Search Strategies

Search Strategies
A search strategy is used to guide a researcher in using databases to find information such as keywords, subject headings, and criteria for inclusion or
exclusion of material (Melnyk & Fineout–Overholt, 2015). After much discussion, a group PICOT question was identified: In adult patients on a
medical–surgical unit who meet sepsis criteria (P) does the use of a nurse–driven sepsis protocol (I), compared to usual care (C), affect the time of
initiating sepsis protocol (O) over the span of three months (T)? The purpose of this paper is to describe the search strategy and process that was used
to obtain pertinent articles for evidence that are directly related to the established PICOT question.
Search Strategy
The databases that were utilized ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Tazbir (2012) and Schorr, Odden, Evans, Escobar, Bandi, Townsend, and Levy (
2016) developed articles that are specific to the medical–surgical unit
and defined several factors as to what may play into the higher mortality rate of the patients that are diagnosed there. Schorr et al. (2016) further
examined and compared emergency department (ED) versus medical surgical treatment of sepsis. Kleinpell, Aitken, and Schorr (2013) gave thorough,
in–depth knowledge of nurses' role, sepsis, and treatment guidelines describing initial, three–hour, and six–hour bundles. Medley O'Keefe, Gatewood,
Wemple, Greco, Kritek, and Durvasula (2015) gave interesting statistics to support nurse–driven testing and sepsis–specific goal–directed therapy.
Lopez–Bushneil, Demaray, and Jaco (2014) and Kleinpell (2017) defined sepsis screening tools with complete sepsis protocols and identified studies
in which nurses are authorized to identify signs and symptoms, order necessary blood testing, and initiate protocols. Additionally, Kleinpell (2017)
identified studies in which nurses completed "Sepsis Power Hour" in which blood cultures, lactate, and fluid boluses were independently initiated by
the nurse. All articles were chosen because they appeared to have a strong hierarchy of evidence. For example, Lopez–Bushneil, Demaray, and Jaco
(2014) report testing evidence to show a change in practice due to the exceeded goals and successful treatment of
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Detection And Prevention Of Sinkhole Attack On Zone...
DETECTION AND PREVENTION OF SINKHOLE ATTACK ON ZONE ROUTING PROTOCOL (ZRP)
M.Kayalvizhi1, Mr.G.Arul Kumaran2, Dr.M.Akila3
1PG Scholar, Dept .of Information Technology
Assistant 2Professor, Dept. of Information Technology
3Professor, Dept .of Information Technology
Vivekananda College of Engineering for Women,
Tiruchengode – 637205, India
Email– mkayalvizhi1992@gmail.com, erarulkumaran@gmail.com, akila@nvgroup.in
Abstract–Mobile Ad–hoc Network (MANET) is a kind of wireless network. A Wireless ad–hoc network is a temporary network with no network
infrastructure. The nodes communicate with each other, they co–operate by forwarding data packets to other nodes in the network. Thus the nodes find
a path to the destination node using routing protocols. Due to the security vulnerabilities of the routing protocols, wireless ad–hoc networks are
unprotected to attacks of the malicious nodes. One of these attacks is the Sinkhole Attack. Sinkhole attack is a kind of routing attack in MANET. A
sinkhole node tries to attract all the network packets to it–self from all neighboring nodes. This paper focuses on to detect and prevent sinkhole node.
The detection techniques which make use of proactive routing protocol have better packet delivery ratio and correct detection probability. The detection
techniques which make use of reactive routing protocols have low overheads, but have high packet loss problem. Therefore, using a hybrid detection
technique which combines the advantages of

The Use Of Routing And Protocols Of Communications
2.3.14 DECT/ULE
DECT (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications) is a universal European standard for cordless phones. In their latest extension DECT/ULE
(Ultra Low Energy), they have specified a low–power and low–cost air interface technology that can be used for IoT applications. [34]
2.4 Network Layer Routing Protocols
In this section, we discuss some standard and non–standard protocols that are used for routing in IoT applications.
2.4.1 RPL
Routing Protocol for Low–Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) is distance–vector protocol that builds a Destination Oriented Directed Acyclic Graph
(DODAG) that has only one route from each leaf node to the root in which all the traffic from the node will be routed to. [35]
2.4.2 CORPL
Cognitive RPL ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
[46]
2.4.8 IPv6 over G.9959
RFC 7428 defines the frame format for transmitting IPv6 packet on ITU–T G.9959 networks. G.9959 defines a unique 32–bit home network identifier
that is assigned by the controller and 8–bit host identifier that is allocated for each node. [46]
2.4.9 IPv6 over Bluetooth Low Energy
Bluetooth Low Energy is also known as Bluetooth Smart and was introduced in Bluetooth V4.0 and enhanced in V4.1. RFC 7668 [39], which specifies
IPv6 over Bluetooth LE, reuses most of the 6LowPAN compression techniques.
2.4.10 Session Layer Protocols
This section reviews standards and protocols for message passing in IoT session layer proposed by different standardization organizations.
2.4.11 MQTT
Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT), introduced by IBM in 1999 and standardized by OASIS in 2013 provide embedded connectivity
between applications and middleware on one side and networks and communications on the other side. [46]
2.4.12 SMQTT
An extension of MQTT is Secure MQTT (SMQTT) which uses encryption based on lightweight attribute based encryption. The main advantage of
using such encryption is the broadcast encryption feature, in which one message is encrypted and delivered to multiple other nodes, which is quite
common in IoT applications. [40]
2.4.13 AMQP

The Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP) runs over TCP and provides a publish/ subscribe architecture which is similar to that of

Flexible And Dynamic Forms Of Internetworking
FLEXIBLE AND DYNAMIC INTERNETWORKING
ANIL REDDY
WILMINGTON UNIVERSITY
1ABSTRACT
2INTRODUCTION
3HISTORY OF INTERNETWORKING
4LEVELS INVOLVED IN BUILDING INTERNET
5NAMING AND COMMUNICATION ON INTERNET
6CONCLUSION
7REFERRENCES
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT
In this paper, I have discussed the Flexible and Dynamic forms of Internetworking by focusing on history of internetworking along with LAN's Routers,
Hubs, switches with its networking/internetworking functions and summarizing the general nature of addressing schemes within the context of
Internetworking and its naming and communications.
INTRODUCTION
An internetwork is a collection of individual networks, connected by intermediate ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Today, high–speed LANs and switched internetworks are becoming widely used, largely because they operate at very high speeds and support such
high–bandwidth applications as voice and video conferencing.
Internetworking evolved as a solution to three key problems: isolated LANs, duplication of resources, and a lack of network management. Isolated
LANS made electronic communication between different offices or departments impossible. Duplication of resources meant that the same hardware
and software had to be supplied to each office or department, as did a separate support staff. This lack of network management meant that no
centralized method of managing and troubleshooting networks existed (Universitat Koblenz Landau).

