Module 6.3

Module 6.3
Module 6.3 details the learning concept known as operant conditioning. The "founder" of operant
conditioning is the behaviorist, B.F. Skinner, who was dissatisfied with classical conditioning and
thought that its method was limiting to known behaviors. Based on the law of effect, a concept that
states that "behaviors that are followed by consequences that are satisfying to the organism are more
likely to be repeated," Skinner developed systems to induce operant conditioning and conducted
tests on animals using Skinner boxes. In operant conditioning, the subject always receives a
consequence following a behavior. These consequences can either be a reinforcement, which cause
the subject's behavior to increase, or a punishment, which causes the
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G5 Unit 5 Research Paper
LG's upcoming G5 smartphone is the follow up to their earlier G4 model. The G5 was recently
announced at MWC 2016. The G5 features a 5.3–inch display. As well as dual rear cameras, in
addition to the front–facing camera. The phone also sports a removable battery and expandable
storage. As well as running the latest Android 6.0 Marshmallow Operating System. Today we'll be
giving you an early preview of LG's upcoming G5 smartphone.
The new phone moves away from the G4's design scheme with its back–mounted volume buttons.
Instead opting for more traditional side–mounted buttons. The G5 also allows for a number of
different modular attachments which can be installed by completely removing the phone's lower
portion. This means that the G5 is easily upgradable, and can have a much longer lifespan than most
other commercially available smartphones.
Hardware
The G5 is powered by a Snapdragon 820 processor. The phone also includes 32 Gigabytes of
storage space and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, the smartphone still functions extremely well without any of the optional modules. But
the modules can still change how you use the phone. Adding a module is accomplished by pressing
a button on the lower left side of the phone, which will pop off the phone's lower section. You can
then replace the phone's lower section with any one of a number of optional modules. As well as
remove or replace the phone's battery. Although not game–changing, the modular design allows the
phone to be upgradable, and could allow for things like improved battery power, extra storage, or
any number of other things. However, only two modules will be available at launch. One of which is
an audio module that upgrade's the phone's sound to be compatible with 32–bit devices and the
other being a camera module that also improves the phone's battery

The Solar Powered Glass Invention
One valuable accessory made for uses of sustainability is the solar powered glass invention. Its soul
purpose is to sustain energy all around the world. This way, our natural resources can be preserved
for other uses, keeping our environment intact. Also this can help maintain your money by saving
energy. Furthermore, allowing the solar powered glass to maintain the spotlight. The solar powered
glass functions by allowing photons, particles of light, to knock electrons free from atoms,
generating a flow of electricity. Solar panels actually compromise smaller units called photovoltaic
cells. Doing this helps sustain our environment in many ways. Using this, the use of electricity can
be shortened, reducing our use of resources. In ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It can truly change the world as we know of it today if citizens just took time to install this and
expand on its uses. Not only is the solar powered glass an advantage in modernization toward
sustainability, but also a contribution to science and engineering. When the designers created this
innovation, they had to use STEM [Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math] in order to perfect
their original plan and distribute it. They had to find the dimensions, calculate its affect on in and on
buildings (biomass) ("Glass"). Also come up with ways to keep any negative results from occurring
by adding special features. A pathetic, weak–minded person wouldn't be able to direct anyone, nor
come up with these astonishing plans. This simply proves that astute individuals tend to have more
success, which means the leader of this entire program, must be adroit. For a reference, if you think
about classic glass windows, then in deserts we would need to install power installations of
electricity. It all just goes to show how much technology is constantly improving day by day. We
also have glass known as Low–e glass. You may ask yourself what is Low–e glass. Low–e glass is
one of the most popular and versatile glass placed on buildings used today. The technical reason is
because of its constantly improving solar and thermal performance on glass. And one way this
performance is achieved is through the use of passive and

The Problem Of India Is The Sixth Largest Nation With An...
Chapter–1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 PROBLEM SUMMARY AND INTRODCTION 1.1.1 Problem
summary India is the seventh largest nation with an area of 3.287 million km2. Moreover, it is a
relatively rich and rapidly developing country; for this reason demand for electricity is growing on
significantly average at around 5% annually. In addition, one of the most fascinating aspects of solar
cells is their ability to convert the most abundant and free forms of energy into electricity without
moving parts or components. Also, they do not produce any adverse forms of pollution that affect
the ecosystem. India's rooftop solar capacity addition grew 66 percent from last year to reach 525
mega watts. The state power grid system has supplied electricity to approximately 80% of the
population living in the state capitals and industrial centres. Based on recent studies, PV technology
and application is economically viable to be adopted in tropical countries like India where it
receives more than 7 hours of direct sunlight each day throughout the year. Hence, India now tends
to move on the new trend of solar energy. To measure the data continuously was not an easy task for
earlier technology because of lack in advancement of software technology. So, we have used
LabVIEW software for continuous measurement. It provides all the facilities in one place. The
LabVIEW software is a national instrumentsTM product that is used to monitor the data for real
time applications. Laboratory Virtual instrumentation for

Systems That Use Environment Friendly Refrigerants Essay
Refrigertion systems that use environment–friendly refrigerants provide a property advantage when
put next to other refrigerant alternatives. However, the energy use associated with cooling operation
and therefore the environmental impacts associated with its genration and distribution usually
outweigh the choice of refrigerant. to attenuate environmental impacts associated with cooling
operation, it 's affordable to guage the prospects of a clean supply of energy.
Research has incontestable that solar power is a perfect supply for low–temperature heating
applications like area and domestic hot water heating.
From a property perspective, directly victimization star as a primary energy source is engaging as a
result of its universal availability, low environmental impact, and low or no in progress fuel cost.
analysis has incontestable that solar energy is a perfect supply for lowtemperature heating
applications like area and domestic quandary heating.
Solar heating applications area unit intuitive since, once solar power is absorbed on a surface, the
surface temperature rises, providing a heating potential. The use of solar energy to supply
refrigertion is a smaller amount intuitive.
In this article, we have a tendency to review 3 approaches that use solar power to supply refrigertion
at temperatures below 0°C
(32°F). additionally to reviewing the potential technologies, we have a tendency to compare their
operating characteristics. we have a tendency to conclude that only

An Overview Of Maximum Power Point Tracking
MPPT: An overview of Maximum Power Point Tracking
Only 30 to 40 percent of the incident solar irradiation converts into electrical energy by solar panel.
For improve the efficiency of the solar panel Maximum power point tracking technique is used,
which track the maximum power of solar panel.
The Maximum Power Point Tracking works on the impedance matching theory.
When the Thevenin impedance of the circuit (source impedance) matches with the load impedance
maximum power output of a circuit is obtain. this is according to maximum power transfer theorem.
Boost converter is connected to a solar panel in source side which is used in order to enhance the
output voltage that can be used for different applications.
Source impedance and load impedance can match by appropriately changing the duty cycle of the
boost converter.
Different MPPT techniques:
Few of the most popular techniques used to track the maximum power point is as below:
1) Perturb and Observe (hill climbing method) 2) Incremental Conductance method
3) Fractional short circuit current
4) Fractional open circuit voltage
5) Neural networks
6) Fuzzy logic
1.Perturb & Observe:
In Perturb & obserbe (P&O) only one sensor is used that is voltage sensor which is used to sense the
PV array voltage.
The cost of this method is less and it is easy to implement. Time taken by this method is very less.
On the reaching to the MPP it doesn't stop at MPP and keeps on perturbing on the both the
directions.
Rapid change of

