NSA Security Research Paper

NSA Security Research Paper
NSA FEASIBILITY
CHANGES TO THE INFORMATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FIELD
How the IT field need to keep checks and balances.
Data is a crucial job for an IT industry to secure. It is hard to keep information secured there's many
factors. How secure is the Network and encryption? What about physical security is there any ports
or fiber optic cables that can be exploited? How fragile is the data that needs to be secured? Based
on this risk check list Brazil and the European Union are going to lay down their own fiber–optic
line on the oceans floor to stop data from getting routed through the U.S. (Goldstein 24–27). There
might be some data given to the server that helps aid the user on a website. What this might look
like is shown in Figure 1. Metadata ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When the age of the internet came around the NSA was fascinated by more than just telephone calls.
The NSA started Gathering metadata and piping all the content on the internet to their host servers.
This impacts a lot, because on the internet the NSA can take a one–to–one copy of real time
transmitted data (Khazan). By bending some of the rules stated in the Patriot Act you no longer need
contact a Terror organizations. You could have even had a clean record. Stated from (Everything
You Need) a top secret organization called Prism collected personal information on "... Microsoft,
Yahoo, Google, Facebook, palTalk, AOL, Skype, YouTube, and Apple." When asked, even those
companies were rejecting knowledge of this top–secret programs that were extracting their
information and their client's information (Everything You
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Essay Fiber Optics
Fiber Optics
What are Fiber Optics?
Fiber optics are thin transparent fibers of glass or plastic enclosed by a material of a lower index of
refraction and that transmit light throughout their length by internal reflections. Real fiber optic
cables are made out of very pure glass, glass so pure that if it were miles thick, light would still be
able to pass through. The fiber optic strand, although thin in diameter, is stretched to miles in length.
Therefore only the purest of glass would be efficient and useful for sending light signals. The glass
of these fiber optic cables is drawn into a very thin strand (as thin as human hair), then it is coated in
two layers of plastic. By coating the glass in plastic (this is called the ... Show more content on
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Single Mode cable is a single strand of glass fiber, while multimode cable is made of multiple
strands of glass fibers. Each fiber in multimode cable is capable of carrying a different signal
independent from those on the other fibers in the cable bundle.
Light pulses beam into the fiber's core with an LED (light–emitting diode), or laser and these signals
are sent over miles and miles. However, the signal over time will begin to weaken. In order o
maintain the signal over great distances, there are repeater stations at about every 40 to 60 miles that
retransmit these light signalsto ensure the signal reaches its destination.
Because light is being used, large amounts of data can be sent at an extremely rapid speed(at the
speed of light). Modern day fiber systems can transmit billions of bits per second with a single laser.
This can be achieved by the the laser can turn on and off billions of times per second, which would
allow for such a high transmission rate. In addition to high rate of transmission, the newest systems
increase the number of signals that can be transmitted into each fiber by utiliizing multiple lasers
with different colors. The increased data–carrying ability and cost–savings potential that fiber optics
possesses over copper wire cable has already changed the communications and holds many
promises for the future of information technology.
Milestones in Fiber

Essay about Applied Reserach Course Project
Applied Research Course Project
Radames Ramirez
RRamirez14@my.keller.edu
MIS589 – Networking Concepts and Applications
Instructor: Lynn Risley
3/10/2016
MIS589 Project Milestone 0Proposal Draft | Cloud infrastructure ServicesKaiser Permanente
Hospitals | Prepared by: Radames RamirezDate: 03/03/2016 | Approved by: | 1. Description of the
service–summary In an attempt to provide end users with a well maintained network storage that
would be easily accessible from any location while maintaining a secured connection. To provide an
environment to minimize the use and maintenance of local servers, server space, connectivity, and
redundancy. | 2. Intended clients or customers The intended client or customer would be the end ...
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Kaiser Permanente currently has 40+ servers in a small service area that cover 10 different facilities.
Our goal is to take advantage of cloud services and relocate the data from all 40+ servers to avoid
maintenance cost and better utilize server storage space. | MIS589 Project Milestone 1Proposal |
Cloud infrastructure ServicesKaiser Permanente Hospitals | Prepared by: Radames RamirezDate:
3/10/2016 | Approved by: | 1. Description of the service–summary The service that we are going to
research and try to incorporate into the organization is cloud infrastructure as a service. We are
planning to provide the end user with a well maintained network storage that would be easily
accessible from any location while maintaining a secured connection and redundancy of the client
data. With the changes in technology and advancements in cloud services, we should be able to save
some money for the organization by going to cloud infrastructure services and limiting the
maintenance and hardware cost of housing our own servers.We currently house 44+ servers in our
service area, most of the servers are being used to less than 30% of capacity while others are
reaching a peak 80–90% capacity. The servers house the client's p: drive (personal data) as well as

Network Networks : Fiber Optic Networks
Just like most other types of technology, cabling and communication are advancing faster than ever
before. One of the most promising advances in this area is fiber optic cabling. Fiber optic refers to
the technology and the medium associated with the transfer of information as light impulses along a
plastic or glass fiber. With the demand for faster communication and network speeds fiber optic is
quickly becoming the leading choice in most developed countries. Fiber optic wire is capable of
carrying much more information than a conventional copper wire can and electromagnetic
interference is much less of an issue with fiber. One single glass fiber can carry the equivalent of
one–hundred television channels or one hundred thousand phone ... Show more content on
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The people who thought that audio, video, and other forms of data could be transmitted by light
through cables, were scientists that came much later. Modern day Fiber optics was developed by
Bell labs and Corning in the late 1960s. The glass fibers used in more modern day fiber–optic
systems are based on ultrapure fused silica. Fiber that is made from ordinary glass is so dirty that
impurities reduce signal intensity by a factor of one million in only about 16 ft of fiber cable. These
impurities need to be removed before useful long–haul fibers can be made. Most of these advances
occurred in the late 20th century and by 1977 glass–purifying and other fiber–optic manufacturing
techniques had also come a very long way. But even perfect and pure glass is not completely
transparent. It weakens light in two different ways. One, which occurs at shorter distances is a
scattering caused by unavoidable density changes throughout the fiber. In other words, when the
light changes mediums, the resulting change in density causes interference. The other is a longer
wavelength absorption by atomic vibrations. Even with these two small disadvantages, fiber Fiber–
optic technology has been taken advantage of in many areas. Many intercity routes were in
operation by 1985, and a handful of transoceanic routes had been set up by 1990. In the mid–90 's,
worldwide connections were possible through the Internet. Fiber optics have very quickly become
the

The Optical-Time Domain Reflectometer
The OTDR is a device that measures distances to a reflection surface by measuring the time it takes
for a lightwave pulse to reflect from the surface. Reflection surfaces include the ends of fiber cables,
breaks in the fiber, splice locations, and connector locations. The ability to provide these
measurements simplifies the fault location procedure for fiber systems.
The OTDR measures the scattered and reflected light returning from a pulse of transmitted light.
Pulses of light are generated from the OTDR, and reflected light is displayed on the oscilloscope
portion of the OTDR. Knowing the time delay of the reflected light pulse and knowing the speed
light travels in the fiber determines the distance to the discontinuity of the fiber. Discontinuities or
impedance changes of the fiber cable reflect light back to the OTDR. It is important to know the
index of refraction of the fiber core to accurately determine distance. This setting must be correctly
set on the OTDR. Keep in mind that power level is displayed on vertical axis, and distance is
displayed on the horizontal axis of the screen. Abrupt changes in reflected power can represent fiber
"open" conditions. The OTDR will display small losses from couplers and connectors.
The accuracy of the OTDR can be in the order of .01 dB splice seen more than 40 km (25 miles)
away to within 1 meter of the problem. Loss performance of new installations is usually recorded on
floppy disks and/or hard copy printouts for future