LEVELS INVOLVED IN BUILDINGINTERNET
LOWEST LEVEL: ETHERNET SEGMENT
Ethernet segment consists of a collection of hosts connected by wires (twisted pairs) to a
Hub. It normally spans a room or floor in a building.
Its typical operations include,
Each Ethernet adapter has a unique 48–В¬вЂђbit address (MAC address).
Hosts send bits to any other host in chunks called Frames.
Now hub copies each bit from each port to every other port. Fig 2: Ethernet Segment (Carnegie Mellon University)
NEXT LEVEL: BRIDGED ETHERNET SEGMENT
The oldest type of internetworking device is called a bridge. Normally, a bridge is

The World With Limited Connectivity
Imagine a world with limited connectivity. Only 4.3 billion of the 7 billion (and counting) of us in the world could connect to the Internet at one time.
Even then, we're assuming that each of those people has only a single device; those with more devices would have more of an advantage. The more
people who tried to connect to the Internet at one time, the slower our computers would run, and the less reliably they would perform. The
consequences could be drastic, severely limiting the ability to accomplish daily essential tasks that we rely so heavily on computers to do for us. With
the way the Internet used to operate, that scenario wouldn't have been too far from the truth had we not taken any action on this issue. Enter Internet ...
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One simple analogy to this requirement is subscribing to a magazine. When you fill out a subscription form, you must provide a mailing address of
some kind, so that the magazine publisher knows where to send your monthly subscription. Think of yourself as the requesting computer, the magazine
as the "data" you're requesting, and the publisher as the server. If you didn't provide an address on the subscription form, the publisher would receive
your request, but they wouldn't have anywhere to send the magazine! Back in the early days of the Internet, nobody would have predicted that the
Internet would grow to the size, scope, and usefulness that it did. When the Internet was first established, Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4) was the
standard, and only allowed for 4.3 billion possible addresses. For the time, that number was enormous and seemed like it would be more than enough to
handle the network traffic that was predicted. As it turns out, the Internet grew, and fast. Let's take a look at the impactIPv6 will have on users and
developers alike. First, there's the space issue. IPv4 only allows for 4.3 billion unique addresses, and since that's just under two thirds of the world's
current population, there's not enough room for everyone on Earth to have even one device to connect. With IPv6, we can have "340 undecillion
addresses. That is 340 times 10 to the

Offering Anomymity Protection with Anonymous...
The high cost exacerbates the inherent resource constraint problem in MANETs especially in multimedia wireless applications.To offer high
anonymity protection at a low cost, we propose an Anonymous Location–based Efficient Routing protocol (ALERT). ALERT dynamically partitions
the network field into zones and randomly chooses nodes in zones as intermediate relay nodes, which form a no traceable anonymous route. Thus,
ALERT offers anonymity protection to sources, destinations, and routes. It also hasstrategies to effectively counter intersection and timing attacks. We
theoretically analyze ALERT in terms of anonymity and efficiency. Also, ALERT achieves comparablerouting efficiency to the GPSR geographical
routing protocol. The DADCQ ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Most of the current approaches are limited by focusing on enforcing anonymity at a heavy cost to precious resources because public–key–based
encryption and high traffic generate significantly high cost Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) and Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) use
anonymous routing protocols that hide node identities and/or routes from outside observers in order to provide anonymity protection. However,
existing anonymous routing protocols relying on either hop–by–hop encryption or redundant traffic either generate high cost or cannot provide full
anonymity protection to data sources, destinations, and routes[7].
The high cost exacerbates the inherent resource constraint problem in MANETs especially in multimedia wireless applications. To offer high
anonymity protection at a low cost, we propose an Anonymous Location–based Efficient Routing protocol (ALERT). ALERT dynamically partitions
the network field into zones and randomly chooses nodes in zones as intermediate relay nodes, which form a no traceable anonymous route. In addition,
it hides the data initiator/receiver among many initiators/receivers to strengthen source and destination anonymity protection. Thus, [8] ALERT offers
anonymity protection to sources, destinations, and routes. It also

The For Cluster Based Wsns ( Cwsns ), Secure Data...
For cluster–based WSNs (CWSNs), secure data transmission, where like dynamically and periodically the clusters are shaped. The analysis problems
associated with WSNs security and knowledge aggregation with reference to the protection and security analysis against various attacks, we show the
quality of being usable of the SET–IBS and SET–IBOOS protocols. For a fuzzy approach and SET–IBS formula employing a combination in our
planned system, for WSNs a replacement routing technique to extend network amount of some time from the supply to the destination by affirmative
the best remaining battery power. The proposal is to envision an optimum routing path, minimum vary of hops, and minimum trafп¬Ѓc load in terms of
leveling energy consumption and for some time maximization of network quantity for the planned technique. To demonstrate the effectiveness, in two
completely different topographical areas using similar routing criteria with the A–star search formula we tend to match our approach and fuzzy
approach.
Keywords– ID–based digital signature, secure data transmission protocol, Cluster–based WSNs, Fuzzy Approach, Minimum Energy Consumption
I.INTRODUCTION
In Wireless sensor networks, have used in several areas like surroundings, health, setting observance and industrial functions at the beginning for the
military for various application. With the recent breakthrough of "Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS)" technology [2] whereby sensors
became smaller and extra versatile

Osi Model Essay
Question: Write a 2–3 page paper describing the OSI model and how it relates to a network. Your response should include answers to the following:
On which layers of the OSI model do WAN protocols operate? What are some of these protocols? On which OSI layers do switches and routers
operate? If routers reside at more than one layer, what is the difference between the OSI layers? Introduction: The OSI model was introduced in
1984. Although it was designed to be an abstract model, the OSI model remains a practical framework for today's key network technologies like
Ethernet and protocols like IP. The OSI model defines internetworking in terms of a vertical stack of seven layers. The upper... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Finally, the application layer of System B passes the information to the recipient application program to complete the communication process.
Interaction Between OSI Model Layers A given layer in the OSI model generally communicates with three other OSI layers: the layer directly
above it, the layer directly below it, and its peer layer in other networked computer systems. The data link layer in System A, for example,
communicates with the network layer of System A, the physical layer of System A, and the data link layer in System B. The following figure
illustrates this example. [pic] Figure : OSI Model Layers Communicate with Other Layers On which layers of the OSI model do WAN protocols
operate? A WAN protocols is a data communication protocols which is use in the data communications network that covers a relatively broad
geographic area and that often uses transmission facilities provided by common carriers, such as telephone companies. WAN Protocol in WAN
technologies, generally function at the lower three layers of the OSI reference model which layers are as following: Physical layer Data link layer, and
Network layer. Following figure illustrates the relationship between the common WAN technologies and the OSI model.

