lines, Inc., Lockheed L-
1011-385-1, N726DA. Retrieved July 18, 2018, from
https://www.ntsb.gov/investigations/AccidentReports/Pages/AA
R8605.aspx
Ranter, H. (1995, December 20). ASN Aircraft accident Boeing
757-223 N651AA Buga. Retrieved July 18, 2018, from
https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19951220-1
Ranter, H. (1996, October 02). ASN Aircraft accident Boeing
757-23A N52AW Lima, Peru. Retrieved July 18, 2018, from
Ranter, H. (2005, August 14). ASN Aircraft accident Boeing
737-31S 5B-DBY Grammatikos. Retrieved July 18, 2018, from
Shappell, S. (2006, July). Human error and commercial aviation
accidents: A comprehensive,
fine-grained analysis using HFACS. Retrieved July 18,
2018, from
https://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oa
mtechreports/2000s/media/200618.pdf
Skybrary. (n.d.). ACCIDENT OF THE BOEING 757-200
AIRCRAFT OPERATED BY EMPRESA DE TRANSPORTE
AÉREO DEL PERÚ S.A. AEROPERÚ. Retrieved July 18, 2018,
from https://www.skybrary.aero/bookshelf/books/1719.pdf
Comment by Edward Murphy: This is not proper. We never
totally capitalize titles. Fix it.

Skybrary. (1996, November 6). AA965 Cali Accident Report
Near Buga, Colombia, Dec 20, 1995. Retrieved July 18, 2018,
from https://skybrary.aero/bookshelf/books/1056.pdf
Whitefield, M. (2018, May 20). What caused a Cuban airliner to
fall from the sky? One theory is luggage overload. Retrieved
June 18, 2018, from https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-
world/world/americas/cuba/article211536839.html
Whitefield, M. (2018, May 20). What caused a Cuban airliner to
fall from the sky? One theory is luggage overload. Retrieved
July 18, 2018, from https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-
world/world/americas/cuba/article211536839.html
Philosophy, HKU. (n.d). What is Critical Thinking. Retrieved
July 22, 2018, from
https://philosophy.hku.hk/think/critical/ct.php
ICAO SHELL model (2016, May). Conceptual model of SHELL.
https://www.skybrary.aero/index.php/ICAO_SHELL_Model#De
scription
FAA. GOV (n.d). A human factor approach for the analysis and
the encoding of aviation accidents and incidents: A Validation
study. Retrieved July 22, 2018,
fromhttps://www.faa.gov/about/initiatives/maintenance_hf/libra
ry/documents/mediahuman_factors_maintenancea_human_factor
s_approach_for_the_analysis_and_the_encoding_of_aviation_ac
cidents_and_incidents.a_validation_study.pdf
NTSB. (2010, February). Aircraft Accident Report, Loss of
Control On Approach, Colgan Air Inc. Retrieved July 22, 2018,
from
https://www.ntsb.gov/investigations/AccidentReports/Reports/A
AR1001.pdf
Semantich Scholar. (n.d). Cognitive Architecture For Human
Factors in Aviation . Retrieved July 22, 2018,
fromhttps://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/1f5c/9f0e2f435fe87bf0598
d8a1f1959b8bac6cd.pdf

Regional Airline Association. (2018, March). Regional Airline
Association Letter Regarding Training. Retrieved July 22, 2018,
from
https://www.ntsb.gov/investigations/AccidentReports/Reports/A
AR1001.pdf
AOPA. (n.d). Human Factors In General Aviation. Retrieved
July 22, 2018, from
http://www.aopa.org/asf/asfquiz/hfactors.pdf
Aircraft Accident Reports. (1977, March). Tenerife Accident
Report. Retrieved July 22, 2018, from
http://archives.pr.erau.edu/ref/Tenerife-ALPAandAFIP.pdf
USA Today. (2015, September). Ask The Captain. Retrieved
July 23, 2018, from
https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/columnist/cox/2015/09/2
7/cockpit-electronics-autopilot/72794120/
FAA. (2012, November). Aeromedical Factors. Retrieved July
23, 2018, from
https://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/handbooks_manuals/a
viation/phak/media/19_phak_ch17.pdf
FAA Aerospace Medicine (2006, July). Human Error and
Commercial Aviation Accidents: A Comprehensive, Fine-
Grained Analysis Using HFACS. Retrieved July 23, 2018, from
https://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/oa
mtechreports/2000s/media/200618.pdf
FAA. (2013, July). Press Release- FAA Boosts Aviation safety
with new pilot qualification standards. Retrieved July 23, 2018,
from
https://www.faa.gov/news/press_releases/news_story.cfm?newsI
d=14838
Forbes. (2017, January). The Two Questions That Determine
Your Scientific Literacy. Retrieved July 23, 2018,
fromhttps://www.forbes.com/sites/startswithabang/2017/01/11/t
he-two-questions-that-determine-your-scientific-
literacy/#38017ac2bb01
Civil Aerospace Medical Institude. (n.d). Aerospace Human

Research Division. Retrieved July 23, 2018,
https://www.faa.gov/data_research/research/med_humanfacs/hu
manfactors/media/AAM-500_Brochure.pdf
Flight Safety Foundation. (1998). Boeing 757 CFIT Accident at
Cali, Colombia, becomes focus of lessons learned. Retrieved
July 23, 2018, https://flightsafety.org/fsd/fsd_may-june98.pdf
Automation in Aviation. (n.d). Automation in Aviation, Antonio
Chialastri. Retrieved July 23,
2018,http://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/37990/intech-
automation_in_aviation.pdf
AOPA. (2016, October). NASA Report, you’re get out of jail
free card? Retrieved July 23, 2018, https://www.aopa.org/news-
and-media/all-news/2012/october/16/nasa-report-your-get-out-
of-jail-free-card
The Local. (2014, May). Rio-Paris Crash Cause by “Stressed
Pilots” error. Retrieved July 23, 2018,
https://www.aopa.org/news-and-media/all-
news/2012/october/16/nasa-report-your-get-out-of-jail-free-card
Skybrary. (2016, September). Human Factors Analysis and
Classification System Retrieved July 23, 2018,
https://www.skybrary.aero/index.php/Human_Factors_Analysis_
and_Classification_System_(HFACS)
Culture Factors. (2016, October). Managing Safety, the role of
leadership in a safety culture. Retrieved July 23, 2018,
Running head: ASSESSING THE POTENTIAL
[The running head should be derived from the paper title and be
no longer than 50 characters,
including spaces]

