Oil Persuasive Speech

Oil Persuasive Speech
There are so many natural resources on earth. Individuals have also come up with many alternatives
to end wasting them. Not all the natural resources are technically safe for humans to be using. Oil
being one of them. The process of collecting oil is very complicated. It slowly poisons earth and
causes irreversible damage. It not only affects humans, but every living and nonliving thing on this
planet from the tiniest organisms like plankton, to the ozone layer. Oil extraction should be banned
because it endangers thousands of animals and has the potential to destroy their ecosystems, is far
too dangerous for workers, and is a major cause of global warming. Oil drilling affects thousands of
marine animals in their ecosystems and has caused massive damage before. For example, on April
20, 2010, 210 million gallons of oil spilled into the Gulf of Mexico. It is considered the largest
accidental marine oil spill in the world and the largest environmental disaster in U.S History.
("Deepwater Horizon." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 06 July 2017. Web. 06 July 2017.) "As
the Deepwater Horizon disaster shows, it's hard to contain and remove oil that is spilling into the
ocean." (Hamalainen, Karina. "DRILLING FOR OIL." Science World Sep 27 2010: 8,12,TE8.
ProQuest. Web. 30 June 2017.) This clearly states the known severity of oil spills. Oil in the ocean is
hard to clean up, imagine how the animals that live in the affected areas struggle to survive. It stays
in the water for
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Bp Oil Spill Persuasive Essay
Oil companies are still fighting to lift the ban on offshore drilling. Six years after the BP Oil Spill
they are faced with new drilling and oil exploration. The practice of offshore drilling is being used
to extract and recover oil from the depths of oceans for international consumption. Offshore drilling
or the expanding of oil exploration will continue to destroy the marine wildlife in their environment
and other industries in the process. The exploration will leave a toxic marine environment all over
the world that will persist for years to come. Coastline estuaries, oceans, and beaches will be
affected in the case of an oil spill which poses a threat to those inhabiting, plants, animals, and
humans, along the coasts. The process also releases heaps of greenhouse gasses into the atmosphere
constantly, where you believe global warming to be truthful or not there is still immeasurable traces
of it in our air. It intensifies the greenhouse effect causing the planet to become warmer and
absorbed by the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Loss of market confidence in the fishing industry can lead to price reductions or rebuff of seafood
products by commercial buyers and consumers. When it goes viral and acquires media coverage and
attention it looks down poorly on the marketability of seafood. Oil contamination will forcibly close
some fishing grounds. Tourism in these areas will also lessen as a consequence, out of all threaten
states Florida has the most to lose. 80 million visitors a year and generating $60 billion in spending,
tourism is its most prevalent industry based on studies. According to the article Factbox: Gulf oil
spill impacts fisheries, wildlife, tourism, officials say, "even the mere threat of oil pollution from the
spill is enough to make a significant "dent" in the tourism industries of Florida and other Gulf
states". Expanding the industry will only surge the process and rate at which these businesses lose

Types Of Wells Can Be Used For Drill Holes Deep Into The...
The pipe spewed its water mixture for almost 30 hours. It fell like rain in a storm, sounding like a
faucet running water in the tub. The workers scrambled around the drill trying to shut off the valve,
but it would not shut. They decided they needed to replace it instead. The containment well was
capturing most of the water mixture, but the water was falling on the drill, the trailer roofs and was
being absorbed into the worker 's exposed skin. The soil under the plastic was also absorbing the
leakage too. This is what could happen when a valve broke in the open position.
In the United States, there are three types of oil and gas wells; horizontal, directional, and vertical.
All three types of wells can be fracked. Horizontal drilling is normally used to drill holes deep into
the earth, for the hydraulic fracturing process. Fracturing or "fracking" uses a high pressure water
mixture that is injected deep into the ground through pipes to create fractures that release the oil and
natural gas from the shale deposits. The gases are directed into wells that have been built for
collection. The water mixture includes a water–and–sand makeup of 98 to 99.5 percent and a
chemical additive makeup of 0.5 to 2 percent. Some of the mixture pumped in and some of the
material broken up, returns to the surface, while some remains underground where it props open the
fracture created (ProQuest, 2013). Recovery of the used water is only reported to be one third of the
total amount. The

civil engineering breakthrough 2013
The Earthquake–Resilient Building
The Brilliant Idea: A replaceable, building–wide system to help hospitals, apartment buildings and
office towers survive severe seismic shaking.
By Logan Ward and the Editors of Popular Mechanics
September 30, 2010 6:30 AM
Elastic high–strength steel cables run down the center of the system's frame. The cables control the
rocking of the building and, when the earthquake is over, pull it back into proper alignment.
A steel frame situated around a building's core or along exterior walls offers structural support. The
frame's columns, however, are free to rock up and down within steel shoes secured at the base. Steel
fuses (in blue) at the frame's center twist and contort to absorb seismic ... Show more content on
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The boat carried almost 5 miles of pipe in segments of about 10 meters long, which were stacked in
vertical racks and clanged like wind chimes when the boat rocked in a storm.
In the bottom of Chikyu is an opening called the Moon Pool, and it was through this opening that
engineers, with the help of robots about twice as tall as a human, twisted one piece of pipe into
another, lowering the pipe piece by piece down to the ocean floor as the full length of the pipe came
together.
They drilled three places overall: one to collect geophysical data, one to bring rock cores up to the
surface, and one to install what the scientists call the observatory, essentially a rope with 55 sensors
to measure the temperature of the fault zone in relation to the surrounding rock, which would reveal
how much friction there had been between the two plates during the quake. Installing the
observatory meant not only drilling a hole but then finding it again to insert the temperature
sensors–and coming back to the same spot nine months later to pick them up.
"A Wet Spaghetti Noodle"
The first step is to install a 20–inch wellhead, which keeps the hole open to a depth of 30 meters.
But once that 's done, the team needs to drag all the piping back up to the surface so it can install a
drill bit, about 8 inches around, on the end. Then it lowers the whole assembly back into the water,
where the

Internship Report
May 2017 – Current INTEGRATED WELL SERVICES (IWSS) | www.iwsas.com Client: EV
Australasia – Osborne Park, Western Australia Senior Field Technician (Contractor) COMPANY
PROFILE: IWSS is a group of strategic business partners, providing a full range of Well Services
and Solutions to leading organisations locally and internationally. IWSS specialise in all phases
from Drilling to Well Testing, Well Services to Work over Services from concept and engineering, to
execution and analysis. KEY DUTIES: Provide technical support for EV, a global oilfield services
business that specialise in well diagnosis through advanced downhole video technology. Run
downhole camera and video technology tools into offshore wells using drill ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Explored and obtained information such as design specifications, cost, rental cost of suitable well
kill, lubricate and bleed pumping solutions, including preparing P&ID and rig up drawings.
Searched and obtained design specifications, costs, rental costs of slickline/wireline surface pressure
control equipment, including preparing rig up drawings. Liaised with a broad range of stakeholders,
representatives and engaged with the Woodside Energy team on site in regards to the operation
execution phase of Slickline & Wireline activities. Nov 2010 – Dec 2015 WOODSIDE ENERGY |
www.woodside.com.au North West Shelf (NWS) Project Well Services Supervisor (Contractor)
COMPANY PROFILE: Woodside is Australia's largest independent oil and gas company with a
global portfolio, recognised for our world–class capabilities – as an explorer, a developer, a producer
and supplier of energy. Woodside's producing assets in Australia include the landmark North West
Shelf (NWS) Project. EMPLOYMENT HISTORY KEY DUTIES: Managed and maintained various
aspects of well services operations on the Goodwyn Alpha and North Rankin offshore production
facilities located in the North West Shelf. Maintained compliance with QHSE policies, standards,
processes and workplace safe Operating Procedures (SOP's.) Prepared and tracked Permit to Work
(PTW) in Integrated Safe System of Work (ISSoW) for all offshore well