Protocols For The Communication Protocol
IPV 6
ABSTRACT:
We have many protocols for the communication. Among them if we take communication protocol which is related to internet, the popular and which
is using today is IPV 4. In this paper we are going to discuss about the later version IPV6.
INTRODUCTION:
Internet protocol is a communication protocol which provides location and identification of computers on networks and routes traffic across the internet.
IPV6 is the latest version of internet protocol. It was developed by internet engineering task force, when they are dealing with the IPV4 exhaustion
problem. Every device in this world which is connected to the internet is assigned IP address for identification and its location. With rapid growth of
technology, it became evident that we need more addresses for connecting various new devices in the future. In 1990s, Internet engineering task force
has introduced IPV 6 to accommodate more addresses. IPV 4 uses only 32 bit addresses but IPV 6 addresses uses 128 bit addresses.
Internet protocol version 4 is the first publicly used protocol. It was developed by the defense advanced research projects agency. It is a United States
defense department agency, after that they have shifted towards internet and is developing many technologies. Address exhaustion is not an initial
problem concern because it is a testing of DARPA's networking concepts. Amid the first decade of operation of the Internet, by the late 1980s, it got to
be evident that systems must be produced

Placenta Encapsulation Research Paper
What is Placenta Encapsulation?
Placenta encapsulation is the practice of ingesting the placenta after it has been dehydrated, ground, and placed into capsules. Placentophagia is the
process of a new mother consuming her placenta postpartum by either eating the placenta raw, cooked, in capsule form or drinking the juices from the
placenta once it is cooked.
Lullaby Birth has completed training with International Placenta & Postpartum Association, OSHA Bloodborne Pathogens & Infection Control, and
ServSafe Food Safety and we strictly follow all recommended safety standards when processing each placenta.
While we recommend placenta encapsulation be processed in your home as the next step in protecting your child's microbiome, you have the option ...
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The placenta is picked up from your birthing location in Broward County and surrounding areas. After pickup, the placenta is rinsed and drained of
blood, steamed and sliced into small pieces for dehydration. Once dehydrated, it is ground into a fine powder, and placed into capsules. Great for use
in the first few months after birth also called the 4th Trimester.
Tincture – an excellent way to get longevity from the benefits of the placenta. A piece of raw placenta is fermented in high proof alcohol that is put
in a cool, dark cupboard for 6 weeks or more. The longer it sits, the more potent it becomes and the more it breaks down.
After fermentation process is complete, the pieces of placenta are strained out. A placenta tincture has an almost indefinite shelf–life if stored properly
and can be used many years down the road for hormone stabilization and energy and to relieve menopausal symptoms and/or the first postpartum
menstrual cycle. If the child was a girl both the mother and daughter of the placenta owner can use and benefit from the tincture. In a smaller usage
amount, the tincture can also be used for teething baby, during times of transition, stress, and to boost the immune

Cloud Computing Services
The popularity of mobile system with the headway in engineering, with the increment of Internet utilization, comprehensively reinvent the old idea of
network computing system, to the new buzzword "Cloud computing". Cloud computing is a link way to the usage of Cloud which process by
transmitting and receiving files in utilizing Internet. Most systems uses either of the three major models of cloud computing services on the market,
which are software as a service (SaaS), platform as a service (PaaS), and infrastructure as a service (IaaS).
SaaS is an application level cloud service that provides interface software and database. User simply accesses the software running on the back–end
server of the cloud clients such as web browsers, emulators and mobile web browser, and use the services. The best example of this services is a
web–based email service. Users are able to send or receive emails from web browser remotely without installing or running email software on his/her
device. The essential software are running on the Cloud Computer which allow user to access the desire resources from any supported devices.
PaaS is a platform level cloud service that provide an operating system, database and web server, in which the developers build the applications using
different software development tools and to run on a cloud platform. The example of this service can be seen on Google App Engine hosted by
Google. Once the user login to his/her account, he/she able to develop

Passport/Visa Authentication Protocols for Ubiquitous...
Abstract–The development in mobile devices and wireless technologies opens up unlimited choices of mobile services such as mobile commerce.
These advances make access services available and convenient everywhere at any time. Since mobile users usually move, accessing services becomes
unavailable especially in some locations that are not covered by their home networks. Therefore, it becomes necessary to roam into foreign networks in
order to access such services. However, authenticating visiting users by a foreign network results in some security concerns. This challenge lies in the
fact that a foreign network provider does not initially have the authentication credentials of the mobile users. The existing approaches are either roaming
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
MUs always ask for a higher speed at a lower cost, and demand to be "Always Best Connected" [2]. However, due to the differences in wireless
technologies, it is hard to achieve both high data rate and wide coverage at once. Moreover, different technologies sometimes are operated by multiple
network providers. As a result, ubiquitous wireless network is not feasible with a single technology and a single wireless provider. That makes a MU
always in need to connect to different types of technologies and service providers depending on his/her location and the target speed. However, there
are some security concerns raised from the MU and foreign network (FN) perspectives as they cannot establish a connection without being authentic to
each other. The traditional solution to such a problem is to have a roaming agreement between the home network (HN) and FN for verification process.
Fig.1 illustrates the problem.
Roaming agreement–free challenge.
Problem Statement. A key challenge in such a heterogeneous networks environment is the possibility of roaming to administrative domains without a
pre–established roaming agreement with a MU's home domain [3]. In other words, authenticating unknown users by FN providers and preventing
unauthorised access are critical concerns.
The rest of this paper is structured as follows. It starts with a review of existing approaches to the problem (Section 2). This will be followed by an
overview of the

Nt1310 Unit 5 Research Paper
The following are the top 10 types of packets: IPv4: Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) IPv4 is a connectionless protocol for use on packet–switched
networks. It is the fourth version of the Internet Protocol (IP), that is one of the core protocols of standards–based internetworking methods in the
Internet. It was the first version deployed for production in the ARPANET in 1983. It still used to routing most Internet traffic today, eventhough we
have the next version of it,IPv6. It is operating on best effort delivery model, i.e. it does not guarantee delivery, nor does it assure proper sequencing
or avoidance of duplicate delivery. These aspects, including data integrity, are addressed by an upper layer transport protocol, such as the Transmission
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
UDP: The User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is defined for use with IP network layer protocol in the transport layer protocol. It provides a best–effort
datagram service to an End System (IP host). It uses a simple connectionless transmission model with a minimum of protocol mechanism. It uses no
handshaking dialogues, and thus the user's program is exposed to any unreliability of the underlying network protocol. There is no guarantee of
delivery, ordering, or duplicate protection. UDP provides checksums for data integrity, and port numbers for addressing different functions at the source
and destination of the datagram. HTTP The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is an application protocol for distributed, collaborative, hypermedia
information systems.[1] HTTP is the foundation of data communication for the World Wide Web. Hypertext is structured text that uses logical links
(hyperlinks) between nodes containing text. HTTP is the protocol to exchange or transfer

Optimal Communication Of Real Time Data On Secure Cdma Ip...
OPTIMAL COMMUNICATION OF REAL TIME DATA ON SECURE CDMA IP RAN NETWORK
Abstract: This paper presents an optimal and secure communication of real time data over a CDMA based IP RAN network. In the process of data
transmission, a new coding approach for security enhancement and quality improvement based on spectrum utilization and antenna coding is
suggested. The traffic model is developed for image and audio data transmission over a wireless channel, having an interference of AWGN noise with
fading effects. An optimal spectrum sensing approach for proper resource allocation is developed, and communicated using the secure WePprotocol.
The developed approach is evaluated for different communication parameters and compared in comparisons to conventional modeling of CDMA
system. The obtained results illustrates an improvement in quality metrics for the developed system, in comparison to the conventional modeling.
Key Word: Optimal Communication, Image and audio data, secure coding, CDMA system, channel coding.
I. Introduction
It has become a primal requirement in current communication system to provide high rate services with higher accuracy and faster data exchange.
With the evolution of new communication architectures, the data exchange has got no boundness in forwarding the data to any range. Due to
integration of different networks, data are exchange over wireless network and internet network, forming a Internet protocol – Radio access Network
(IP–RAN). Due to