Using The Data Of Solar Cell Using Lab View Software Essay
ABSTRACT
The increasing demands of energy and oil, insecure energy resources and emission of hazardous
gases have attracted the attention of the whole world towards renewable energy. In the world, at this
time the future of energy is concentrated much amount on renewable energy sources as the fossil
fuels are decreasing and becoming costly day by day. This proposes very simple, low cost, high
reliable, photovoltaic monitoring system. Lab–view is a virtual programming code. So we can write
simple codes in programming them to do assigned task for it. The time taken for writing code in a
lab view is very less compared to the MATLAB and SIMULINK. In this project, we will monitor
the data of PV solar cell using Lab VIEW software. First of all, solar radiation will come on solar
cell. Next, charge will controlled by charge controller and also save the battery from overcharging.
Then, from the battery, given sensor will sense the parameter of solar cell. The sensed data will be
given to Lab–view software in this project.
Chapter–1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 PROBLEM SUMMARY AND INTRODCTION
1.1.1 Problem summary India is the seventh largest nation with an area of 3.287 million km2.
Moreover, it is a relatively rich and rapidly developing country; for this reason demand for
electricity is growing on significantly average at around 5% annually. In addition, one of the most
fascinating aspects of solar cells is their ability to convert the most abundant and free forms of
energy into electricity

The Five Forces Model of Competition
The competitive pressure in the industry was very fierce. Competition existed between many
countries in 2008. Solar PV growth witnessed an increase of 5.6 gigawatts up to 14.73 gigawatts in
2008. Geographically, total installed capacity was split: 65 % in Europe, 15 % in Japan, 8 % in the
United States. The strongest market was Spain which counted for half of the installations because of
implementing the Renewable Energy Feed–in Tariff which stands for ( REFT or FIT). This program
guaranteed electricity rates for certain renewable projects. In 2008, Spain witnesses a vast rate of
growth in its ability to dominate the PV market. The Spanish government implemented the 500MW
for its installation for the next couple of years. But Spain was expected to witness a drop in its
growth by 2009. The second competitor in the industry was Germany. It covered 26.7 % of PV
installations and it was the first country to introduce the Renewable Energy Feed–in Tariff into the
industry. Moreover, the United States and South Korea, Italy, and Japan were also among the strong
competitors. The United States installations were 6 % , South Korea was 5 %,Italy was 4.9 %, and
Japan was 4 %. The Five Forces Model of Competition: 1. Competitive pressure steaming from
supplier bargaining power: On the supply side of the PV manufacturer there were raw materials
suppliers for goods such as silicon, glass, substrates, metal and cables. Also, there were specialized
equipments for making the solar

A Study On Design A Solar Farm
1. Design a Solar Farm
1–1. Selection of Geographic Location
According to National Climatic Data Center, the sunniest state is Arizona in United Sates, which is
193 clear days pre year.(1) Yuma City where in Arizona State has 313 days of sunshine. This
climatic condition is good for solar power generation. In order to reduce the environment impact, a
desert region is a proper choice. There are two more benefits. The cost of land is much cheaper then
urban area. In addition, there is no any shelter nearby. Nevertheless, solar farms have to be
maintained regularly. If install a solar farm at an isolated location, it will be hard to maintenance. A
location of photovoltaic farm has been chosen as Figure 2. It is situated in a desert region for
decreasing the environment impact and next to a road for maintenance easily. Figure 1. Map of
United States(2) Figure 2. Location of photovoltaic farm(2)
1–2. Selection of Photovoltaic Module
In this assignment, the solar cell module that made by Neo Solar Power (NSP) will be chosen. NSP
is one of the biggest solar cell manufacturers in the world. It produces high–quality and high–
efficiency solar cell modules. The key specifications(3) of D6M_B3A 255W photovoltaic module
are:
– Maximum power voltage: 30.09V
– Maximum power current: 8.48A
– Module efficiency: 15.7%
– Maximum power output: 255W
– Temperature coefficient of Pmax: –0.427%/°C (From 20°C) Figure 3. Dimensions of D6M_B3A
255W Photovoltaic Module
1–3. A unit of

A Report On The Solar Farm
Executive Summary
A 20GWh per year solar farm has been designed in this assignment. It is located at Yuma city of
Arizona in the United Sates. Yuma city has 313 days of sunshine and it is very good for solar
electricity generation. The solar farm will be installed at a desert region. There are two reasons, 1.
Reducing the environment impact. 2. Lower cost of land acquisition.
The tilt angle of solar panel strongly affects the electricity generation. To finding the annual
maximum power output, three different angles have been calculated. 32.6° is the best angle for solar
electricity generation in Yuma city. Setting at 32.6°, the solar farm can generate 23,983,400kWh per
year from 56,000 solar modules. Furthermore, the solar farm footprint ... Show more content on
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If the lifetime of solar farm is 25 year, the costs can significantly be cut down to US$4.78 cents in
sixteenth–year and US$5.61 cents in twenty–fifth–year.
In order to encourage deployment rate of solar cell, many governments use feed–in tariffs (FITs)
program. Due to high initial investment of solar cell, it can shorten the time to reach the break–even
point. On the other hand, solar farm regulations in Arizona, it is required permits. The schedule of
requiring permits takes 24 to 34 months and 12 kinds of permit are needed. 1. Design a Solar Farm
1–1. Selection of Geographic Location
According to National Climatic Data Center, the sunniest state is Arizona in the United Sates, which
is 193 clear days pre year.(1) Yuma City where in State of Arizona has 313 days of sunshine. This
climatic condition is good for solar power generation. In order to reduce the environment impact, a
desert region is a proper choice. There are two more benefits. The cost of land is much cheaper than
urban area. In addition, there is no any shelter nearby. Nevertheless, solar farms have to be
maintained regularly. If install a solar farm at an isolated location, it will be hard to maintenance. A
location of photovoltaic farm has been chosen as Figure 2. It is situated in a desert region for
decreasing the environment impact and next to a road for maintenance easily. Figure 1. Map of
United States(2) Figure 2. Location of photovoltaic farm(2)

