Technology Used By Geographers

Technology Used By Geographers
One technology used by geographers is remote sensing. Remote sensing is the acquisition of data
using different satellites located around the Earth. The satellites will scan the Earth and relay that
information back to an information center/base back on Earth. Some of the uses of remote sensing
are that geographers are able to use the information they get from the satellites to map different
features across the world such as agriculture, drought, and sprawl. Another type of technology used
by geographers is GPS (global positioning system). GPS is enabled by a multitude of satellites,
tracking stations and receivers to relay the information. GPS most common use is transportation.
GPS will locate a vehicle's current location and the give directions
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Ariaene 5 Rocket Disaster
This is my speculation around the Ariane 5 rocket tragedy research paper examination and the
problem that occurred and what happened during the initial launch of the Ariane 5 rocket. A
launcher explained by the European Space Agency (Lions, 1996).The rocket blasted quickly the
following take–off and the subsequent inquiry confirmed that this was due to a defect in the
software in the inertial navigation system. This happened In June 1996, which new Ariane 5 rocket
was launched first time on its maiden flight. It carried a payload of scientific satellites. Ariane 5 was
commercially very significant for the European Space Agency planned as it could carry a much
heavier payload than the Ariane 4 series of launchers. Very shortly after Thirty–seven ... Show more
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Despite the fact, allows without evaluation system regulatory install Ariane 4 into it which the
position of the operation was not for Ariane 5 and also not tested as properly as required. Even
though the attitude and trajectory of the rocket are measured by a computer– based inertial reference
system (Lions, 1996).But the software into this system was not correct for success. This transit
commands to the engines to maintain attitude and direction, the software fails and the system and
the backup system shot down as a result and also the diagnostic commands were transmitted to the
engines which interpreted them as real data and which swiveled to an extreme position resulting in
unforeseen stresses on the rocket. Software failure: This was happened because unfitted and was not
inappropriate inquired installation of the system into this rocket because software failure occurred
when an attempt to convert a 64–bit floating point number to a signed 16–bit integer caused the
number to over overflow, there was no exception handler associated into this at all so the system
exception management facilities were invoked and as a result shot down the software

Technology And Its Effect On Society Essay
Over the years technology's growth in the world is increasing very rapidly, and new innovations are
coming along each and everyday. Technology is the application of scientific knowledge for practical
purposes, especially in industry (Oxford). There is no denying that the impact of technology in the
world today is huge, now technology has made it to the palm of our hands with the iPhone and
continuing to expand. My generation has grown up on technology so I can't imagine how my life
would be with out it, older people may say it has ruined the lives of youth. In my opinion it has
made us smarter but the more portable it gets it makes society blind to the everyday outside
activities of the world, however it has not "ruined the youth." Technology causes defects in social
skills, health issues, and a crutch to upcoming youth. Technology can be sorted into two distinct
categories of how it affects our society today in a negative way and how it influences activities and
operations of today.
Defects in social skills
Technology has a control on society. Truthfully we have a tendency to expertise this result in our
daily lives. It's an impression on the expansion of the economy, our culture and our living standards.
Back in the stone ages a telephone call or letter was required to speak with somebody. At that point
you would need to wait for an answer to your letter or leave a message on their voice–mail in the
event that they weren't home when you called. It was an extremely

Gps Limitations And Limitations Of Gps
. GPS Limitations Although already widely accepted and deployed, GPS has its inherent drawbacks
and limits which make GPS unsuitable in many scenarios. Those limitations include: Economics:
The price and energy cost of GPS components is usually much higher than its alternatives. Though
some GPS systems are inexpensive, cheap solutions may have significantly reduced quality. And it
is usually very energy consuming. For instance, GPS on smart phones consumes much large portion
of energy than other integrated sensing and communicating components. Even with the high cost,
GPS on consumer devices cannot provide desired performance. Accuracy: The accuracy of GPS is
usually not enough when small scale of space and fine grained location discrimination are
considered, especially on nonprofessional devices with poor quality. And due to its inherent large
scale, GPS is difficult to maintain and update, while in many scenarios, the space of interest for
localizing is highly dynamic. Speed and reliability: Mobile phone GPS users usually experience
slow updating of their locations. And since GPS requires LOS paths to satellites and stable signal
coverage, GPS is not practical or available in many cases. Thus, techniques assisting GPS with LPS
components have received many attentions from both industry and academia in recent years. An
approach widely used on mobile phone navigations is cellular networking based localization. The
global deployment and general availability of cellular

Advantages And Disadvantages Of GPS
Abstract– GPS has major issues with security and speed of signal which can be overcome by aiding
GPS along with Inertial Measurement Unit using Kalman filter. An inertial measurement unit is
based on inertial navigation system which is an autonomous system that provides us information
about position, velocity and attitude based on the measurements by inertial sensors and by applying
Newton's laws of motion, which determines the vehicle's current position from knowledge of its
previous position and the sensors which helps in calculating accelerations and angular rotational
measurements of the vehicle. Specified initial conditions been given or on considering inertial frame
of reference, upon one integration of acceleration we obtain velocity ... Show more content on
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e) Providing data on ongoing traffic problems and suggests a better alternative route to drivers
destination.
There are basically 5 types of navigation systems:
a) Pilotage: this type of navigation system basically depends on using landmarks visible to sight as
reference. Mostly used in the early human life.
b) Dead reckoning: this type of navigation mainly relies on the estimated values of the previous
results and calculates the vehicles current position.
c) Celestial navigation: this is a type of navigation where the position of the vehicle or a body is
calculated by using the position of celestial bodies as reference using time and angles between the
celestial objects we know and local vertical (e.g., sun, moon, or stars).
d) Radio navigation: this type of navigation makes use of radio frequencies to locate the position of
the object on earth.
e) Inertial navigation: which relies on knowing your initial position, velocity, and attitude and
thereafter measuring your attitude rates and accelerations. The operation of inertial navigation
systems (INS) depends upon Newton's laws of classical mechanics. This is the only form of
navigation where external references are not relied

Personal Statement For Mechanical Engineering
Humans have a natural tendency to feel attraction towards mystery. When I was a kid, Machines
were mysterious to me, to be completely forthright, it is as yet the same. Whenever I visited my
grandfather's machine shop then, those lifeless–creatures always enchanted me. In fact, my
adolescence was surely brimming with doing all the fun things, at least to me. Splitting a toy, then
dismantling its motors, later use them to make a water boat–electric fan was my regular activity.
Since machines had lured me all my life, it was an obvious decision to choose mechanical
engineering as my future endeavor. Now, after completing graduation from the Islamic University of
Technology, a top–tier (OIC–Affiliate) and only international University of Bangladesh, I would like
to pursue a career accomplishing a Ph.D. in the field of "Mechanical Engineering" as an ardent
Mechanical Engineer. My personal interest, academic performance, brief exposure to research,
professional experience and inquisitiveness led me to believe that it would not only allow me to
expand my knowledge but also would give me the opportunity to obtain my eventual objective of
taking up a research–oriented career in the field of mechanical engineering.
As undergraduate students, we have been exposed to a variety of subjects in this field, thus it would
be difficult to specify certain research area(s), but over the years I have been greatly fascinated by
the fields of intelligent systems and robotics especially the