The Concept of Ad-hoc Networking
Ad–hoc networking is a concept in computer communications, which allows users wanting to communicate with each other to form a temporary
network, without any form of centralized administration or infrastructure. Each node participating in the network acts both as host and as router and
must therefore be willing to forward packets for other nodes. For this purpose, an efficient routing protocol is needed.
The goal of this research is to design a flexible and efficient routing scheme for a mobile ad hoc network (MANET). Because a MANET is composed
of wireless mobile computing devices forming an ad–hoc network without existing wired infrastructure or base stations, the network topology changes
frequently. Hence, routing in such a dynamic environment is a challenging task. Some previous routing schemes in mobile ad hoc networks include
Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), Cluster–Based Routing Protocol (CBRP), and Temporally–Ordered Routing Protocol (TORA), Mobile Agent Based
Routing Protocol (MARP) among others.
In MANETs congestion occurs due to the packet loss and it can be successfully reduced by involving congestion control scheme which includes routing
algorithm and a flow control at the network layer [1].
A Mobile Agent starts from every node and moves to an adjacent node at every time. A node visited next is selected at the equivalent probability. The
MA brings its own history of movement and updates the routing table of the node it is visiting [1].
In Mobile Agent Based

Tcp/Ip Is The Protocol Which Is Widely Used For Communication
TCP/IP is the protocol which is widely used for communication on the internet. IP addresses are used for identifying devices in a TCP/IP environment.
IP addresses are separated by Class A, Class B, class C are used for the hosts. Class D is used for multicast and Class E is reserved. Every class has a
defined set for the number of IP addresses. As the internet network grew, the numbers of usable IP addresses were getting exhausted at a faster pace.
NAT was designed to resolve the IP depletion problem. Definition of NAT stands forNetwork address translation. It is a technology which is commonly
used such that systems on the Local area network can communicate with the Public network and vice versa.
In an organization, systems are deployed ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The "classic" NAT deп¬Ѓned by RFC1631maps IP addresses from one realm to another. Although it can be used to translate between any two address
realms, NAT is most often used to map IPs from the non routable private address spaces deп¬Ѓned by RFC 1918 [1].
The problem
Devices which are configured with private IP addresses will not be able to communicate with devices which have public IP addresses. As per IANA
regulations, private ip addresses are not routable on the internet. This implies that devices on the LAN will not be able to communicate with devices on
the public network, directly which is the internet [65].
The solution
One proposed method for mitigating the address shortage problem in IPv4 is to use network address translators (NATs) to allow address reuse.
The [3] basic idea is to transparently map a wide set of private network addresses and corresponding TCP/UDP ports to a small set of globally
unique public network addresses and ports. NAT is a technology which is implemented, deployed and configured as a feature on devices like
routers, servers, firewalls etc. When NAT is deployed and configured on the devices, it would make it possible for LAN devices with private IP
addresses to communicate with the devices on the public network. NAT would typically be deployed and configured on equipments like routers,
firewalls which have already access to the public network. The traffic which is initiated from the private network

Detection And Prevention Of Sinkhole Attack On Zone...
Detection and Prevention of Sinkhole Attack on Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) in MANET
M.Kayalvizhi1, Mr.G.Arul Kumaran2, A.Nithyasri3
1PG Scholar, Dept .of Information Technology, Vivekananda College of Engineering for Women
Tiruchengode – 637205, Tamilnadu, India
2Assistant Professor, Dept. of Information Technology, Vivekananda College of Engineering for Women
3Assistant Professor, Dept. of Information Technology, Vivekananda College of Engineering for Women,
Email– mkayalvizhi1992@gmail.com, erarulkumaran@gmail.com, nithi.becsc@gmail.com
Abstract–Mobile Ad–hoc Network (MANET) is a kind of wireless network. A Wireless ad–hoc network is a temporary network with no network
infrastructure. The nodes communicate with each other, they co–operate by forwarding data packets to other nodes in the network. Thus the nodes find
a path to the destination node using routing protocols. Due to the security vulnerabilities of the routing protocols, wireless ad–hoc networks are
unprotected to attacks of the malicious nodes. One of these attacks is the Sinkhole Attack. Sinkhole attack is a kind of routing attack in MANET. A
sinkhole node tries to attract all the network packets to it–self from all neighboring nodes. This paper focuses on to detect and prevent sinkhole node.
By using a hybrid detection technique which combines the advantages of both reactive and proactive routing Protocol to detect the

Internet Is Important Staple Of The World Economy
Internet has become an important staple of the world economy. From shopping to news to how businesses operate is has impacted many businesses
from many different parts of the world. However, the internet wasn't something that just came out of nowhere. The internet has origins and evolution
that have made the internet as big and as useful as it is today. According to an article written on history.com (2015) the original thought process behind
computer networking came from the fear that the Soviet Union could take out the United States telephone infrastructure with a single missile. The
thought process was that by creating a network of computers that talked to each other, the government could still communicate even if the Soviet
Union took out the telephone system. They created a network known as the Arpanet which was a way for information to be sent by way of packet
switching or the breaking down of data in to packets (History.com, 2015). In the 1970's the network of computers was growing, but because of the
lack of network protocols it was becoming increasingly difficult for integration in to a single of what would in the future be called the internet
(History.com, 2015). The protocol that was being used in the 70's was called the Network Control Protocol. The main problem with using that protocol
was it only worked with certain types of computers. There were several types of computers that wanted to connect to the Arpanet but couldn't because
the protocols didn't

Compare And Contrast The Ttp/Osi Model And TCP/IP Model
A computer is a universe of connections , information and a computer language do not necessarily know when we use within this universe there is
the ISO / OSI model and TCP / IP ( Internet model used ) Model . Three new things that I have learned from these videos are, ISO / OSI model TCP
/ IP model Funtions of ISO / OSI model and TCP / IP This research addresses these two models in the case of the ISO / OSI model, is disclosed in its
infancy and generally know how this model, and finally there are 7 layers in the ISO / OSI model and In Model TCP / IP, Internet model used to first
know how the Internet works which leads to insight into their model, as in the previous model we know works and focus on their coats that unlike the
ISO... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is important to note that some of the layers of the TCP / IP model have the same name as the layers of the OSI model. Application Layer The
designers of TCP / IP thought the higher level protocols should include details of the session and presentation layers. Just created an application layer
that handles high–level protocols, issues of representation, encoding and dialog control. The TCP / IP model combines all aspects related to
applications in a single layer and ensures that these data are properly packaged for the next layer. Then you will see a graph that associates these
layers and see which is easier than it seems. Transport layer The transport layer relates to aspects of quality of service with respect to reliability, flow
control and error correction. One of its protocols, the protocol for the transmission control (TCP), provides flexible and high–quality products to create
reliable communications network flow smoothly and with a lower error level ways. TCP is a connection–oriented protocol. Maintains a dialogue
between the origin and destination information while packaging the application layer in units called

