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身體檢查與評估 - 胸腔
Physical Assessment & Examination
檢查前的準備
環境與用物
環境
安靜的環境>有助於正確地聽呼吸音
充足的光線>有助於視診的進行>自然光為佳
用物
手電筒、聽診器、標示筆、尺
檢查步驟
一、視診 - 離個案一公尺
I.胸廓形狀
II.呼吸型態
III.皮膚
二、觸診
三、叩診
四、聽診
一、視診
I.胸廓形狀 (thoacic configuration)
脊柱的曲度
肋骨斜度
肋緣角
前後徑與左右徑之比例
兩側肩胛骨與呼吸運動的對稱性
一、視診
II.呼吸型態
觀察:
1.呼吸速率、深度、節律
2.呼吸時使用的姿勢及舒適程度
3.(呼吸時)是否使用呼吸輔助肌
4.(呼吸時)肋間肌是否突起或凹陷
一、視診
III.皮膚
觀察:
1.顏色
2.是否乾燥
3.是否盜汗
4.是否有傷疤組織
5.是否有杵狀指
檢查步驟
一、視診 - 離個案一公尺
二、觸診
I.皮膚與皮下組織
II.胸廓膨脹
III.觸覺震顫
IV.氣管的位置
三、叩診
四、聽診
二、觸診
I.皮膚與皮下組織
觸診:
1.溫度
2.膨脹度
3.結構
4.是否有壓痛或腫塊
二、觸診
II.胸廓膨脹
又稱呼吸離軌度(respiratory excursion)
二、觸診
III.觸覺震顫
檢查者令個案說 : "阿~~~~~"
用手指基部的掌面(the hall of the hand)
一手觸診可以使準確性達到最大
二、觸診
IV.氣管的位置
了解氣管是否有偏移現象
檢查者將一手指置於氣管上,後此手指向左右兩
邊側移,以辨認三角區域是否相等
檢查步驟
一、視診 - 離個案一公尺
二、觸診
三、叩診
I.叩診後胸
II.叩診前胸
III.橫膈膜離軌度
四、聽診
三、叩診
I.叩診後胸
叩診時,須經過每一肩部頂端及其內側,以辨認
肺尖上大約5公分的反響帶,然後,當個案的雙
手抱胸,以約5公分間隔延胸壁向下叩擊肺臟兩
側,在肩胛骨以下除了沿兩外側對稱部位叩擊外,
也要叩擊內側
三、叩診
I.叩診前胸
方法:
由上往下包括上鎖骨區及下鎖骨區,以5公分的間
隔由胸壁往下檢查
辨別:
由叩音的變化可以辨識肝濁音的上緣及胃部股音
三、叩診
III.橫膈膜離軌度(diaphragmatic exursion)
目的:測量肺臟的容積、橫膈膜的功能
方法:叩診後胸
先讓個案正常呼、吸氣,再深吸氣後閉氣不動;
再讓個案正常呼、吸氣,在吐氣吐完閉氣不動;
以上兩動作後由肩胛骨下角以叩擊的方式垂直往下
並且聽到反響音變成濁音時坐下記號。
兩記號之差距及是所求。
檢查步驟
一、視診 - 離個案一公尺
二、觸診
三、叩診
四、聽診
I.呼吸音
II.異常呼吸音
III.語音
四、聽診
I.呼吸音
解釋:
是因為氣流通過氣管樹所產生的聲音
分析:
強度、音調
吸氣和呼氣持續時間及性質
四、聽診
II.異常呼吸音
解釋:
不是指"正常呼吸音"改變,而是指"額外的聲音"
EX:
囉音(rackles)、鼾音(rhonchi)、喘鳴聲(wheeze)、
摩擦音(frictiion rubs)
四、聽診
III.語音
通常是在"觸覺震顫"、"叩診"或"聽診"有異常發
現時,才需要執行
語音產生的機轉同於觸覺震顫,不同之處在於與
音的測試需用聽診器。
EX:支氣管語響(bronchpphony)、
羊音語響(egophohy)、
耳語樣胸語響(whispered pectoriloquy)

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正確版身評胸腔