Training Module
OBJECTIVE
To assess the underlying rationale of the training module
INTRODUCTION
Properly designed and implemented, effective training improves one company's success. Without a
basic sales process and methodology, sale people are left to their own devices. That leaves
management without a standard way to review trouble areas and predict success. Improved sales
benefit every part of one company. Sales training can address multiple areas involving personal and
interpersonal skills, business knowledge, and sales process and methodology. Each area has specific
value and delivers different benefits to help individuals to be better. THE JOURNEY WE TOOK IN
DEVELOPMENT OF OUR TRAINING MODULE.
METHOD
STEP 1
Our ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Team Building Skills
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Buffalo Story (Video) & Case Study
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Team Functions and Working Together
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Leading, Managing & Motivating
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Activities to strengthen Team Work
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
–Mine Field
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Communication Skills
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Rapport Formation
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Understanding

Case Study Of Rugged Mobile Company
White Paper
Modularity (Parent – Child Geneology)
November 2014
Table of Contents
Abstract 1
1. Clarify & Tesseract Contract Management 2
1.1 Clarify Service Systems to allow Modular Services with 2 options. 2
1.1.1 Modular Complete 2
1.1.2 Modular Lite 2
1.2 Tesseract Service Systems to allow Modular Services with 2 options. 2
1.3 Support Programs 3
2.0 Tesseract & Clarify Items 3
3.0 Billing 3
4.0 Item Master 4
5.0 Customer Master Level 4
6.0 DFW & Tesseract Depot Repair 4
6.1 Repair processes 5
7.0 Portals 5
7.1 Business Rules 5
8.0 Conclusion/Summing Up/In Summary 6
9.0 How will your use case bring value to IGATE business/vertical 6
10.0 References 6
11.0 About the Authors 6
Abstract
HIGH TECH COMPANY acquired Rugged Mobile Company, a company that specializes in rugged
mobiles and handheld devices, in Oct 2012. This acquisition broadens HIGH TECH COMPANY's
EMB product portfolio. HIGH TECH COMPANY is in the process of on–boarding Rugged Mobile
Company's business data onto HIGH TECH COMPANY's Trilogy environment. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Omnii Family, the Rugged Mobile Company manufacturing department captures module serial
numbers and parent–child relationships that are used to build Omnii products. The module here

refers to modules within an assembled unit. This differentiation is required because Omnii modules
can also be sold as standalone products on a sales order in which case there is no need to capture the
parent–child relationship. This function is required to offer coverage at module level for complete
type of support programs/cover code, and for service depots to be able to track and identify serial
numbers at module level for support programs/cover code. This process for repair is compared to
standard product repairs where serial numbers are tracked only at finished good level. The modular
contract are only sold to Modular Cerified customer, Customer need to go through the training for
Module

Solar Energy Pros And Cons
This research will discuss solar energy in three points which are what solar energy is, solar power
systems for houses and how the humans benefited from it. Solar energy is the light and heat which
are coming from the sun, and a human create them for his benefits since ancient time ago. Also,
solar energy is the important kind of green energy. Moreover, humans have used them by using a
range of modern technology that is constantly evolving. It includes harnessing solar energy
technologies using thermal energy of the sun either directly heated or within converting mechanical
movement or electric power, or to generate electricity through phenomena Photovoltaic (PV) using
the panels of photovoltaic cells' effort. In addition, a human has used solar energy architectural
designs that rely on the exploitation of solar energy process, solar energy is a sustainable energy and
is not implemented also it is a natural source of energy, and can be used to generate other forms of
energy. As well, the great contribution is that solar energy will assure the other energy unsustainable
sources such as oil and natural gas. According to Dickon and Matt "Coal, natural gas, and nuclear
power, which today supply two–thirds or more of global power, are not about to disappear. But even
at its currently low rates of market penetration, solar power has begun to shift the economics of
electricity. This is the dawn of the solar age" (2015, para.28). Also, it will decrease using other
sustainable

Analysis Of Mcgraw Hill Practice Operations Simulation
Critical Reflection Essay on McGraw–Hill Practice Operations Simulation Learning experience
from the Practice Modules McGraw–Hill Education has designed a series of learning games
specifically targeting students to improve their experience in a virtual like work scenario. One of
them namely Practice Operations would be discussed in this essay. Practice is a sequences of games
which are planned to incorporate immersive learning encounters and rich evaluation capacities. In
this practice operations simulation, there are 6 modules. To begin with, first module namely The
Production Process, I have learned how to prioritise decisions based on the client requirements. I
aced how to organize the production tasks as per the client's necessities, how to manufacture and
ship products based on the deadline and also by maintaining the maximum production percentage in
the production process. The Second module which is called managing suppliers includes ordering
for raw materials like for instance cotton, denim and silk. It helped me understand how to optimize
our order based on the factors like quality and lead time. The third module is known as forecasting
and contracts, which showed the significance of the understanding the idea of forecasting the
demand of the up–coming seasons. This module entirely was based on the procurement process. In
this module, you will decide on which contracts to pursue, and enhance their receiving, production,
and shipment departments likewise. Therefore,

Refrigeration Systems That Use Environment Friendly...
Refrigeration systems that use environment–friendly refrigerants provide a sustainability advantage
when compared to other refrigerant selections. However, the energy use associated with
refrigeration system operation and the environmental impacts associated with its generation and
distribution often outweigh the choice of refrigerant. To minimize environmental impacts associated
with refrigeration system operation, it is reasonable to evaluate the prospects of a clean source of
energy. Research has demonstrated that solar energy is an ideal source for low–temperature heating
applications such as space and domestic hot water heating. From a sustainability perspective,
directly using solar as a primary energy source is attractive because of its universal availability, low
environmental impact, and low or no ongoing fuel cost. Research has demonstrated that solar energy
is an ideal source for lowtemperature heating applications such as space and domestic hot water
heating. Solar heating applications are intuitive since, when solar energy is absorbed on a surface,
the surface temperature rises, providing a heating potential. The use of solar energy to provide
refrigeration is less intuitive. In this article, we review three approaches that use solar energy to
provide refrigeration at temperatures below 0°C (32°F). In addition to reviewing the potential
technologies, we compare their operating characteristics. We conclude that only one of the three

Module 2 Tutoring Module
By now I have done all 9 modules and it was extremely helpful during a tutoring session. Module 1
introduces me to several ideas and techniques to aid in successfully structuring tutoring sessions and
building relationship with students. This module help me gain some useful insight for the first
tutoring session. Module 2 introduces me to a model of communication and discusses some issues
that can impede communication. This module help me understand why communication is important.
Module 3 introduce me to the benefits of networking with and observation of other tutors. This
module help me gain content specific strategies for tutoring. Module 4 introduce me to one major
theory of human cognitive development (Piaget) and one major theory of human development. This
module help me understand how developmental domains interact. ... Show more content on
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This module help me identify my own learning paradigms. Module 6 introduce me to some of the
various populations that may need special considerations in the tutoring relationship. This module
help me identify the characteristics that put a students at risk academically. Module 7 introduce me
to one theory of motivation and the theory of "locus of control." This module help me understand
how to strengthen an internal locus of control. Module 8 introduce me to a variety of note taking
styles, study strategies, and test preparation ideas. This module help me recognize when a student
could benefit from learning strategy coaching. Module 9 introduce me to suggestions for managing
test anxiety as well as stress from other areas of life. This module help me identify symptoms of test
anxiety and determine whether he or she may have