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Energy Efficient Medium...
1 ) Energy Efficient Medium Access Protocol
A medium access control layer is the most suitable level to address the energy efficiency.
This layer is used to coordinate node access to the shared wireless medium. The MAC is the core of communication protocol stack which provides the
basic for achieving Quality of Service (QoS) in any wireless networks. A versatile MAC should support diverse applications and different types of data
such as continuous, periodic, burst and non–periodic data along with high level QoS. MAC plays a major determining factor in improving overall
network performance. The fundamental task in MAC protocol is to avoid collisions and to prevent simultaneous transmissions while preserving
maximum throughput, minimum latency, communication reliability and maximum energy efficiency. It is important to note that while... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
In all the three processes of basic operation, communication should be initiated by the master. Moreover, only one slave node can join the network at a
time.
2) BodyMAC
Fang and Dutkiewicz in [28] propose energy efficient TDMA–based MAC protocol for WBAN. In this protocol, packet collision, idle listening and
control packet overhead have been reduced by allocating three bandwidth management schemes: Burst Bandwidth, Periodic Bandwidth and Adjust
Bandwidth in order to improve energy efficiency. An efficient sleep node is introduced to turn off a node's radio, especially for the nodes supporting
low duty cycle applications.
The MAC frame in BodyMAC protocol has three parts:
Beacon, downlink and uplink sub frames.
The beacon serves the purpose MAC layer synchronization. The downlink frame is used for transmission from gateway to node, which can
accommodate on–demand traffic. The uplink frame consists of two sub–parts: Contention Access Part (CAP) and Contention Free Part

Network Analysis Ntc 362
Network Analysis Paper
Oliver Dotson
NTC/362
12/17/2015
Gary Smith
Network Analysis Paper
During this paper several things will be explained or gone over. The first will be communication protocols and I will identify the network protocols
and provide rationale for the decision. Next will be to define the full network architecture and explain the usefulness of the traffic analysis. The next
thing will be to define the terms response time, latency, and jitter, and describe their effect on the main network performance and on the performance
of the chosen organization 's network. Next the effect of data rates on each part of the network will also be explained. Describing strategies to ensure
the availability of network access in switched and routed networks will be the last part of this paper.
Communications devices have to agree on many physical aspects of the data to be exchanged before successful transmission can take place.
Communication protocols are required to exchange messages in or between computing systems and are required in telecommunications.
Communication protocols are formal descriptions of digital message formats and rules ("Communication Protocol", 2015). Communications protocols
are implemented in hardware and software. They cover authentication, error detection and signaling, and correction. Communication protocols can also
describe the syntax, semantics, and synchronization of analog and digital communications. There are thousands of communications

Nt1310 Unit 4 Essay
From the figure, it can be seen that host1, host3, host 4 sends messages through the times say t1,t2,t3,t4 and the times are increasing. The messages
are M1,M2,M3,M4 and after many send and receive the process finally reached the host1. The time order is not in the state of inferring and the
events cannot be inferred from the diagram. Also the order in which it is executed can never be inferred. Host1 send message1 to Host2,3,4. Host4
sends message4 to host3. Host3 sends message2 to host1. Host3 send message3 to host1. This is an example of an open group form of
communication. This can be said as open group because there is a simultaneous sending and receiving of messages. Also the time order is not accurate
and the events can never be ordered accurately.
3.Three ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The purpose of IP Address
п‚§An Internet Protocol address is a numerical label given to each device participating in a network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication
п‚§The IP address is about 32–bit number known as Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4)
п‚§The IP address is about 128–bit number known as Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4)
п‚§It is a unique address assigned to every machine that enters the internet world.
п‚§It is expressed as a dotted decimal number format to make it easier for human beings and the computer to remember.
п‚§A typical IP Address looks like this: 22.233.154.64
The Purpose of Port
The purpose of the port is that it serves as an endpoint in an OS for many types of communication.
The ports correspond to the transport layer.
The IP address corresponds to the network layer
5.
Sockets is the form of communication (UDP and TCP) use the socket abstraction, which provides an endpoint for communication between processes to
processes. Interprocess communication consists of transmitting a message between a socket in one process and a socket in another process. As the IP
packets underlying UDP and TCP are sent to Internet addresses.

UDP datagram

Analysis Of Intrusion Detection System
3.1 EXISTING SYSTEMIn this chapter it elaborates the previous used protocol, algorithm, technique and result, and additionally we have compared
the present system with planned system variations to grasp the work in short. In antecedently done work (existing system) AODV distance vector
protocol was used that has some limitations and downside additionally. 3.1.2 Drawbacks statement In previously they have worked with intrusion
detection technique to trace the misbehaving node, they need simply a glance on intrusion sightion system which may detect the rubbish packets,
flooding, and miss activity of node in wireless mobile network but they haven't deduct or blocked the trespasser, thus we've got taken intrusion
detection and... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Proposed work we have used OSPF routing protocol that is distance vector protocol that has following characteristics. 1)Only gets updates once
changes square measure wiped out topology 2)Only updates changes in routing table , doesn't replace entire routing table 3)Packet blocking or node
block system supports 4)Can decide the packet size and path manually 5)Much quicker than AODV. We have followed many steps for implementing
IDS and block system: 1. PDR (Packet Delivery Ratio) – It 's the amount of delivered information packets to the node The bigger is that the price of
the packet delivery ratio quantitative relation higher is that the performance of the node. PDR= (Number of Packet's Transmitted) / (Total variety of
Incoming Packets) 2. PMIR (Packet Misroute Rate) –Node sends packet to the incorrect destination is name migrate information packet. PMIR
quantitative relation is that the variety of misread packet is delivered to the transmitted packets. PMIR= (Number of Packet's Misrouted) / (Total
Number of Incoming Packets). 3. Management overhead– The quantitative relation of the amount of routing protocol management packets transmitted
to the amount of information packets is understood as management overhead. CO = (Number of management Packet's Transmitted) / (Total variety of
Packets)

