Game Dev History: From Early Sports to Modern FPS
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Game development has evolved significantly from early board and dice games to modern electronic games. Early pioneers like William Higginbotham and Ralph Baer experimented with electronic games for computers and arcades in the 1950s-1960s. The arcade phenomenon of the late 1970s, driven by games like Space Invaders and Pac-Man, helped launch the commercial video game industry. This led to the creation of early video game consoles in the 1970s-1980s by companies like Atari, Nintendo, and SEGA. However, a video game crash in 1983 caused a temporary slump before the industry rebounded with the NES. Now the game industry has converged across multiple platforms including consoles, computers, mobile
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Game Dev History: From Early Sports to Modern FPS
- 2. Content •Primitive Era •Board Games •Card Games •Game Devices •Games Industry & Convergence.
- 3. First Games? - First suspect: Sport • Activities • Running • Wrestling • Archery • Gameplay features • Produce a measure of physical skill by competition against other person
- 4. First Games? - Second suspect: Divination • Randomizers • Objects used for divination • Gameplay features • Produce a random outcome within well-defined limits and clear states Source: Parlett, David, The Oxford History of Board Games, Oxford University Press, 1999
- 5. Dice Games • Inventors • Lydians of Asia according to Herodotus • Gameplay features • Provide variety of ranges for randomizers and tie results to abstract measures numbers
- 6. Board Games • Origins • traced to keeping track of player’s scores in dice games • Gameplay features • Introduced game token to maintain game state • Linked series of actions to randomized values to manipulate game state
- 7. Card Games • Background intertwined with Dominoes & Mah- Jong tiles • Modern variants probably Persian origin • Brought to Europe by Arabs 13th century • Gameplay features • Random but fixed distribution • Define Game Space
- 8. Live-Action Roleplaying Games • Earlier similar activities • re-enactments of battles between Osiris and Seth in ancient Egypt • ‘carrousel’ games at European courts during the 17th and 18th centuries • Gameplay features • Players represent their characters • Players physically act out what they do in the game • Extra-game activities may take a majority of time spent
- 9. Novelty Games • Machines that provide gameplay or lets players test skills • Gameplay features • Coin-op • Machine controls game flow
- 10. Pinball • Reaction to games being banned due to being used for gambling • Gameplay features • Flippers • Electro-mechanical game system
- 11. Spacewar! - 1962 • Stephen "Slug" Russell, MIT • Demonstrate the Type 30 Precision CRT Display • “It should demonstrate as many of the computer's resources as possible, and tax those resources to the limit; • Within a consistent framework, it should be interesting, which means every run should be different; • It should involve the onlooker in a pleasurable and active way -- in short, it should be a game.”
- 12. Tennis for Two - 1958 • William Higginbotham • Demonstrate system • Analog computer • Real-time game
- 13. A.S. Douglas - 1952 • Part of Ph.D. thesis in Human-Computer Interaction • Tic-Tac-Toe • Play by dialing numbers • Computer opponent
- 14. Ralph Baer - 1951 • Asked to Build the best television set in the world. • Built in several prototypes between 1966-1968 • Hand controller and light gun • Use of sensor • Magnavox signed an agreement in 1971 and the first video game system got released in May 1972: Odyssey
- 15. Computer Space – 1970 Back to Spacewar •Nolan Bushnell decided to develop trade Spacewar •Stand-alone machine
- 16. Coin-eaters • 1974 to 1975 • 57 games are released. • 1976 • 53 videogames by 15 companies • First controversy • Death Race 2000
- 17. Vector Graphics • Space Wars, 1977 • Cinematronics • pong clone maker • Speed Freak, 1977
- 18. Coin shortage • Taito, known for pachinko games • Space Invaders, 1978
- 19. Improvements & Variants • Atari Football, Atari, 1978 • Screen down • Asteroids, Atari, 1978 • Initials and High Score • Galaxian, Namco, 1979 • 8-bit color • Stratovox, Taito, 1980 • Speech sound