First Solar, Inc.
First Solar, Inc. located in Huntington Beach is a design and manufacturing company found in 1999
who produce photovoltaic modules, or solar panels, through the use of thin film semiconductors
(Reuters, para 2). The company however, has a much earlier history than scribed. In 1984, inventor
and owner of Solar Cells, Inc Harold McMaster manufactured solar cells from silicon
(energyandcapital, para 2). However, as silicon became more expensive, McMaster decided to
switch to cadmium telluride. This material was far more inexpensive than silicon which would
eventually lead the company to thrive. So it thrived, as in 1999 the company was purchased by True
North Partners, LLC and was named First Solar, Inc (energyandcapital, para 10). First Solar is the
first solar company to flourish and create new solar innovations. Such as, producing 1 GW of solar
electricity in a single year, breaking the one dollar per watt manufacturing overhead cost, and
creating a photovoltaic module recycling program (FirstSolar, para 2). To put that into perspective
clean technica explains that, "1GW of solar power can power up to 750,000 homes and about 2
coal–fired power plants" (Shahan, para 2). To evaluate whether First Solar is a smart investment
decision, we will first take a look at growth & profitability of the company along with the corporate
responsibility the company holds. We will also take into consideration energy efficiency as well as
their support services. Based upon these factors a

Taking a Look at RiboTALE Networks
RiboTALE networks studied were comprised of two modules and each module was based on a
separate plasmid. One of the modules, repressor module, expresses fusion of riboswitch (RS) from
an inducible PBAD promoter, second module, target module, contains a TALE binding site (TBS)
downstream of a regulated or constitutively expressed promoter. Ribosome binding site (RBS) and
gfp are present downstream to TBS (Fig. 1). gfp was used as proxy to quantitate the promoter
expression. Repressor modules were based on kanamycin resistance medium copy number BioBrick
plasmid, pSB3K3 (Shetty et al, 2008). Four different types of repressor modules, PR1T1, PR1T8,
PR2T1, and PR2T8, were constructed combinatorially by implementing two types of riboswitches
and two types of TALEs (supplementary table 1). Used riboswitches, Riboswitch–1 and 2, were
theophylline inducible (Lynch & Gallivan, 2009; Topp et al, 2010). TALES with either low
dissociation constant (Kd = 1.3±0.3, T8) or with high dissociation constant (Kd= 240±40, T1) were
selected (Meckler et al, 2013). Each of the TALEs recognizes a specific 19 bp target DNA
sequence.Two families of target modules were constructed. One of the modules was based on
regulated tetracycline promoter, PTet, and other was based on a family of constitutive promoter,
PConst, generating different level of outputs. Target modules contain two types of TALE binding
site, TBS1 or TBS8. TALE1 binds with TBS1 and TALE8 binds with TBS8 (Fig.1). All
measurements were

Sustainable Construction Of Sustainable Building
Sustainable building
Introduction
As concerns of climate change and global warming rises, reducing the impact on environment and
human health have became the priorities to consider before the construction of buildings. Therefore,
the concept of sustainable building (also known as green building, green construction)was brought
up, aiming to create structures which is environmentally responsible and source–efficient during its
lifespan. [1] Compared to conventional buildings, sustainable buildings are advantageous from
many aspects, such as durability, comfort, security, productivity and economy.
During the construction of sustainable building, the use of renewable energy can be a significant
issue. Compared to conventional energy, renewable energy can benefit from many aspects.
By utilization of renewable energy , more nature resources can be conserved and restored, such as
solar power, wind ,biomass, etc. The renewable generate much less or even no pollution to the
nature environment. For example, a solar powered air conditioning system generate no HCFCs, CFs
released by conventional air conditioning, causing depletion to ozone layer. Due to less energy
consumed, the operating cost can be reduced efficiently. Furthermore, occupant comfort and health
will be improved with a green and livable living/working place.
In next section, a building–integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) would be introduced systematically,
which make a good utilization of solar power in sustainable

Radius Essay
The radius component makes sure that all the PPPoE information in ISIS database is synced into the
radius server MySQL database.
There are three main scripts that's part of the radius component:
1. autoupdate.pl
This script updates the radius mysql database – radCheck and radReply tables with all the PPPoE
username and PPPoE password information from the sos.FMDump table.
The script selects all the records with RADIUS =1 from FMDump table
For each of the HORDER NUMBER it checks if the HORDER NUMBER exists in
SUBSCRIBERS table. If it exists then the PPPoE information is updated else a new record is
inserted.
Once the record is inserted / updated into radcheck and radreply table then we turn off the RADIUS
flag for that
HORDER in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
DBI
2. MNS::Sos [Custom module build for all iPass Unity Backend components]
fadsf
f saf sdf sa fs fdsa fsa fdsa f safdsa f f f sa fs fsa fsaf af as ff safa The radius component makes sure
that all the PPPoE information in ISIS database is synced into the radius server MySQL database.
There are three main scripts that's part of the radius component:
1. autoupdate.pl
This script updates the radius mysql database – radCheck and radReply tables with all the PPPoE
username and PPPoE password information from the sos.FMDump table.
The script selects all the records with RADIUS =1 from FMDump table
For each of the HORDER NUMBER it checks if the HORDER NUMBER exists in
SUBSCRIBERS table. If it exists then the PPPoE information is updated else a new record is
inserted.
Once the record is inserted / updated into radcheck and radreply table then we turn off the RADIUS
flag for that
HORDER in FMDump table. if the status of the order is Disconnected or Void then we delete the
record from radius.radCheck and radius.radReply table.
2. everready_radius.pl
This script checks if the radius server is running or not. If not running then the script will start the

server
This script also rotates the radius server log and the log file for autoupdate.pl, everready_radius.pl
and rad_qry.pl 3. rad_qry.pl
This script copies order info from ISIS – RCI_RADIUS to sos.FMDump table
Modules Required:
1.