Oma Lightweight M2m Research Paper
section{IoT Device Management Protocols} subsection{COnstrained netwoks and devices MANagement (COMAN)} The COMAN Group from the
IETF cite{COMAN}, proposes solutions such as: simplified MIB through Mobile Object (MO), SNMP–based in messages, and CoAP–based
management which, it could be the protocol to use for management of constrained networks and devices. In Table ref{tabela_comam}, some device
management candidate technologies were identified and described for requirements COMAN: begin{table}[htb] centering
caption{label{tabela_comam}COMAN – Candidate Technologies.} begin{tabular}{|p{2cm}|p{6cm}|} hline : textbf{Technology} &
:textbf{Description} hline : OMA–LwM2M& : OMA Lightweight M2M is a device... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
begin{figure}[!ht] centering includegraphics[scale=0.50]{omadm.PNG} caption{OMA DM standard management architecture.} label{fig:omadm}
end{figure} OMA DM perform the data exchange and device management with XML data through communication between DM server and a DM
client. The OMA DM protocol consist in two phases: (i) a configuration phase, where there are, firstly, authentication that enable exchange of device
information through of the user commands (Add, Alert, Copy, Get, and others) sent to the DM Client; (ii) a management phase, where performs the
request/response messages (Status, Generic Alert and Results) between DM server and a DM client. subsection*{OMA–LwM2M – Open Mobile
Alliance for Lightweight M2M} The OMA LWM2M enables M2M device management, acting as an OMA device management (OMA–DM) successor
using the same protocol, and provides a compact and secure communication interface for this management cite{OMAM2M}. It aims to provide an
protocol sub–layer adjacent to enable management of M2M services between the LWM2M Client (M2M device) and a LWM2M Server (M2M service
/platform/application), employing a client–server architecture with CoAP using UDP for transport layer, as shown

Application Protocols For Vehicular Adhoc Networks
ASEE 2014 Zone I Conference, April 3–5, 2015, University of Bridgeport, Bridgpeort, CT, USA. Specific Routing protocols for Vehicular Adhoc
Networks Vignesh Mandalapa Bhoopathy University of Bridgeport Electrical Engineering Bridgeport, USA vmandala@my.bridgeport.edu Steve
Richard Ebenezer Amalorpavaraj University of Bridgeport Electrical Engineering Bridgeport, USA sebeneze@my.bridgeport.edu Aishwarya
Mandalapa Bhoopathy University of Bridgeport Electrical Engineering Bridgeport, USA amandala@gmail.com Abstract–This Paper discusses about
the capability of the current MANET routing protocols for VANET. Though VANET is derived from MANET, it
... Show more content on
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Keywords–MANET, VANET, AODV, DSR; I.INTRODUCTION Wireless Sensor Networks give an extension between real world and virtual
systems. Wireless systems are grouped into Wireless Personal Area Networks, Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks and Wireless Local Area
Networks. They are comprehensively isolated into two classes one is infrastructure–aided and infrastructure less. Portable ad hoc systems are
self–sorting out systems of versatile nodes with no foundation so it is infrastructure less system. Transitional or sending nodes is utilized to build up
correspondence between nodes. The directing conventions are required on the grounds that the nodes needs to move in the fancied way and the routing
strategy plays an essential part in ad hoc systems. The nodes can communicate inside of the system at whatever time. Along these lines the connection
can be set up between each nodes to different nodes in the system. VANET goes under infrastructure–aided system. A system utilizing the infrastructure
point interfaces the vehicles on the road. Those points are Roadside Units. They are same like the Access point in a PC system, which acts a state of
communication between the system and the vehicles. Vehicular ad hoc networks consist of a number of nodes to associate between them and the
mobility of the nodes are well maintained. Vehicular ad hoc systems are utilized in Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS). This framework utilizes GPS
for following the accurate position

Introduction To A Rough Draft On Keeping Things Safe And...
Ricardo Huesca
Mr. Christian
Computer Application – 4th
April 8, 2015
Capstone Essay Rough Draft Keeping things safe and secure should be one of your top priority when it comes to your computer. Without the help of
network securities your computer could be as easy to access as air is to breathe. Network securities are essential when it comes to keeping your
computer safe for such things as viruses or hackers. Network security consists of the provisions and policies adopted by a network administrator to
prevent and monitor unauthorized access. Those network securities also consist of protocols, which are a system of rules for data exchange within or
between computers. An example of these protocols is the network protocol RADIUS, which stands for Remote Authentication Dial in User Service. The
RADIUS protocol provides centralized authentication, authorization, and accounting management. Although network security consists of protocols of
such caliber and complicity there are various simple things you can do to protect and secure your computer and personal information. Network security
has become more important to personal computers users and many big businesses. Network security is made up of policies provided by the network
administrator to prevent unauthorized access, misuse, modification, or denial of a computer network and network accessible resources. It starts with
authenticating, this is commonly with a username and a password. Because just one detail is

Internetworking Using Tcp/Ip: Part 2
Unit 7: Internetworking Using TCP/IP: Part 2
Abstract
IP uses the Address Resolution Protocol, ARP, to bind a next
–hop IP address to an equivalent MAC address. ARP defines the format of messages that
computers exchange to resolve an address, the encapsulation, and the rules for handling ARP messages. The NAT mechanism allows a site to have
multiple computers using the Internet through a single IP address. The User Datagram Protocol provides end–to–end message transport from an
application running on one computer to an application running on another computer (Comer, 2009).
Unit 7: Internetworking Using TCP/IP: Part 2
When a router uses a forwarding table to look up a next–hop address, the result is an IP address. What must ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The main problem with IPv4 is its relatively small address space. The primary motivation for defining a new version of IP arose from IPv4 address
space limitation (Comer, 2009).
What is the hourglass model of Internet communication?
The Hourglass model is the idea of funneling all communications through some common, ubiquitous communications protocol. One prominent example
of this common protocol is Internet Protocol ("IP") .IP lies at the center of Internet communication–all applications use IP, and IP runs over all
underlying network technologies, and that IP lies at the position where the hourglass is thin (Comer p.407, 2009).
List the three IPv6 address types, and give a brief explanation of each.
IPv6 address types are (Comer, 2009): 1. Unicast addresses. A packet delivered to one interface. The datagram sent to the address routed along a
shortest path to the computer.
2. Multicast addresses. A packet delivered to multiple interfaces. A copy of datagram is sent to each computer
3. Anycast addresses. A packet delivered to the nearest of multiple interfaces (in terms of routing distance), the computer closet to the sender.
List the features of UDP.

UDP uses a simple transmission model without implicit hand–shaking dialogues for providing reliability, ordering, or data integrity. Thus, UDP
provides an unreliable service and datagrams may arrive out of order, appear duplicated, or go missing without notice. UDP

Virtual Private Network ( Vpn ) Technology
Abstract:
A virtual private network (VPN) technology creates an encrypted connection over a network. VPN is useful to exchange information between offices
securely. VPN has advantages over traditional private networks and dedicated links. Tunneling techniques are used to implement VPN. This paper
describes the various tunneling technologies like, IPSec, PPTP, GRE and L2TP used invirtual private network. It concludes by comparing these
technologies and their use for given selection criteria.
I.Introduction:
A virtual private network enables us to send data between machines across different networks. VPN has all the characteristics of a private network. It
allows only authorized users to access network related services and resources. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The data being sent is encrypted for confidentiality. The packets over the link are indecipherable without the encryption keys. If one of the router is
destroyed in the communication link it automatically rebuilds a new communication path so the communication gets rerouted through a new path.
The VPN connection across the Internet logically operates as a wide area network (WAN) link between the two sides.
Advantages of VPN:
VPN has several advantages over the dial–up networks and leased lines. The capacity of these lines is available at all times but fixed and flexible. The
traffic on these private networks belong only to the company deploying the network. There is an assured level of performance but it comes with a very
high price [4].
The traditional private networks are expensive to deploy and plan. The cost is extremely high when it involves international locations. Further, the
dedicated links take time to install and activate the link. Therefore, using VPN utilizes the ubiquity of the Internet and convenience for dynamic
building and maintenance [3]. Moreover VPN facilitates an agile IT infrastructure. VPN also supports a mobile workforce a reliable authentication
mechanism is supported by VPN to provide easy access to Internet from anywhere using available access media including analog modems, ISDN,
cable modems, ISDN and DSL at significantly lower cost.
Types of VPN connections:
There are two types of VPN