Case Study Of Lakson
INTRODUCTION TO LAKSON: TheLakson Groupof Companies founded in 1954 is one of the
most well diversified companies with a range of foreign product portfolio comprising of consumer
goods and services. The organization is run by the Lakhani brothers among whom Iqbal Ali Lakhani
is Chairman of the Lakson group. Mission "To build a successful business model that encompasses
the needs of our customers, our shareholders and our employees" Comprised of firm and strong
corporate values that are globally recognized composing of Customer Services, openness,
innovation, teamwork, social responsibility and sustained profitability, Lakson Group strives on its
long ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However,GPON technology was not available to any other service provider in Pakistan, and
Cybernet was the first one to introduce it. Mobilink uses third party fiber and does not have their
own direct fiber. Multinet is providing fiber of their own but does not have the facility of GPON.
The downtime for these companies is very high as compared to Cybernet, since they are unable to
manage their fibers and are unable to find a the problem immediately, which makes them different
from Cybernet. GPON was very different from direct fiber, it was manageable and no active
equipment is required in the access network, preventing problems from electromagnetic interference
or lightning also it reduces equipment and fiber at the central office. GPON was distributed all over
Karachi in six pockets, one in Clifton, Korangi, SITE, Defence and Sindhi Muslim in a ring format.
The quality of network, within the six pockets, in all the areas was same, unlike other ISPs. The
after sales support is also a competitive advantage for Cybernet. The employees have to go out of
the way to serve the customers, and they form a relationship with the customers, by providing them
suggestions, consultancy, and whenever they have a problem they come to

Thesis Statement For Edward Snowden
Topic: Edward Snowden General Purpose: To Commemorate Specific Purpose: To Commemorate
Edward Snowden Thesis Statement: Edward Snowden is a brave man who stood up for what he
believed was morally right, exposed a broken system so that the world could benefit, and never once
questioned his actions, despite what others have said. I. Introduction A. Attention Material: You are
in a position where you believe that you are the only one with the ability to do the right thing, but
doing so could cost you your liberty and possibly even your life. Could you do it? Edward Snowden
is a man who felt he was faced with such a decision and against all odds, did what he believed to be
right. B. Credibility Material: It is only through hours of research that I can tell you about this
incredible individual who has caused so much controversy. C. Relevancy Material: I would like to
commemorate Mr. Snowden not only for showing us how to stand tall in what we believe, but for
also shedding light on some major privacy issues in America, regardless of whether you agree with
his methods. D. Preview of Main Points: Edward Snowden is a brave man who stood up for what he
believed was morally right, exposed a broken system so that the world could benefit, and never once
questioned his actions, despite what others have said. (Transition: Allow me to explain.) II. Body: A.
In 2006, Snowden took a job at the C.I.A. in the information–technology department. Three years
later, he left the C.I.A.

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Glass Fiber Optics
1. What are sheathed fibers?
Answer–
The optics that have an external cladding whether opaque or transparent in order to afford a
mechanical protection to the optics.
2. Why do some fibers change the colour of the light?
Answer–
In fact, all fibers change the color of the light in one way or another. Due to the physical
characteristics of the conductor some frequencies travel with less impediment than others and it is
impossible to produce a fiber that would have the same attenuation on the whole of the visible
spectrum. To expect a light conductor to transport millions of different wavelengths along with
exactly the same attenuation in every one would be quite unreasonable.
Some fibers absorb a little more blue than red and less green than yellow and others just the
opposite. Consequently, the hue and tone of the light varies from meter to meter, in some cases very
apparently. This phenomenon is referred to as selective spectral absorption.
3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of glass fiber optics?
Answer–
Advantages
Glass fiber optics are very resilient and ideally suited for working in places where the actual
conductor will be subject to extreme temperatures or/and radiation, ... Show more content on
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Cost is another factor; polymer fibers have a lower cost per optical area unit than glass, in part due
to the easier manufacturing process. High quality PMMA systems rely on a fusion process to
construct the common end, hence dispensing with the use of epoxy potting compounds. In all
instances where the use of many fibers or light points is prescribed polymer systems are a much
better option. Another point to bear in mind is the weight factor: glass fibers are heavier than
polymer, a fact that may be critical in some applications, such as automotive and aircraft

High Speed Data Transmission Of Multi Mode Fibers Using...
High Speed Data Transmission of Multi–mode fibers using Orbital Angular Momentum
Abstract:
The design and fabrication of an optical fiber to support OAM modes for high speed data
transmission. Generally OAM modes carry different charge and phase change, so the fiber has to be
designed and fabricated in such a way that fiber support different OAM modes A compact low
crosstalk multi ring fiber transmitting multiple orbital angular momentum is presented.Multi ring
fiber consists of 7 rings each supporting 22 modes with 18 OAM modes which can be used for high
density space division multiplexing. The multi ring structure has a tight light confinement and has a
large refractive index difference between OAM modes, thus having a ... Show more content on
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OAM carrying light beams have azimuthal phase dependence given by exp (ilɸ),'l' denotes the
topological charge or the number of 2π phase jumps. The sign of l represents the clockwise or
counter–clockwise rotation of the wave front OAM beams can be used as information carriers for
spatial mode division multiplexing because of their different charge numbers so that the OAM
beams are orthogonal to each other. Hence OAM beams can be used as information carriers for
multiplexing techniques providing high capacity than the existing multiplexing techniques. Rapid
and exponential increases in data communications are continuing to drive the complexity of our
computing, networking and sensing systems. Recently OAM has gained much interest in
transmission efficiency and spectral efficiency in optical fiber communications with the ability of
carrying independent data streams on orthogonal spatial modes. The key factor in the optical fiber
communications using OAM is to design and fabrication of the fiber so as to support the the
different modes of OAM.while the free space systems can theoretically use an unlimited number of
OAM modes. However achieving the full potential of OAM multiplexing requires an efficient and
rotation invariant multiplexer and demultiplexer which can be interfaced with single–mode optical
components. Fiber based OAM generation and

Should The Government Be Allowed To Spy On And Collect...
Should the NSA and United States government be allowed to spy on and collect information on its
citizens? The NSA stands for National Security Agency and they are in charge of security and
protection of the United States. Some may ask where the title of privacy comes into play. Some may
say that it is only for protection to keep the country safe, but in all reality should the NSA be
allowed to without question invade of privacy and look through our cellular data over the internet?
The privacy of the citizens of the United States are at play today, and this is a game that not
everyone wants to play.
In just the past ten years, not including whatever data collection was going on before this, there has
been over 300,000 National Security Letters sent out to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
How can Americans prevent this? Yes, Americans can prevent this. It is hard to do, but it can be
done. Some of the ways to stop the NSA from spying on your phone you will have to be
"technology smart," and some of the ways are fairly easy and are not complicated and take just
seconds to do. One of easier ways you can prevent the NSA from spying on your smartphone is by
turning on airplane mode whenever you play games on your phone (if possible). Another way you
can do this... which is a little more complicated but works a better is by installing https everywhere.
HTTPs can be installed on your laptop which is where it will work best, and if you have a rooted
android phone can be installed on the phone too. HTTPS are a more safer version of Http. If a
website the average person on is http the plugin will change the http to https for a more safer
connection.
Should the NSA be allowed to spy on its citizens? How long will this continue? Can Americans
make a phone call without being worried if someone is listening and should this be allowed. Who
knows if the NSA will ever stop spying on its citizens, and Americans will ever have their own