Synthesis Essay
Zhou et al (2008, p.193) observe that the difference between tracking techniques in Augmented
Reality (AR) and those used in Virtual Reality (VR) stem from the interoperability of the two
systems. On the other hand, State et al (1995, p.1) contend that there are significant contributions to
tracking in VR than AR. Work prior to that of State et al (1995) indicates that the better fraction of
tracking systems in VR are magnetic. However, Zhou et al (2008, p.196) observe that significant
developments on tracking in AR are either vision–based, sensor–based or hybrid techniques.
Bostanci et al (2011, p.425) classify the AR tracking methods in four major categories comprising of
indoor, outdoor, fusion and recent approaches.
The tracking ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Zhou et al (2008, p.194) indicate the reliance of VR tracking on mechanical sensor–based
techniques making use of fiducial markers. Nevertheless, Zhou et al (2008, 194) agree with Martens
et al (2004, p.25) that both VR and AR employ relative tracking techniques including the optical
tracking. However, Martens et al (2004, p.25–6) contends that the level of technology involved in
either similar techniques of tracking for VR and AR tend to incorporate more advancements in terms
of technology and error dissemination. Pandya and Auner (2005) illustrate that both VR and AR
tracking are capable of employing similar tracking techniques. These include robotic, magnetic,
fiber–optic and infrared tracking techniques.
Advantages of Tracking Techniques in Augmented Reality
1. Possibility of tracking relatively to objects that are moving
2. The tracking techniques in AR allow for minimizing the error of visual alignment due to making
tracking measurements from the position of viewing
3. The tracking techniques sophistication levels in AR compared to those in VR have relatively high
tracking accuracy. Nonetheless, Neumann and Cho (1996, p.109) caution that the accuracy of
tracking varies in levels proportionate to visual range or size of the objects found in the image. On
the other hand, Ababsa and Mallem (2005) contend that the pose calculation achieves the highest
accuracy level in the plane of the image. Consequently, this leads to the minimization of the

Strategic Analysis : Corporate Strategy
Strategic Analysis Corporate Strategy Garmin follows a first mover, differentiation strategy.
Through heavy investment in research and development they are able to develop new products that
users perceive as more valuable and are willing to pay a premium for. The first mover aspect is most
easily observed in their aviation division where they have received numerous awards as well as FAA
certifications for being the first to market with new and innovative products (Feather, 2010). Garmin
has been able to develop a high quality product while still striking a balance with costs, for their
products priced only slightly higher than their competitors. They have been able to achieve this in
two ways, heavy investment in R&D and acquisitions that have vertically integrated value chain
operations. This has allowed the firm to not only be the first to market with new products, but also
be able to design manufacturing processes that allows the company to adapt and be dynamic.
Garmin uses multi–disciplinary teams including industrial designers, various engineers as well as
members from manufacturing operations to develop products allowing them to quickly move from
concept to manufacturing. The company has also used a series of acquisitions to vertically integrate
itself creating a supply chain that has given it a competitive advantage. Garmin believes
manufacturing operation in Shijr, Jhongli and LinKou, Taiwan, Salem, Oregon and Olathe, Kansas
is one of its core competencies. Vertical

The Inertial Navigation System ( Ins )
The inertial navigation system (INS) is a highly complex device which utilises very sensitive
sensors to generate movement information and a computer to develop an algorithm of motion over
time. The INS can be described as very sophisticated dread reckoning. The sensors which are used
in an INS are accelerometers and gyroscopes which are further linked to a computer. The main
consideration is that these highly sensitive and advanced sensors used in an INS still have errors
from accuracy limitations in units of basic design or original outdated concepts. The accuracy can be
improved with more complex and updated integration which includes the use of the better and more
advanced components. To understand the errors associated with INS, a closer look into the flow of
information is essential. The north facing accelerometer is mounted to a platform which is supported
by gyroscopes. Any accelerations detected are given to the first stage integrator which uses the time
component to develop velocity data. The second integrator uses the velocity data and time to
calculate the distance travelled which is then added to the present position to generate a new present
position. The system uses a backwards feedback loop of velocity data to the gyroscopes to make
accelerometer platform perpendicular to the local gravity vector. This model is used for both north
facing and east facing platforms and combined with the secant multiplier. The basic system designs
would carry a greater error but

Analysis Of Garmin And Black Diamond
Garmin Stick
I. Introduction
The product we were trying to produce had to be innovative, user friendly and affordable. This
meant that the name of our GPS guided walking canes should echo our image as a brand and shine
light onto our roots. When we decided that the organizations which are going to come together to
form this product we chose Garmin and Black Diamond. A product name which resembles our brand
name (Garmin) and the product itself (Walking poles and canes) had to be used. Hence Garmin–
Stick was born.
II. Background
The two companies which are coming together have a great name in their respective industries
already. The two companies which are coming together to create the brand new Garmin–Stick are
Garmin and Black Diamond.
Garmin
Garmin is the leading worldwide provider for navigation1. It has been setting the standards for the
Personal Navigation Devices (PND) with the creation of superior products and providing the users
with what they need from their PNDs. Other than your personal GPS for your car, Garmin has also
been in the market for other incredible devices. Their products are readily available for marine,
aviation, fishing industry. It provides GPS navigation systems for the marine and aviation industry.
It provides aquatic life updates for the fishing industry along with the GPS technology. They have
also been recently working on their premium line of wearable devices to promote health and fitness.
They provide GPS sensors for the market where these can

Case Analysis 3
Case Analysis 3 – Personal Navigation Devices (PNDs)
1Q. Why have Personal Navigation Devices become popular? What technologies are required to
facilitate the success of PNDs?
ANS: Personal navigation devices can become the next must–have gadgets.
They add more comfort in the busy life in the sense that they give you an ability to concentrate on
one thing less. PND like, say, GPS are starting to win over customers, from weekend hikers or
bikers to people who are just tired of their lousy sense of direction. Some consumer GPS navigation
devices feature interactive street maps that may also show route information, and step–by–step
routing directions. For these reasons PND's are very helpful and useful.
Some PNA devices are PDAs ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
3D Maps
Newer PND models are also incorporating 3D map capabilities. 3D map capabilities enable a PND's
map display to be more visually attractive, and also provide more detailed imagery and enhanced
graphics. Maps on PNDs provide displays of city landmarks and buildings, roads, other points of
interest to the driver, and other input necessary for navigation. The scale of the map display could be
adjusted, depending on the needs of the driver.
3Q. What will be a likely future for PNDs?
ANS: Nokia, Samsung Electronics, Motorola and other handset makers already introduced GPS
phones in 2007.
The inclusion of Google Maps Navigation in Android devices such as Motorola Droid, and Nokia's
announcement of free Ovi Maps, which rapidly integrated into smart phones.
PND vendors are increasingly looking at value–added services enabled by new devices with
wireless connectivity to combat slower market growth, increasing competition and commoditization
of entry–level devices. Berg Insight forecasts that 88 percent of PNDs shipped worldwide in 2015
will have integrated cellular connectivity.
"The connected PND segment has had a slow start, but now seems to be on–track as business
models have been refined", said André Malm, Senior Analyst, Berg Insight. "Although Connected
PNDs are unlikely to account for a significant share of total shipped units next year, rapid growth
can be expected once customers get used to new live services such as traffic flow information, speed