St Clement 's Retreat And Conference Centre
St Clement's Retreat & Conference Centre is located at Galong, where is between Yass and Harden
NSW. There is nearly one and a half hour's drive from Canberra. Also it is close to train routes. It
covers an area of 800 acres in a peaceful place where also has picturesque scenery [1]. This retreat
and conference centre can offer air conditioned accommodation with modern facilities. It is an ideal
center for prayer, study and reflection. Figure 1 shows the map of St Clement's Retreat and
Conference center. This retreat and conference center includes accommodation, prayer rooms,
dining rooms, chapels, pool, library and other living facilities. St Clement's history can go back to
1918, it was the home for priests of Redemptorist Congregation. ... Show more content on
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In order to meet the energy demand and a sustainable future, renewable energy is a better way to
achieve it.
Commonly, renewable energy is defined as energy which is able to be captured from existing natural
resources that are replenished rapidly, such as flowing water, sunshine, wind, geothermal heat flows
and ocean [2]. Renewable energy technologies are required to provide technologies to use one or
several renewable energy resources. There are some different types of renewable energy
technologies, which include solar energy, bioenergy, hydropower, wind energy, geothermal energy
and tidal energy. This thesis project will focus on the solar photovoltaic which is currently one of
types of solar energy technologies, and this technology using photovoltaic cells to converts sunlight
directly into electricity.Solar photovoltaic system can generate electricity from sunlight through
using PV modules, and the system can be integrated into building designs, installed on rooftops, or
large scale power plant. With the development of photovoltaic technologies, solar photovoltaic
capacity has been increased from 3.7 GW (2004) to 177GW (2014) [3]. Figure 2 shows this change
from 2004 to 2014, there is a big trend of increase in these years. The increase of PV capacity can
reduce the carbon emission and provides more job opportunities. It also helps to reduce air pollution
and make a friendly environment for living. One of the common PV system is

Reactive Power Compensation Strategy For
REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION STRATEGY FOR CASCADED PHOTO VOLTAIC
SYSTEM Abstract – Large scale cascaded photovoltaic systems is contributing renewable energy
world wide due to its unique features like reliability, power quality ,amount of energy harvested and
so on. However cascaded PV system is facing one of the tough challenges like reactive power
control due to varied power distribution over different PV modules. This paper addresses the issue
of effects due to reactive power on system reliability ,power quality and reactive power
compensation strategy for optimal operation of system. A photovoltaic system consisting of three
5W, 10V solar modules with converters are used and proposed control strategy is implemented in
laboratory. experimental results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of proposed reactive
power control strategy. Key words–cascaded PV systems,power Voltage distribution,reactive power
com–pensation,unsymmetrical active power 1.INTRODUCTION Renewable energy resources
especially solar energy are growing rapidly in view of huge energy consumption and environmental
concerns.Large scale photovoltaic systems are connected to medium voltage distribution grids in
which power converters are required to convert DC solar energy to AC electrical energy in grid
interactive PV system. To achieve direct medium–voltage which is present at grid without using
bulky medium–voltage transformer ,cascaded multilevel converters are attracting more and

The Disadvantages And Disadvantages Of Solar Energy
Small wind generator is an ideal complement of photovoltaic.
Small wind generator can be established anywhere (Ground or Roof–top).
Low cost, Low maintenance cost, No fuel cost.
Easy Installation, No pollution.
No tower required for roof top installation.
For seasonal fluctuations it is ideal complementary with photovoltaic modules.
1.4 Solar Energy
Solar energy is quite simply the energy produced directly by the sun. The sun creates its energy
through a thermonuclear process that converts about 650,000,000 tons of hydrogen to helium every
second. The process creates heat and electromagnetic radiation. The heat remains in the sun and is
instrumental in maintaining the thermonuclear reaction. The electromagnetic radiation (including
visible light, infra–red light, and ultra–violet radiation) streams out into space in all directions. It is a
clean inexhaustible, abundantly and universally available source of renewable energy. The major
drawbacks of solar energy ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The characteristic curve of a SPV system varying with solar radiation and temperature does not
match the characteristic curve of the load. In those cases, the power conditioning unit regulates the
load's voltage and current in such a way, that the SPV system is operated at its optimum operation
voltage (VMPP) and current (IMPP).
Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT): Solar panels have a nonlinear voltage–current (V–I)
characteristic with a distinct maximum power point (MPP), which depends on the environmental
factors such as solar insolation and the cell temperature. To ensure the continuous harvesting of
maximum power from the solar panels, it is necessary to control the operation at optimum
impedance of the SPV module, so that the module can be operated at Maximum power point (MPP).

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Pv Array
MAIN COMPONENTS
PV ARRAY
An interconnected system of PV modules that function as a single electricity–producing unit. In
smaller systems, an array can consist of a single module. The PV array produces DC electricity. It
flows through wires to the inverter, which converts the DC electricity to AC electricity.
Multiple Solar PV modules can be wired together to form a Solar PV array. Solar PV modules and
arrays produce direct current (DC) electricity. They can be connected in both series and parallel to
produce any required voltage and current combination
SOLAR PV ARRAYS–PHOTOVOLTAICS
Solar PV requires only daylight and it has capable of generating electricity on cloudy days. Solar PV
works equally well in urban or rural locations. It can be installed ... Show more content on
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These types of systems may be powered by a PV array only, or may use wind, an engine–generator
or utility power as an auxiliary power source in what is called a PV–hybrid system. The simplest
type of stand–alone PV system is a direct–coupled system, where the DC output of a PV module or
array is directly connected to a DC load .
Since there is no electrical energy storage in direct–coupled systems, the load only operates during
sunlight hours, making these designs suitable for common applications such as ventilation fans,
water pumps, and small circulation pumps for solar thermal water heating systems. Matching the
impedance of the electrical load to the maximum power output of the PV array is a critical part of
designing well–performing direct–coupled system.
For certain loads such as positive–displacement water pumps, a type of electronic DC–DC
converter, called a maximum power point tracker, is used between the array and load to help better
utilize the available array maximum power

The Texas Education Agency ( Tea ) Uploaded Their...
In any career it is important to continue to advance your skills and knowledge even after you've
already got the job. Professional development comes in many forms, including video training
modules. The Texas Education Agency (TEA) uploaded their professional development modules
onto www.youtube.com. These videos serve to demonstrate poor ethical choices in a fun way to
Texas teachers, current and aspiring. These video training modules often referred to as "podcasts"
have many advantages over other types of professional development. Because they are online, they
are easily accessible from nearly anywhere; podcasts can be viewed on smart phones, tablets, and
laptops of course. Any device with access to the internet can be used to watch ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The first module specifically focuses on the necessary boundaries between students and teachers. A
few different scenes play out including a young female teacher giving a ride home to a male student
on her motorcycle, a male band instructor crossing boundaries with a female flute student, and
mention of a teacher allowing children to sit in his lap after being warned not to. The situations and
acting in these videos are very over–the–top, but it helps to keep the viewers' attention and
definitely gets the point across. The first module basically explained to teachers what it looks like to
cross boundaries with their students, and finished by giving a few key points: no texting students, no
dating students, no touching students, no off campus meetings with your students, and no giving
gifts to your students (TEA, 2014, Module 1). Module two discussed how teachers should handle
social media in regards to contacting students. A few scenarios presented in this video included a
young, female teacher befriending her students on Facebook, a social networking website, and
receiving crude comments on her picture from them, and a male teacher posting negative comments
about his blog. The female teacher ends up telling her principle about inappropriate conversations
her student had been trying to spark with