Communication Protocols And Functions Of Seven Layers Of...
ASSIGNMENT 6 COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS Data communication allows individuals and companies to transmit or receive information
from one point to another. For two or more devices to communicate, there should be some mechanism or medium that can link them to help them
achieve their goals. This mechanism or medium is governed by rules or laws defining a format is called a protocol [3]. This is because all
communications between devices require that the devices agree on proper format of the data. There are variety of standard protocols from which
programmers can choose based on the resources available and mainly on the requirements. For e.g. if reliability is very important, then reliable
protocols such as TCP should be used. Each protocol has its own advantage and restrictions. Depending on several factors such as speed, reliability,
simplicity, programmers choose these protocols. In this essay, I am going to address about the networks and commonly used protocols, functions of
seven layers of the OSI model, TCP/IP protocol, and protocols used in wireless communication. Technologies related to internetworking is growing
rapidly day by day. "A network is a group of connected, communicating devices such as computers and printers." [1] When two or more networks exists
and communicate with each other, it is known as an internet. We know, Internet is the most notable internet, which is composed of thousands of
interconnected networks [1]. Any individual or any organization such as

NT1330 Unit 1: A Case Study
1)Technology required
Server: This is a computer that is designed to carry out specific functions at the request of other computers they're connected to a network and direct
the information stored on the network to clients, for example a web server will run software that receives requests from clients and then processes the
request and delivers an output using HTML.
Server software: This is a program that is designed specifically to be operated on a server, this software is designed around the client–server model
where the client being the computer requesting resources/services from the computer running server software that will process the requests made by
the client.
Browser: This is a client program that enables a user to view websites, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The internet layer is built up of four core protocols: IP, IGMP, ICMP and ARP. Internet protocol (IP) is responsible for routing, IP addressing and
breakdown/reassembly of data packets, address resolution protocol (ARP) is responsible for mapping an IP address to a device on the local network,
internet control message protocol (ICMP) provides diagnostic information and error reports on lost packets, internet group management protocol
(IGMP) controls who receives IP datagrams in a single transmission. The transport layer is built up of two core protocols: TCP and UDP. Transmission
control protocol (TCP) sequences and acknowledges packets sent and their recovery when lost in transmission allowing the computer to make and
maintain network conversations where applications exchange data, defined as a connection–oriented protocol meaning the connection is maintained
until the programs has finished exchanging data. User datagram protocol (UDP) This is used to transfer small amounts of data when the use of error
correction isn't needed increasing the speed of the transmission, common in multi–player video games as the user will not need to receive packets of
past events in the game so the error correction featured in (TCP) would be

The Internet : The Use Of The Internet
What is the internet? According to Webster's Dictionary the internet is a global computer network providing a variety of information and
communication facilities, consisting of interconnected networks using standardized communication protocols. The internet is a great and useful tool
that nearly all Americans use every single day, probably more than ten times a day. Theinternet is not always used as a useful tool however. The
internet has been used for evil and wrong doings over the years. The internet has been used for things like catfishing, cyberbullying, and loss of privacy.
The first problem that I will be addressing is catfishing. Catfishing is the act of luring (someone) into a relationship by means of a fictional online
persona, according to Webster's Dictionary. The internet allows people to make social profiles that someone could make to pose as someone they
are not to possibly murder, rape or even kidnap. According to the thought catalog "Buffalo Bills linebacker IK Enemkpali was approached by a
"woman" on Facebook named "Missy Lee" who claimed "she" was eager to perform oral sex on him. Enemkpali visited Missy Lee, only to find
"her" cowering under the bedsheets and refusing to reveal "her" face. He left but then came back, but then left again when Missy Lee still wouldn't
emerge from the bedsheets. Then during a video call minutes later, Missy Lee showed "her" face, revealing male facial hair. It turns out that Missy
Lee was instead a male named Ketryn

Week 3 Ntc 362 Essay
Individual Assignment
Week 3 NTC/362 INDP Part 2
December 3, 2012
Wanda Pauley
The importance of communication protocols:
Unless Patton Fuller Community Hospital has an agreement between the two communicating parties information may get lost or un–communicated.
This agreement is called the protocol. Communications protocols usually have a number of parts, Handshake, encoding method, compressions methods,
packet / frame structure, and addressing.. This is why protocols are often defined by standards bodies, but some protocols SSL can be used widely
even though they are not specifically from a standards body. A protocol must be implemented to enable effective, efficientcommunication by using a set
of rules. Protocols are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The aim is to use the web traffic statistics to figure out how well or how poorly your site is working for your visitors. One way to determine this is to
find out how long on average your visitors spend on your site. If the time spent is relatively brief, it usually indicates an underlying problem. Then the
challenge is to figure out what that problem is.
Explain the effect of data rates on each part of the network
Explain the terms latency, response time and jitter and describe their effect on overall network performance and on the performance of your chosen
organizations network.
In web performance circles, "latency" is the amount of time it takes for the host server to receive and process a request for a page object. The
amount of latency depends largely on how far away the user is from the server. For obvious reasons, tackling latency is a top priority for the
performance industry. There are several ways to do this: * Allow more requests to happen concurrently. * Shorten the server round trips by bringing
content closer to users. * Reduce the number of round trips. * Improve the browser cache, so that it can (1) store files and serve them where relevant
on subsequent pages in a visit and (2) store and serve files for repeat visits.

Jitter is the amount of variation in latency/response time, in milliseconds. Reliable connections consistently report back the same latency over and over
again. Lots of variation (or

Bit 575 Business Network Systems Management
BIT 575 Business Network Systems Management
Research Paper
IPv6 migration, transformation, and configuration
By Punit Parwani
Minot State University Minot, ND
2016
Abstract
A Global transition to Internet Protocol version 6 is initiated. The government and organizations understand the benefits of this new protocol and are
making change plans. The Information technology industry is undergoing a massive transformation. This research paper would outline the migration,
transformation, and configuration of Internet Protocol version 6 from Internet Protocol version 4. Currently; we are close to exhausting a lot of our
options regarding current Internet Protocol version 4 addresses. The new Internet ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The networks combine IP with a higher–level protocol called Transmission Control Protocol. This protocol establishes an implicit connection between
a destination and the origin. Internet Protocol can be correlated to a postal system network. It grants an entity to address a parcel, packet or mail and
drop it in the postal system. There is no direct link between the consignor and the recipient.
TCP/IP
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol is the primary network communication, language since the mid–1990s. It can be passed down as a
communications protocol in a private network. The TCP/IP is a two–layered protocol. The Transmission Control Protocol is the higher layer which
administers the assembling of a message or file into smaller packets. These packets are transmitted over the Internet. The packets are amassed and
reassembled into the primary message after being received by the TCP layer. The Internet Protocol is the lower layer. This layer monitors the address
part of each packet so that it gets to the right destination. The TCP/IP establishes an intermediary between two hosts so that they can send messages
back and forth for a period of time.
Internet Protocol Versions
Tout de suite there are two versions of Internet Protocols on the web. The predominant version isIPv4 and a leading–edge advanced version which is
called IPv6. The IPv6 is an evolutionary enhancement to the Internet