What Is The Last Step To Equalize The Linear Velocity...
The last step is to equalize the linear velocity vector of the standard wheel to that of equation 3. (
■(s(α+β)&–c(α+β)&–cβd@c(α+β)&s(α+β)&sβd@0&0&0) )( ■(x ̇@y ̇@θ ̇ ) )=( ■(rψ ̇@0@0) ) (4)
In case of the steerable standard wheel, equation 4 can be used in the same way, if the fixed angle β
is replaced by a function β(t). This equation could also be applied to the spherical wheel (because of
the forces which affect the wheel and change β(t), only a linear velocity in the rolling direction
exists). If the wheel is a castor wheel, the y–component of the velocity vector is depending on the
angular velocity β ̇ and the length of the rod (see equation 5). ( ■(s(α+β)&–c(α+β)&–
cβd@c(α+β)&s(α+β)&sβd@0&0&0) )( ■(x ̇@y ̇@θ ̇ ) )=( ■(rψ ̇@–d_c β ... Show more content on
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The vector q ⃗ describes the configuration (position and orientation) of the robot at any time. q ⃗=
[■(x&y&ϕ)]^T (7) where x, y are the coordinates of the robot (point o) in the inertial frame. If the
linear speed and angular velocity of the robot are v and ω, respectively, assuming no–slip on the
wheels, the velocity components can be written as x ̇=v cos⁡
ϕ (8) y ̇=v sin⁡
ϕ (9) ϕ ̇=ω (10)
The kinematics of motion of the robot can be written as follows: q ⃗ ̇= [■(cos⁡
ϕ&0@sin⁡
ϕ&0@0&1)]
u ⃗ (11)
Where, q ̇ is the time derivative of configuration q and u ⃗=[■(v&w)]^T is the control input given
to the robot for navigation. The angular and linear velocity of the robot can be written in terms of
the linear velocities of the right and the left wheel centers (v_r,v_l) ω=(v_r–v_l)/2d (12) v=
(v_r+v_l)/2 (13)
Here for the right wheel, the Newton–Euler equation is expressed as F_r – f_r = m_w x ̈_r (14) τ_r –
F_r .r = J_w ω ̇_r (15) where F_r is the reaction force applied to the right wheel by the rest of the
robot; f_r is the friction force between the right wheel and the ground; m_w is the mass of the
wheel; τ_r is the torque acting on the right wheel provided by the right motor; r is the radius of the
wheel; and J_w is the inertia of the wheel. Note that the Coriolis part had been deleted since it is
negligible due to the fact that the wheel inertia is much smaller than the robot inertia.
Similarly, for the left wheel we can write F_l – f_l = m_w

Major Writing Assignment 1: Internal Proposal
MEMO
Date: 7/14/15
To: Deanna Stover, Instructor: Engl 210– Section 296
From: Thomas Kelm
Subject: Major Writing Assignment 1, Internal Proposal
PURPOSE
The purpose of this proposal is to present the idea of adding a GPS trackers to the current golf cart
fleet at the Campus Course at Texas A&M.
SUMMARY
With GPS installed on every cart in the Campus Course's fleet day to day operations would become
incredibly more efficient, and we would have the capability to be better prepared for any and every
situation. The GPS could also be used to make the customer's experience at the campus course one
to remember by offering a cell phone application that will have various options available for use.
Although installing GPS on every cart may seem cost inefficient, the benefits of GPS tracking out
weight the worst case scenario of a cart being stolen which may cost anywhere from ... Show more
Many companies allow for a trial period to see if the user enjoys the product or not. Throughout this
trial period we could survey the customers and employees to see if the GPS really made a difference
or not. This task may take longer than estimated due to trial and error. It might take trying a couple
different companies to find the one that would be easiest to implement and maintain.
Task 3. Scale up to full fleet
After the trial period a company will be chosen to outfit the entire fleet with the tracking device of
choice. This would be done in waves because we couldn't afford to not have access to the carts for a
day. This process would take place over a series of 4 days, where each day roughly 20 carts would
be outfitted with a GPS tracking device each day. This will preferably be done during the week
because this is when there are less tee–times and less carts are required.
Task 4. Research the outcome of GPS

Process Essay: How Do Submarines Work?
The way a submarine works is by surfacing, submerging, and using navigation, with all these things
in place, the submarine would be an amazing adventure underwater! Being able to go underwater
and understand the life deep beneath the ground is quite an extravaganza, but you can't simply just
dive in the water and begin your adventure, you need a submarine that guides you, it's like a car but
the difference is just underwater, with a handy submarine in place, you can go to any destination
underwater until you fulfill to your heart's content.
First thing you want to be able to do when you go underwater is being able to submerge, in other
words, dive into the water. Being able to submerge requires three elements, air, density, and ballast
tanks. According to the article How submarines work, it states "There is a supply of compressed air
on ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The three elements it takes to surface are floating, buoyancy, and weight. First thing you need to do
to surface is to float. According to the article How do submarines work, it states "A submarine can
float on water because the weight of the water displaced is equal to the weight of the craft." What
this is saying is that without out a balanced weight, the submarine won't be able to float which leads
to the reason why it's important to surfacing. Weight also plays a role in surfacing because if the
weight of the water is heavier than the craft, it may sink the submarine deep below the surface of the
ocean and may be harder to surface at the top. And lastly is the buoyancy. According to the article
How submarines work, it states "The upward force that the water has on the vessel is known as the
buoyant force. The key to controlling a submarines diving and resurfacing, is to control the
buoyancy." If the force that the water has on the vessel that goes in an upward motion, it will control
both the diving and surfacing of the

Design Presentation Essay
DESIGN DOCUMENTATION
Title of project: Drone
Department of Computer Systems Engineering
FACULTY OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY
TSHWANE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
COURESE DETAILS：
COURSE: INTELLIGENT INDUSTRIAL SYSTEMS
SUBJECT CODE: IDC30BT
SUBMISSION DATE: 02 November 2016
LECTURER: Mr Muwanguzi
STUDENT DETAILS:
SURNAME & INITIALS: Mokone O.P STUDENT NUMBER: 212209376
EMAIL ADDRESS: mokoneOP@outlook.com
CONTACT NUMBERS: 081 474 4801
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION 3
SYSTEMS OVERVIEW 3
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 3
ASSUMPTIONS AND DEPENDENCIES 3
Related software or hardware 3
End–user characteristics 4

General Constraints 4
GOALS AND GUIDELINES 4
Architectural Strategies 5
System Architecture 5
Subsystem Architecture 5
Detailed System Design 6
DETAILED SUBSYSTEM DESIGN 6
CONCLUSION 6
GLOSSARY 6
BIBLIOGRAPHY 6
INTRODUCTION
This provides the overall guidance to the architecture of the project along with details regarding the
performance, design and interface. The drone helps in lessening human activity in media production,
surveillance and other duties.
The major purpose of this drone is to work as an environment monitor, with added features that
includes photo capturing. It will offer easy, reliable service for monitoring the environment by
recording the temperature/weather readings while taking pictures of the current condition. Our main
objective is to provide good