The Deepwater Applinement Techque During The Deepwater...
During the Deepwater Horizon event, 18 Shoreline Cleanup Assessment Technique (SCAT) teams
consisting of Federal, State, Local and BP Plc. Representatives conducted field surveys to determine
the location, scale and character of oiled shoreline (Michel et al., 2013). This data was essential to
creating site–specific Shoreline Treatment Recommendations (STRs) which were based on criterion
involving oil properties, season, habitat type and use. SCAT surveys were carried out by teams
documenting oil character, thickness, percent distribution, width and length of the oiled band(s),
tidal zone where the oil band(s) were observed, the average and maximum size of oil deposits, and
recommended cleanup tactics (Michel et al., 2013). As opposed to ... Show more content on
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SCAT surveys addressed all shorelines within the Area of Response (Michel et al., 2013). The end of
Stage III marked a target date to meet cleanup goals by the spring of 2011, when the shoreline
would become heavily used by birds, sea turtles and people. Shoreline Treatment Recommendations
(STRs) were created by the SCAT team and authorized by the Unified Command. STRs were issued
for each part of the shoreline, specifying the area type and types of cleanup operations to be
conducted (Michel et al., 2013). The goal was to meet the 2010 "No Further Treatment (NFT)
Guidelines" developed for each habitat type. NFT guidelines held the objective to continue shoreline
treatment until the remediation efforts were no longer effective and caused more harm than good i.e.
proceed until a "Net Environmental Benefit" is achieved (Michel et al., 2013). Stage III Remediation
Train: Booming, skimming, burning, chemical dispersants
Affected habitats of the shoreline identified by SCAT teams: sand beaches, coastal marshes, man–
made structures. In the event of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, an estimated 4.2 million feet of
containment boom and 9.1 million feet of sorbent boom were used making this the largest boom
deployment in response effort history (British Petroleum, 2010). Oil contained in rigid booms was
then subjected to conventional skimming in which the surface water was moved

Economic Concerns Of Deepwater Completions And Workover Essay
Economic Concerns of Deepwater Completions and Workover. Benefits: Offshore completions and
workover have some environmental benefits specially during the development phase. It offers less
time over the hole, needs fewer resources, requires less capital equipment to develop a field. Subsea
completions also is often associated with continuing availability during the production and disposal
of equipment such as platforms, manifolds etc. Risks: Introduction: The environmental risks
associated with offshore completions are similar to other oil and gas well drilling operations.
Extemporaneous releases of hydrocarbons to the environment can occur during drilling or
completion of the well. Macondo was not the first oil spill accident in offshore platforms, and will
not be the last either. Oil spill is the main reason of environmental hazard with the flow of tons of oil
into the sea water degrading marine and wildlife. While oil spilling is a regular phenomenon in the
offshore industry (498 blowouts worldwide during 1970–2007), it not only affects the marine
ecosystem, but also increases the water depth in the drilling area. Causes: a. Spills: With the
growing expansion of deepwater platforms, new potential sources of spills must be addressed. These
include extended well testing procedures (which may require offloading of oil to a barge), different
oil storage requirements, new types of production facilities, and new methods of oil transportation
from the well site to central

BP Oil Spill
On April 20, 2010, British Petroleum's Deepwater Horizon platform exploded and sunk into the
Gulf of Mexico. The resulted in a raging fire and an eventual estimate of 4.9 million barrels of crude
oil and 1.7×1011 g of methane gas [1] being released into the Gulf from an uncapped wellhead in
the sea's surface. It took BP nearly three months to cap the wellhead end the influx of oil into the
Gulf [2]. This incident became the largest accidental oil spill in US history. The resultant leak of oil
spanned numerous habitats, from the sediment on the sea floor, to the coastal areas some states [3].
Many traditional chemical and physical methods of cleanup were employed, including controlled
burns, low pressure flushing, and vacuum pumping. While ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
More than 700,000 gallons of this dispersant was used above the sea surface and near the well head
below the surface. Dispersants break up large globs of oil into smaller droplets to greater bacterial
access and easier consumption, potentially increasing the rates of oil degradation. Surface area to
volume ratio of oil greatly impacts the rate of bioremediation [1]. These chemicals, however, are
highly toxic and have even been banned in the United Kingdom. Studies have shown that two years
after the spill, artificial dispersants had increased the oil toxicity by 52 times [5]. Some hydrocarbon
degraders produce biosurfactants, which act as natural dispersants. This is an important
characteristic among microbial communities that utilize hydrocarbons. Since oil is water insoluble,
biosurfactants are important for regulating attachment to the oil. Biosurfactants are compounds that
attract both lipids and water, and reduce the surface tension between the two. This aids in the
breakdown of the lipid molecules into smaller droplets, thus increasing the amount of bacteria able
to come in contact with the lipid, allowing for increased degradation[5]

Analysis Of Matthew Maury 's First Steps
From Matthew Maury's first steps in the young field of oceanography, to the HMS Challenger's first
expedition, and now to modern day, the ocean has always been a place for exploration and
discovery. Two issues that are at the forefront of modern oceanic discussions are offshore drilling
and ocean acidification. Ocean acidification offsets the chemical balance in the ocean and disturbs
the marine life in the ocean, and offshore drilling causes serious damage to the surrounding
ecosystem and affects the chemical makeup of the ocean through oil spills.
An increased amount of acidification has disrupted the chemical balance in the ocean waters in the
recent hundreds of years due to the high amount of burning fossil fuels. The Industrial Revolution
was a pivotal moment for the chemical equilibrium in the ocean. During this time, scientists realized
the prominent effects that the pollution of fossil fuels had on the atmosphere and, respectively, the
oceans. Exhaustible fossil fuels such as natural gas, oil, and coal are being used by the human
population, and it is releasing large amounts of Carbon Dioxide into the air (National Ocean
Service). This in turn creates an atmosphere that is immensely concentrated in CO2; therefore, the
ocean absorbs more of the CO2 in the air. According to Marah Hardt and Carl Safina from Yale
Climate Connections, high concentrates of carbon dioxide in the ocean creates a PH balance that is
very low causing the ocean to become very acidic. When carbon