Soundcraft Vi4, the Digital Console
Soundcraft Vi4 is a digital console by Soundcraft, which came out with the first mixing console in a
flight case in 1973 where the music touring was started. The Vi series were being design as digital
desk and are able to do both the touring, broadcast and installed sound scene.
There are three main components in the Vi4 system which is a control surface, local rack and a stage
box. Vi4 system stage box come with 48 mono inputs on and a total of 24 output busses that can be
used for matrices, auxes, group or masters and all the 48 mono inputs are able to be linked and
create stereo channel. Basically it functions as a stage box that located on the stage and able to send
48 mono channels from the back of the stage box to the back of the local rack just by using one
standard fit CAT 5 cable with Amphenol RJF connectors. The maximum cable run using flexible
reel–mounted Cat5 cable is 100m, but possible to get it run 130m with permanent installation Cat7
cable. Another optional connection is using Fiber Optic cable but the Fiber Optical interface card
need to install separately.
The Local rack place at the same place with control surface and inside it is 2 Digital Signal
Processing engine – Studer Score Live technology, with only 2 DSP cards will be capable of 64
inputs with 40–bit floating–point digital processor and one or multiple D21m I/O frames. The D21m
high density I/O system holds up all the inputs and outputs to produce ultra–low noise balance mic
amp and sends it to

Fiber Optic Cable, Transmitter and Receiver...
Fiber Optic Cable, Transmitter and Receiver Characteristics
Today many communications companies are replacing their copper carrier wires with fiber optic
cables. A fiber optic cable is capable of transmitting laser light across thousands of miles and can
carry many more messages at the same time than the copper wire of equivalent diameter. With the
relentless pursuit of bandwidth, fiber optic cabling is being deployed at an ever increasing rate. This
cable, which uses glass to carry light pulses, poses both advantages and challenges. The intent of
this paper is to explain the how's and why's of fiber optic cabling and to provide a set of solutions to
the challenges faced with it's use and give you an understanding of fiber optic ... Show more content
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By installing fiber optic cabling, the high cost of labor and the time associated with the cabling plant
can be expected to provide service for the projected future.
Plastic Optical Fiber (POF) technology is making fiber even more affordable and easier to install.
Because the core is plastic instead of glass, terminating the cable is easier. The trade–off for this
lower cost and ease of installation is shorter distance capabilities and bandwidth limitations.
2.0 Fiber Construction Fiber optic cabling has the following components (starting in the center and
working out): core, cladding, coating, strength member, and jacket. The design and function of each
of these will be defined. The core is in the very center of the cable and is the medium of propagation
for the signal. The core is made of silica glass or plastic (in the case of POF) with a high refractive
index. The actual core is very small (compared to the wire gauges we are used to). Typical core sizes
range from 8 microns (millionth of a meter) for single mode silica glass cores up to 1000 microns
for multi mode POF. The cladding is a material of lower index of refraction which surrounds the
core. This difference in index forms a mirror at the boundary of the core and cladding. Because of
the lower index, it reflects the light back into the center of the core, forming an optical wave guide.
This is the same effect as looking out

Internal ' Assets ' Inventory
Internal 'Assets' Inventory
Siemon has many core competencies. "Core competencies are collective skills, knowledge and
process of an organization that are valuable, rare and difficult to imitate (Mroz, 2015). "Siemon's
stability and quality of products are key differentiators within the industry" (R. Carlson, personal
communications, November 10, 2015). Siemon is a well–respected brand built on quality, service,
innovation and value. They have been in business for 112 years and manufacture product from
starch allowing for tight controls over the quality of their products. "Siemon's global manufacturing
and breadth of product offering are also unique differentiators" (R. Carlson, personal
communications, November 10, 2015). Siemon has ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In addition, Siemon must focus on outsourced product areas such as cable, where Siemon is overly
dependent on supplier capability" (personal communications, November 10, 2015).
In regards to knowledge gaps and developing a coherent vision and response to the emerging trends,
"Siemon must focus more on data center and service providers in the future as there is a trend with
companies outsourcing to a colocation company or cloud service provider. Siemon must also align
itself with complementary partners who manufacture the end devices and active equipment and
channel partners who have intelligent building experience and capabilities such as network
integration (R. Carlson, personal communications, November 10, 2015).
In regards to factors that promote or hinder innovation efforts, innovation is part of the culture at
Siemon. "We have a deep and wide new product development portfolio with a portion of the
portfolio dedicated to breakthrough products. These new innovative products allow Siemon to
differentiate itself from the competition" (R. Carlson, personal communications, November 10,
2015). This has been a formula that has worked well for Siemon since the early 90s when structured
cabling standards were created and gave Siemon the opportunity to prove to customers that it can
offer products and systems that far exceed minimum industry standard requirements. By
demonstrating performance headroom

Optical Fiber Essay
Optical fiber cables and connectors are a very essential part of the infrastructure in the world today.
Because of the many advantages the optical fiber cables and connectors have over the old age
traditional coaxial cables that were used in the olden days, fiber cables have outdone the
performance the communications industry has ever reached in the past.
Optical fiber cable is a cable that contains one or more than one optical fibers. These fibers carry
data and information signal in the form of light in them. The indivisual wires in the cable is coated
with layers of plastic and are covered inside plastic tubes in order to save the cables from being
affected by the environment where the cable will later be used. Different types of cables ... Show
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Fig: An Optical Fiber Cable with many fibers in it which is coated with plastic and encased in tubes
Fig: A Connector
OPTICAL FIBER CABLES:
DESIGN:
The basic optical fiber cable consists of a core and a cladding and the refractive indices of the two
differ. A substance called Polyimide is coated on the cladding of the fiber which doesn't let the fiber
get damaged. Fibers which are bundled together are given a tough resin buffer layer and core tubes
extruded around them to the cable core. Many covering layers are also added to the fiber depending
upon the application of the fiber. Sometimes, light prohibiting dark glasses are also used between
fibers so that light from one fiber doesn't leak and enter another fiber and cause distortion. This also
helps in reducing cross talk.
For fibers which are meant to be used indoors, the fiber is usually jacketed and enclosed in a flexible
strength member in a lightweight plastic tube to form a simple cable.
If the cable is meant to be used in an environment in which the fiber can be subjected to stress and
strain, the cable construction must be strong and healthy. When the loose tube construction is used,
semi rigid tubes are used, and they are laid helically into them. This is done so that the fiber gets
space to stretch without causing tension in the cable itself. This way