The Signal Data Obtained Through The Measurement Phase
The signal data obtained in the measurement phase is then used to approximate the position of the
target node. Since, due to many factors range data often gets attenuated by noisy signal
measurements, optimization methods are to be employed to filter the noise and arrive at a more
definite position estimate. Lateration:When ranges between anchor nodes and the mobile node can
be determined, lateration is used to estimate position [35]. For two–dimensional localization, three
range measurements from known positions (anchor nodes) are required. Radius of a circle of each
category as anchor nodes as represented in is the ideal position. At one point the three circles
intersect, and that the intersection is the location of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Most common outputs include: Absolute positions: Positions with coordinate's information which
could be directly mapped to physical space. The absolute location could either be represented in
discrete space as cells or grids or in continuous space with coordinates. Relative positions: The
geometrical relative location by angle or distance to certain reference point (RP), in other word, the
absolute position of the user could be obtained only if absolute positions of RP are known. Logical
positions: Identifying user's position without information directly corresponding to physical space
but associated with certain patterns including motions, activities and landmarks. Physical location
could then be given by retrieving associate spatial features of those patterns. The output of a
localization system is closely related to the methodology or algorithms the system uses to localize.
The calculation of positions is the core engine of localization. We examine various existing methods
and sort them into following categories: Geometric: System based on geometric calculation
including triangulation, trilateration and multilateration, to give user's relative position to certain RP.
When the absolute positions of RP are known, the absolute position of user could be given. Inertial
navigation system (INS): A common navigation method widely used on vehicles like

Peenemunde Research Paper
Beginning from deep within the depths of Nazi held territory to appearing on virtually every
continent. Ballistic Missiles have had a long history dating back to 1939 and the beginning of the V–
Weapons program, and have been around in one way or another for over 70 years, indeed the advent
of modern missile technology has changed the face of modern warfare and politics, and coupled
with the advent of the two–stage hydrogen bomb, they have now brought humanity the closest to
another World–War. Ballistic missile development, proliferation, and usage have had one of the
largest and most profound impacts on modern warfare and international politics. On the cold and
misty morning of October 3rd, 1942 Wernher Von Braun and his team at the remote baltic island of
Peenemunde stood around a launch console from their safety bunker looking upon the apex of their
years of engineering. For years the team at Peenemunde, under the direct orders of the Führer
himself labored building the most technologically advanced weapon system ever devised, in an
operation rivaling the scale of the Manhattan project. For years the RAF under the command of
"Bomber" Harris ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Beginning with the progenitor to the V–2 Rocket, the V–1 was another Peenemunde invention
designed for much the same purpose as the V–2, but with different means to its end. The largest
difference is in the flight path, as the term cruise implies, the missile flies at typically low level, at
relatively slow velocities as compared to a ballistic missile, which as previously stated follows a
ballistic trajectory similar to that of artillery fire. They however are typically guided by the same
systems, almost exclusively using either GPS guidance or inertial gyroscopic guidance, however by
virtue of their low–flying nature, cruise missiles tend to be far more accurate, but with modern
guidance systems this reduces to a negligible

Summary . The Case Presented Below Explains The Current
Summary
The case presented below explains the current situation of TomTom Telematics (referred to as 'TTT'
from hereon in) and the problem related to the client onboarding and data integration issues with a
tool called WEBFLEET that fits across the different platforms. This issue brings consequences to
different areas of the company but mainly sales, marketing and customer support departments. All of
them are currently using different systems to manage internal and external processes. There is a
critical need for an integrated system of data that allows the different metrics analysis. The biggest
challenge so far, find one way to integrate such data, allowing TTT to analyze metrics and integrated
record of user 's journeys, feedback and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Page Break TomTom Telematics (TTT)
TomTom NV is a Dutch company that produces traffic, navigation and mapping products as well as
fleet management systems. Its B2C unit also produces and commercializes action cameras, GPS
sport watches and location–based products.
TTT is one of TomTom NV's four business units. With over 15 years in the market, WEBFLEET is
their award–winning fleet management solution, which provides real–time information about
vehicle location, enabling customers to increase their fleet efficiency and service levels, interact
with their drivers and workforce, save on fuel and maintenance, and connecting them to a whole
ecosystem of complementary third party applications.
With more than 46,000 customers, TTT is Europe's largest provider of fleet management solutions,
with over a 12% share of active telematics units. TomTom Telematics: Facing customer attrition
It was February 15th and Thomas Schmidt was driving to TomTom's headquarters in Amsterdam,
anxious to celebrate with his team the achievement of 2017's first milestone: surpassing the barrier
of 700,000 connected vehicles.1 The company PR manager had already prepared the press release to
reinforce its positioning as the market leader for two years in a row.2 However, he was still
concerned about a report he read a month ago, regarding the growth track of the division he led.
Thomas has overseen the Telematics division for over 11 years after

Analysis Of Lps Schemes Can Be Categorized From Different...
2.2 LPS Classification Due to their diversity, LPS schemes can be categorized from different
perspectives .The classification could be based on various criteria like methodology, dependency on
equipment's, operating scenarios, targeted users and outputs. Here we categorize indoor localization
systems along three dimensions. First, we consider the output of a localization system which is
usually generalized as locations or positions, but actually could be divided into different groups.
Most common outputs include: Absolute positions: Positions with coordinate's information which
could be directly mapped to physical space. The absolute location could either be represented in
discrete space as cells or grids or in continuous space ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When the absolute positions of RP are known, the absolute position of user could be given. Inertial
navigation system (INS): A common navigation method widely used on vehicles like ships and
aircrafts which continuously calculate the position and orientation of objects by dead reckoning
(DR) without the need of external RP. Signaturing: System utilizing user identifications or spatial
signatures corresponding to environmental characteristics or artificial landmarks to localize, which
could be based on various technologies including RFID, motion detections, optoacoustic and
humiture sensors. Fingerprinting: Constructing a fingerprint map which would be queried explicitly
for localization. Often referred as but different from signaturing, fingerprinting provides finer
grained mapping of fingerprints to absolute positions instead of logical positions. The vast
development of mobile computing, wireless and sensing technologies provides various platforms
and tools for localization systems for general or specific scenarios, and fertilize the diversity of LPS.
It is necessary to examine technologies and platforms that localization systems are based on. A
commonly used platform for LPS includes: Sensors: The most diverse and abundant group of
technologies found