[Note: The bracketed, gray-highlighted text appearing in this
template is informational only. It
should not appear in the student’s submitted project paper]
Assessing the Implications and Challenges Associated with the
Development and
Implementation of the NextGen Air Transportation System
by
John A. Smith
[The title should summarize the main idea of the paper simply
and accurately, and be fully
explanatory when standing alone]
A Research Project

of Course ASCI 490, The Aeronautical Science Capstone
Course,
for the Bachelor of Science in Aeronautics Degree
July 2015
ASSESSING THE POTENTIAL
Abstract
[The abstract is NOT an introduction. It is a brief,
comprehensive summary of the contents of
the paper. The abstract:
ate, non-evaluative, coherent, readable, and concise.

main points of the paper.
the Capstone research paper is the final statement of
accomplishment. It is written in
the third person, past and present tense (as appropriate; past
tense for describing
actions the student took; present tense for presenting current,
valid information). It
reflects what the student actually did.
no more than 250 words]
[Note: Page numbers can be any format/location permitted by
the APA Publication Manual]
2
3

Assessing the Implications and Challenges Associated with the
Development and
Implementation of the NextGen Air Transportation System
[The title, exactly as written on the front page, should be
repeated to open the body of the
proposal]
[The student must include an Introduction. Per the Publication
Manual of the American
Psychological Association (The “APA”) the introduction “… is
clearly identified by its position in
the manuscript, [therefore] it does not carry a heading labeling
it the introduction.”]
(VandenBos, 2009, pg xx).
[In the Introduction the students should:
information the student believes
necessary to the aid the reader’s understanding of the paper.
the paper (i.e. information
and data gathering; analysis, evaluation and synthesis;

application of critical thought)]
The introduction should be concise and should flow logically.]
[In the Body of the Paper the students are largely left to
establish the format as the find most
appropriate for their Capstone, guided by the formatting
requirements established by the APA
manual.]
[Fundamentally the format and content of the paper should:
supportive case apparent to the
reader for the results, conclusions, and recommendations
developed. Think of this as
the paper’s “path”.
progress from one step to another
in the paper without having to make any large leaps of
information or logic, while at the
same time avoiding superfluous information that does not add to
the flow and logic of
the paper. In short, the paper should be complete but concise.
the student has
demonstrated his or her
skill at all of the POs. Rather, this should be apparent to the
reader from the flow and
topical content of the paper.

-formatted headings that
subdivide the paper into
logical sections of reasonable and appropriate length to both
add to the logical flow of
4
the paper and to allow the reader a more pleasant and
understandable reading
experience.
y convey the
meaning the student intends.
students’ defensible results,
conclusions, and recommendations, as appropriate.]
5

References
VandenBos, G., (Ed.). (2009) Publication manual of the
American Psychological Association
(6
th
ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
[In text citations and references must appear in the Capstone
Report when necessary in
accordance with the rules established by the APA Publication
Manual]
6
APPENDIX A
COPY OF THE APPROVED RESEARCH PROPOSAL

7
[The students must include a verbatim copy of the previously
approved research proposal here
as appendix A to the Capstone Research Paper]
ERAU Worldwide College of Aeronautics ASCI 490 Capstone
Rubric
Criteria Ratings Pts
Exceeds Standards
– Threshold:
100-85%
Meets Standards -
Threshold: 84-70%
Does Not Meet
Standards –
Threshold: 69-0%

Program Outcome #1 -Student demonstrates a logical
understanding and application of some or most skills in
Critical Thinking
100 to 85 pts 84 to 70 pts 69 to 0 pts
100
pts
100
pts
100
pts
Communication
100
pts
Scientific Literacy

100
pts
understanding and application of some/most skills in Cultural
Literacy
100
pts
understanding and application of some/most skills in
Lifelong Learning
100
pts
Aeronautical Science
100 to 8. pts 84 to 70 pts 69 to 0 pts
100
pts
100
pts

Aviation Safety
100
pts
Aviation Ops and Mgt
100
pts
Project demonstrates an understanding and application of
Program Outcomes 100 to 85 pts 84 to 70 pts 69 to 0 pts
100
pts
Critical components of Project are identified and developed
that support goals and objectives 100 to 85 pts 84 to 70 pts 69
to 0 pts
100
pts
Project provides evidence of meaningful research and the
appropriate use of citations and references 100 to 85 pts 84 to
70 pts 69 to 0 pts
100
pts

Project exhibits a comprehensive analysis and summary
related to the goals and objectives 100 to 85 pts 84 to 70 pts
69 to 0 pts
100
pts
Project displays a logical format and structure 100 to 85 pts 84
to 70 pts 69 to 0 pts
100
pts
Project displays creative thought and correct use of
grammar, punctuation and writing style. 100 to 85 pts 84 to 70
pts 69 to 0 pts
100
pts
Project presentation employed effective use of appropriate
delivery modes and techniques. Presentation is clear and
logical.
100
pts
Total Points: 1800
Running head: EVALUATING HUMAN FACTORS IN
AVIATION ACCIDENTS
EVALUATING HUMAN FACTORS IN AVIATION
ACCIDENTS 29

An Evaluation of Accidents Caused by Human factors in
Commercial Aviation.
By
Sandro Jose Chiappe
A Research Project Proposal
of Course, ASCI 490, The Aeronautical Science Capstone
Course
For the Bachelor of Science in Aeronautics Degree
July 2018
Abstract
The purpose of this project is to outline, evaluate and analyze
various human factors that contribute to commercial aviation
accidents. So as to ensure that effective intervention measures
are instituted to prevent further accidents in the future. Over the
years, accidents in commercial aviation have been registered
regularly despite many safety measures that have been put in
place. Those accidents are not solely contributed by human
factors but other factors are also involved as well. However,
human factors contribute significantly to such accidents.
Numerous researches based on various plane crashes have
postulated that human factors have played a key role in
facilitating the occurrence of such accidents. This project will
develop evidence-based claims role played by human factors in
facilitating the occurrence of accidents in the field of aviation.
The project will review historic examples of plane crashes
where human factors were found to be the main causes of such
accidents so as to develop concrete arguments in conformity to
the project’s main topic.

