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1. Methods and tools for studying children
This essay is a continuation to a previous assignment which discussed how attitudes towards
studying children have changed. In this child participation, child voice and consent were identified
as three key principles researchers should aspire to when studying children. This essay therefore
intends to extend upon these principles by identifying an approach and research tool which will
effectively incorporate all principles within a research study.
The context of the research study is a male adult and male child sat at a potter's wheel modelling
clay. The aim of the study is to observe and assess the child's level of cognitive development during
an interactive period with an adult who is using the technique of 'scaffolding' (Wood, Bruner, ...
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To overcome this problem the child will be encouraged to pause the video at intervals they wished
to talk about, thus the recording becomes more representable of a learning story; as the child could
help to produce still images of the video and place their comments under the individual pictures.
Although time consuming this process is very important as it not only encourages child participation
and strong voice of the child, it also reinforces the authenticity of the overall research as the
perspective of the child is being gained. This is an important factor as observers do not always
interpret observations correctly as people see and interpret things differently (Hobart and Frankel,
2004) and although it is said the camera never lies, it may be distorted (Sharman, Cross and Vennis,
2006)
By blending the method of a written narrative with aspects of the mosaic approach not only will a
detailed observation be obtained but arguably an observation with substance; as professionals do not
have to take the evaluation of the observation at face value, the data is there and available for them
to examine. The child actively engaging with the research study also adds another dimension, as the
actual views and actions of the participant are documented, arguably when research is conducted via
surveys, questionnaires and even interviews the data collected is constrained to the
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3. The Foundling Museum
To what extent has the Foundling Museum uncovered the 'hidden histories' of Georgian London's
poverty–stricken families?
Word Count: 1432
Since 2004 the Foundling Museum has stood as a site to memorialise the Georgian Foundling
Hospital; this institution cared for London's abandoned children, foundlings. In a recent podcast,
Laura Gowing described the stories of these children and their mothers as 'hidden histories'. She
claims that the Foundling Museum offers a narrative for figures who are otherwise overlooked by
historians. This essay will assess Gowing's statement by first discussing the way in which the
museum presents the hospital's abandoned children. Here, a particular focus on temporary
exhibitions will show how the narrative ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Historians have previously disregarded the lives of these women out of belief that they were 'objects
of male sexual aggression with no sexual desire or expression of their own'. The museum's
permanent display of these 'unfortunate women' is limited to their petitions, which were written in
hope that the staff would allow their child to be admitted into the hospital. Although the temporary
exhibition, 'The Fallen Woman' has attempted to correct this through a sound installation, intended
to give these women a voice, its source remains founded upon petitions. This means that the ability
of the museum to uncover the history of unfortunate women is already limited by the availability of
sources. Yet instead of using these petitions to gain as much information about these women as
possible, the museum chooses to refer to them only in relation to foundling children. This ignores
the context in which these mothers signed their petitions. Thus we must rely on alternate sources of
information to understand the lives of these mothers. Evans' article on London's mass of 'unfortunate
women' uses the Foundling Hospital petitions for such a purpose. She cites petitions in which
women express their 'great distress' in handing over their children. They claim that factors such as
'illegitimacy' and 'poor state of health' is what forced them to make this decision. If Evans has shown
that such details of these
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5. Modifications of Bowlby's Attachment Theory Essay
Modifications of Bowlby's Attachment Theory Bowlby's original theory of attachment was
concerned with the bonding relationship that develops between an infant and his primary caregiver.
He believed the process of bonding to have a biological basis as the genes of those infants who
successfully sought the protection of a caregiver (from predators and other dangers) will have
survived and been passed on. Bowlby also formulated the Maternal Deprivation hypothesis (1953)
which is associated with his theory of attachment and resulted from a study on delinquent boys.
Bowlby found that many of these boys shared a history of institutionalised care and concluded that
infants need to bond with and maintain a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The 'Strange Situation' experiment is conducted in a laboratory, which is set up as a playroom, and
observed through a 2–way mirror. The quality of attachment is judged by the reunion behaviour
displayed by the infant after a separation from the mother. The 3 patterns of attachment are known
as Type B – secure attachment pattern, Type A – insecure attachment pattern anxious/avoidant and
Type C – insecure attachment pattern anxious/ambivalent. A 4th. pattern was later identified as Type
D – disorganised attachment pattern sometimes found where there is high social risk. Ainsworth
believed that insecure attachments were the result of the mother figure not being both available and
responsive to the infant. This is sometimes described as a lack of sensitivity from the mother figure.
In the TV program 'Attachment' we are shown an example of a secure attachment followed by an
insecure (anxious/avoidant) attachment as observed in a 'Strange Situation' experiment. The mother
of the securely attached infant scooped the child up on re–entering the room and interacted with the
child in order to comfort her but the mother of the insecurely attached infant did not touch her child
and sat on a nearby chair in a detached manner. This would appear to support the view that
insensitive mothering results in insecure attachments. However Judy Dunn in the same program
expressed the view
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7. A History of Curriculum Changes in Public Schools
A History of Curriculum Changes in Public Schools
The curriculum of the public school system in America has transformed greatly over time. Its
original roots that branch from early Puritan schools where the Bible was taught to where education
was offered only to the privileged. Most schools had an educational system based on religious
teaching methods. The government became involved, and developed an unconstitutional clause
known as the separation of church and state. Schools were no longer simply based on training future
theologians. A more structural foundation for the American educational curriculum incorporated
reading arithmetic and writing. The main focus of schools was from teaching moral values. The
American public school ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These three elements combine to offer a strong foundation from which educators can begin to
address what is taught at all levels, the needs of a respondent society, and the changing roles of
classroom practitioners.
The presence of religion often triggered controversy on the elementary school level. Some schools
districts now recognize that it is wrong
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9. Coram Boy Essay
What do we learn about life in the 18th century and how successfully does the writer convey this
information whilst telling us a good story?
The story is set in the 18th century and includes factual information which plays a vital part in the
storyline. It uses this information whilst entertaining the readers with a fictional storyline. It is based
on one thing in particular, hence the title "The Coram Boy", this is The Coram Hospital.
A main factor in the storyline is the way the writer portrays society's attitude to poverty in the 18th
century. The poor people were treated tremendously different to higher classed people. A lot of
people were even living on the streets. For example, "He picked his way through the hordes of
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Alexander is much higher classed. It shows how he feels to be in the company of those higher
classed. This is then contrasted by "The food was borne in on silver platters by white–gloved
manservants; food he had never even seen before: venison pie, partridge breasts, grilled trout, slivers
of ham, trifle with cream and jam, cheese and little biscuits" this shows the wealth of Alexander's
family. These two examples clearly show the difference between different classes.
The next main factor in the story is society's attitude towards illegitimacy. Any woman who bore a
child out of wedlock was treated with disgust and held an air of shame and disgrace. This caused
those who did happen to have their children out of wedlock to give them up and send them off to
orphanages in hope their child would be alright. A lot of these single mothers tried to send their
children to one such orphanage called "The Coram Hospital". An example is when Melissa, a young
girl just found out she was pregnant and says "'And Mama? What about Mama? The disgrace. We'll
both be thrown out. Destitute." This is a good example of the consequences of illegitimacy. If
anybody found out about such circumstances the mother and her acquaintances would be thrown out
and homeless. The writer includes this factual information in the story and it entwines
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