How Does GPS Use Trilateration To Pinpoint An Unknown...
This simplified 2D example will demonstrate how GPS uses trilateration to pinpoint an unknown
location. Once a receiver has "locked in" onto a satellite, the unknown position may be anywhere
within the radius of 1000 km of satellite one. The receiver picks up a signal from a second satellite
and calculates the range as 1200 km. The position has been narrowed down to two positions; where
the ranges intersect. If the receiver picks up another satellite, the unknown position can be found by
calculating where all three distances are possible.
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a constellation of twenty four satellites that can pinpoint
any position on earth using a GPS receiver. Used to calculate exact position, speed and time, there
are tremendous ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Many accidents are caused by distracted drivers who are attempting to punch in the address while
driving. Making sure that you have added the address correctly and knowing the general route
before driving is the first step to proper use of your GPS device. Take advantage of GPS systems
that use voice. Using this feature helps one to keep their eyes on the road, avoiding unnecessary
distraction by looking at the GPS device. Another safety tip is to put your passenger in charge of the
directions. A passenger can be used as an alternative to voice directions, so one can keep their eyes
on the road. Understand there may be changes not reflected on the GPS information. It is important
to pay attention to the roadway and not depending on the device because maps may not be
updated.It is important to understand how to operate your GPS device and to take advantage of
safety features such as voice control. YouTube has many videos that may walk one through the steps
to understand how to use your specific GPS.The principal rule of safety when using the GPS device
is to always keep your eyes and the road and not your device. Using the GPS device can be a great
tool to get you to your destination safely, especially when used

Disadvantages Of Self Driving Cars
They can get you from point A to point B without the hassle of having to drive, your own personal
chauffeur that will free up the time you would have been using to drive. These self driving cars
sound wonderful and convenient, but they may not be as great as you might think. Although there
are benefits to self driving cars, they are dangerous and shouldn't be introduced to the public
because the technology is unpredictable and they can't make decisions the way humans can.
For years, self driving cars have been a science fiction idea, featured in quite a few movies that take
place in the future. With the technology we have today, self driving cars are anything but fiction.
From cars that can park themselves to cars with advanced autopilot, we are only a few steps away
from fully automated cars. Car brands with self driving technology today include Tesla, Toyota, and
Volvo, just to name a few. Despite the fact that many advancements are being made to the
technology of these cars in hopes of having them be completely autonomous as soon as possible,
there are still many problems that need to be sorted out.
To begin, the technology we work with isn't always predictable. Malfunctions may not happen
regularly but they do happen. An unpredictable malfunction could be extremely fatal and may turn
off necessary features to the car. In his article, "The Truth About Self Driving Cars," PATH program
manager, Steven E. Shladover, relates the software of a computer to that of which will

Mod 5 Slp
MOD 5 SLP: Net Present Value, Mergers, and Acquisitions
Trident University International
Strategic Corporate Finance
FIN 501
MOD 5 SLP
Introduction
Garmin is a global supplier of Global Positioning Systems. The company targets primarily the
aviation, maritime and fitness industry. Garmin is the current leader in the GPS market boasting the
highest equity and lowest debt in the industry. For Garmin to merge with another company, it would
have to provide significant long term synergy or allow expansion into a new market entirely. A
merger between Garmin and Trimble Navigation would benefit both companies and their
shareholders.
Garmin Limited – KVH Inductries
KVH (KVHI) develops mobile communications products for land and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
If Garmin watched this company closely it could provide an opportunity to gain a significant portion
of the overseas Personal Navigation Device (PND) market. This is currently the only sector Trimble
beats Garmin at a 34% to 47% ratio, and has for the past seven years. This merger would also
require detailed consideration as it would require international equities to be merged along with
significant human and financial resources.
Conclusion
Garmin stands to gain from a merger with Trimble. The merger would allow Garmin to acquire a
significant portion of the European personal navigation device market share at minimal cost. Garmin
has the cash resources to execute the acquisition and while Trimble's finances are in decline for the
near term they are expected to remain a solid long term investment. The acquisition would result in
an approximate $13 dollar increase in Garmin's stock price, and increase long term equities. Other
companies Garmin should consider are KVL Technologies for its opportunity to get ahead of
maritime mobile communications technologies, and Roper Industries, which would enable
expansion into a new market segment that hedges future losses in the PND market.
http://finance.yahoo.com/q/bs?s=GRMN http://finance.yahoo.com/q/bs?s=TRMB
http://finance.yahoo.com/q?s=rop&ql=1 http://wallstreetbean.com/garmin–vs–tomtom–no–
contest/ Garmin ($GRMN) shares took a hit yesterday after Dutch rival

Case Study : Senior Business Policy
Mohammed Alnahdi
TomTom case study
Senior Business policy
06/08/2016
TomTom
Current Situation TomTom is an organization that sells navigation devices and services. It has
headquarters in Amsterdam and leads in provision of navigation systems in the United States and
Europe. Products comprise TomTom One and TomTom Go for cares, TomTom navigator, TomTom
rider for bikes, and TomTom iPhone. It acquired Tele Atlas, thus undergoing vertical integration.
Today, TomTom dominates the map generation process (Sirkin et al., 2008).
A. Past Performance: Around a decade ago TomTom Company was doing very well, perhaps more
than today. The infiltration of other companies offering the same products and services as TomTom
implied reduction in revenue. . TomTom was a market leader, drawing in more and better positive
reviews and critical acclaims (Sirkin et al., 2008). Unfortunately, that is not the case today. The
market was not as saturated as today and the company had a somewhat monopoly of the market. The
company relied on horizontal integration in the past.
B. Strategic Posture:
Mission:
The mission of TomTom Company is to offer navigation–focused services and devices. It invests
structurally and strategically in research and development to provide superior products and services
to improve the lives of its customers.
Objectives:
The company's objectives are:
To offer superior and better maps by maintaining high quality database is regularly updated for
smooth

Disadvantages Of Satellites
SATELLITE SYSTEMS World's first satellite "Sputnik" – successfully launched by USSR 1957.
Number of satellites has significantly increased to over 1,100 operational satellites, with over 2000
obsolete satellites since the first launch. Satellites either orbit the earth as a geostationary or non–
geostationary. Geostationary – stationary in the sky above a fixed point on the surface. The
increasing amount of old satellites and space debris has risen concerns for collisions with current
satellites. GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEMS (GPS) Global Positioning Satellite (GPS) systems
are used to determine the exact location of a number of modes of transport (e.g., airplanes, cars,
ships, etc). GPS works in 2 parts – Satellites surrounding the Earth transmit signals to the surface. A
network of satellites constantly broadcast a time signal, including it's position and time; each
satellite has an Atomic clock (used in the satellites which are accurate clocks within a fraction of a
second per day) which broadcasts the time signal at the speed of light (about 299 792 458 m / s).
The receiver then receives the signal, it can usually receive signals from 6 to 8 of them, and
compares the time it took each signal to travel from the satellite to the receiver. By doing so, it is
able to triangulate and determine it's position on earth, quite accurately (within 5 and 50 metres).
The computer on board the mode of transport calculates its exact position based on the information
from at least