Commercial Aviation
This project is a partial fulfillment of the requirements of
ASCI 490, The Aeronautical Science Capstone Course for the
Bachelor of Science in Aeronautics Degree having undertaken
all the required and stipulated programs. The main goal of this
research project is to review and mitigate future accidents in
aviation which could potentially be caused by human factors; to
demonstrate the student’s understanding, critical thinking, text
and data analyzation, quantitative reasoning, and error
mitigation. In completion of this project, it will give the student
a better understanding of how to identify and address issues
with regards to human error. By analyzing this information, the
goal is to improve the student's situational awareness in the
field of aviation.
Introduction
This project primarily focuses on factors that directly
correlate to human error. To identify its types, origins, causes,
and effects within the aviation industry. The purpose of this
project is not to judge the actions of those who attributed or
lead to fatal accidents. The focus is to reflect and learn from
their mistakes and prevent any future incidents. As always, it is
a tragedy that such events have taken place, however, accidents
such as these must always be taken as a learning opportunity.
A majority of accidents have one common denominator and
almost always attributed to human factors (FAA, 2018). What
are the human factors? Human factors are variables that are
directly linked and are a result of human actions (Wiegmann

and Shapell, 2006). The reason that makes human factors the
greatest threat to aviation safety is because they can cause and
be caused by a wide range of things. Human factors can be
divided into ten different categories. The reason as to why
human factors are such a threat is because to some degree they
are unpredictable, as humans are unpredictable (Wiegmann and
Shapell, 2006). Comment by Edward Murphy: You are
missing the year. This is not a proper reference.
This should be (FAA, 2018)
Although human factors have been divided into ten
different categories, each individual has had a different walk of
life as well as life experiences. Among other factors, an
individual’s experience significantly determines the likelihood
to cause one or multiple accidents. However, the key is to
properly self-examine oneself before taking action and the
threat of these factors will decrease tremendously. By being
self-aware and being aware of the environment one is in and
potential threats, human factors have the potential to be
obsolete (FAA, 2018). This context is best understood when
various accidents whereby human factors contributed to their
occurrence are reviewed. It makes it easier to understand how a
simple mistake or negligence can lead to a heightened state of
compromised safety (NTSB, 2010). A few examples of
compromised safety are the Aeroperu, Colgan and Cubana de
Aviacion Crashes. Each of these crashes has their own story as
to how human error and negligence cost the lives of many.
Comment by Edward Murphy: Missing year.
Addressed Program Outcomes
Critical Thinking
“The student will show evidence of knowledge at a
synthesis level to define and solve problems within professional
and personal environments” (ERAU, 2017, p. 13)
Critical thinking is the ability to solve problems by
studying, analyzing data and gathering facts to resolve the issue
on hand (Philosophy, 2018). Also, it is a disciplined intellectual
process, of actively and skillfully conceptualizing, analyzing,

comparing and evaluating information gathered to compare,
generated either by different means of knowledge. It entails the
examination of structures and elements through implicit in all
other kinds of reasoning, evolving different viewpoints and
modes of thinking (Critical Thinking and Education Reform,
2018).
Therefore, a comprehensive review and comparison of
texts and literature published by reputable sources such as the
NTSB Aircraft Accident Report Loss of Control on Approach,
Colgan Air, Inc. (NTSB, 2010), and the Federal Aviation
Administration published a book regarding human factors will
be brought forth.
The student will review certain mishaps in aviation history
that led to catastrophes and will learn how to identify them in
real life, such as the Aero Peru Flight 603 accident which can
be a clear example of the SHELL model, in which it relates the
crash to four main factors. (NTSB, 2010). Critical thinking is
expected to take the central role in analyzing and comparing the
SHELL model (ICAO, 2016) against the aviation accidents
mentioned below. This model (ICAO, 2016), is a functional
diagram which illustrates conceptual ideas of human factors
built into a block model, which helps associate the different
components of aviation-related incidents to human factors.
The student will also analyze the interference between
people and other people, such as the crew resource management
in the cockpit. For example, Liveware-Liveware (ICAO, 2016)
will demonstrate how leadership, teamwork, and cooperation
were handled in the cockpit during the time of the emergency as
well as how it was handled with air traffic controllers
(Skybrary, 2016). Liveware-Hardware (ICAO, 2016), will
demonstrate the interference from the computer with the pilot
and perform a safe operation of the flight (Skybrary, 2016).
Liveware - Environment (ICAO, 2016), will demonstrate the
relationship between the interface and the external environment
and how the aircraft handles the issue that the environment is
providing (SkyBrary, 2016).

The student will be describing the prevailing standards
and scientific approach for accidents reports analysis from the
National Transportation Safety Board (Daschel, 1996) and the
Colgan Crash accident report (NTSB, 2010). The goal of
comparing and contrasting certain accidents with the Shell
model is for the investigator to end up with several leads from
the model and get to the final outcome of the investigation.
(ICAO, 2016).
“The student will show evidence of the use of digitally-
enabled technology & analysis techniques to interpret data for
the purpose of drawing valid conclusions and solving associated
problems” (ERAU, 2017, p. 14).
The ability to come up with a conclusion through the study of
graphs, data, and numerical analyzation is better known as
Quantitative Reasoning (ERAU, 2017). It is the ability to
compare numerical statistics that were gathered prior to, and
after an action taken (Shappell, 2006). To demonstrate this data
the student will utilize the years 1990 to 2002 providing Federal
Aviation Administration frequency of accidents associated with
an aircrew of supervisory human error (Wiegmann and Shappell,
2006). With this information, the student will be able to draw a
valuable conclusion after comparing them statistically using the
t-test for the changes over a specified period of time. The
student will gather air accidents related data and conduct
comparative analysis to draw a valuable conclusion through
statistical analysis by numerically comparing variables or the
changes through time, whether they be positive or negative. The
data of past aviation accidents that took place in 2009-2012 will
be specifically under consideration. The data of human factor
accidents will be looked in the 2009 and compared it with the
current scenarios. Comment by Edward Murphy: Good, but
what exact data points will you gather to do this. You must
specify them. Frequency of accidents is not enough. You must
look for differences between the years, or differences between
the data in each year. What data for each year will you be

looking at.
The student will demonstrate how human factors compare
to other factors and how much more of a threat they are
statistically by grouping statistical data from 2009 through 2012
and arrange them in visual graphs. Human factors such as
psychology and physicality are the main focus in this instance.
The data points like numerical analysis and statistical charts,
geographic maps, or the snappygraphical statistics will be the
main components of this analysis. This data will be analyzed
first by comparing the past and present data. The outcome of
human factor will be derived under it and then measured
whether after the training the human factor decrease the
accidents or not. In addition, the student will demonstrate how
each of the different human factors compares numerically and
determine which of those factors is the greatest threat, to
support his capstone proposal. The student will show how
numbers have changed and corrective measures have taken over
a period of eight years after the FAA and US Congress
implemented the new ATP restriction of 1500 hours (Press
Conference, 2013). The issue on hand is that human factors like
psychological and physical factors have a main lead in causing
aircraft accidents and in order to decrease this certain measures
should be taken. The measures like physical and psychological
training can be quite helpful in this regard (Human Fac-tors in
Aviation, 2010). After applying these measures human body
will be tested psychologically and physically which will
enhance whether such measures are helpful in decreasing
accidents or not (Human Factors in Aviation, 2010). Not only
this but the past and present calculation would be studied with
male and female cases to understand whether sex or age have
any reference in this data. Implementation of the new ATP
restriction was affected as an intervention owing to the
catastrophic events, such as the Colgan Accident (AOPA, n.d).
(Accident Report, Loss of Aircraft Control, 2010). Moreover,
the student will present in his capstone proposal quantitative
reasoning by analyzing and evaluating the specific areas from