Fiber Optic Communication
Final Assignment: Fibre Optic Communication Glossary: Introduction What is fibre optics and fibre
optic communication Brief introduction to fibre optics and fibre optic communication History
Beginnings of Fibre optics and Fibre optic communication Development of fibre optic
communication through the years Present Current state of fibre optic communication Current uses of
fibre optic communication Advantages and disadvantage using fibre optic communications
Comparisons with other forms of communication (copper wiring) Future Future uses and technology
updates and development of Fibre Optic communication State of fibre optic communication in the
future Introduction: Having the diameter of a human hair, Fibre Optics are thin and long strands of
glass that have revolutionized the field of telecommunications and have had a huge part to play in
the arrival of the Digital Age. Fibre Optics are transparent, flexible strands of fibre made from
quality glass like silica or plastic mainly to transmit light from one end of its fibre to another. The
structure of the fibre optic consists of three main parts: The core : The centre glass of the fibre from
where the light would travel The Cladding: The material around the core (centre glass) which
reflects all the light back into the core Buffer Coating: A layer of coating which prevents any
damage occurring to the glass This light transmitting function of the fibre optic is used in Fibre

You Decide: Leonard Cooper Charter School Essay
Running head: YOU DECIDE
You Decide: Leonard Cooper Charter School
Carmelita McNeill
DeVry University, Charlotte
Abstract
This is paper on Leonard Cooper Charter School networking and print server. I will explain the
problem and offer a solution to the situation. There are several in finding a resolution to resolve the
issues. The first step requires interviewing the stakeholders of Leonard Cooper Charter School to
hear the problems of the current system. This will help with determining what the network should be
doing and how to go about getting it done.
Current Issues
After interviewing the Stake holders of the Leonard Cooper Charter School the following issues was
noted:
1. The first issue: 'the print server. There are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This also affects the ability to use Voice over IP. They need to choose a media that would allow them
to obtain the speeds needed to meet the object of the business.
3. The third issue: Adding the computers in the class room to the network is the third issue they are
facing. They need a solution is scalable and cost effective.
4. Voice over IP is not working properly and connections to the backbone are inadequate. They need
a connection that viable for the backbone and equip to handle Voice over IP.
Recommendations
This is the best solution for the print jobs and collisions:
The best remedy for collisions is to upgrade to a full duplex switched environment. Full–duplex is a
data communications term that refers to the ability to send and receive data at the same time.
Legacy Ethernet is half–duplex, meaning information can move in only one direction at a time. In a
totally switched network, nodes only communicate with the switch and never directly with each
other. Switched networks also employ either twisted pair or fiber optic cabling, both of which use
separate conductors for sending and receiving data. In this type of environment, Ethernet stations

can forgo the collision detection process and transmit at will, since they are the only potential
devices that can access the medium. This allows end stations to transmit to the switch at the same
time that the switch transmits to them, achieving a collision–free environment. (Pidgeon, 2011)
The 24

The Design Of Qam Modulated High Speed Coherent Optical...
The Design of QAM Modulated High Speed Coherent Optical OFDM System
Kalpesh Borade1, Swati Kadlag1
1Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Symbiosis Institute of Technology, Symbiosis
International University, Pune 412115, Maharashtra, India kalpeshborade.r@gmail.com,
swatik@sitpune.edu.in
Abstract. Coherent Optical–Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (CO–OFDM) technique is
extensively reconnoitered for next generation optical communication system emerges attractive
pathway towards future implementation of 1 Tb/s Ethernet systems. This paper proposed the design
of 100 Gb/s CO–OFDM system based on the dual polarization of signal. The performance of 100
Gb/s CO–OFDM system using Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) format transmitted over
576 km optical link using standard SMF is evaluated. The performance of the system in terms of
signal–to–noise ratio (SNR), bit error rate (BER), laser linewidth, chromatic dispersion and
receiving constellation diagram to accomplish excellent system. Eventually, dual polarization based
CO–OFDM system has high spectral efficiency as compared to conventional CO–OFDM and
invokes enhance track for the high–speed optical communication system.
Keyword: Optical OFDM, Coherent detection, Chromatic dispersion, QAM, DCF. Introduction
Now a day, in telecommunication field lot of antagonism between telecom service providers to
provide good quality of broadband services with high speed. In recent year broadband
communication

Essay on Unit 1 Exercise 1
9/25/2014 Local Exchange NT 1310 Unit 1 Exercise 1 Guido Libreros 0 Unit 1. Exercise 1. Local
Exchange Course Objectives and Learning Outcomes In this Exercise, you will explain how data
travels long distances in a real world example. Assignment Requirements Online gaming is big
business these days, with thousands of people connected to each other every minute. Games like
Call of Duty and World of Warcraft connect massive numbers of players, sending both data and
voice communications back and forth in real–time. In a 1–2 page paper, discuss HOW the data gets
sent from a computer or gaming system to the computer/gaming system of all of the people with
whom one is playing. Specifically, focus on the local exchange interfaces – access, ... Show more
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Second, there is a physical device that connects the computer to the network of lines he is
communicating over. It could be a modem, a network card, a radio transmitter, or a router. Third,
there is a set of software that allows the computer to send data across this network. There are a lot of
layers to this software. At the top level, the computer sends some type of "packet" of data to the
device and across the network. Typically, this is a TCP/IP packet. This basically tells you what the
format of the data has to be, and what pieces of software computers need to have to send this kind of
data. Finally, at the game layer, the game determines what other computer it needs to connect to,
sends a request to the network device to establish the connection, and then sends data to the device
so it can be sent. The network layer, when it receives data on a given connection, doesn't just store
it, it sends it on to the application who has the connection. So the connection is essentially between
two applications. Focusing on the physical access; the possibility that data can be send to players
around the globe is all thanks to the infrastructure of telecom companies. Starting with the local
access, which is provided by the local telephone companies (Local Exchange Carriers). These
entities are responsible for ensuring the necessary access to the network and the reliable
transportation of the information. The Local Exchange

Nt1310 Essay example
Define the following terms:
1. Horizontal Cable : A type of inside cable designed for horizontal use in non–plenum areas. While
horizontal cable must be fire retardant, the National Electrical Code (NEC) specifications are not as
demanding as those governing the use of plenum cable or riser cable. See also NEC, plenum,
plenum cable, and riser cable.
2. Backbone Cable : Backbone cabling is the inter–building and intra–building cable connections in
structured cabling between entrance facilities, equipment rooms and telecommunications closets.
Backbone cabling consists of the transmission media, main and intermediate cross–connects and
terminations at these locations. This system is mostly used in data centers.
3. Patch ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
9. Crimpers: A tool used to crimp, to join two pieces of metal
10. Fish Tape : a flat tempered spring–steel tape or wire used in pulling electric wire and cables (as
into conduit runs) –called also snake wire
11. Continuity Tester: is an item of electrical test equipment used to determine if an electrical path
can be established between two points;[1] that is if an electrical circuit can be made. The circuit
under test is completely de–energized prior to connecting the apparatus
12. Category 5e/6 Cable : cabling is used as a cabling infrastructure for 10BASE–T (Ethernet), full
duplex 100BASE–TX (Fast Ethernet) and 1000BASE–T (Gigabit Ethernet, or GbE) networks. The
Cat 5e standard provides performance of up to 100 MHz and can be used up to a maximum length
of 100 meters.
13. Binder Groups: A group of wire pairs bound together, usually by some sort of color–coded
plastic tape or thread. In a large twisted pair cable, there may be many pairs combined into binder
groups of 25 pairs for ease of connectivity management. Each pair within a binder group is uniquely
color–coded for further ease of management. See also cable and wire.
14. Hybrid/Composite Cable : composite cable A communications cable having both optical and
metallic signal–carrying components. Note 1: A cable having optical fiber(s) and a metallic
component, e.g., a metallic