Automated Guided Vehicle Or Automatic Guided Vehicles
Automated Guidance
An automated guided vehicle or automatic guided vehicle (AGV) is essentially a vehicle that
follows markers or wires in the floor, or uses vision, magnets, or lasers for navigation. They are
most often used in industrial applications to move materials around a manufacturing facility or
warehouse. Application of the automatic guided vehicle has broadened during the late 20th century.
The AGV can tow objects behind them in trailers to which they can autonomously attach. The
trailers can be used to move raw materials or finished product. The AGV can also store objects on a
bed. The objects can be placed on a set of motorized rollers (conveyor) and then pushed off by
reversing them. AGVs are employed in nearly every industry, including, pulp, paper, metals,
newspaper, and general manufacturing. Transporting materials such as food, linen or medicine in
hospitals is also done.
An AGV can also be called a laser guided vehicle (LGV). Lower cost versions of AGVs are often
called Automated Guided Carts (AGCs) and are usually guided by magnetic tape. AGCs are
available in a variety of models and can be used to move products on an assembly line, transport
goods throughout a plant or warehouse, and deliver loads.
Over the years, the technology has become more sophisticated, this technology can be suitably
adapted for cars on the streets. In an automated process, AGVs are programmed to communicate
with other cars on the street to ensure it is moving smoothly. Today, the

Boeing Research Paper
AVIA 112 Final exam 1. Describe in your own words the design of the B757 Auto flight and
Navigation system. The Boeing 757 Auto flight system comprise the Autopilot Flight Director
System (AFDS) and the Auto throttle System (A/T). There are three autopilots in Boeing 757. (left,
center and right), autopilots can help the pilot to fly the aircraft by sending the signals to the flight
control hydraulic actuators and horizontal stabilizer actuators to control the aircraft. It also provides
the pitch and roll control during autopilot operation, yaw control during multiple autopilot approach
and landing or goes ground. The autopilot may use in all phase except take off. There are many
selectable roll and pitch modes in the AFDS such as LNAV, Heading ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Each engine has a constant speed drive unit to keep the AC power can Stabilize the Frequency. CSD
can take the variable speed input from the engine and transfer to a constant output of the generator.
In Boeing 757, the CSD with an AC generator is called Integrated Drive Generator (IDG). The main
DC power in Boeing 757 is provided by two transformer/rectifiers(TRs), they are power by the main
AC bus and also respective main DC bus. The Battery in Boeing 757 is the APU Battery and the
Main Battery. Each of them contains a battery changer. The changers will operate when the aircraft
has AC power on the ground service bus. The APU Battery is used for start and operates the APU,
the Main Battery is used for supply the hot battery bus and supply whatever place there is no DC
power available. There are ways to transform both types of power to another form in Boeing 757, an
Inverter is a device that can convert DC power to AC power. The Inverter is Limited in Amount of
power they can produce. A transformer/rectifiers(TRs) is a device that can convert AC power to DC
power. This device can allow AC generator to provide both AC and DC power in huge

Wireless Technilogies Have Been Developed For Inddor...
A number of different wireless technilogies have been developed for inddor localisation like Infra
Red , Ultra Sound , RFID , WLAN, Bluetooth etc.Before the various positioning systems are
discussed, we examine a few of the wireless localisation positioning algorithms developed to inproe
the accuracy of localisation.
There are four main techniques for indoor location estimation:triangulatio,fingerprinting,dead
reckoning and proximity sensing.
Triangulation
Based on the information of coverage area of a localisation system and the geometric properties of a
triangle,absolute and relative postioning information can be determined.This approach is further
classified as range based or direction based.Some of the methods in the range based ... Show more
In addition,a timestamp must be attached to the transmitting signal for the measuring unit to
determine the distance the signal has travelled.
Time Difference of Arrival: TDOA examines the difference in time at which the signal arrives at
different measuring units as opposed to the absolute arrival time in TOA to determine the relative
position of the object. For each measurement, the transmitter must lie in a hyperboloid with a
constant range difference between the two measuring units. The equation of the hyperboloid is as
follows
{insert equation}
{insert diagram} where {} and {} represent the measuring units i and j and (x,y,z) represents the
coordinates of the target[3][A survey]
The target can be located in the 2D plane from the intersection of two or more TDOA
measurements.Two hyperbolas are formed from TDOA measurements at three measuring units (A,B
and C) to provide the intersection point P. s The above two methods described require a Line of
Sight channel between the transmitter and the reciever which might not always be available. In such
a scenario,radio propogation and time of arrival signals suffer from multipath effect.Therefore the
accuracy of the estimated location can be affected.Another approach is to use the attenuation
suffered by the emitted signal to determine the distance of the object from the measuring unit.These
methods calculate the signal path loss from

Christopher Columbus Case Study
There are many technology that would had help Christopher Columbus with his journey to Asia,
however the main three are the global positioning system, the Concorde, and a submarine, therefore
the main three technology would had help Christopher Columbus with his journey to Asia are global
positioning system, the Concorde, and a submarine. If Columbus had a global positioning system,
GPS, sea navigation would be much easier, considering the use of satellite technology to hone into
the exact location of the Americas. This would ease the travels and judge which currents to ride on.
If Columbus had a GPS he could had type in Asia and would had been much easier. A GPS would
had probably made the trip to Asia easy and faster. If they had a GPS they would had probably had
less stroms. If Columbus had a GPS he would had never want to the Bahamas. A global positioning
system would had been the best technology for the trip to Asia. Also, with the addition of GPS,
Columbus could easily locate any destination and determine the amount of time needed to get there.
With this knowledge, he could settle many more lands than just America. Columbus could gain
control of any unclaimed territory. Columbus could have made his journey much easier by turning it
into a flight instead of a voyage. The Concorde is the fastest passenger plane in the world, reaching
an astonishing 700 miles an hour. This plane could easily carry all of Columbus's crew. This would
also shorten the trip down to around three hours at most and provide a much more comfortable ride.
As this plane relied on jet fuel, there would also be the invention of today's modern aircraft, which
would not only affect the people in Portugal, but in other civilizations too, such as the peoples of
Britain, the Dutch, and the Spaniards. With the addition of a plane there also led to a place where all
materials could be easily kept safe and did not leak. On the Santà Maria, food was easily perishable.
Because of the high pressure surrounding the plane and less oxygen, food did not perish easily.
Planes also came at another advantage, and that was the emptiness of the sky at the time. No other
planes were present, so air travel would be optimal for

An Experiment On Proportional Navigation
Proportional Navigation For short–to–medium range homing missiles the most widely used law in
practice is proportional navigation (PN) guidance.
The missile acceleration should nullify the line–of–sight (LOS) rate between the target and
interceptor that is basic philosophy behind PN. Originally, PNG law creates angular velocity or
acceleration commands perpendicular to the LOS (line of sight). If two bodies are closing on each
other eventually they will intercept when there is no rotation in the line of sight (LOS) between the
two bodies relative to the inertial space.
By making the interceptor missile heading proportional to the LOS rate for a non–maneuvering
target the PN guidance law seeks to null out the LOS rate. More specifically, the PN guidance law
seeks to null the LOS rate against non–maneuvering targets by making the interceptor missile
heading proportional to the LOS rate. For instance, in flying a proportional navigation course, the
missile attempts to null out any line–of–sight rate that may be developing. The missile does this by
commanding wing deflections to the control surfaces. Consequently, these deflections cause the
missile to execute accelerations normal to its instantaneous velocity vector. Thus, the missile
commands g's to null out measured LOS rate. As will be developed in the discussion that follows,
this relation can be expressed as follows:
V ̇_PNG=NV_λ λ ̇ (3.1)
Where
V ̇_PNG: The