the (NTSB 2010), and the FAA Aviation Statistics (FAA, 2018)
by tabulating the data available on plane accidents and their
causes to determine a change and positive curvature of human
factors and safety in the history of aviation. The student will
also determine what skills and actions have worked best to
reduce accidents and incidents to then apply it in the real world
(Wiegmann and Shappell, 2006). Comment by Edward
Murphy: What specifically in human factors, and you must
specify other factors and what they are. Give me names of the
data points you will gather. You have ot have this clear in your
mind, so I know what exactly you will be doing. Comment by
Edward Murphy: What specifically in human factors, and you
must specify other factors and what they are. Give me names of
the data points you will gather. You have ot have this clear in
your mind, so I know what exactly you will be doing.
Comment by Edward Murphy: Once again, this is not in
your reference list. What is this document. Where is it in your
reference list. Comment by Edward Murphy: What specifically
in human factors, and you must specify other factors and what
they are. Give me names of the data points you will gather. You
have ot have this clear in your mind, so I know what exactly
you will be doing. What specific statistics. You must specify
them to me. What data will you gather and report? What
specific data points???
Let me give you an example. I love to investigate culture.
Culture consists of unique sets of values, attitudes and
behaviors. So I would state that I am going to issue a survey to
100 male and female pilots. I would then explore for sex
differences (males and females) in values, attitudes and type A
stress behaviors.
“The student will show evidence of meaningful research,
including gathering information from primary and secondary
sources and incorporating and documenting source material in
their writing” (ERAU, 2017, p. 15)

According to (FAA, 2010), Information Literacy is
demonstrated by reviewing material related to the topic from
reputable sources. To demonstrate information literacy, the
student will compare texts that outline human factors that are
significant in ensuring a smooth running of operations in the
field of aviation (FAA, 2010). Texts like Aviation Human
Factor Handbooks, Air Force Research on Aviation Accidents
and Federal Aviation Admirations will be studied. All these
texts will help in understanding whether the human factor
involved can be changed or how other things can be used to
lower these factors (FAA, 2010). By making reference to the
impacts of human factors on Aviation as brought forth by the
Aviation Human Factors Handbook (FAA, 2010) the student
will then make concrete arguments by cognitively analyzing two
texts; an air force research Vs the Federal Aviation
Administrations. The depiction of the two texts will be
compared to determine how they bring similar or contrasting
claims on human factors. Information of the two texts will be
used to make further claims that will help in developing the
project as well as justifying the main argument postulated in the
research project. Additionally, the student will critically
analyze the policies and regulations that have been instituted by
the Federal Aviation Administration (FAR, 2018) over the years
to ensure increased safety in the sky. In order to avoid air
accidents the measures like technological improvements, better
radar and beacon system, and facilitated staff have been taken
in the past years. Moreover, they are trying to ensure flying
safety by providing trainings and taking tests that help in
understanding whether the human factor in the pilot can be
lowered or not (AOPA, n.d). Comment by Edward Murphy:
What texts? What studies? What literature on human factors?
Comment by Edward Murphy: More specifics. What air
force research? What FAA document. It is not clear what
documents are you talking about. Comment by Edward
Murphy: Grammare makes no sense. Comment by Edward
Murphy: What policies and regulation.

Communication
“The student will show evidence of communicating
concepts in written, digital, and oral forms to present technical
and non-technical information” (ERAU, 2017, p. 16).
Communication is defined as a process by which
information is exchanged between individuals through a
common system of symbols, signs, or behavior (Ranter, 1995).
It is the process of allocating information or share a message
directed to a particular individual or a group of people. The
student will communicate this project through digital, written,
and oral form when necessary to achieve the final outcome of
the project. On another note, people have different points of
views on how the pilot cockpit interaction and systematization,
therefore it’s important to add and explain the SHELL model
(Ranter, 1995) and explain the crew resource management in the
aviation industry, this will give a precise explanation on how
human factors, especially with the Liveware-Liveware
(Whitefield, 2018) and explain clearly the person to person
interaction and relationship between both pilots and its human
factors. Comment by Edward Murphy: We cannot have one
paragraph with only one sentence in it.
Additionally, the student will utilize resources from the
Hunts library, Internet and all previous courses from ERAU,
such as aviation safety, Aviation management, Aviation Law,
Commercial Aviation, and will reinforce them with reliable and
official outcomes such as the Federal Aviation Administration,
National Transportation Safety Board, International Civil
Aviation Organization and all related official sources, to give a
professional outcome (Whitefield, 2018). Comment by
Edward Murphy: What specifically will you use. Be specific.
Document exactly what you will use and their references.
Comment by Edward Murphy: What specifically will you
use. Be specific. Document exactly what you will use and their
references.
Scientific Literacy
“The student will show evidence of analyzing scientific

evidence as it relates to the physical world and its
interrelationship with human values and interests” (ERAU,
2017, p. 18).
Scientific literacy is the ability to interpret scientific
evidence in relation to the issue on hand (ERAU, 2017).
Scientific literacy is also used to better understand the issue
from a scientific perspective. The issue on hand is human
factors and their effects on commercial aviation (Human Factors
in Aviation, 2010). The student will outline the various factors
that are responsible for accidents other than human factors
within the broader context of aviation and develop a logical
interrelationships between those factors how those factors
facilitate subsistence or rather prevalence of the human factors.
The student will also go further and develop a substance
argument on how the negative human factors (Human Factors in
Aviation, 2010) are suppressed or enhanced by natural factors,
such that humans in the Aviation profession are either prompted
to uphold safety of the machines involved or are prompted to
cause accidents by making reference of the postulations of the
FAA Civil Aerospace Medical Institute (2018) on the
prevalence of accidents in the field of Aviation which are fueled
by human Factors (FAA, 2013). Comment by Edward
Murphy: Once again, not specific enough. What specific
documents will you gather and why and how will they help you
reach the PO requirements.
I will gather documents like (Human Factors in Aviation, 2010),
(FAA, 2013), (ERAU, 2017) to study the outcome of the human
factor on the aviation accidents, compare the current surveys
that have taken on the flight safety and accident factors. After
comparing this data I will consider the highest human factor and
try to dictate the causes which have caused accidents in the past
and present.
Cultural Literacy
“The student will show evidence of the analysis of
historical events, cultural artifacts, and philosophical concepts”
(ERAU, 2017, p. 19).