Optical Optic Communications Link For Aircraft
ABSTRACT
This paper demonstrates a fiber optic communications link for aircraft that utilizes wavelength
division multiplexing (WDM) to avionics environment to support multiple analog RF signals
transmission simultaneous over single optical fiber. This paper investigates the simultaneous
transmission of two RF signals over a single optical fiber. The transmission of FM and AM analog
modulated signals, and also FSK digital modulated signals, over a fiber optic link (FOL) employing
wavelength division multiplexing is determined. We present data from measurements of power loss,
total harmonic distortion (THD), signal–to–noise ratio (SNR), delay, carrier–to–noise ratio (CNR),
and bit error rate (BER).The results indicate that wavelength division multiplexing is a fiber optic
technology appropriate for avionics applications.
INTRODUCTION
During flight, aircraft avionics transmit and receive Radio Frequency signals from/to antennas over
coaxial links. The electromagnetic interference (EMI) environment corrupts proportionately, as the
density and complexity of onboard avionics increases, which prompts diminish in signal–to–noise
ratios (SNRs) and potential safety concerns. Existing coaxial cable–based systems cannot be
implemented for a network with simple, dependable, and lightweight which is free from the impacts
of electromagnetic interference and fit for supporting the broadband communications needs of future
installed computerized aeronautics systems. A

Optical Fiber Sensors Essay
Optical fiber sensors are very important devices to detect and monitor ionizing radiation in nuclear
based technologies such as industrial radiography, nuclear medicine, spacecraft and satellite
instrumentation, and also in nuclear power facilities. Reliability of other conventional radiation
detectors in space and terrestrial application is much affected by electromagnetic interference and
exposure to fire and explosion potential hazards. However the functionality of optical fiber at
extremely high dose radiation still a challenge where radiation induced attenuation can be increased
for permanent damage of the sensor. There is a need to develop a new sensing material with small
dimension and low mass such as single mode silica optical ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
2013). There is a need to replace 3H–based sensor to detect neutron in context of nuclear
nonproliferation(Runkle 2011) and silica optical fiber with better resistant to radiation damage (Xue
et al. 2012) is the other very close a safe cheaper possible neutron sensor to be considered. In
addition, its other characteristic of having low attenuation losses provides a wide bandwidth for
long–distance wireless communication so that the exposure of radiation to workers can be avoided
during radiation detection and monitoring operation.
Ionizing radiation such as x–ray, gamma, alpha, beta and neutron radiations, are not only harmful to
human health(Azzam et al. 2012) and environment(Mothersill&Seymour 2014), but also can
damage the electronic devices(Wang et al. 2014). The source of these ionizing radiations are from
radioactive materials, x–ray tubes, particle accelerators such as ion beams, nuclear weapons and
reactors, cosmic rays from space and from natural rocks and minerals. Exposure of extremely high
energy electromagnetic radiation such as x–ray can lead to failure in silicon sensors(Klanner et al.
2013). The increasing radiation induced attenuation can lead to permanent damage of optical
fiber(Kovačević et al. 2013). So there is a need to develop better sensors with good radiation
resistance such as Ge doped optical fiber sensors in radiant environment.
SiO2 and plastic type optical fiber are two types of material used in any research and development
of

Design And Development Of Petroleum Leakage Detection System
CAREER EPISODE 2
a. INTRODUCTION
Project Title: Design and Development of Petroleum Leakage Detection System
Chronology: December 2010 to March 2011
Organisation: American International University
Location: Bangladesh
Position: Undergraduate Engineering Student
CE 2.1
I would like to use this career episode report to demonstrate my ability to use appropriate
engineering techniques and concepts to develop electronics engineering solution. I contributed to
complete this project named "Design and Development of Petroleum Leakage Detection System"
while studying my bachelor's education that is Bachelor of Engineering specialized in Electrical and
Electronics Engineering at American International University, Bangladesh. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Hence, in this project, I used a fiber optic based optical sensor, based on intensity, as well as
wavelength. I developed a complete integrated system by using this optical sensor in the detection of
petroleum leakages in pipelines, which is a user–friendly, cost–effective solution and allows an easy
setup of the parameter.
CE 2.3
The aim of the proposed project is to design and fabricate a petroleum detection system by using
optical fiber sensor, detection system and microcontroller.
CE 2.4
Being a motivated engineering student, I contributed in executing range of tasks to achieve the
project objectives according to the project plan. I accomplished literature review on microcontroller
and existing detection and sensor systems. I selected the suitable components and developed the
block diagram and schematic design for the proposed system. I studied about the components such
as optical fiber sensor and detection system units. I developed the software part of the proposed
system by using embedded C language. I fabricated the hardware part with reference to the finalized
design. I tested the developed system and documented the results. I presented the project results to
my project supervisor, department faculties and class members.
CE 2.5
I have given the organizational structure that I followed in the proposed project in Figure 1,
Figure 1: Organisational Structure of the proposed

Fiber Optic Technology Essay
From the beginning, efficiency and speed in the telecommunications industry has advanced at a fast
pace owing to fiber optic technology. In 1979, AT&T filled the telecommunications industry with
revolutionary ideas by developing a mode for data transmission using a light, called fiber optic
cable. This mode produced a bandwidth of 44.736 Mbps and could multiplex 672 trunk circuits on
one fiber alone (Cole, M. 2000). However, this development was merely the start of a huge
extension to telecommunications, something that would transform the industry constantly.
Although AT&T brought in fiber optic technology in 1979, they weren't the first company to think
of such a creative idea. The conception of interchanging data by making use of light ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The laser was small in size than a grain of sand, but the application of fiber optics in telephony was
made possible. In 1987, an additional accomplishment in the fiber optics industry was fulfilled; this
accomplishment was the erbium–doped fiber amplifier, which admitted numerous channels of light
to coexist on a single circuit. This fiber amplifier rendered sufficient channels for single fiber cable
to manage 80 million telephone calls at the same time (Greatest Achievements, 2000).
Nowadays, fiber optic technology carries data by distributing light pulses along slim strands of
plastic or glass fiber by means of a laser or light emitting diode (LED). Strands of fiber are
comprised of three major components: the core, cladding, and buffer coating. The contained by part
of the fiber is called the core. A fiber's core is the pathway where the light passes through.
Encompassing the core is optical matter called cladding. Cladding recurrently reflects light pulses
stimulating the pulses to pass through easily by way of the fiber core. The buffer coating functions
as a covering for the cladding and the core by shielding it from external elements, for example,
moisture (Fotec, 1996).
The glass fibers that constitute the core of the fiber strands employed in contemporary fiber optic
systems are generally established on pure sand. Fiber created from regular glass utilized in windows
is polluted that impurities