Marketing Plan For A Transport Llc
VICORO TRANSPORT
Marketing plan
Rafael Gomez
July 15, 2015
Mrs. Harriss
LeTourneau University
VICORO TRANSPORT
MISSION STATEMENT
"YOU HAVE IT...WE HAUL IT"
VICORO TRANSPORT LLC, is a family owned Hot Shot company located in the surrounding
Houston area. We specialize in oilfield, construction material and general commodities up to 40'
long and 15,000 lbs. We strive to lead in the industry by providing an excellent customer service,
competitive pricing, and quality of work you can count on that is driven to provide safe, courteous,
on–time delivery of your transportation needs by using current best practices.
SWOT ANALYSIS
STRENGTHS:
Family owned company
Customer loyalty– main account was with Seaboard Wellhead which was ... Show more content on
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Each truck will do at least a minimum of 3 local loads per day, 5 days a week to reach $10,000
monthly goal. We will market the major well head companies to build the relationship with and earn
the business. Seaboard Wellhead being my major vendor will provide 5–7 loads daily. These loads
will be either locally or anywhere in the state of Texas that it will make up the difference in revenue
if the total of 9 daily loads per truck is not met. VICORO TRANSPORT LLC will meet this goal
within six months of business. By the end of the first fiscal year of business we should have
increased business by 30% by increasing business with other vendors besides Seaboard Wellhead.
Business Competitive Advantage Analysis
VICORO TRANSPORT, LLC has an opportunity to establish its competitive position in local

transportation in the Texas market by selectively focusing its target market in the oil industry. The
company has already experienced servicing this type of clientele and I believe that there is a
growing demand for reliable, same–day Hot Shot transportation solutions in this customer base.
VICORO TRANSPORT, LLC provides our customers with courteous, prompt and dependable
transportation service. Our major competitive advantage is the enormous industry experience and
solid reputation. The

Lockheed Martin Case
Lockheed Martin performs BVLOS inspection flights in Canada Lockheed Martin, together with
Canadian UAVs, showed how beyond visual line–of–sight (BVLOS) flights can help various
operations by performing multiple BVLOS inspection flights with the Indago 2 drone at the UAV
testing facility in Foremost, Alberta, Canada. With an endurance of approximately 45 minutes, and
equipped with a camera that can capture high–resolution images and video with 30x optical zoom
and enhanced digital zoom, the quadrotor successfully inspected several pipelines, powerlines and
wellheads. The Indago 2 weighs five pounds, and achieves ranges up to 5 km when operated using
its handheld controller, and extends beyond 10 km with directional communications devices. It also
takes leverage of Lockheed's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We are the first in the world to deliver this capability," said John Molberg, business development
lead for Lockheed Martin CDL Systems, "Our systems routinely fly beyond line of sight for our
military customers, which has allowed us to gain compliance status with Transport Canada for use in
commercial airspace. This flight achievement is a bellwether for Canadian UAVs, Lockheed Martin
and Foremost Test Range, and showcases the leadership provided by Unmanned Systems Canada
and Transport Canada for the safe use of unmanned systems in Canadian airspace." Canadian UAVs
President Sean Greenwood says Canadian UAVs has been focused on creating an end–to–end
paradigm with Transport Canada to conduct these operations outside of Restricted Military Airspace
where customers have a substantial regulatory and logistical needs to acquire actionable data. It's
important to see these kind of operations taking place, not only for laws and regulations to take
shape, but also for the drone industry to expand and show what drones are capable

Analysis Of The Montara Wellhead Platform Drill Rig Owned...
At 5:30am WA time on the 21st of August 2009 the Montara wellhead platform drill rig owned by
PTTEP Australasia suffered a well head accident, resulting in the uncontrolled discharge of oil and
gas. This discharge was stopped 2 months later on the 3rd November 2009 (Government, 2013). The
devastation that this oil caused in 2 months was outrages, resulting in the destruction of ecosystems
and surrounding villages to perish overtime. The following will analysis the perspectives of three
major stake holders, the Australian government, PTT Exploration and Production (PTTEP)
Australasia and the people of West Timor, and explain how the common good is of relevance to this
issue. The principle off the common good is littered throughout history. One prominent description
of the common good is the social conditions that permit people to be able to reach their full potential
as well as realizing their human dignity (William J. Byron, 1998). Another describes the common
good as the "moral formula for the greatest good for all" (Kelly & Jones, 1996). Pope Paul VI
described the common good slightly differently as where "every social group must take account of
the needs and appropriate aspirations of other groups, and even of the over–all welfare of the entire
human family" (Pope Paul VI, 1965). The issue of the Montara oil spill is of great relevance to the
common good because various stakeholders were involved and negatively affected. To reach a
solution that results in the greatest

Horizon Oil Explosion
The 2010 Horizon Oil Rig Explosion
April 20th, 2010 an explosion occurred that created what would be considered one of the worst oil
spills in U.S. history. The Deepwater Horizon Oil Rig was being leased by BP Oil Company and
was located only about 40 miles off of the coast of Louisiana. A surge of natural gas that made its
way to the Horizon rig's platform ignited, causing the rig to capsize and sink, thus breaking risers
that were being used to counteract the large amount of pressure from oil and natural gasses
(Pallardy, 2015). The explosion killed 11 workers and injured 17 others and caused a massive leak in
the oil wellhead. It took 87 days for the wellhead to be closed and it is estimated that over that time
around 210 million gallons ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The dispersants were a substance that was supposed to break down the oil and make it easier for
bacteria to be able to process the contaminates (Pallardy, 2015). The main dispersant used was
called Corexit. The manufacturer of Corexit determined that it was safe to be used, however there
has been a lot of controversy over the pros and cons of the dispersants and whether they were doing
more damage than good (Kirby, 2013) Lab studies suggest that the dispersants had just as much of a
negative effect on coral as the oil did by itself. The dispersants helped keep the oil from rising to the
surface, however the combination of the oil and dispersants made the environment and welfare of
the Gulf's sea life even worse (Freudenburg & Gramling,

Deepwater Horizon : A Disaster Of Monstrous Proportions Essay
Deepwater Horizon: A Disaster of Monstrous Proportions On April 20, 2010 British Petroleum's
Deepwater Horizon offshore oil rig located forty miles off the coast of Louisiana exploded due to
high pressure of methane gas seeping into the drilling riser and expanding. The explosion killed 11
men working on the rig, injured 17 other, and causing millions of gallons of crude oil to begin
spilling into the ocean. This tragic accident has left many question like why did this happen? What
could have been done to prevent it? and can we assure a disaster like this never happens again? In
this essay we will look to answer these questions in painstaking detail. Let's begin with the why did
this happen? The answer to this question is quite simple.....money. In order to save on their bottom
line British Petroleum did everything they could to build the Deepwater Horizon rig fast and cost
efficient, and in doing so they made some very poor management decisions. For instance the
cementing of the rig was inadequate for a rig of its size, valves that were designed to too stop
cement backflow did not close, pressure test were wrongly interpreted, and lastly a fail–safe seat bed
on the wellhead failed to close after the explosion. All of this is a domino effect caused by poor
management decisions looking out for their bottom line and not for adequately built and maintained
oil rig that could have prevented this tragedy from happening. The reaction after the explosion and
the oil spill was