Cultural literacy is demonstrated by reviewing events that
have happened within the industry. It is reviewing events that
have happened historically and reflecting on how it has affected
the industry today (FAA, 2013). Cultural literacy is also
demonstrated by reflecting on how environment or situational
actions influence human behavior or vice versa (FAA, 2013).
The student will demonstrate cultural literacy by reviewing and
reflecting on particular, catastrophic events and how they
affected the industry today. This will demonstrate the student
ability to analyze and review historical data from the past, such
as the American Airlines Flight 965, (FAA, 2012). Due to poor
lack of planning and flight crew improper action of reviewing
the flight plan and having poor navigational skills, American
Airlines Flight 965 Boeing 757 crashed into the mountains of
Cali, Colombia. Similarly flights of AA 965, Colgan Crash and
much more have fell due to similar causes. Comment by
Edward Murphy: One accident is not a history.
The student will demonstrate the difference of how the
aviation industry approaches technology and flight management
system navigation compared to this new aviation age. Not only
will the student study all the past reports on the aviation causes
but also go through the quantitate research of past and present
in this regard Cox (2015). This will help to find out that
because of this error in navigation the student will analyze how
important it is to understand and don’t over-rely on the
automation and navigation the aircraft provides. The student
will compare the AA 965 flight with Chialastri’s (2018) study,
which stated that that automation is the use of control systems
and information technologies to reduce the need for human
work. On the other hand, the student will review how during the
Colgan Crash, complacency resulted in a compromised state of
safety and how it affected the actions of the pilots (Aircraft
Accident Reports, 1997). The Colgan crash along with several
others causes attributed to human error. Comment by Edward
Murphy: What documents what documents why, what do they
mean, how will they help you reach the PO.

The student will review how these events motivated the
FAA to push for more restrictive regulations, and how the
impact on society and aviation changed after the fantastical
accident as reported (Cox, 2015). The FAA (2018) has
implemented regulations as a guideline for human action and
behavior. The student will review how new regulations placed
by the FAA has affected the culture in commercial aviation as
we know it today. In this capstone proposal, we will evaluate
different points of views in which several people from the
industry agree or disagree that having a higher flight hour
requirement, will actually make the pilot better rather than
giving a better training program. As Deborah Harassment from
the NTSB states, “It's not always about the hours because we
see very experienced pilots with tens of thousands of hours
making mistakes. In fact, in the Colgan accident, those pilots
had more than 1,500 hours, but they still made mistakes’'
(Regional Airline Association, 2018, p. 361.) Comment by
Edward Murphy: This is the reference. Comment by Edward
Murphy: This is not the proper APA format. (Regional Airline
Association, P. 361, 2018.)
The proper APA format is
Author, year, page number.
The p is lower cased.
Lifelong Personal Growth
“The student will show evidence of the skills needed to
enrich the quality of life through activities which enhance and
promote lifetime learning” (ERAU, 2017, p. 20).
Lifelong personal growth is expressed by the culmination
of life experiences, training and research and being able to
apply them positively in one’s life (NTSB, 1986). In this
proposal, the student will demonstrate personal lifelong growth
by demonstrating how the material learned can be applied in
their personal, day to day life (Bea, 2012). The student will
review the Human Factors Handbook, provided by the federal
aviation administration, which explains the different types of
human factors and the different situations and behaviors that a

can be addressed to develop into a problem, or it could even
worse create a chain of the problem that could lead to a terrific
accident (Jansen, 2013). Additionally, the student will identify
human factors while on the job and how to properly address
them, so that safety is not compromised. The student will
analyze and compare this information using the Pear Model,
which gives a simple explanation of human factor effects on
people who do the day to day job (FAA, 2010). The student will
also analyze the physical conditions that affect human factors.
The student will analyze the Tenerife disaster, when a Pan Am
and KLM Boeing 747 collide against each other in the runway,
demonstrating that there had to be a change in the way people
looked aviation (Forbes, 2017). Stating that it is not anymore
only just about the equipment, but also there should be a special
emphasis on the human who is actually controlling the
equipment (AOPA, 2018). In this capstone proposal, the student
will also provide information on why aviation is more prone to
have more human factors deficiencies in today's industry,
compared to 1970, or 1980. The student will compare an
interview from a pilot who has flown in 1970, 1980 and in this
century and will demonstrate why in this days we are more
prone to errors due to the higher emphasis on automation and
technological advancements. (Forbes, 2017).
Aviation/Aerospace/Aeronautical Science
commonly found in their respective industries” (ERAU, 2017, p.
22).
Science can be utilized to gain a better understanding of
the underlying problems within commercial Aviation
(Semantich, 2018). The main topic of this project is human
factors, its causes, and its effects. Human factors, means the
actions of humans. For example, how they think and how they
act, etc. To better understand the root causes of human factors
the student will delve into each of the ten categories of human
factors. In this proposal the student will discuss different

aeromedical factors, such as confusion, fatigue, stress and
spatial disorientation that could lead into a human factor
accident, this information will be provided by the Pilot
Handbook of Aeronautical knowledge (Philosophy, 2018). The
student will demonstrate life events or life experiences that can
alter an individual state of mind; this will be presented as
personal life experience situations. Additionally, the student
will review what can be done to identify these factors in others
and in oneself and how to appropriately address them.
Comment by Edward Murphy: Where is the rest of this????
The PO says
commonly found in their respective industries” You have not
met this PO. Comment by Edward Murphy: ???????????
Makes no sense
Currently the Aviation/Aerospace/Aeronautical Science are
focusing its energy on better measures. The paper will discuss
the new technologies and software’s that are being utilized in
order to secure the air travel. Software’s like airborne system
are handling more than 60% of the jobs being handled in the
aircraft that have lowered the cause of human factors involved
in the accidents. Similarly, the paper will discuss the craft-to-
craft communication system, this technology is being recruited
for the similar process and the processes of flying commuters
can also been studied in this instance (Semantich, 2018).
“The student will show evidence of the basic concepts in
national and international legislation and law as they pertain to
the aviation, aerospace and aeronautics industries” (ERAU,
2017, p. 23).
Aviation legislation and law are a very important and vital
aspect of commercial aviation. Laws, legislation, and
regulations provide a comprehensive guideline and standardize
practices within the industry (Forbes, 2017). The student will
review the laws and regulations set by the FAA that have been