What Makes a Good Website
What makes a good website?
Introduction
In my opinion what makes a good web page? I have been on the net for the last, can 't really believe
it, coming to ten years now. From the conception to now, I have been a regular surfer on the web,
visiting thousands of pages a month, mostly in search of some thing or another. Most searches have
lead to even more searches but some times I come up tops. Having been used to the all text sites of
the beginning, and seeing the first implementations of more graphic based sites, there was a three–
year lapse where I rarely got to surfing and missed a whole evolution in web page. When I returned
in full to surfing, I discovered the face of the internet have started to change. Buttons with ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Not using clashing colours is important, so, different shades of one colour used makes for a pleasant
view, just using different text colours or inlays to spice it up a bit.
Usability:
After the first three seconds is up, and the site still has my attention, usability of the site is the one
that will make me stick around.
Usability comes in many forms, and has many ingredients to it. For a start, the layout is the most
important. You can have good graphics but bad layout, and your site is ruined. Not thinking further
than your own computer screen is a big mistake. If a page does not fit my screen when I open it up it
already lost some points, so standardised width is a bonus that all good sites have. Even if you don 't
fill up the screen on bigger resolutions, having it usable on all is n good point (like nokia.com or
cnn.com). Where you place everything is going to make it a good site or not.
The simple points of usability is certainly obvious for someone who has spent some time on bad
sites, not that I think I 'm pro at this, but off course they are catering for me as well when they are
building the sites. Basic layout is very important, and by that, I mean, the basics in layout. Having
things in places where you think people are going to look is a good start. If you have to look for a
link to the main page from the splash page, then forget about getting much traffic. If the main page
does

An Insight Into Indian Regional Navigation Satelitte System
CASE STUDY INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN SPACE: AN INSIGHT INTO INDIAN
REGIONAL NAVIGATION SATELITTE SYSTEM "There is beauty in space, and it is orderly.
There is no weather, and there is regularity. It is predictable. Just look at our little Explorer; you can
set your clock by it–literally; it is more accurate than your clock. Everything in space obeys the laws
of physics. If you know these laws, and obey them, space will treat you kindly." – Wernher von
Braun, quoted in 'Space: Reach for the Stars ', Time magazine, 17 February 1958. THE WONDERS
AND MAGIC OF SPACE Outer space is mankind's common heritage, so all the countries must
have equal access to the outer space. In the past few decades science and technology have freed
from the boundaries of earth and making its way in to space. Space is captivating! Space is huge.
The universe is bigger than we can get it. The universe is large to the point that stars bigger than our
Sun or even entire systems look like little pinpoints of light since they are so far away. Space
contains all of matter and vitality that has ever existed, but then most parts of it are completely void.
In this record, when we discuss profound space, we typically mean the boundless extends of void
range between planets. Space can be excellent. The planets, stars, systems and nebulae make
effortless and vivid shapes noticeable to our telescopes. Space can be unsafe. In profound space we
would kick the bucket immediately unless ensured. Our

Alerts Visually Challenged People Research Paper

ULTRASONIC BASED WALKING STICK FOR BLIND
Shubham Rewari#1, Apurv Shaha#2, Sankaradithyan Gunasekharan#3
1, 2, 3 DEPARTMENT OF E&TC ENGINEERING, SINHGAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING S.
No. 44/1, OFF SINHGAD ROAD, VADGAON BK, PUNE – 411041
Email ID: shubham.rewari14@gmail.com, apurvshaha@gmail.com, sankar.adithya@gmail.com
Abstract–The paper here presents the model of a walking stick that alerts visually challenged people
over obstacles by use of electronic sensors and controllers. Very few of the navigation aids available
for visually challenged people can provide dynamic navigation and which work perfectly for day to
day navigation requirements (The white cane and walk dogs are not safe for today's increasing
traffic and insensitive world). This model here demonstrates a system concept to provide an
electronic aid for blind people which would benefit the challenged person for his daily travelling,
whether it be indoors or outdoors. The aim of system is to provide a sense of artificial vision by
alerting the subject about the environmental scenario of static and dynamic objects around them. In
this system, an ultrasonic sensor, an atmega16 controller, a buzzer and a vibration motor is used.
Index Terms–Ultrasonic sensor, Walking Stick, Vibration Motor, Sound Buzzer, Atmega16
I. INTRODUCTION
About 90% of the world 's visually impaired live in rural settings like that of developing countries.
According to a fact sheet by World Health Organization (WHO) it is estimated that there

Disadvantages Of Autonomous Vehicles
Due to the potential of autonomous vehicles to offer a wide range of advantages to the passengers
and therefore influence their daily routines, it is essential to monitor the public's opinion on this
particular technological development. The autonomous vehicle which can be guided to a required
destination is developed in the project. The vehicle takes the current position from the GPS and is
guided to the destination under the action of microcontroller which is attached to the vehicle. In this
work speed limit on the board is detected on obtained image from canny edge detection algorithm is
used to control the unmanned vehicle. INTRODUCTION: The launch of self–driving cars promises
to solve many of today's traveler's problems, who need to operate the vehicle in often unpleasant and
tiring traffic situations. Providing the opportunity to focus on different tasks whilst traveling more
safely and with less traffic jams with the aid of Vehicle–to–Vehicle and Vehicle–to–Infrastructure
communication technologies and/or special lanes should therefore represent a rather competitive
transport mode compared to the existing alternatives. As the anticipatory driving style is likely to
reduce fuel or electric energy consumption, environmental concerns can additionally be addressed.
Nonetheless, the biggest advantages come to those currently not holding a driver's license, be it due
to health conditions or their age. This group of people, of whom some rely on public transport in

Global Positioning System Paper
In this high–tech environment of the 21st Century, most everyone who drives a car or carries a
cellphone has heard of the Global Positioning System (GPS), but few could provide details on the
origin, development and many uses of this system, outside of basic everyday navigation. This paper
will explore the origin and development of the Global Positioning System, as well as analyze
various uses of this system. Some of the practices include Military use, surveillance of those
convicted of violent crimes, tracking of wildlife, and location based services as it applies to the
Cellular Communications Industry. This paper will also explore the reality of the Global Positioning
System as it relates to a Christian worldview.
The Global Positioning ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Moore state, "The launch of the Low–Earth orbit satellite, Sputnik 1, by the USSR (Soviet Union)
on October 4th, 1957 may possibly mark the beginning of Global Positioning System (GPS)
Technology" (Kumar & Moore, 2002, p. 59). Scientist working for the Department of Defense
(DOD) discovered that they could track Sputnik 1 based on the signal strength of its radio. This in
turn led scientist to theorize, that it would be possible to obtain one's position on earth by
interpreting a satellites radio signal, with the satellites orbit (Kumar & Moore, 2002). In 1964, the
first successful test of acquiring a location based on satellite technology, was successfully performed
by the United States Navy utilizing a submarine. According to Kumar and Moore, "It required only
one satellite but, for that reason, a reading could only be taken roughly every 35–45 minutes. The
submarine had to be stationary" (Kumar & Moore, 2002, p. 61). This test was the precursor to what
we now know as the Global Positioning