Taking a Look at th Drilling Process
Rotating system There are two type of rotating system in drilling process, rotary table and top drive
system. Rotary table make the rotation of drill string through torque applied by the rotary table and
by the hexagonal Kelly on the drill floor. It is the old type of rotating system, need more workers on
the field because it rotates manually. Top drive system rotate the drill string by using hydraulic or
electrical motor that is hang on the mast of the drilling rig (Cherutich, 2009).
Rotary table component:
Swivel and Swivel Bail – Hang below travelling block to support the drill stem system
The Kelly – Special section of pipe that is attached to the bottom of the swivel by threading
Kelly bushing – device that is fit The Kelly
Master bushing – device that fit the Kelly bushing which is mounted on the rotary table
Rotary table – located on the floor of the rig and it is capable of producing a strong rotating force
that is called "torque" Figure 3: Rotary Table (Source: Mr Aslam's Rig Component slide page 37)
Top drive system
hang below travelling block and has its own heavy duty motor
It is comprised of one or more electric or hydraulic motors
connected to the drill string by a short section of pipe called the "Quill"
The top drive is able to move up and down the derrick
does not use the Kelly
Figure 4: Top Drive System
(Source: http://slc–jh.ru/en/production/the–top–drive–system–slc–jh/192.html)

Essay on The Oil Industry and Air Pollution
Ever since 1908, when Henry Ford manufactured a car that was affordable to most families, the
need for oil has been growing more and more every year as humans want more and more products
that use oil or are made from it. People and their need for oil far exceeds the need to fill up their car.
It stretches out to vast amount of products that people use every day. Including plastics bags when
they go shopping, the shampoo they use to clean their hair, the toys their kids play with and the
insulation used to keep their houses warm. However with all the positives of oil they're a lot of
negatives that are a result of using oil. One immediate negative oil causes is pollution, oil has two
predominant types of pollution. But before we can talk ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The second type is water pollution, which usually occurs when an accident happens where it is
leaked into a water supply or the ocean, making the water toxic and contaminated, killing animals
and making people sick. Although oil makes up such a large part of our daily lives, real thought and
consideration needs to be taken about using less oil because the effects it has on people and the
environment are very real and very serious.
On April 20th 2010 a damage Macondo wellhead part of an oil rig named the Deepwater Horizon
rig, owned by Transocean and operated by BP (British Petroleum). Exploded 42 miles of the coast
of Louisiana, immediately killing 11 workers and leaking for 87 days before the wellhead was
capped. Although it was already much too late, as over 4.9 million barrels had already leaked into
the Gulf. "Once the oil left the well, it spread throughout the water column. Some floated to the
ocean surface to form oil slicks, which can spread more quickly by being pushed by winds. Some
floated in the midwater, rising from the wellhead like a chimney and forming a 22–mile long oil
plume." (Ocean Si). Immediately after the spill, people began to debate whether or not drilling for
oil is really that necessary, debating what's more important, the industry and all the economics of
drilling for oil, or the harm that happens to people and the environment when a disaster happens.
Oil is considered

The Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill
Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill
The Context
Before the occurrence of the Deepwater Horizon event, BP had already been labelled as having a
horrible safety record. A 2009 report by the United States Department of Labour Occupational
Safety and Health Administration (Todd & Petterson , 2009), indicated that BP had 270 existing
fines of a 'failure to abate' and 439 'wilful violations' of various safety protocols.
At the time of the disaster the regulators of the oil industry in the United States was the Material
Management Service. This department was known for their 'misconduct, unethical conduct, and
unlawful activities' (Hogue, 2010).
This Case Study aims to look at the Deepwater Horizon oil spill from the view of how BP and the
US government ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Catastrophe
In February 2010, the Deepwater Horizon began the task of drilling a well in Macondo Prospect of
the Gulf of Mexico (Group, 2011). Once this was completed, the task of cementing the hole in order
seal the well bore from the reservoir sand (BP, 2010). At 8:00 PM on April 20, 2010, while
preparing to temporary abandon the well, the BP Accident Investigation report (BP, 2010) states that
there was a negative pressure inside the well causing it to flow. While this occurs, BP (BP, 2010)
states, the lighter seawater that replaced the mud inside the column should have decreased the
pressure. By 9:40 PM, mud had overflowed onto the floor of the Deepwater Horizon and then
through the Derrick (BP, 2010). Following this, the blowout preventer was activated to stop the
flow, however this had not worked. Gas had then leaked out, which resulted in an explosion, causing
significant damage to the oil platform. BP (BP, 2010) also believed that the damaged Blowout
preventer continued to fuel the fire with gas after the initial explosion.
As a result of this, the explosion had resulted in the deaths of eleven personnel and the dispersal of
nearly five million barrels of oil into the Gulf of Mexico (Pallardy, 2014).
There was also an immediate response by the United States congress in the legislation governing oil
and gas operations. According to a Congressional Research Service report (Hagerty & Jonathan ,
2014), the 111th Congress had held over '60 hearings'

Gulf Of Mexico Oil Spill Analysis
Back in the spring of 2010, the Gulf of Mexico experienced the worst oil spill in U.S history as a
result of an explosion and sinking of the Deepwater Horizon Oil rig. On April 10th the hazardous
accident had already killed 11 people, deformed and killed countless numbers of marine wildlife,
and leaked 3.19 million barrels of oil that spread about 42 miles off the coast of Louisiana. Even
though the well was located within the deep sea (the lowest part of the ocean that accounts for most
of the water on Earth) the ecosystem suffered heavily from it. For instance, it has been reported that
over 335 dolphins died, hundreds of sea turtles washed up on the shore soaked in oil, and hundreds
of seabirds drowned or starved from not being able to fly,

How Namibia Is A Multi Party System Of Government Essay
Namibia fiscal regimes Fiscal Analysis
Mabel Nwokolo
2016
1. INTRODUCTION
Namibia is found in the southern region of Africa. Initially ignored by international petroleum
companies. However, in recent times has been called as one of the last frontiers of oil and gas
exploration.
Namibia is a democratic state that has a multi–party system of government.
The executive, judiciary and legislative powers comprises of Namibia system of government.
The Namibian oil and gas industry is supervised and monitored by the legislative.
Find below the list of Namibia regulatory Law:
Petroleum (Exploration and Production) Act, 1991 (Act 2 of 1991);
Petroleum Taxation Act, 1991 (Act 3 of 1991);
Petroleum Laws Amendment Act, 1998 (Act 24 of 1998); and the
Model Petroleum Agreement (MPA), 2007
Namibia has a total population of 2.3million (from 2015 census record), Land area of about
823290km2, with Gross domestic product (GDP) of 13.11Billion USD (2015) and GDP per Capita
of 5693.13USD.
The figure below shows the Map of Namibia, its location in Africa and acreage states.
NAMCOR OVERVIEW
NAMCOR – Established under the Petroleum Act known as Exploration and Production Act of
1991. As an SOE of the ministry of Mines and Energy, they are allowed to participate across the
value chain.
NAMCOR duties include:
Vehicle for participation in the petroleum industry on behalf of the GRN