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Fiber Optic Cable
A fiber optic cable is a network cable that contains strands of glass fibers within an insulated casing.
There are designed for very high–performance data networking, long distance and
telecommunications. Compare with wired cables, fiber optic cables give higher bandwidth and can
transmit data over longer distances. Fiber optic cables support world's internet, telephone systems
and cable television. Fiber optic cables transmit signals using pulses of light generated by light–
emitting diodes (LEDs) or tiny lasers. The cable consists of one or more strands of glass, each only
slightly thicker than a human hair. The center of each strand is called the core. The core provides the
pathway for light to travel and core is enclosed by a layer of glass known as cladding that ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Fusion splicing needs a constant power supply and some special tools. 3. There are some situations
where fusion splicing is not practical or can said it is impossible. Therefor an alternative we have to
use mechanical splicing. 4. It is a time–consuming process and It can't be used for temporary
connections. 5. The fusion splicers need periodic maintenance which involves regular cleaning,
occasional replacement and electrode alignment. 6.Fusion splicing is mainly used with single mode
fiber unlike mechanical splicing which works for single mode fiber as well as multi–mode fiber.
Apparatus required Fusion Splicer A fiber optic fusion splicer is a device that uses an electric arc to
melt two optical fibers together at their end faces, to form a one long fiber. The resulting joint, or
fusion splice, permanently joins the two glass fibers end to end. Therefore, optical light signals will
transmit from one fiber into the other with very little loss. Fiber Cleaver Fiber cleaver that scribes
and breaks (cleaves) the fibers to be spliced exactly, because the quality of the splice will depend on
the quality of the cleave. Most splicing machines associate with a recommended cleaver. Fiber

Optical Ofdm For Passive Optical Network
1. Introduction
2. Optical OFDM for Passive optical networks
The high–speed broadband penetration and ongoing growth of the Internet traffic among customers
have been the key reasons that are driving the rapid emergence and deployment of optical access
networks as a basic bearer network that supports hybrids services for multiple customers while
bearing huge capacity. Passive optical network is the most interesting solution for the optical access
network to cope with the increasing bandwidth demand and to meet the cost effectiveness. PON can
be used for Point to point (P2P) or Point to multi–point (P2MP) configurations. The P2P structure
builds a dedicated fiber from a CO to each subscriber which constitutes an ultimate solution to
provide much–needed bandwidth to each ONU. In P2MP topologies, the feeder fiber is shared
between various customers and terminates at a central office in an Optical Line Terminal. Passive
splitters put between the OLT and the ONU are used to split the connection to multiple end points,
thus enormously reduces the maintaining cost. Two key technologies are used in passive optical
network: the first one known as TDM–PON uses Time Division Multiplexing to multiplex traffic
from/to multiple ONUs onto the upstream/downstream wavelength. It requires complex scheduling
algorithms and framing technology to support a variety of services. The second is Wavelength
division multiplexing passive optical network "WDM PON". This technology comes to extend the

Optical Optic Of Fibre Optic
Abstract The used of fibre optic technology in subsea control system has impressively improved the
communication capacity, quality and reliability. It provides large bandwidth, extend step–out distant
with minimum error rate. This survey paper will focus on basic overview of fibre optic transferring
data in communication system, key benefits of using fibre optic in subsea production control system,
comparison between the used of fibre optic and cooper wire, key components and consideration of
fibre optic design for subsea control and case study of Ormen Lange oil and gas production field
that use fibre optic technology in subsea communication system. Introduction The growth of
demand in oil and gas consumption has led to substantial investment towards the industry. New
technologies and systems are introduced to increase the production of hydrocarbon. Field go deeper
and isolate to explore new and extensive amount of oil and gas. That is why, subsea oil and gas
discoveries getting popular. Advance technologies were used to overcome challenges and resistant,
such as multiphase flow measurement, artificial reservoir lift system and intelligent monitoring
sensor for well. However, to control such that technologies, they requires reliable communication
system that can transfer high amount of speed data with minimum failures. Umbilical has to design
with data highway to support communication between topside control systems to subsea control
modules. Traditionally, the data are

Google Fiber : AAnd Reliable Internet Network...
Google fiber is a project to build an incredibly fast and reliable internet network infrastructure using
fiber–optic communication. The project started in Kansas City, Kansas; Kansas City, Missouri;
North Kansas City, Missouri; Austin, Texas and Provo, Utah, San Jose California and a few other
states. The initial locations were chosen following a competitive selection process. Over 1,100
communities applied to be the first recipient of the fiber optic technology. On March 30, 2011,
Google announced that Kansas City, Kansas will be the first community where the new network
would be deployed. What is "fiber"? If you 're thinking of dietary needs, you would be just a bit off.
"Fiber" is short for Fiber–optic communication. It 's the transmitting of information from place to
place through pulsing light. The cabling is comprised of 100 or more incredibly thin strands of glass,
known as optical fibers. Essentially, data and other forms of signals are beamed around through the
glass and formed on the other side. This is different from standard copper transmission, which uses
electrical signals down the copper cabling to communicate. After building an infrastructure of the
network in July 2012, Google announced pricing for Google Fiber. Service will be offered in two
options; 1 Gbp/s (Gigabit per second) internet option for $70 per month, television service for $120
per month. The internet service includes 1 terabyte of Google Drive service and the television
service includes a 2

NT1310 Unit 10 Lab 1 Building A New Structure- Problem...
NT1310 Unit 10 Lab 1 05/28/13 Building A New Structure– Problem Analysis Troubleshooting
fiber Fiber optic cable was once reserved for high–performance needs, but today it's turning up in all
kinds of networks. If you're familiar with copper cable, you'll quickly discover that fiber optic cable
is a completely different animal. Not only is the installation process different for fiber, but also the
troubleshooting process. Fiber optic cable is also far more fragile than copper cable, so there are
more potential causes of trouble. I'll discuss common fiber optic cable problems and how to
diagnose and repair them. The most common causes of fiber optic malfunctionsAnyone who's ever
done network troubleshooting knows it's a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If something like that can destroy a copper cable, imagine what could happen to a fiber cable, which
is made out of glass. Has anyone, such as the telephone company, been performing any work in the
building? This may seem like a strange question to ask, but it's my experience that network
problems often coincide with visits from the phone company. I've had phone company technicians
cut cables, disconnect cables, and do just about anything else that you can imagine. I won't pretend
to understand the logic behind this behavior, but if you're having network problems and someone
tells you that someone was in the building doing phone or electrical work yesterday, then you've got
a good place to start your troubleshooting. Has the cable been stepped on, had a chair rolled over it,
or suffered any other physical stress? It never fails to amaze me what end users will admit to when
you ask the right questions. If you ask a user in a nonthreatening manner about any physical stress
that the cable might have endured, they'll usually tell you. Remember that most users have no idea
that a fiber cable can be destroyed if stepped on or bent too sharply, or if they roll a chair over it. A
quick–and–dirty test Time is usually a critical factor when I'm troubleshooting an on–site problem.
Users need to be back online quickly, and I usually have plenty of other jobs waiting. Because of
this, I try to diagnose the problem as quickly as