Comparative Study Of Mppt Algorithms For Photovoltaic...
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF MPPT ALGORITHMS FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC APPLICATIONS
D.Kannan *1, Dr.N.Narmadhai 2 Department of Electrical Engineering, Government College of
Technology, Anna University, Coimbatore–641013.Tamilnadu, India,Mobile:+91 9543628236,E–
mail:kannanstak@gmail.com Departments of Electrical Engineering, Government College of
Technology, Anna University Coimbatore.Tamilnadu, India kannanstak@gmail.com
narmadhai@gct.ac.in Abstract– This paper presents study and comparison of Maximum Power
Point tracking(MPPT) for photovoltaic applications. Comparison based on the output power from
the Photovoltaic panel(PV),ripple in PV voltage,Tracking Efficiency and oscillations around the
MPP. Using Power Simulation(PSIM) platform, the conventional MPPT algorithms and proposed
MPPT algorithm is compared with boost converter. The simulation results for conventional MPPT
algorithms and proposed MPPT algorithm named power plane analysis technique with and without
using Proportional Integral(PI) controller are computed. Index Terms–Maximum power point
Tracking, Photovoltaic Panel, Power Simulation, Proportional Integral. I. INTRODUCTION
Electrical energy can be drived from conventional and renewable resources. The exhaustion of
natural resources and the accelerated demand of conventional energy have forced planners and
policy makers to look for alternate sources. The limited reserves of fuel oils and their unstable price
have

A Framework For Epbt Calculation Of Roof Mounted...
A FRAMEWORK FOR EPBT CALCULATION OF ROOF MOUNTED PHOTOVOLTAIC
SYSTEMS
Introduction
Currently, most of the world's energy is derived from fossil fuels (World Energy Resources 2013
Survey). Fossil fuels are a limited resource and might not be able to meet the future energy
requirements of the world for too long (Shafiee and Topal 2009). Apart from being non–renewable,
these are also significant contributors of greenhouse gases to the environment leading to air, water
and land pollution (Marland and Rotty 1984). Due to the nature of these resources there is an urgent
need to conserve these resources. It is also important to explore alternative energy sources for the
future.To this end, multiple solutions have been proposed. One of the most ... Show more content on
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It can be anywhere in between 3 years to 30 years or even more depending on a multitude of factors.
Energy pay–back time (EPBT):
" The Energy Pay Back Time is defined by EPBT = Einput/Esaved, where Einput is the energy input
during the module life cycle (which includes the energy required for manufacturing, installation,
energy use during operation, and energy needed for decommissioning) and Esaved the annual
energy savings due to electricity generated by the PV module. EPBT depends on a number of
factors: cell technology, type of encapsulation, frame and array support, module size & efficiency,
PV system application type (autonomous or grid–connected) and, finally, PV system performance as
determined by irradiation and the performance ratio. EPBT is also affected by factors that do not
directly relate to the characteristics of the PV power system itself: conversion efficiency of the
electricity supply system and energy requirements of materials like glass, aluminum etc. " (Alsema
2000)
In order to determine the EPBT of a photovoltaic system, it is very important to determine the total
energy that is required to manufacture, install, transport and dispose the system as well as energy
required for any other purpose during the life cycle of the system.
A typical PV system consists of different components. The components of a PV system can be
classified into two categories:
1. The Panel: This consists of the panel
2. Balance of system (BOS):

The Sun Is One Of The Most Significant Sources Of...
The Sun is one of the most significant sources of renewable energy. In one hour the Earth receives
enough energy from the Sun to meet its needs for nearly a year. A Photovoltaic (PV) cell is a
semiconductor device that directly converts the energy of solar radiation into electric energy. In
general, an element that converts sunlight into electricity is called a PV device. The fundamental PV
device is the PV cell, while a set of connected cells form a panel or module. As an array either a
module or a set of modules can be considered cite{Breza2013}. The purpose of this chapter is to
provide an introduction into the photovoltaic solar energy and to present the fundamental
knowledges on the behavior and the functioning of the PV devices. Furthermore, the different PV
models are discussed. section{Solar Energy Conversion} The basic element of a photovoltaic
system (PV) is solar cells which convert the sunlight energy directly to direct current by means of
the photovoltaic effect. Thus, It is crucial to understand the basic of a PV cell construction and its
relationship with the incidence of the light. subsection{Photovoltaic Cell Construction } In a typical
photovoltaic cell, two layers of doped silicon semiconductor are tightly bonded together
cite{Chin2015}– cite{Villalva2009}– cite{Ma2013a}. One layer is modified to have excess free
electrons (a n–layer), while the other layer is treated to have an excess of electron holes or vacancies
(a p–layer). When the two dissimilar

Solar Energy Pros and Cons
Energy is defined in physics as the capacity to make things move; it is widely used in today people's
residences, a variety of industries and technology fields. Most of the energy we use now comes from
fossil fuels coal, oil and natural gas, which are being consumed more rapidly than they are being
replaced. That means eventually we will use up these fuels. That is why we as a society need to
broaden our research to develop new forms of energy resources are for this happens. There are kinds
of energy that can be replenished in short periods of time called renewable energy, these come from
sources that are frequently being recycled and are consistently less polluting than energy that is
produced from fossil fuels. There are five main ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is just example of oil but natural gas is another fossil fuel that is and has polluted the
environment by seeping in to residence drinking water because of the exploratory extraction
techniques companies' use. Waste products from refineries not only affect the climate but the rest of
the environment by seeping in to the land and ground water. These are some examples of how fossil
fuels have a negative impact on our environment and how solar is viable renewable resources to
counteract that but there are some negatives to solar energy cost is one. The major problem with
solar energy is that it is very costly to buy the equipment although the price has plummeted since
1970 (Corcoran, 2003). At that time solar energy cells cost about $200 per watt, today, it is about
$5.00 per watt (Corcoran, 2003). There are a number of innovations intended to change this
disadvantage. For instance, SunPower of Sunnyvale in California has devised a way to make the
solar energy cells cheaper (Business Wire. 2004). The new cells have a 20 percent efficiency which
means they will generate about 33 percent more energy (Hogan, 2003). Part of the savings is in a
new way to extract silicon. The company SunPower estimates that average American families need
2000 to 3000 watts and the new solar cells can be met by using about 15 square meters of solar
panels (Hogan, 2003). This is far less space than the regular