put in place to address human factors. For example, soon after
the Colgan crash, the FAA implemented stricter regulations in
order for pilots to obtain an ATP (AAIASB, 2006). In addition,
the FAA has put laws in place that address factors such as
workload, minimum rest requirements or fatigue to keep the
employee and employer in check. The FAA has implemented
several rules depending on the type of flying performed, such as
part 121, 135, 91 and 61. (AAIASB, 2006). The FAA has also
implemented strategies to keep any person who works in
aviation accountable. Aviation Laws like Airport Planning and
Regulation, Aviation Accidents Control, Pilot laws and
regulations are very important that need to be studied for
further understanding. These laws and regulations are working
for the safety and to secure the air safe travels. The Aviation
board is implementing such laws to prevent accidents in the air
space and provide security to humans travelling in it (USA
Today, 2015). Comment by Edward Murphy: Is this all the laws
and regulations in aviation industry? Better find more. You
must show me
Comment by Edward Murphy: What laws and regulations.
You have to be specific. You have to tie your sentences
together. I used For Example, This tells me that what you said
you would do is in this sentence. . evidence of the basic
concepts in national and international legislation and law as
they pertain to the aviation, aerospace and aeronautics
industries”
Regardless if it is a pilot, flight attendant or mechanic, there are
safety check put in place that meant to mitigate human factor-
based incidences (AAIASB, 2006). As a result, the Federal
Aviation Administration works hand to hand with the National
Transportation Safety Board to mitigate and solve any outcomes
regarding aviation. There are several programs assisting pilots
and aviation personnel, in allowing a margin of error, if the
person reports it to the FAA. This is called the Aviation Safety
Reporting System, (USA Today, 2015) program. In the case that
there has been a violation or any issue regarding aviation, the

person has the chance to report it and use it as a “get out of
jail” card (AOPA, 2016). In this proposal, the student will
explain how accepting the errors and learning from them, will
help the aviation community to grow and be safer each day.
Aviation Safety
“The student will show evidence of basic concepts in
aviation safety as they pertain to the aviation, aerospace,
aeronautics industry” (ERAU, 2017 p. 24).
Aviation law and legislation are very closely correlated to
aviation safety. The FAA continuously revises laws to address
aviation safety and concerns (Whitefield, 2018). The most
effective way of avoiding a compromised state of safety is by
adhering to these regulations. A great way of doing so is by
keeping your peers accountable for the work they do and ask
that they keep you accountable in the same way. However, when
it comes to safety on the job it is important to accept personal
responsibly for every action taken (Whitefield, 2018). The
student will demonstrate the Human Factor and Classification
System, demonstrating human factor errors in an aviation
accident (Whitefield, 2018). It is important to constantly pause
and evaluate oneself or being aware of oneself and the
environment on is in. In this proposal, we will explain and
analyze the IMSAFE checklist, a precise checklist where the
person does their own personal assessment of how safe they are,
and how good they feel before starting a shift (Philosophy,
2018). This checklist is something that all instructors teach
their students since day one. The student will analyze the
checklist and compare it to the Air France Flight 447, in which
the most probable cause of the accident was human error by
pilot stress. (AFP,2014). While on the job, the FAA advised to
always expect to find something wrong, to always double check
the work down and to never fill out paperwork to a job not
completed Whitefield, 2018). It is important to understand the
real meaning of every accident because it’s what will take a step
to prevent something worse in the future, so this job is very
important in, solve or get to the final truth and then help and

support the aviation community. Comment by Edward
Murphy: Where are the references??????? Comment by
salma jamil: Is this all? Does this will show evidence of basic
concepts in aviation safety as they pertain to the aviation,
aerospace, aeronautics industry”
Only the HFACS system? Not. You need aviation research
studies. Get on ERAU Library data bases. Type in Aviation
Safety, CRM, Human Factors research. Sorry I deleted the
comment by mistake. Comment by salma jamil:
Similarly, this proposal will discuss that Aviation Safety is not
only bent upon just aviation laws and regulations but the safety
can be introduced by adopting better techniques and software by
the airplane corporations. Other than the human factor even the
machinery can result in airplane accidents and the aviation
regulates both for the human factors and for the machinery to
resolve error. The Aviation safety is most dependent on
resolving the human factor issues that can be understood in this
paper by data analysis and surveys. Aviation safety regulates to
dig deeper in this factors and start resolving it by replacing it
with the new introducing technologies. The aviation and
aerospace corporation are bent upon to reduce accidents and
have been incorporating new software, computer and other
technological advancements (Whitefield, 2018).
Aviation Airport Management and Operations
“The student will show evidence of sound, ethical
management principles within standard aviation, aerospace, and
aeronautics operations” (ERAU, 2017, p. 25).
Aviation management and operations are the results of
various parties coming together to improve the safety within the
commercial aviation industry (ERAU, 2017). Many times, these
parties have an obligation to themselves, to each other and to
the public. An example that can be shared is how the NTSB
investigates particular events to find the root of the cause of the
accident or incident. As a result of the investigation in
combination with the desire to prevent the same mistake, the
FAA sets the standard for laws and legislation within the

industry. This laws and regulations could be shown on the
Federal Aviation Website, and also by observing Advisory
Circulars that are usually sent when there an urgent fix (The
Local, 2014). Additionally, once a solution is formulated, the
affected parties by the legislation are responsible for properly
carrying it out. Communication is also a very vital piece of
aviation management and operation. In order to avoid miss
understandings, clear and concise language is used to convey
expectations ensure that everyone involved understands what is
being communicated (USA Today, 2015). As Culture Factors
(2010) states, management and leadership contributions in a
significant role for the importance of safety within the
workplace, by implementing policies that go hand in hand as
well as an open culture in regards to solving issues that matter
(Basi, 1996). Therefore the student will demonstrate in this
proposal how leadership should surround management and
safety operations. Comment by Edward Murphy: Is this all of
airport operations? Does this will show evidence of sound,
ethical management principles within standard aviation,
aerospace, and aeronautics operations”
Ethical operations and management are being introduced in the
aviation rules and regulations. The aviation boards are
demanding the airplanes to use better personal, provide better
trainings to its pilots and co-pilots, check their test results and
keep on improving the technology in their flights, According to
the cultural, scientific, and aviation protocol all the aviation
laws and regulations need to be followed and they are to be
updated each and every year. The student will study all the laws
and regulations that come into effect due to the human safety
and usually that cover up during the emergency protocols (USA
Today, 2015).
Abstract