Copper Cable versus Fiber Optics
Copper Cable (Ethernet) versus fiber optics
The topic we picked to do our presentation on is fiber optics versus cable, which is better for a
company use and what are the future prospects of fiber optics and cable. We also talked about the
history of DSL, broadband, fiber optics, and dial–up. There are both pros and cons with fiber optics
and copper cable. The main point for our research is which would companies choose. During our
research there was many obstacles because it was hard to say why companies would choose fiber
optics or copper cable because it varies from company to company. The start of our research had to
be choosing to talk about the history by showing where it all came from.
History:
The research method we used was the internet and it provided us with relevant, interesting
information. When we started our research we wanted to focus on the history of DSL, dial–up,
Broadband, and fiber optics. Starting with dial–up, it was created in 1962 by Bell with speeds
reaching 300 bits per second. dial–up evolved over years into standard 56k modem in about 1996 by
Dr. Brent Townshend. Next, DSL was invented in 1988 by Bellcore, DSL was revolutionary because
it proved that data and phone could be sent at the same time using the same line. The next is
Broadband it was created in 1996 by Roger Communications. Broadband is currently the most
widely used way to transport data. It was used in 70% of homes in the US. Last we talked about the
history of fiber

Fi-Wi Technology
Fi–Wi TECHNOLOGY
(Fiber Wireless Network Architecture)
Gande Kiran Kumar,
IT Department,
MallaReddy Inst of Eng& Tech(MRIET) ,
Maisammaguda, Secunderabad. kirangande92@gmail.com 8099225308.
,Gajula Vijay Kumar ,
IT Department,
MallaReddy Inst of Eng& Tech(MRIET) Maisammaguda, Secunderabad
Shivavijay06@gmail.com
8125746522.
Abstract– The ultimate goal of Fiber Wireless (FI–WI) networks is to convergence of various optical
and wireless technologies under a single infrastructure in order to take advantage of their
complementary features and therefore providing a network capable of supporting bandwidth hungry
emerging applications for both fixed and mobile clients. The Fi–Wi architecture is based on radio ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This means that traffic generated from users communicating only in the wireless network does not
have to be propagated towards the optical network as happens with RoF technology. Thus,
distributed MAC protocols, e.g. IEEE 802.11b, avoid the fiber's extra propagation delays that
degrade their performance. This feature removes a possible limitation regarding the length of the
deployed fiber while it adds a degree of resiliency to the system since local wireless traffic can be
served even when connectivity with the optical segment is lost.
[pic]
OPTICAL ACCESS NETWORKS A growing number of providers worldwide are adopting optical
technologies in the access network and towards the client's premises (Fiber–to–the–Home or FTTH)
due to optical fiber's ability to provide huge amounts of bandwidth in longer distances than copper,
immunity to electromagnetic interference and inherent security. Fiber generally should be installed
underground for safety reasons and therefore its deployment is an expensive procedure. This is
mitigated by deploying a tree like network topology where a part of it is being shared by many
clients. Each client is connected via a dedicated fiber to a Remote Node (RN) which in turn is

connected via a single fiber to a CO. In general two technologies can be used for this
implementation

The Telecommunication Act Of 1996 Essay
ASSIGNMENT 1
Student Name: Rohan Jain
Student CWID: A20378201
1. US Telecommunication Act of 1996
● The Telecommunications Act of 1996 represented the beginning of a new era in Internet, cable TV
and Telecommunications regulations in the United States. It was sanctioned by the U.S. Congress on
February 1, 1996 and signed by President Bill Clinton on February 8, 1996.
● This was the first major change in the telecommunications regulations since the original 1934
Telecommunications Act since it was the first time that the Internet was included in broadcasting
and spectrum allotment. The main purpose of law was to stimulate competition in
telecommunication services by removing regulatory barriers to entry
● Telecommunication Act of 1996 has successfully met its three goals:
1. Boost of Local Markets: In 1996, Americans had access to only single local telephone network
but in today's world, FCC reports that more than 90% of Americans have access to at least 6
different Telecommunication facility providers( telephone company, cable operator, mobile
operators).
2. Increased Competition in Long Distance: In 1996, there were only 4 Network Carriers but now
Americans have access to at least 11 Network Carriers providers which is three times more than in
2005.
3. Universal Service: Have allowed provision of basic local service to the widest possible number of
customers and have proved to be cost–effective.
● "ILEC" is Incumbent Local Exchange Carrier and "CLEC" is Competitive

Essay about nt1310 midterm
1. Name the common cable types used today
a. Utp
b. Stp
c. Fiber optic
d. plenum
2. What unit of measurement is a tenfold logarithmic ratio of power output to power input?
a. Decibel
3. Name 3 things that can contribute to attenuation.
a. Conductor Resistance,
b. Mutual Capactitance,
c. Impedence.
d. other
4. Name 3 things that can contribute to attenuation.
a. Conductor Resistance, Mutual Capactitance, Impedence.
5. Name 3 types of crosstalk.
a. Near end cross talk, Far end Cross Talk, Equal Level Far end cross talk. Alien cross talk
b. Mutual cross talk
6. Name an organization which is part of the US goverment and controls communications.
a. FCC
b. Ieee
c.
7. What is the National Fire Protection Association responsible for?
a. The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
LAN/WAN application
32. What should be considered when installing fiber?
a. Always use 30%more fiber than being used
b. equipment rating,
c. location of cable (inside/outside),
d. termination of fiber
e. match the fiber to the equipment
33. What is the most common wall plate mounting in commercial applications?
a. outlet box
34. When choosing a fixed–design wall plate, what factors should you consider?
a. whether it is the right type of connector or if there might be a need to change the connector at any
time

b. how many jacks
c. the type of jack
d. labeling
35. What is not an advantage of biscuit jacks?
a. for those who can't put a hole in the wall where they want a phone line
b. easy to install
c. inexpensive
d. high speed communications
36. If you use the wrong type of cable/connector combination, what could happen?
a. intermittent signal errors
37. What type of tool do you need to attach a BNC connector?
a. screw on or with a BNC crimper
38. What do you think would not be needed in a standard network installation?
a. Cross over cables
b. cables, tools, switches, routers, testers, time, racks, help
39. What layer of the OSI reference model do routers work on?
a. network layer
40. What devices not work with infrared transmissions?
a. Transistor radios
b. remote controls,
c. IrDA ports,
d. Infrared laser devices
41. What is NOT an advantage of infrared?
a. Line of sight is needed,
b. No weather attenuation
42. What is not an advantage of RF (radio

Workstations A Workstations Is Used By Users That Work...
Workstations A workstation is a powerful computer which is used by users that work with advanced
applications. It's mainly used by IT workers with high level occupations. The advantage of having a
workstation is that you can use it as a storage device, restore you documents from it and keep it as a
database to record figures. Workstations are mostly used by IT users which carry out complex IT
tasks. ` Workstations are used for engineering programs as they have high quality graphics. Router It
is a device that shares the network connection with multiple computers. It has the capability of
connecting to other devices such as: game consoles, smart TVs etc. The advantage of having an
router that you can connect more than one device to the network. All the devices on the network can
directly communicate to each other. Routers are used a network point of connecting workstations
together. It allows operations to be carried on the network through the router access. Switch
Switches in computer networks help to send and receive data around. They help the data flow
between workstations by connecting multiple workstations on the hub. The benefit of having
switches on the network is that they prevent data from over–flowing. this is because they manage
the data speed between the switches. Switches are mainly used on the network by workstations. It
allows data to flow with ease. Connections can be made quicker with having various switches on the
network. Hub A hub is a connection