Chapter 1: The Photovaltacic Systems Essays
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION Sun is the ultimate source of energy. Life on earth would not exist
without the heat and light provided by the Sun. Harnessing the energy from the sun for hot water
and electrical power could provide a renewable, low carbon energy source, and presents an
attractive way of mitigating climate change. PV cell photovoltaic is the direct conversion of light
into electricity. It uses materials which absorb photons of lights and release electrons charges. 1.1
Photovoltaic systems A Photovoltaic system is an arrangement of components designed to supply
usable electric power for a variety of purposes, using the Sun as the power source. All photovoltaic
(PV) systems are similar in nature but differ in details from each ... Show more content on
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Fig:1.2 Block diagram representation of a grid–connected PV system Grid connected PV systems
can be sub–divided into two systems: Decentralized Grid connected PV systems Centralized Grid
connected PV systems 1.1.2.1 Decentralized Grid connected PV systems In these systems, energy
storage is not necessary because solar radiation provides power in the houses and if there is surplus
energy it can be injected into the grid (Fig.1.3).In this case,the inverter must integrate harmoniously
with the energy(voltage and frequency) provided by the grid. During night or at any instants when
the PV power is inadequate,the grid can be used as a storage system and will feed the houses.
Fig:1.3 Decentralized grid–connected PV systems[2] 1.1.2.2 Central Grid Connected PV Systems It
is a central photovoltaic power station and it is installed to systems up to the MW range.With this
system,we can obtain medium or high voltage grid (Fig.1.4) Fig:1.4 Central grid connected PV
systems[2] 1.2 Performance Dependents of PV systems Technology Ambient Conditions 1.2.1
Technology The majority of commercial solar cells are composed mainly of silicon(Si),although
there are many other technologies and types of solar modules currently available and being
developed.There are basically three major types

A Thorough Comparative Analysis Of Single Diode Models...
Abstract– This paper presents a thorough comparative analysis study for various kinds of single
diode models based photovoltaic power source. The main target behind the paper is to explore the
effect of increasing the embedded degree of complexity of the single diode model on the simulated
behavior of a particular PV module by comparing the dynamic performance of such kind of PV
models with the experimental data from manufacturer 's data sheet under varying the atmospheric
conditions. The relative errors between each PV single diode model output and the experimentally
validated data are computed at three indicative points namely open circuit voltage, short circuit
current and maximum power point. The result of this comparison leads to determining the best PV
single diode module – that is more suitable than the others in the context of single diode model – to
be applied in different power system application irrespective of changing the environmental
conditions along over different periods of the day. The comparison study in this paper ends up with
determining the relevant single diode model at low, medium and high temperature and irradiance
level as well as at standard test conditions. Introduction New era that will not mainly relay on
central power stations seems to have started. A novel independent power producers who provide less
expensive, more efficient and smaller–scale power plants is well underway ‎
[1]–‎
[2]. Renewable
energy is heavily involved in such direction and

Module a
Whilst texts may be fictitious constructs of composers' imaginations, they also explore and address
the societal issues and paradigms of their eras. This is clearly the case with Mary Shelley's novel,
Frankenstein (1818), which draws upon the rise of Galvanism and the Romantic Movement of the
1800's, as well as Ridley Scott's film Blade Runner (1992), reflecting upon the increasing
computing industry and the predominance of capitalism within the late 20th Century. Hence, an
analysis of both in light of their differing contexts reveal how Shelley and Scott ultimately warn us
of the dire consequences of our desire for omnipotence and unrestrained scientific progress,
concepts which link the two texts throughout time.
Composed in a time of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Moreover, Shelley stresses her warning through the protagonists' connections with nature, where
Victor's "insensibility to its charms", arising from his immersion in science, results in his "deep,
dark and deathlike solitude", with the heavy alliteration exemplifying his degraded sense of
humanity. Conversely, the monster possesses greater "benevolence" and a more intimate connection
with "the pleasant showers and genial warmth of spring", with such characterisation capturing
Shelley's reflection of Romanticism's idolisation of nature, cautioning us against the dehumanising
effect of unrestrained scientific advancement.
Blade Runner is no different, with Scott's reflection of the explosion of technological progress
during the 1980's, including the rise of computing giants IBM and Microsoft, highlighting the
dangers of such unrestrained progress. Most notable is the opening panoramic shot of blazing
smokestacks which, together with the haunting synthetic pulses of the Vangelis soundtrack,
establishes a festering miasma of technological overload, adding further semiotic weight to the
film's nightmarish dystopian agenda. Indeed, this portrayal of a decaying environment reflects the
growing ecological awareness of the 1980's, which, whilst different to Shelley's Romantic values, is

Explain The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Vertical...
4.3.6 Structural Partitioning
When the architectural style of a design follows a hierarchical nature the Program structure can be
partitioned horizontally and vertically.
There are mainly two types of Structure partitioning:
1. Horizontal Partitioning
2. Vertical Partitioning Figure 4.3
1. Horizontal Partitioning:
In horizontal partitioning, the control modules are used to communicate between functions and
execute the functions. It defines separate branches of the modular hierarchy for each major program
function as shown in the Figure 4.3.Control modules, represented in a darker shade are used to
coordinate communication & execution between its functions. Horizontal partitioning defines three
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Top–level modules should perform control functions and do little actual processing work. Modules
that reside low–level in the structure should be the workers, performing all input, computation, and
output tasks.
Advantages of Vertical Partitioning
Less susceptible to side effects and therefore very maintainable
4.3.7 Data Structure
Data structure is a representation of the logical relationship among individual elements of data. A
scalar item is the simplest of all data structures. It represents a single element of information that
may be addressed by an identifier. When scalar items are organized as a list or contiguous group, a
sequential vector is formed. When the sequential vector is extended to two, three, and ultimately, an
arbitrary number of dimensions, an n–dimensional space is created.In many programming
languages, an n dimensional space is called an array.
A linked list is a data structure that organizes contiguous scalar items, vectors, or spaces in a manner
(called nodes) that enables them to be processed as a list.
A hierarchical data structure is implemented using multilinked lists that contain scalar items,
vectors, and possibly, n–dimensional spaces.Stack is a conceptual model of a data structure that can
be implemented as a vector or a linked

Nanosolar Inc Case Study
Nanosolar Inc. Case Study Analysis Nanosolar is a start–up company and expects to be one of the
first manufacturers to produce thin–film solar panels using copper indium gallium (di)selenide
(CIGS) technology. Nanosolar is focused on selling a single type of thin–film Photovoltaic (PV)
module called the "Nanosolar Utility Panel". The utility panel is 50% less energy efficient than c–Si
modules, but being 90% less expensive to produce. Strategic Options: (1) Continue to invest in
European and Asian markets. (2) Enter US Utilities and Commercial Market Immediately. (3)
Launch an industrial scale pilot project in the US. And based on the results, decide whether to and
when to enter the US Market (recommended). Opportunities The ... Show more content on
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Nanosolar's value proposition is its lower cost per watt to purchase and install (see Case page 5).
Because thin–film PVs require 43% more roof space per watt generated, it is more valuable to larger
commercial and utility customers than residential customers. Nanosolar's focus should remain on
industrial scale projects that benefit most from its lower installation costs. In order to approach
residential market, significant investment is required to establish installer relationships (eg. In the
US). Nanosolar should also focus on production efficiency (see delay of the 2007 Beck's project
(Case page 6.) and hire, train sales staff (has only 1 person in the US and 1 person in Switzerland).
Worldwide Solar Market and Incentives By having its final assembly in Germany, Nanosolar is
geographically positioned to meet the needs of developing countries such as India and China while
distributing its panels throughout Europe. Shipping completed modules to the US would require
additional cost and put it at a disadvantage compared to First Solar which has a manufacturing plant
in Ohio (Exhibit 9). Incentives (governmental regulations require utilities to purchase renewable
electricity at higher rates), can only help the business to become established in the market, so are
important in the short and mid–term only. Because European incentives diminish over time, in the
long term all PV technologies will compete based on price and performance therefore cost