The air travel is not the safest mean to travel. In the past, many
air flight accidents have occurred and brought the aviation
industry to search the factors that are involved in it. The
research has led to many factors that have driven the aviation to
keep on updating and changing their rules and policies. There
might be many factors that have influenced the aviation industry
to bring changes, but the most crucial one is the involvement of
the human factors. Looking at the history of the air travel
accidents the aviation industry has found that the human
elements from the most significant cause of air accidents. It
does not mean that there are no other causes involved in it. This
Capstone Project aims to define the human factors that are
involved in air accidents. The paper will analyze the data from
the past and present accidents and provide a report on whether
this cause has changed improved in the past years. This project
not only studies the causes of air accidents but it will also
present the solutions that can decrease the number of air
accidents due to human factors.
Commercial Aviation
This project is a partial fulfillment of the requirements of
ASCI 490, The Aeronautical Science Capstone Course for the
Bachelor of Science in Aeronautics Degree having undertaken
all the required and stipulated programs. The purpose of this
project is to find out the involvement of human factors in
aviation accidents. The rate of the participation of human
factors in between accident in the aviation industry and

complete analysis to find out is the rate decreasing with the
passage of time. The project will analyze data, compare data
and understand what human factors are involved in the aviation
accidents. The goal will en chance the knowledge of the student
in the aviation fields and find solutions for the future.
Introduction
What are the human factors? How do they result in 70-80% of
aviation accidents? Is this rate increasing or decreasing? Do
small human errors account for such a thing? All these are
important while research is conducted on the aviation industry.
Aviation industry includes both civil and military air flights
that fly every single day. The trend of air travel has been
increasing with the passage of time, and with it, the no of
accidents have improved too. It is human nature that despite
severe training and expertise it might commit errors and it can
positively affect the outcomes. Human error marks as one of the
most significant errors in the aviation industry. According to
(Wiegmann and Shapell, 2006), there are two big reasons of
accidents in the aviation industry; one is a mechanical factor
which has resulted in the 40-50% accidents, and the other is
human factors or human errors that contribute to 60-70%. The
author further displays that the rate of accidents resulting due to
mechanical errors has been decreasing in time, but the price of
the human factor has not inclined much. This is an alarming
situation for the aviation industry, and thus it needs to be
known that what human factors have been contributing in this
amount and why is the aviation industry unable to decrease this
alarming rise of accidents (FAA, 2018).
The Aviation Industry Accidents and Human Factors
As it is already addressed in the proposal that human factors
have been substantially responsible for the aviation industry
accidents and they are the most immediate threat to the safety of
air travels. However, it is understood that human factors are
playing a significant role in aviation accidents, but it is
essential that at first, the Capstone project needs to be research
or the human factors that are responsible in aviation accidents.

According to the BASI report (1996), ten fundamental human
factors have led to fatal aviation accidents in the past. The first
factor is the poor judgment on behalf of the pilot. An aviation
pilot that is well trained and well-experience often takes a poor-
judgment call in case of an emergency, and that often leads to a
fatal aviation accident. The Case of Cessna is one of the most
prominent examples in the poor judgment of the pilot. In 1979,
the USA Airline crew were so busy in tackling the navigation
problem that they lost track of the petrol and being long
airborne directly inflicted the aircraft to crash. These poor
judgment calls often happen due to the call of the crew or the
pilots (ICAO, 2016). Similarly, the next factor is diverted
attention. The team diverts its attention to one issue, and it
leads to the accident and fatal crash. The above example also
fits in this case scenario.
The next is in-flight decision making and the preparation. The
pilot or crew lose track of planning and reveal great distress at
the time of emergencies. It often occurs because human brain
panics under stress and psychologically it is proven that an
average human mind will lock down in great danger and make
poor planning or poor judgments (Critical Thinking and
Education Reform, 2018). The lack of prior planning has often
lead the pilots in accidents and millions of death. The Aero
Flight 603 is a similar accident when the pilot forgets critical
thinking and leads to the fatal crash (NTSB, 2010). The lack of
experience and losing control of aircraft and the medical
reasons also have brought forward certain aviation accidents
and resulted in the deaths of many. The upper mentioned causes
have brought forward many aviation accidents. The mechanical
and engine failure also creates a part in this regard, but human
psychology has caused much distress in aviation accidents than
others.
Comparison and Analysis of Documents
After understanding the human factors that have involved in the
process of aviation accidents, it is essential that several
documents and data is analyzed by numerical analysis to bring

forward the certainty of human factors that have led to crashes.
The data from the year 1990-2002 was collected by several
documents. As the aviation history is full of fatal accidents and
not every accident can be researched in the process, specific
vital events were chosen to study and understand the human
factors behind the crash. The NTSB Aircraft Accident Report
Loss of Control on Approach, Colgan Air, Inc., the Federal
Aviation Administration Hand Book on Human Factors (FAA),
The Aero Peru Flight 603 accident and the accident reports on
Shell model were analyzed. All these reports were carefully
researched to find that human factor is the biggest reason in
contributing towards aviation accidents. All these reports were
carefully examined, numerically checked with the low decrease
in the numbers in human factors and the reasons behind these
accidents (NTSB, 2010).
The NTSB report further disclosed that the decrease of the
aviation accidents has been low between the years of 1990-
2002. It is not because the aviation industry has not proposed
any other reason behind the fatal accidents, but it is because the
report provides some 60-70% of crashes that have lead from
poor or lack of proper judgment and even due to lack of
experience of handling the commercial aircraft (Human Factors
in Aviation, 2010). The report of 1990-2002 comprises a
significant amount of data that is gathered under the human
factors section. The data was statistically tested under the t-
tests and put to analyze through comparison and have been
noted to find that human factor has led to both negative and
positive effect on the aviation industry. The data of the
aviation. The effect of human factors on Aviation as brought
forth by the Aviation Human Factors Handbook (FAA, 2010)
the student will then make real arguments by cognitively
analyzing two texts; an air force research Vs. The Federal
Aviation Administrations. It also needs to be found out that how
can avoid these fatal accidents lower in the future. What type of
aviation rules and aeronautical software is being designed in
this regard? Additionally, the student will critically analyze the

policies and regulations that have been instituted by the Federal
Aviation Administration (FAR, 2018). This capstone project is
based on quantitative reasoning. Thus, it is essential to evaluate
and analyze data that is done in the specific parts of (NTSB
2010), and the FAA Aviation Statistics (FAA, 2018) by
checking what specific data was available for the plane
accidents and their causes to determine a change and positive
curvature of human factors and safety in the history of aviation.
The student will also decide what skills and actions have
worked best to reduce accidents and incidents to then apply it in
the real world (Wiegmann and Shappell, 2006).
Data Analysis
As the data available was limited to certain accidents and the
years were just restricted to 1990-2002 the data analysis was
done on Quantitative Reasoning. This helps to compare the data
available in each year and form different graphs for each year.
The data collected in this regard was quite less and had fewer
results, but after a close comparison with all the other data it
can be quickly checked and concluded in the table (Shappell et
al. 2006). The aviation accidents mark a rough 70% in the past
years and among them, these are some of the leading human
factors that have led to fatal crashes. The data gathered was less
by the reports mentioned above, and it has been found after the
numerical analysis that the number of aviation accidents due to
human errors has not decreased despite the evolution and hard
work of the aviation industry. It can be concluded by the table
1.
Years
1990-90
1993-95
1996-98
1999-2001
Cause of Aviation Accidents