- 20. Platform Games • Pac-Man, Namco, 1981 • Moru Iwatani • Donkey Kong, Nintendo, 1981 • Shigeru Miyamoto • Introduced Mario & Donkey Kong
- 21. Strategy • Sprung from board games • Traditional Strategy • Civilization, 1990 • Civilization IV, 2006 • Victoria, 2003 • Real-time Strategy • Dune 2, 1992 • Age of Empires, 1997 • Resource management essential gameplay part
- 22. First-Person Shooters • First person perspective in 3D environments • id Software • Wolfenstein 3D, 1992 • Doom, 1993 • Quake, 1996 • Themes sprung from role-playing games… • Valve Software • Half-Life,1998 (+ Counter-Strike) • Bungie • Halo, 2001 • Often most criticized • Graphical violence (Columbine) • Navigation and shooting essential gameplay part
- 24. History Of First Person Shooting Game • Wolfenstein 3D is a first-person shooter video game developed by id Software. • Release May 5, 1992 • Genre(s): First-person shooter • 2D sprites presented from several set viewing angles, This technique sometimes referred to as 2.5D graphics. • Wolf3D Engine
- 25. Quake, 1996
- 27. FPS online • FPS usually support death match modes • Examples of games dedicated to online play • Team Fortress Classic, 1999 • Counter-Strike, 1999 • Battlefield 1942, 2002 • Gameplay as for FPS, plus team work and sometimes specialized roles
- 29. Battlefield 1942
- 30. Massively Multiplayer Online Games • Typically based upon role-playing games • Ultima Online, Origin Systems, 1997 • Everquest, Sony, 2000 • Puzzle Pirates, Three Rings, 2001 • Sims Online, Maxis, 2003 • World of Warcraft, Blizzard Entertainment, 2004 • Gameplay typical team work and character development but extra-game aspects as socializing also important
- 34. Sport Games • Annual version • FIFA 200X, Electronic Arts, 200X-1 • Madden NFL 200X, EA Sports, 200X-1 • Tiger Woods PGA Tour, 200X-1 • Tightly tied to real-world statistics • Volunteers collect • Knowledge of real world domain important aspect of game
- 35. Racing • Grand Theft Auto 3, Rockstar Games, 2001 • Midtown Madness 3, Digital Illusions, 2003 • Navigation essential gameplay part
- 36. Handheld Games •Platforms • Game’n’Watch, 1980 • Gameboy, 1989 • Gameboy Advance, 2001? • N-Gage, 2003 • Gameboy DS, 2005 • PSP, 2005
- 38. The Arcade Phenomenon The First Cabinets Computer Space Pong
- 39. The Arcade Phenomenon Early Arcade Hits Pac-Man Donkey Kong
- 40. The Arcade Phenomenon Arcade Screen Evolution Space Invaders XeviousCentipede
- 41. The Birth of Console Games Atari VCS/2600 Mattel Intellivision Colecovision
- 42. The Video Game Slump • Temporary decline • Oversupply • Lack of innovation • Competitive pricing • Personal computer revolution • Console arcade games • Economics (coin-op)
- 43. A New Golden Age Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) SEGA Master System (SMS) Sony PlayStation
- 44. Senate Hearings & Video Game Violence
- 45. The Personal Computer Revolution IBM (International Business Machine) was not made for gaming Apple II was made with the player in mind Commodore 64 competed successfully with Apple
- 46. Multiplayer Meets the Online Elite • PLATO • MUDs • CompuServe • QuantumLink (AOL) • GEnie • LAN-based games • Online games
- 47. Convergence Industry Segments Come Together Sony PS2 Microsoft Xbox Nintendo GameCube Example of convergence: The “Big 3” console makers have either linked their systems to the online world or have made them multipurpose entertainment machines (rather than single-purpose game machines).
- 48. Summary •Before the arcades •Game industry origins •Arcade phenomenon •Birth of console games •Video game slump •New golden age •Senate hearings & video game violence •Personal computer revolution •Multiplayer meets the online elite •Convergence: Industry segments come together
- 49. Key Chapter Questions ■ What are the significant milestones in the history of electronic game development? ■ Who are the pioneers in game development, and how did they contribute to the industry? ■ How did the game industry evolve from coin operated electromechanical and mainframe computer games of the ’60s to today’s console, personal computer, online, and mobile industries? ■ What factors contributed to the video game slump of the early 80s? ■ Why did certain game companies and game titles succeed during game development history and why did some fail miserably?