Major System Components Of Solar System
Major system components Solar PV system contains different components that should be selected
according to your system type, site location and applications. The main components for solar system
are solar charge controller, inverter, battery bank, auxiliary energy sources and loads (appliances).
PV module – It can convert sunlight into DC electricity. Solar charge controller – It regulates the
voltage and current coming from the solar panels going to battery and prevents battery overcharging
and increases the battery life. Inverter – It is use to convert DC output of solar panels into a clean
AC current for AC appliances or fed back into grid line. Battery –It is use to store energy for
supplying to electrical appliances when there is a demand. Load –It is electrical appliances that
connected to solar system such as lights, radio, TV, computer, refrigerator, etc. Auxiliary energy
sources – They are diesel generator or other renewable energy sources. Solar PV system sizing: 1.
Determine power consumption demands The first step is to design a solar PV system is to find out
the total power and energy consumption by all loads that need to be supplied by the solar PV system
as follows: 1.1 Calculate total Watt hours per day for each device used. Add the Watt hours needed
for all devices together to get the total Watt–hours per day which must be provided to the devices.
1.2 Calculate total Watt–hours per day needed from the PV modules. Multiply the total

Essay on Case Study of “Does America Really Need...
Case Study of "Does America really need manufacturing".
Sriharsha Vennelaganti–Fs0792
1. Summary:
In the case study we can see that the authors talk about the importance of innovation when it comes
to the long–term success of every product company. By reading the article one gets an
understanding that the authors are asking executives of any product company should not view
manufacturing as a cost center and by shifting their manufacturing units offshore they are hindering
a company's capacity to innovate. In the end the authors give us different methods that a company
can use to better improve their product line without shifting their manufacturing bases offshore and
a way the government can help by providing policy incentives for the ... Show more content on
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To be successful many large scale manufacturing operations must find a keen balance that addresses
the more task–focused needs of the production process as well as the financial planning, oversight
and control requirements of any major modern business organization. As I have mentioned couple of
points in the above section, but here in this critique I will be talking about how sourcing can help a
company to make a decision regarding keeping its manufacturing unit in United states. Modularity
plays an important role in sourcing as we can see from the article, where modularity in product
design can be seen as a way to new product development. Modularity in process design may speed
new product manufacturing setup times, reduce costs, and enhance the profitability of the lower
product volumes. Modular products tend to have fewer components for assembly and are therefore
cheaper to assemble. Modules are created with some aspects of production in mind, however this
modularization is done without understanding the implications of design. Although often yielding
highly functional products, once the manufacturing process is over this unstructured modularization
often leads to costly redesigns or expensive products. Modularity requires maintaining
independence between components and processes in different modules, encouraging

A Report On The Minister Of Power
The Minister of Power, Prof. Chinedu Nebo announced Nigeria needs 160,000 MW in order to
reach globally accepted standards and satisfy the demand for stable supply for the 170 million
Nigerians. According to Bloomberg, Nigeria generates a tenth of the amount of electricity produced
by South Africa despite the fact that its population is three times more [1]. Apart from the fact that
the costs of solar panels, depends on their power output or watt per hour which can be done by
dividing the total electric bill by the amount of hours of usage, the cost of solar panels relies on the
budget of an individual, installation costs which consists of the solar panels and balance of they
system. Then operational costs, which consists of labor fees, monitoring, repair, insurance, overhead
costs, maintenance, inspection fees and permits fees, and then the costs of the individual
components of the solar panel system. In America, solar systems meant for homes are usually sized
from 3 to 8kW, which costs from $15,000 to $40,000. The solar panels take up 30% of the total
costs [2]. To better evaluate the cost of solar panels, we can measure the cost per watt, which
indicates the cost in relation to the power output of electricity. The balance of the system, which is
part of the installation costs, refers to the components of the solar systems, excluding the solar
panels. This includes the inverters, which account for 10% of the total cost, wiring, and the
electrical components. Balance of the

The Solar Of Solar Module
Purpose
In the present era where energy demands growing rapidly the solar module is one of the solutions
and a good one. "More energy from the sunlight strikes the Earth in one hour (4.3 × 1020 J) than all
the energy consumed on the planet in a year (4.1 × 1020 J)" therefore solar energy has a bright
future ahead. The first solar cell was invented in 1953 and had efficacy rate of 4 present while
toady's solar cell is 40 present efficient. SolarCity is using the one of the efficient solar panels which
yields 30 to 40 percent more energy than similar size solar module available in the market.
Components
There are many components those makes a solar panel. These components can be defined as
external and internal components. A basic unit of the solar module is a solar cell and many solar
cells create one solar module and more than one solar module creates an array.
External Components
External components are components which are used in the solar module's external body as mention
in the figure below in layers.
Frame
Framing play a very important role in a solar module because it will hold the panels together in
addition, it protect the solar module from many environmental factors for instance wind and rain.
Aluminum is commonly used in the solar module framing because of its unique properties.
Aluminum can be recycle
Aluminum is light in weight and yet gives the similar strength as steel against the wind and other
environmental factors, therefore aluminum frame make

Solar Powered Refrigerator Refrigertion Systems That Use...
Solar powered refrigerator Refrigertion systems that use environment–friendly refrigerants provide
a property advantage when put next to oar refrigerant alternatives. However, a energy use associated
with cooling operation and are for a environmental impacts associated with its genration and
distribution usually outweigh a choice of refrigerant. to attenuate environmental impacts associated
with cooling operation, it 's affordable to guage a prospects of a clean supply of energy.
Research has incontestable that solar power is a perfect supply for low–temperature heating
applications like area and domestic hot water heating.
From a property perspective, directly victimization star as a primary energy source is engaging as a
result of its universal availability, low environmental impact, and low or no in progress fuel cost.
analysis has incontestable that solar energy is a perfect supply for lowtemperature heating
applications like area and domestic quandary heating.
Solar heating applications area unit intuitive since, once solar power is absorbed on a surface, a
surface temperature rises, providing a heating potential. A use of solar energy to supplyrefrigertion
is a smaller amount intuitive.
In this article, we have a tendency to review 3 approaches that use solar

Module 6.3

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