Technical Advisory Services to the Ministry

BP Oil Spills
Oil Spills
BP is one of the largest company producers in both oil and natural gas in the United States,
venturing on exploration and discovery, Deepwater drilling and gas supply chains. On April 20,
2010, 11 men lost their lives after an explosion in the semi–submersible drilling on the Deepwater
Horizon oil rig working on the Macondo exploration well for BP in the Gulf of Mexico. The well
blowout and subsequent oil spill pumped 3.2 million barrels in the Gulf of Mexico the biggest
marine disaster in US history. The fire burned for 36 hours before the rig sank, and the hydrocarbons
leaked into the Gulf of Mexico before the well was closed and sealed. After the explosion and
sinking of the Deepwater Horizon oil rig, a sea–floor oil gusher flowed for 87 days, until it was
capped on July 15th 2010. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The cause was said to be due to a well integrity failure, and a loss of hydrostatic control of the well.
Failure to control the flow from the well with the blowout preventer, balance of plant equipment,
which allowed the release and subsequent ignition of hydrocarbons, the balance of plant emergency
functions failed to seal the well after the initial explosion. A report led by BP stated the well
integrity had not been established, but a particular cement slurry used at the bottom of the Macondo
well failed to contain hydrocarbons within the reservoir, as they were designed to have which
allowed the gas and liquids to flow up the production casing. The rig crew failed to recognize the
influx of hydrocarbons into the well, causing the gas to be vented directly on to the rig rather than
being diverted overboard. The flow of gas into the engine

Petroleum : Facilities And Processes
Onshore Petroleum: Facilities and Processes
The oil and gas industry facilities and systems are broadly defined, according to their use, in the oil
and gas industry production stream:
Exploration: This includes prospecting, seismic and drilling activities that take place before the
development of a field is finally decided.
Upstream: This typically refers to all facilities for production and stabilization of oil and gas. The
reservoir and drilling community often uses upstream for the wellhead, well, completion and
reservoir only, and downstream of the wellhead as production or processing. Exploration and
upstream/production together is referred to as Exploration and Production (E&P).
Midstream: This is broadly defined as gas treatment, Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) production and
regasification plants, and oil and gas pipeline systems.
Refining: This is where oil and condensates are processed into marketable products such as gasoline,
diesel or feedstock for the petrochemical industry. Refinery off–sites such as tank storage and
distribution terminals are included in this segment.
Petrochemical: These products are chemical products where the main feedstock is hydrocarbons.
Examples are plastics, fertilizer and a wide range of industrial chemicals.
Exploration
These days, oil companies use a series of surveys, starting with broad geological mapping through
increasingly advanced methods such as passive seismic, reflective seismic, magnetic and gravity
surveys to

What Happened At The Macondo Well
Humans are a poisonous sludge, slowly poisoning ourselves and all other inhabitants. There are
many ways we do this, offshore oil drilling being one of them. Offshore oil drilling is the process of
drilling into the earth and pulling up petroleum, a natural fuel source made of decomposed
organisms. While there are many positive effects, there are too many negative ones for oil drilling to
continue. Offshore oil drilling is too dangerous to be considered safe for use in the ecosystem. Not
only is it too dangerous, oil rigs are made in an environment many would deem too hazardous for
settling any type of structure. Oil drilling kills many people each year and pollutes the marine
environment, killing the oceans natural inhabitants. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Nature is unpredictable and one cannot prepare for every outcome. While nature is a big factor in
well breaches, one main factor is the oil companies' lack of restrictions. This is demonstrated in
"National Environmental Health Association Position on Offshore Oil Drilling", where the author
states: "An ABC News review of federal records shows that in spite of chronic safety violations,
MMS... In a majority of cases in which workers were killed, there was no record of fines paid. When
fines were imposed, the maximum penalty was only $25,000" (5). This quote shows how much the
oil companies are allowed to get away with. If this were to happen in any other industry, they would
have been arrested and forced to pay millions of dollars in fines, but not when it comes to oil
because of how much revenue it brings in. The amalgam of these three facts shows the dangers of
oil drilling in the extreme environments that oil is found in. In addition, offshore oil drilling causes
water pollution and disrupts the marine ecosystem. Doctor Ermal Xhelilaj states in his article, "The
Behavior and Effects of Oil Pollution into Marine Environment and Oceans" that "Shorelines are
also vulnerable to the oil pollution and a study of the US Coast Guard has revealed that exposed
rocky cliffs and seawalls, wave cut rocky platforms, fine to medium–grained sand beaches, coarse–
grained sand beaches, mixed sand and gravel beaches, gravel beaches/ riprap

The Low Pressure Housing Provides A Location Point For The...
Lower Pressure Housing
The low–pressure housing provides a location point for the drilling guide base, and provides an
interface for the 18¾–in. (476.25mm) provides an interface for the 18¾–in. (476.25mm) high–
pressure housing. It is important for this first string to be jetted or cemented in place correctly,
because this string is the foundation for the rest of the well (Petrowiki)
2.1.3 High–Pressure Housing
The subsea high–pressure wellhead housing (typically 18¾ in. (476.25mm)) is, effectively, a
unitized wellhead with no annulus access. It provides an interface between the subsea BOP stack
and the subsea well. The subsea wellhead is the male member to a large–bore connection, as shown
in (the female counterpart is the wellhead connector on the bottom of the BOP stack), that will be
made up in a remote subsea, ocean–floor environment. The 18¾–in (476.25mm) wellhead will
house and support each casing string by way of a mandrel–type casing hanger. The internal diameter
of the 18¾–in (476.25mm) wellhead provides a metal–to–metal sealing surface for the seal
assembly, when it is energized around the casing hanger. The wellhead provides a primary landing
shoulder in the bottom ID area to support the combined casing loads, and will typically
accommodate two or three casing hangers and a tubing hanger. The minimum ID of the wellhead is
designed to let a 17½–in (438.15mm) drilling bit pass through. (Petrowiki)
2.1.4 Casing hangers
All subsea casing hangers are mandrel type. The

Pros And Cons Of Offshore Drilling
In today's world, oil plays a very important role in our everyday lives. It is used daily for various
things which includes: transportation, electricity, heat etc. Most of the oils we use either came from
underground drilling or came from other countries. But because of the decrease of supply in oil,
people started to look for alternative ways to find oil. Offshore drilling became the new way of oil
drilling. It is an oil extraction technique that extracts oil from the sea bed. There are both pros and
cons to offshore drilling. In my opinion, the cons outweighs the pros. One of the most obvious pro
of offshore drilling is that it greatly increases the amount of oil we use for fuel and energy, which in
terms helps out our economy. It also allows us to not rely on other countries to supply the oil. This
can help us reduce the oil price because if the oil is produced in our own country, other countries
don't have a say on the oil price. Another pro of offshore drilling is that it creates more job
opportunities for people. Many skilled people are needed to operate the equipment, which opens up
doors for new workers. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are many risks involved in this job which includes fires and drowning. Since the rigs are in
the middle of the water, it is difficult to escape in case of an emergency. Offshore drilling also leads
to a lot of environmental problems. One of the problem is carbon emissions. High amounts of
carbon emission is put into the atmosphere causes by the drill that is used to drill the seabed. This
contributes to the global warming problem. Another major problem is oil spill. Oil spills causes a lot
of damage to the marine life. It also contaminates the water. All the fishes in the ocean can be
contaminated and it can go up the food chain affecting all other organisms