Design And Analysis Of Uwb Funnel Shape Monopole Antenna
Design and Analysis of UWB Funnel Shape Monopole Antenna
By
Dr. Muhammed N. , Dr. Jamal K. Al–Rudaini, Muhammed H.
Abstract: A Funnel Shape antenna for use in an ultra–wideband UWB media is proposed. The
proposed antenna consists of Funnel antenna with monopole bridge antenna and partial ground
plane. The Funnel antenna with monopole bridge antenna are etched on the same sides of the
antenna substrate, a dielectric layer of FR4 microfiber. The overall dimension of the proposed
antenna is 50 mm × 50 mm × 1.6 mm. The antenna operates in the frequency range from 2–20 GHz
covering UWB band. Moreover, the proposed antenna provides good radiation patterns across the
whole working bands and a relatively good gain over the entire frequency band.
RF and microwave inte– grated techniques and energy harvesting
RF and microwave inte– grated techniques and energy harvesting
1) INTRODUCTION
UWB antenna are used in a wide frequency range in on–air and ground telecommunication systems
[1, 2]. RF and Microwave energy harvesting techniques, UWB antenna design is attracted by Global
Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) and Galileo satellite navigation systems [3, 4]. Micro strip
patch antenna has various applications in UWB due to its important behavior. Design and analysis of
a model of square–shaped wideband monopole antenna is proposed in the Reference [5]. Recently,
flat monopoles are proposed and used for wideband schemes [6–9] but their radiation patternis not
wholly directional due to

Wi-Fi Local Area Network using RSSI (Received Signal...
Wi–Fi Local Area Network using RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indication) value for determining
the position, accuracy, etc. RSSI is the relative received signal strength in a wireless environment, in
arbitrary units. It is implemented and widely–used in 802.11 standards [24]. RSSI is an indication of
the power level being received by the antenna. Therefore, the higher the RSSI number (or less
negative in some devices), the stronger the signal and in Received Signal Strength Method reference
receivers (GBSs) measure the carrier phase. The differential GPS can improve location accuracy
from about 20m to within 1m.[15] There is ambiguity resulting from periodic property of the signal
phase. There are more errors that can be caused due to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While it is not clear what the future of GLONASS will be, currently, it appears that there is
resurgence in the availability of GLONASS signals and receivers that can process these signals.
Despite the popularity of GPS, many users are interested in alternative systems. This is motivated, in
part, by the fact that GPS is a system operated and controlled by the U.S. Department of Defense. As
such, some users may want to retain a navigation capability that is not solely GPS–based. Another,
more technical, motivation for this is due to the fact that GPS (or any other GNSS) is a single
system, and it is conceivable that a single failure can result in a denial of service to a large number
of users. Multiple GNSS may provide a level of redundancy and, thus, an added degree of
robustness to GNSS applications. The Galileo constellation is the European Union's effort to provide
both an alternative and a compliment to GPS. The first Galileo satellite was launched in December
2005 and transmitted test signals shortly afterward. The Galileo constellation is tentatively expected
to become operational sometime after 2010.In addition to GPS, GLONASS, and Galileo there are
other GNSS currently in development, such as the China's COMPASS constellation. This GNSS is
being designed and implemented by China and currently has a growing user base in that region.
COMPASS is currently in its in–orbit validation (IOV) phase, with plans to be operational in the
Asia–Pacific region by

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Gps
INTRODUCTION
The Global Positioning System, commonly referred to as the GPS, is one of the greatest innovations
that truly revolutionized the way we function in the 21st century. It's a space based satellite
navigation system that uses 27 satellites and a wide range of networks of powerful computers used
to send signals down to earth. These signals carry a time code and geographical data point that
allows the user to pinpoint their exact position, speed and time anywhere on the planet. Centuries
ago, explorers used clues such as the position of the sun during the day as a means of navigating but
these left explorers helplessly lost.
2. THE ORIGIN OF THE GPS
The GPS is a very powerful tool that was originally invented by the United States Military as a
means of obtaining intelligence during the cold war in the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The GPS technology is used widely in climate studies such as earthquake research and accurate
daily weather forecasts.
Corporate companies are using the GPS technology as a useful tool to monitor employee
productivity by keeping record of their "clocking times", frequency and duration of lunch breaks.
Commercial airplanes and cargo ships have more accurate readings that help them avoid disasters
and ensures that they can be traced should they get lost at sea.
The commercialisation of the GPS technology has led to the development of hand held GPS
navigation devices that are used for recreational activities such as hiking and outdoor treasure
hunting.
4.2 Disadvantages
One of the greatest disadvantage of the GPS technology is that it relies completely on receiving
satellite signals, so it's prone to radio interference and nuclear weapons.
Another issue is accuracy in terms of updating the navigation system, for example, drivers using the
GPS navigation technology can find themselves stuck in traffic due to blocked

Global Navigation Satellite System and GPS Receivers
1. Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)
2. GPS receivers
1. Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) technology underpins many of today's most exciting
technological advances – and GNSS simulation remains the most comprehensive method of testing
and perfecting the devices that put it to use in our daily lives. There are several natural disasters in
our country such as Meteorological disaster, Hydrological disaster, Geological disaster, etc. The
most common natural disasters that are experienced in our country are tropical cyclone associated
with surge, flood and drought.
A natural disaster is a major adverse event resulting from natural processes of the Earth; for
examples include floods, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tsunamis, and other geologic processes. A
natural disaster can cause loss of life or property damage, and typically leaves some economic
damage in its wake, the severity of which depends on the affected population's resilience, or ability
to recover.
If the emergency messages can be delivered to the GNSS receivers without ground networks and
communication satellite–based mobile phones in our country, it will be affected in disaster
management and decision making support especially for search and rescue activities. Space
technologies are becoming increasingly vital to modern day disaster management activities. Global
navigation satellite systems (GNSS) such as the Global Positioning System (GPS) assist all the
phases by providing precise location

Are You Safer Without A Pilot?
Are You Safer Without a Pilot? System Safety Design in a UAV Construct The Gradual Move from
Manned to Unmanned Flight According to James Albaugh, president and CEO of Boeing
Commercial Airlines, "A pilotless airliner is going to come; it's just a question of when. You'll see it
in freighters first, over water probably, landing very close to the shore." (Ross, 2011, p. 38) The
trend toward aircraft without pilots is not new. As technology has improved the number of crew
members and their responsibilities have steadily decreased. The Boeing B–29, the most
technologically advanced aircraft of the day, required five people to operate the aircraft; pilot, co–
pilot, flight engineer, navigator and radio operator. This does not include the four gunners and
bombardier required for combat operations. (Mann, 2009) Compare this with modern airliners that
carry a crew of one pilot and one copilot. The flight engineer, navigator, and to some degree the
radio operator, have been replaced by computers. Not only are there fewer crew members, their
workload has been steadily reduced. Navigation moved from dead reckoning and star sightings to
radio navigation (VOR/DME) to Inertial Navigation Systems (INS) to Global Positioning Satellite
(GPS). As recently as the 1960's, aircraft like Lockheed's C–5 Galaxy, were designed and built with
celestial navigation sextant ports (Clonts, 2006). Radio communication went from technology so
cumbersome it took a full time radio operator to

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