Decisions For Innovate Rather Than Replace. Carter, T. Cis...
Decisions to Innovate Rather than Replace
Carter, T.
CIS–486
Instructor: Dr. Barry Cumbie
12/10/16
University of North Alabama
INTRODUCTION
Finding new and innovative ways of handling existing problems has never been easier or more
frequent than today. New technological concepts seem to be coming to light on what seems a daily
basis. With this being said, sometimes it is easier to solve existing problems with existing solutions
rather than finding new ones. When is it acceptable for companies, or even governments, to innovate
to find a solution rather than replace with existing technologies? For example, if a company is
increasing its LAN infrastructure would it be best to invest in new or less expensive technologies
even if they are untested, or to replace with more expensive but reliable technologies. This is a
question that could be asked by someone deciding on a home computer, to NASA deciding the best
way to launch rockets into space.
Research Background
1
Fiber optic cable is not a new form of technology. It allows for larger amounts of data to be
transferred at a rate much higher than traditional copper cable. This is the main appeal to fiber optic
technologies. This being said, it is very expensive to replace current mediums with fiber optic
infrastructure. In the Bloomberg article, "Will Not–Quite–Fiber Make the Grade?", BT has realized
that there is a sector of the United Kingdom's market that wants the ability to transfer larger amounts
of

Fiber Cable, Tools, And Test Equipment
Fiber–Optic Cable, Tools, and Test Equipment The following Fiber–Optic Cable, Tools, and Test
Equipment are purchased and used for this project: Tripp light multi–mode micron cable for
networks. This will cost around $260.00 for 1,00ft. Therefore the total for the project would be
$260.00. Next a cable IQ advanced IT kit with SC connectors is required. The Cable IQ Advanced
IT Kit is designed to maximize the efficiency of any cable qualification job. Use the included
Intelli–Tone 200 Probe to find cables quickly and definitively, even on active networks. The total
cost of this is $2,274.00. Price can range depending on the brand. However, the recommended one
in this case is Fluke Network cable IQ kit. Which costs $2,274.00. I would also recommend the
purchase of fiber optic installation tool kit. These will cost around $607.00 for a kit. They have
multiple choices at Fosco.com. Fiber–Optic Design Considerations The following considerations
should be made about the fiber optics design: First how much data will need to be transferred at the
moment? Second how much data will need to be transferred in the upcoming days? Third is what
device will provide appropriate transmission distance? Basement Server Complex Design The
following details are of the basement design: Contains total of nine rooms. 1 storage room 2 server
rooms 1 Telecommunications room 1 LAN management room 1 LAN/WAN maintenance room 1 IT
chief office 1 CIO office Reception area

Abstract 2d Photonic Crystal ( Pc ) Based Power Splitter
Abstract–2D photonic crystal (PC) based power splitter with 60° bend corners is designed and
analyzed. The splitting efficiency at its bends has been improved by encapsulating rectangular
defect, thereby increasing the power transmission of about 98.1%. A simple antiresonant reflecting
optical waveguide (ARROW–B) is a polarization insensitive wave guiding, which utilizes
antiresonance reflection and provides better coupling when compared with conventional wave
guiding. We performed three–dimensional finite–difference time–domain (3–D FDTD) simulation to
calculate the power transmission of Y–splitter with ARROW–B which is about 93.3%. The PC thus
designed can provides good sharp–bend ability and power–split ability.
Index Terms–Power ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Light propagation in photonic crystal waveguide (PCW) is possible in terms of artificially induced
defect region [3], However, by incorporating defects in the waveguide, certain wavelengths belong
to the band gap can propagate strictly within the defects. The defects can be in the form of line
defects to achieve photonic crystal waveguides or point defects producing optical cavities. We have
presented an efficient power splitter, which divides the propagating optical power equally between
the two branching line defects.
Whereas, an important crisis in power splitter is that how light get efficiently transmitted via the
bend corners. For that various methods have been proposed i. Providing row of pores with smaller
diameter ii. Coupled cavity design and iii. Three pore–rows wide defect [2]. Although these
techniques can significantly increase the splitting efficiency, complicated time–consuming
computation is needed, consequently an alternate method is proposed to improve the power split
ability by incorporating rectangular capsule shaped defect at its bends [4]. These defects with higher
refractive index contrast provide better reflection as compared to that of other methods mentioned.
Besides the main source of propagation losses in 2D PCW has been believed to be the guided modes
position above the light line, since modes above the light line can easily

Pros And Cons Of The Internet
The world has come a long way when it comes to the speed at which one can browse the internet.
Just as the new millennium came about, the world was introduced to broadband (or high–speed
internet). Compared to dial–up, broadband operated at a rate that was 10 to 20 times faster than
dial–up. Nowadays, most people cannot imagine going back to dial–up speeds and sometimes refer
to use of the technology as "caveman days". With that said, dial–up is still around as some have
remained loyalty to the service. But with speeds around the world as high as 17Mb, dial–up does not
cut it if an individual or company wants to keep up with the world, especially from a business
aspect. The pros of being connected through broadband far outweigh the cons of dealing with dial–
up. Broadband is a high–capacity communication transmission technique. It is transmitted across
multiple frequencies that allows a large number of messages to travel within it simultaneously.
There are three well known broadband services available today to the general public, which are
digital subscriber lines (DSL), cable, and fiber. DSL is the slowest of the three while fiber optic
offers the fastest service. DSL supports a transmission rate between 1.5 to 9 Mbps receiving data.
Cable services boasts a speed of up to 10 Mbps, which is what more than 60 percent of households
in the United States use. Fiber services supplies up to 50 Mbps of speed through fiber optic cables
routed to the curb or inside residencies or

Case Study Of Finolex Cables
Finolex Cables– LIGHTING UP NEW POSSIBILITIES About the company Finolex Cables, the
flagship company of the Finolex Group was established in 1958 in Pune. Today, it is country's
biggest and leading maker of electrical and telecommunication cables with a turnover in excess of
Rs.16 Billion (about US $ 320 million). Finolex Cables started its operation with the making of PVC
insulated electrical cables for the automobile industry. Since then, Finolex Cables has constantly
endeavored to expand its product range to embrace, PVC insulated single core and multicore
industrial flexible cables Rodent Repellent Multicore Flexible Cables PVC insulated electrical wires
and Flame Retardant Low Smoke electrical wires XLPE 3 Core Flat Cables, ... Show more content
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The added capacities will improve the Finolex ability to acquire a more market share for these
products. The switchgear facility in Roorkee is also completed. New products from the Lamp/
Lighting business, electrical cables for solar applications and an entirely new range of switches etc
are in pipeline. Finoswitch is one of their front runners in their new range of consumer facing
products. Today's consumer is knowledgeable and looks for products that are comprehensive.
Finoswitch blends style and substance seamlessly. With a high performance promise of 100,000
clicks assured and stylish Italian finish with a range of colors and styles, it is sure to make a mark in
the market. The next significant feature that consumers of tomorrow will expect from most products
is 'technology that brings forward simplicity through automation'. Their new range of TOUCH
SWITCH will do just that. Simple touch function will facilitate multiple controls in terms of room
lighting and mood. The switch will also be enabled with voice control to take the interaction to a
whole new

NSA Security Research Paper

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NSA Security Research Paper