Ethics, International Factors, and Cross-Cultural...
Project Management Strategies:Ethics, International Factorsand Cross–Cultural Considerations for
Successful Project Completion
Project Management Overview
Ethics
How to do business without breaking the rules
International Factors
How to do business around the world
Cross–Cultural Considerations
How to build relationships with all people
Project Management Topics Covered
Challenges and Common Pitfalls
Solutions
Case Studies
Ethics
Device released without proper approvals
Doing business in other countries
Cross–Cultural Considerations:
Working with a team with members of different backgrounds
Challenges and Common Pitfalls
Opportunities for Growth and Improvement
Ethics
Project completion deadlines and quality are sometimes at odds
Hiding damaging data during reviews or minimizing problems
Timezone differences
Different ways of conducting business
Different management philosophies
Attitudes about work

Respect and how individuals are addressed in public and private
Solutions
Ethics
Make sure to discuss all decisions and get buy in from your team
Scenario #1: Ethics
Medical Device Company develops a product with the help of third–party contract manufacturer
(OEM)
Process design and manufacturing are handled by the OEM
Project Manager sends e–mail announcing release of new product to entire

Pros And Cons Of A Drilling Rig
On April 20, 2010 there was an explosion in a drilling rig that was operated and owned by
Transocean. The drilling rig's official name was "Deepwater Horizon Mobile Offshore Drilling
Unit" and was in the process of drilling oil in the Macondo Propect oil field, located 40 miles off the
Louisiana southeast coast. The cause was reported as a "Wellhead blowout" which cause the rig to
explode, dumping more than 200 gallons of oil into the Gulf of Mexico and resulting in 11
casualties.
Spills like these cause us to see the bad of oil drilling, especially in the ocean where the oil can
spread to marine life in surrounding water. There are many cons with drilling for oil, but there are
also many pros. Personally it becomes hard to weigh the pros

Fshore Oil Drilling Job
Employees communicate with each other for effectively carrying out corporate responsibilities. As
Robbins and Judge (2014) explains employee shares and conveys ideas and information through
communication using four of its major functions such as "control, motivation, emotional expression
and information" (p. 299). The offshore oil–drilling job is complex and needs engineering expertise.
BP had undertaken deep–water oil drilling at the Macondo well using the Transocean offshore oil
rig. It is expected that BP and its partner, Halliburton, Transocean needed detailed collaborative
communication plan across between all the parties. Let us examine some of the critical
communication before the disaster. BP engineer communicating that, the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
36). Halliburton also presented to BP that seven centralizer is very likely to create "severe gas flow
problem" (p. 36). Subsequent days there was a pressure test conducted by oil rig owners and tool
pusher Wyman Wheeler, who did not believe explanations received. Another negative test
performed and during the new negative test, the pressure came down on a different pipe and not for
the drill pipe and the crew moved on with the rest of the process. According to BP, tool pusher Jason
Anderson justifies the anomalous reading as the "bladder effect and had been seen this before" (p.6).
The negative test expectation is not necessarily the same since there is no pressure from the drill
pipe. The drilling crew prepared for the cement plug top of the oil well by reopening the blowout
preventer and "pumping seawater down the drill pipe to displace the mud and spacer from the riser"
according to the United States (2011), Deep water, (p.7) and the crew began discharging the spacer.
At 9.20 pm on the fatal day before the explosion, Anderson responded to another colleague, the
negative test "went well". Just after Anderson is discussing with BP representatives who praised the
job, the explosion started with throwing mud. There will be check and balances on all levels for any
well–designed process, but it is clear the communication did not happen at all levels. At the initial
explosion, there was chaos, and no one knows the accurate count and evaluates

The Impact Of Bp's Deepwater Horizon Oil
On April 20, 2010, a British Petroleum (BP) offshore oil rig exploded, killing 11 workers on the rig
and spilling tens of thousands of barrels of crude oil into the Gulf of Mexico. It was eventually
discovered that natural gas was able to discharge through a concrete core composed of a concrete
mixture that used nitrogen gas to accelerate curing. This rendered the concrete too weak to
withstand the pressure of the natural gas. (Unfortunately, a similar but less devastating incident
happened on another BP owned rig in the Caspian Sea in 2008.)
BP's Deepwater Horizon oil well, located 5,000 feet below the ocean's surface, leaked millions of
barrels of crude oil into Gulf Coast, having a devastating negative impact on Gulf Coast
communities, wetlands,

Gulf Oil Spill Essay
Oil Dispersant Compound Persists After Gulf Spill The Gulf oil spill happened on 20–April–2010
was the worst oil spill in U.S history. The BP pipe leak oil and gas on the ocean floor with
approximately around 42 miles off the coast of Louisiana. Oil and water can't mix together since oil
density is lighter compare to water therefore oil float on the top of surface water. The oil floated on
the surfcace and formed together to become the large oil slicks. These large slicks covered water
surface which affect the animal live on surface water such as pelicant or other seabirds. In order to
stop the slicks from damaging the coastal ecosystems and species, the engineer used dispersant
chemical. However, the dispersant compound somewhat had effect on the life of species in the
contaminated area especially the bottom floor. To understand what happened to the life of species on
the bottom floor, a group of research lead by Helen K.White was conducting the investigation the
deep sea–coral communities in the Gulf within 15 miles from wellhead as ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Besides that, these tiny oil particles can be degraded more quickly by bacteria presence in the ocean
and wash away from spill site by ocean waves3. It was about 2 million galons1 of dispersants was
used to prevent the oil slicks to clear up the surface water contaminated. The dispersant chemical
helped to clear the slicks out of vision however it somewhat distributed negative impact to the
ecosystem from potential harm wildlife to food chain. The tiny oil droplets either suspended in the
water or fall down to the bottom of the ocean floor. Therefore, bottom sediment samples were
collected to analyze for the remaining of crude oil and the main active compound of dispersant
which are the anionic sufactant dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate

Deepwater Horizon Essay
Deepwater Horizon was a well–known oil drilling rig which operated within the Macondo Prospect
located in the Gulf of Mexico. This oil rig was a fifth generation ultra–deep water dynamically
positioned, semi–submersible mobile offshore drilling unit, and was built in 2001 by Hyundai
Heavy industries.5 Within the year of 2009, Deepwater Horizon drilled the deepest oil well ever
recorded–vertical depth of 35,050 feet in the field of Tiber oil.6 A year later in 2010, it was then
commissioned within the Gulf of Mexico. On April 20th, the industry of oil drilling all changed,
here is when Deepwater Horizon exploded and began to sink within the Mexican waters.6 On the
day of the explosion, Deepwater Horizon was within the process of completing its exploration,
doing so by the capping of the well it had bored approximately three miles ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
These compounds vary and contain various levels of toxicity for both marine life and humans.9 The
VOCs hexane, heptane, octane, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene are commonly known to make up
approximately 15% of crude oil.10 This subset list of compounds have the ability to have a high
solubility in water.10 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) represent some of the most toxic
constituents which crude oil consists of, these have the ability to bio–concentrate marine
invertebrates.11 PAHs will often comprise up to 10% of the total organic compounds found within
crude oil, providing insight into the general distribution of petroleum hydrocarbons found in aquatic
environments after an oil spill occurs.11 With these compounds found within the ocean waters after
a spill, can pose great threats to marine life and wild life which live and survive within these

The Horizon Oil Rig Explosion
The 2010 Horizon Oil Rig Explosion
On April 20th, 2010 an explosion occurred that would be considered one of the worst oil spills in
U.S. history. The explosion was cause by a surge of natural gas that made it way to the Horizon rig's
platform that ignited. This caused the rig to capsize and sink, thus breaking risers that were being
use to counter act the large amount of pressure from oil and natural gasses (Pallardy, 2015). The
explosion killed 11 workers and injured 17 others. The explosion caused a massibe leak in the oil
wellhead. It took 87 days for the wellhead to be closed and it is estimated that over that time around
210 million gallons of oil leaked into the gulf (Gulf Oil Spill, 2011). BP workers tried to activate a
blowout prevent that was part of the Horizon rig's design. This mechanism was supposed to close off
any way to draw out oil bu the mechanism malfunctioned due to the pressure form the gas and oil
that cause the explosion (Pallardy, 2015). The explosion happened a few miles from the "Loop
Current" which is a large current of warm water in the Gulf that covers a massive amount of
distance making it easy from the oil to spread (Treudaburg & Gramling, 2010). Over the next couple
of months they tried a variety of different caps to try to stem the flow of oil but they were generally
unsuccessful and oil still leaked through. It wasn't until July that the flow was finally stopped by a
functional blowout preventer cap (Pallardy, 2015).
Impacts on Coral

Essay On Oil Spills
7 years ago, one of the largest oil spills in history occurred at the Deepwater Horizon oil rig. To this
day, the damage is still being cleaned up, and will never be the same as it was before. The wellhead
at the ocean floor is emptying oil contents at an incredibly high rate, causing the sea to be flooded
with the harmful, unnatural substance. It is not until recently that scientists have found a way to help
minimize the drastic consequences, yet they still didn't even have time to experiment their
supposedly helpful chemical. Their plan is to dump another unnatural chemical into the water to
help disperse the oil. With the oil droplets becoming comparably smaller, the slippery substance is
less apparent in the water and seems to have a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With this much of a substance being pumped into an ecosystem that doesn't compensate for its
presence, marine life has a definite chance of being drastically depleted even more. Unfortunately, it
also contaminates the air and the food chain it travels up until it can even reach us. The oil has
already contaminated the shores of many US beaches, and it'd only be a matter of time until our
oceans would be too polluted to swim in. What would this say about the aquatic organisms or the
animals we consume from the ocean? Not to mention all the people who would be affected by this.
No one wants to swim in dirty water and we do not want the next generation to have to either. It is
our responsibility to keep the Earth clean. The other side to dumping the chemical to disperse the oil
spill, is that there was not enough research conducted to do so.It could be argued that the decision to
dump more of an unknown chemical into the water was rash, and could've had dangerous
consequences. There is still no clear answer if the chemical is harmful to the biotic life, or any of the
ecosystem at all. It may only cause more issues that we have to deal with later on. While one
problem is solved, another is created. This is what's wrong with human society. We are ruining our
planet, but the only way we know how to fix anything is not flawless in its own

Fracking, The And Of Fracking
In recent years, the subject of hydraulic fracturing, better known as fracking has been a constant
subject of interest in the news media. The pros and cons of fracking are passionately debated.
However, the public should become educated on the subject of fracking prior to choosing a side of
the argument. In the scholarly article, "Super Fracking," published in 2014, by Donald L. Trucotte,
Eldridge M. Moores, and John B. Rundle, a detailed description of fracking is provided, followed by
their analysis of current issues surrounding the controversy. According to Trucotte, Moores, and
Rundle, fracking saves the consumer money. The wellhead cost to produce natural gas in January of
2000 was two dollars and sixty cents per one thousand cubic feet. At an alarming rate, the cost at the
wellhead to produce natural gas had risen to eight dollars per one thousand cubic feet by January of
2006. Comfortingly, the wellhead cost dropped to two dollars and eighty–nine cents by the end of
2012. Impressively, gas production increase and price decrease over the time period are a result of
fracking. In their article, Trucotte, Moores, and Rundle describe in great detail that hydraulic
fracturing, most commonly referred to as fracking is the process of drilling down into the earth to
fracture the layers of rock so that a high–pressure water mixture is directed at the rock to release the
oil or natural gas inside. This method of fracking has been used commercially for the last fifty years.

Petroleum Management Services For Drill Exploratory Wells...
On March 2008, BP submitted a request to The Mineral Management Service requesting to drill
exploratory wells in the Mississippi Canyon Block 252 located in the Gulf of Mexico. By the
following March, BP set forth plans to begin drilling the Macondo well, and was approved by the
MMS on April 6, 2009. BP then leased a semisubmersible rig, named the Marianas, from
Transocean and began drilling the well in earlier October of 2009. However, on November 9, 2009
the Marianas rig was damaged by Hurricane Ida and unfortunately had to be removed for repairs.
Therefore, Marianas was replaced with the Deepwater Horizon rig in February 2010, to continue
drilling exploratory wells. With the completion of the exploratory well, the Deepwater Horizon ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
BP's officials inform the Schlumberger team that the cementing process went flawlessly. In the Deep
Water report, "BP Wells Team Leader John Guide noted, "Everyone involved with the job on the rig
site was completely satisfied with the job"" (National Commission, 4). With BP's representatives
heads held high on their supposed success of pouring the cement, they decide that they could omit
the Schlumberger cement evaluation. In an effort to save time and money BP decided to fly the
Schlumberger team back home via a helicopter later that same day. The rest of the afternoon would
then be dedicated to positively and negatively–pressure testing the well for leaks. The Transocean
crew began to perform the negative–pressure tests around 5 p.m., to test for leaks throughout the
pipes. The negative–pressure test was performed to simulate the conductions the well would be
faced with after the departure of the Deepwater Horizon. The crew begins by releasing the pressure
in the well, and then they observe well to determine if the pressure changes inside the pipes
indicating there are leaks. Unfortunately, the pressure in the well built back up, meaning there was a
leak somewhere. BP then chose to ignore this first sign of terror, one witness, reported he had seen
this sort of thing happened before and he called it a "bladder effect" (National Commission, 6). BP
deemed the

