This ppt is regarding optical communication ,their merit and demerit.

1. Name-Smit Shah.
Subject –Information Technology Law.
Roll number-95
Year-5TH year and 9TH semester .
TOPIC-Optical communication technology.
University –M.S.U VADODARA ,B.SL.S. .
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2. Optical Communication Technology
 Optical communication are a recent addition to the armoury of telecommunications systems.
Their main uses in long distance network. Here is light is carrier of information and optical
fibers are the medium of transmitting the light signal. Optical fibers transmission has comes to
the age as major innovation in the telecommunication .Such systems offer extremely high
bandwidth freedom from external interference immunity from interception.
 Optical fibers are This type of cable consist of thin glass or plastic filament protected by thick
plastic padding and external plastic sheath. Fiber carry signals in form of laser light instead of
electronic frequency ,hence carry large volume of data at high speed and without any type of
interference.
 Bandwidth (signal processing) or analog bandwidth, frequency bandwidth or radio bandwidth, a
measure of the width of a range of frequencies, measured in hertz
 Bandwidth (computing), the rate of data transfer, bit rate or throughput, measured in bits per
second (bit/s)
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3. Optical Communication Technology
 There is 2 type of fiber – single mode fiber ,multiple- mode fiber .
 Single mode fiber is more expensive than multi- mode. Single mode fiber
is useful for long distance communication .when multi- mode of fiber is
useful for short duration/distance of communication. Single mode fibers
transmit the data at served Gbps for 30 km.
 Experiment have shown that powerful laser can drive a fiber 100 km long
without repeaters although a lower speed.
 Fibers are typically grouped together in bundles protected by outer
sheath.
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4. Different type of optical communication
system
 1-free space optical communication-It is free-space optical channel exists
between orbiting satellites‘ A free space channel between satellites in some
sense ideal it does not distort or attenuate the light beam.
 For this application the Laser is the best source because it’s spatially coherent
radiation can be confined to a much smaller angle of divergence that can be
inherent radiation from other source.
2-optical fiber communication-optical fiber cables are the most vital medium of
information flow used in telecommunication system optical fiber has very large
information capacity in germs of bandwidth. The frequencies encompassing light
wave transmission are very high in the electromagnetic spectrum. The bandwidth
is largely dependant on frequency range. Optical bandwidths in the range of 500
MHz are common today.
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5. Atmospheric of optical communication.
 Atmospheric of optical communication- An atmospheric optical channel
exists between satellite to earth communication and terrestrial
communication. The earth’s atmosphere strongly influence the
transmission. Transmission losses when whether is clear.
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6. Replacing copper telephone line with fiber
optical network.
 As communication technology grows and changes the boundary lines that separated
media in the past become increasingly difficult to sustain and the need for new policies
becomes more apparent.at the same time a communication system that is easier and
simple for users to operate requires a more complex and costly technology.
 The problem has recently been brought into sharp focus by huge investment required to
replace existing copper telephone lines with fiber optic network is able of handling on a
broad frequency ,a vast array of information and entertainment services. Since these
would be encompass the private and mass communication , a new set of policy issues
has been raised regarding the relationship between the public utility regulated at a local
level and mass media promoted by constitutional guarantee .
 The impending spread of fiber optic networks with broadband communication
capabilities was destined to lower the artificial barrier between the data processing and
communication .it is also made obsolete the difference the regulators and drawn
among the various type of communication companies.
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7. MERIT. Signal security.
 It has highest data transmission capacity and speed over the short and
long distance which can provide ample transmission capacity well into
the future. Current fibre optic transceivers can transmit up 100
gigabyte Ethernet transmission rate.
 Low Power Loss
 Optical fibers offer low power loss. Signals can be transmitted further.
Fiber incurs low loss to the signal usually 0.3 dB/Km. Hence optical
repeaters are not needed for long distances. compared to copper
cables, fiber-optic cables are immune to electromagnetic interference
and produce no interference when operating.
- Source material
 Most optical fibers are made of silica or sand, raw material abundant
compared with copper.
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8. Optical Communication Technology
 Flexibility
 because fiber-optic cables are much lighter and smaller in diameter
than copper wires, they also occupy less space with cables of the same
information capacity and can be more easily produced and installed.
 Cost
 Fiber-optic wires are less expensive than copper cables, which can
drastically reduce the cost of installing new wires or maintaining older
ones.
 Bandwidth
 fiber-optic communication systems can be used to transmit more
information than copper cables and are well-suited for use with digital
communications. The fiber can carry large amount of data due to
larger bandwidth capacity. Data can be transmitted at very high speed
usually 1.6 TB/sec in the field. Due to this fact, next generation
internet will be based on light. It is known as LiFi (i.e. Light Fidelity).

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9. DEMERIT.
 Expensive to install
 The optical fibers are more expensive to install, and they have to be installed by the
specialists. They are not as robust as the wires. Special test equipment is often required
to the optical fiber.
 Specially trained engineers and experts are required for the design and installation of
fibre-optic cable.
 More complexity is a added to an communication system because of electrical to optical
conversation transceivers which can increase communication system cost.
 Fibre optic cables, connectors, patch panels, splices, other component are specialised to
fibre system and are not interchangeable with copper technology.
 Repair of damaged a fibre optic cable demand proper splicing tools and skilled
technician which can be more costly than repair of copper cables.
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