Lack of Experience
40%
45%
50%
40%
Decision Mistakes
30%
46%
52%
45%
Violations
25%
15%
18%
25%
Perceptual Errors
5%
1%
1%
6%
Years 1990-2002 (Shappell et al. 2006).
Others Factors Involved in Aviation Accidents
As it is understood that 60-70% of aviation accidents are due to
the human's factors, but one cannot neglect the fact that about
40-50% of aviation accidents are taking place due to other
factors that include mechanical failure and the environmental
factors. Environmental factors are one of the main factors that
affect the human elements to create aviation accidents in
aircraft (FAA, 2010). The weather condition at the high altitude
can be quite tricky for the pilots to handle and it can affect the
decision of the pilot to commit mistakes that in result cause an
aviation accident. Severe weather conditions like dense fog,
heavy rainfall, storms, or rough flights are difficult to handle,

and the aviation industry often cancels such flights, yet
accidents do take place due to emergency weather change
during the trips. This usually affects the human factors to take
steps that often the cause the pilots to make wrong decisions. A
pilot with less experience cannot deal such aviation flights and
cause accidents. It is wrong to consider that human factors are
responsible for causing accidents in aircraft (Ranter, 1995).
System failure or engine failure is an open cause or mechanical
factor that causes human errors and can cause aviation and fatal
accidents. The pilot is unable to handle system failures that
occur due to lack of proper engineering or machinery that affect
the pilot's judgment. In 1978, the pilot and the crew were busy
in putting up with the navigation failure and the air-fuel
finished in the airborne position (Whitefield, 2018). To fully
understand the role of the human factor in the system failure the
aircraft of the shell industry have been carefully studied. It is
noted that in the past human judgment has been clouded due to
the lack of a proper system in the aviation aircraft and it has
resulted in a crash. The Colgan aircraft was a decision based on
the human factor that occurred due to the failure of a particular
part of the system.
The lack of planning with the crew and the unavailability of the
proper team resulted in a fatal crash. The example of flight 965
of the American Air flights and the Cologan show the human
failure of prior planning and lack of training resulted in the
cause of accidents and it has dramatically impacted the aviation
industry (FAA, 2012). The student will also analyze the
physical conditions that affect human factors. The case of
Tenerife disaster, when the aircraft of Pan Am and KLM Boeing
747 collide against each other in the runway, demonstrating that
there had to be a change in the way people looked aviation
(Forbes, 2017). This informs us that not only the equipment can
result in failure but also the hands at the work need to be an
expert and have the experience to handle the aviation flights.
The interview of the pilot from 1970-80 is quite helpful in this
regard who explains that with the change in time and

advancement in the technology the effect of the human factor
has not decreased. He concludes that with the progress and the
transformation of technology the experience of flying an
aircraft has become technical and complicated (Forbes, 2017).
Laws and Safety Rules of Aviation Industry and Aeronautical
Science
The Aviation Laws are one of the critical factors that are
helping the aircraft industry to improve and change with the
change and advancement of the time. Particular rules and
guidelines have been set up by the aviation industry to lower the
amount of the aviation accidents in the future. The Capstone
project will carefully study the aviation laws that are closely
associated with the human factor and that are considering
helping to lower the number of accidents happening in the
present. The first and the critical step that was taken up by the
FAA was that every pilot had to pass an individual test and to
be cleared before taking up the controls in an aircraft. The
analysis of ATP is an important one in this instance (AAIASB,
2006). This regulation came into effect after the Colgan crash.
The FAA also put into place guidelines that over-worked,
under-stress, fatigued, depressed and medically unfit crew
members are not up to mount the aircraft. The FAA considers it
essential that every member needs to be cleared of these issues
that make a significant cause in the aviation accident and fatal
crashes. The rules implemented by the aviation industry are of
very important as 121, 135, and 91 and 61. Similarly, the FAA
also has proposed that accountability of every person working
in the industry is vital. It is essential that all the employees and
the corporations that are operating under the aviation industry
need to understand that all laws are regulations that come under
Airport Planning, Aircraft systems, weather condition protocols,
accident and emergency protocols, requirements of the pilots
and the crew members to be followed with close consideration
(FAA, 2018).
The aviation and the aeronautical are working closely to help
the pilots and the aircraft to produce safe and secure to airspace

for human beings. The aviation has placed rules and guidelines
for every person in the industry. The FAA and the NTSB have
been working closely to regulate laws and create a better
environment for its passengers. The IM-SAFE checklist is
another way to prevent an accident from happening in the
airspace. It is vital that each crew member is working for its
own and other safety this will help in creating a safe space for
all the people that are working with one another (AFP, 2014).
The Aviation safety is most dependent on resolving the human
factor issues that can be understood in this paper by data
analysis and surveys. Aviation safety regulates to dig deeper
into this factors and start fixing it by replacing it with the new
introducing technologies. The aviation and aerospace
corporation is bent upon to reduce accidents and has been
incorporating new software, computer and other technological
advancements (Whitefield, 2018).
Software and New Technologies Developed
The underlying cause of the aviation cannot be understood
unless and until the changes in the aviation industry. The
aviation industry has been creating different software and
techniques are focusing its energy on producing better software
to lower the causes and the accidents in the aviation industry.
The aeronautical have been building new technologies in which
the airborne system is being updated. Next the aeronautical
have enabled a craft-to-craft communication system. This
system helps the machines to read their energy in pathways and
during air travel that can improve them in interpreting their
power and indicating their arrivals on the radars. The device for
machine communication will lower the crashes of aircraft with
each other (Semantich, 2018). The system has decreased the
system to 60% technical and computer-based to reduce the
cause of the human error and human factor. Not only this will
let the new computers handle the technology and replace the
work of the pilots and take on the responsibility of taking care
of the air travel business.

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