Current Sources Of The State Of Indonesia
In Indonesia, petroleum is one of the main sources of the state revenues. It is also a very important
strategic commodity and often as political issue. The revenues from oil and gas have driven the
economic growth and contributed significantly for the development of Indonesia. In the world,
legislations which regulate oil and gas are varies from country to country. In spite of many
variations, in general, the upstream oil and gas activities, based on two systems, the production–
sharing contracts and the licensing systems. Indonesia was the country that introduced the concept
of production–sharing contracts in 1966 (Bindemann, 1999).
After the verdict of Indonesian Constitutional Court in 2012 on The Oil and Gas Law, some of the
articles were unconstitutional and not legally binding. As a result, the government and the
parliament want to revise the oil and gas law and led to the ideas of replacing the production–
sharing contract with the licensing system. Nevertheless, before Indonesia adopts the new system,
many aspects should be considered in designing legislations. Some of the aspects are the concept of
natural resources ownership, revenues for the state, and attractiveness for the investors.
Mean while, as the owner of natural resources, the government has the rights to control and regulate
petroleum resources. The government would also have to balance its demand for maximizing the
revenues from oil and gas and adverse effect on investment climate. Thus, it should be

Great Barrier Reef Research Paper
1.0 Introduction:
1.1
An oil spill is the release of a liquid petroleum hydrocarbon into the environment, especially marine
areas, due to human activity, and is a form of pollution. Oil spills are normally accidents that happen
at sea due to ships crashing into rocks. Oil spills are harmful to marine life, birds and the
environment.
1.2
The purpose of this report is to investigate the problems of oil spills around the wide globe, and
determine the effects made environmentally, socially and economically and possibly find a solution
to prevent this matter.
2.0 Research Methodology:
3.0 – Research Findings
3.1 – Cause of Coastal Problem:
What causes oil spill accidents to occur in the coastal are the careless ... Show more content on
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When the rig sank, the pipe that connects the wellhead to the rig became detached and began leaking
oil. As much as 60,000 barrels of oil per day were leaking into the water, threatening wildlife along
the Louisiana Coast.
3.1.2 – Case Study 2: Great Barrier Reef causes
The Great Barrier Reef oil spill occurred on the 29th of May 2010, when the Chinese bulk coal
carrier, MV Shen Neng 1 ran aground the east of Rockhampton in Central Queensland, Australia.
The ship struck into the reef causing it to scrape along the reef.
3.2 – Economic Effects:
Oil spills affect our economy largely; Tourism, fisheries and real estate prices will take a toll for the
outcome of oil spills. For those who live and work on the coast, the impact will be most severe, as
coastal fisheries are the lifeblood of these communities. Tourism along the coast will take a slide, as
many tourist normally flock by the beachside.
3.2.1 – Case Study 1: Deepwater Horizon Economic Effects:

The economic effect of the deepwater horizon was the fault of BP, who was fined $18 billion under
the Clean Water Act.
3.2.2– Case Study 2: The Great Barrier Reef economic

Gulf Of Mexico Oil Spill
Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill Every day individuals take the true beauty of our nation by visiting
recreational areas along with beaches. Oil spills create nothing, but negative effects on the areas that
it happens in. Many plants and animals are affected by this negative disaster which sickness the
animals or some even die from it. Maybe if more time and money was spent working on having
more efficient renewable energy sources than digging up a source of fuel that will eventually run out
we would not have as much of a problem. On April 20, 2010 the largest accidental marine oil spill in
human history took place in the Gulf of Mexico. The incident resulting in methane gas was released
and exploded killing 11 rig workers and having a major impact on our marine wildlife.
As Drew Griffin states "The federal government estimated 4.2 million barrels of oil spilled into the
Gulf, but BP argued in court that it was much lower. A judge ruled BP was responsible for the
release of 3.1 million barrels. (Griffin, 2015) Regardless of the amount look what damage it has
done and the many lives that are affected by this disaster. Many say for 87 days in a row due to an
uncapped wellhead lead to this disaster. The loss of money, family seafood business, town tourist
revenue, were affected by the oil spill. As Allbusiness eidotors states "For Voisin and other
fishermen, the spill couldn't have come at a worse time. "Processing plants are idle and we are in
middle of spring larval season,"

Bp Oil Spill Research Paper
"This is probably the largest environmental disaster we have ever faced in this country. It is certainly
the biggest oil spill and we are responding with the biggest environmental response." stated Carol
Browner, Barack Obama's advisor on energy and climate.The offshore drilling industry has made
tremendous technological strides since first freestanding structure,. for drilling was built in 1937 in
the Gulf of Mexico in 14 feet of water, and more than a mile offshore. Therefore, ten years later, the
first well from which oil is being produced located out of sight of land was drilled from a fixed
platform off the Louisiana coast. On April 20, 2010, the deepwater horizon offshore drilling rig
exploded in the gulf of Mexico. Due to the B.P Oil Spill, people who depend on oil for energy and
gas had a struggle. Why the B.P Oil spill happened, what happened during the spill, and the
aftermath/effects of the spill are very noticeable ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
First, in 2010, Transocean created an oil rig off the coast of Louisiana. 7 productive years later, the
rig exploded, almost in sync with the B.P team getting an award for no explosions in 7 years. The
team also skipped the pressure test, which was supposed to be the week before the explosion, on
April 13. Many scientists believe they skipped it because it was estimated 9–12 hours, with a very
expensive cost. As a result of these other projects, the employees were focusing less on the rig,
which soon exploded at 9:56 pm, April 20.
Many scientists blame the world renowned oil company, Switzerland based Transocean Ltd.
Transocean did end up paying a costly amount of 18.7 million dollars, and 75 million for damages.
Although Transocean payed money to restore the rig, they could not pay back for all of the indirect
damages towards fisheries and wildlife. Lucky for Transocean, the government dedicated a trust
fund with one tenth of 1% of the price

WHPA: A Case Study
To All: Attached is the revised, final version of the Standard Operating Procedure (SOP)
"Notification of Confirmed Contamination in Wellhead Protection Areas (WHPAs)" for your review
prior to signature. Purpose: This SOP describes general procedures and considerations to be used
when managing information if confirmed contamination in a WHPA is discovered. This SOP
provides for immediate notification to the Ground Water Section Chief within the Office of Water
Quality's (OWQ's) Drinking Water Branch when Office of Land Quality (OLQ) project staff become
aware of confirmed contamination impacting the WHPA of a community public water supply
system. It is designed to maximize reporting to the Ground Water Section while, at the same time,
avoiding duplication of effort. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The goal of this expansion is to include all applicable OLQ programs in the notification process and
provide OLQ staff access to an acceptable procedure for the notification of OWQ in cases when
confirmed contamination in WHPAs is discovered. In addition, the initial scope is being expanded to
reflect the variety of different program operations and program needs. This current SOP version has
been developed in coordination with OWQ to assure compatibility and consistency with OWQ
office procedures and SOPs associated with this subject matter. Designed to complement effective
inter–office coordination procedures, this SOP is facilitating seamless and timely transmission of
important information associated with impacts on

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