Role Of Tcp / Ip Protocol
What is the role of TCP/IP protocol?
TCP/IP stands for transmission control protocol/ internet protocol. TCP/IP is responsible for how devices like computers should be connected over the
internet and how data should be transmitted from one computer to another. The IP essentially functions by exchanging set of information which is
called packets. Packets are short structures of bytes which contains of headers and body. The body only contains the application data. The headers keep
on sending the information back on forth until the data is sent to the right destination, the packets can usually send in the wrong order this means that
the data was crashed by the firewall or data was destroyed while sending information.TCP is the transmission communication protocol which delivers
packets to the accurate to destination.
TCP is responsible for breaking up data down into small packets be for they can be viewed and accessed on the internet and they assemble and arrange
the packets in the right and correct order. However if the data is corrupted it could send it in the wrong order meaning that when the person receiving
the message will open up the message ad read it on the wrong order because the information was corrupted during the process while sending the
message.
The internet protocol is responsible for the communications which are sent over one computer to another computer over the internet. It's responsible
for addressing the messages, sending and receiving messages the

Why Do Communication Protocols Matter?
Introduction
There are many protocols that should be taken into account for nodes to communicate effectively over a network. There are several different protocols
that should be considered such as how packets are transmitted, how the destination of the packet is identified, and are there any security issues.
Why do communication protocols matter?
For data to be transmitted from one place to another effectively communication protocols must be adhered to. These are basically sets of rules that
ensure efficient transmission occurs.
Riordan Manufacturing has enacted these communication protocols to be used in their network to benefit them in several ways. The first benefit is the
expediency in error detection. If errors are detected and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Communication protocols drive what type of computers and network processors are used in the network architecture.
What is the overall network architecture?
The physical, structural, and logical layout of a communication network as it relates to protocols is what is defined as network architecture. Network
architecture also encompasses the way information is transmitted such as whether it is wired or wireless components are used and also describe the
hardware and software portions of the network.
Riordan has used several different technologies to make up their network. If workstations are located very close geographically, they have used LANs
connected to each other through fiber optic cables. This type of architecture was used to ensure fast information transmission and a more secure
connection. The network diagram shows that Riordan has placed firewalls through the use of routers and switches. These firewalls are there to sift
through incoming information and secure the organization's sensitive data.
The network that Riordan has enacted appears to be a star network topology. This type of topology helps identify faults much faster and helps network
downtime to be kept to a minimum. Workstations and nodes are directly linked to the main servers through cables. This ensures that if one node fails
has no effect on the others.
Why is traffic analysis useful?
Traffic analysis is basically the monitoring of

The Swarm Based Routing Algorithms
BIOINSPIRED SWARM BASED ROUTING ALGORITHMS IN VANETs
Arshpreet Kaur*, Er. Navroz Kaur Kahlon**
*(Computer Engineering Department, UCOE, Punjabi University, Patiala)
** (Asst. Prof. Computer Engineering Department, Punjabi University, Patiala)
(Email: *arshrai90@gmail.com, **Kahlon.navroz3@gmail.com)
Abstract–Vehicular Ad–hoc Networks (VANETs) play main role in the design and development of the Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) who
improves the road safety and transportation productivity. VANETs include two communication types i.e. Vehicle
–to–Vehicle (V2V) and
Vehicle–to–Roadside (V2R) communications. One of the most important challenges of this kind of network are the timely, safely and reliable
dissemination of messages between vehicular nodes which permits the drivers to take appropriate decisions to improve the road safety. There are many
routing protocols for VANETs which can support the reliability and safety for routing. These protocols undergo the several limitations including
complexity, lack of scalability, end–to–end delay, routing overheads, etc. To remove these limitations, various bio–inspired methodologies have been
proposed for routing among vehicular nodes in an optimized way. Here in this paper, various bio–inspired routing algorithms for the VANET are
discussed.
1.INTRODUCTION
A Vehicular Ad
–hoc Networks (VANET) are considered as a specific type of Mobile Ad–hoc Network (MANET) which contains the of a set of mobile
nodes (Vehicles)

The Use Of Secure File Tunneling And Security In Data...
example the IPsec; as a result it creates a very secure means of transferring data in a communication interface.
PPP
This is the initial protocol where tunneling have not been introduced. It is the general where the points from A to B are connected or conjoined
together and can access the internet without fear of contradiction. This connection is the oldest and secure way even before the other tunneling
protocols came to be to boost the security involved in data sharing and communication.
SSTP
Secure socket tunneling protocol is another way in which information can be relayed or shared in a VPN. It is actually a new protocol which runs in
client computers using windows vista as a way of accessing useful information. This protocol provides ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Encapsulation
This is the process of keeping the required information I a particular route or channel that it will follow to reach a particular station with the security
that is expected of it. For example when a bank is transferring money electronically, the information should be encapsulated in a media that is not only
secure but also very rigid to perforations and that no unauthorized person will be able to access the information which they are not supposed to see.
Encryption
Encryption is the process of ensuring that data is encoded in a format that only computers with particular decoders will be able to decrypt the
information and as a result get the intended receiver of the information. For example the FBI values secrets and the mails they send are always
encrypted and no one can read the information until a particular machine or tool is required to be able to understand what the mail mean.
There are basically two types of encryption and the first one is symmetry key where both the encrypt or and the decrypt or uses the same keys either
to code a particular information or to receive the same on the far end (Comer, 2015). The in public key encryption is when the encrypting computer
uses a private key to encrypt the message while the decrypted uses the corresponding public key to obtain the meaning of the message. Therefore,

Essay The Innovation of TCP/IP
This paper is about a computer pioneer before the 1990s. A computer pioneer is someone who has had an impact in the development or improvement
of the computer. The paper will discuss the computer pioneer's legacy and how it has affected the change of computers. The topic of this paper is TCP
/IP and their designers, Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn.
TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol, which is the protocol of the Internet. In a private network, TCP/IP can be used as
a communications protocol; the TCP/IP can either be an intranet or extranet. A computer is provided with a copy of the TCP/IP program when it is set
up with direct access to the Internet. ("What Is TCP/IP")
TCP/IP is a two–layer program. The higher ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
("What Is TCP/IP") The foundation of an inter–networking design is TCP/IP. TCP/IP is an open and efficient protocol of the Internet, which has made
it the most widely used network protocol in the world. ("TCP/IP Internet Protocol.")
Robert Kahn and Vinton Cerf are the designers of TCP/IP. However, Kahn was the one who laid the open architecture foundations for TCP/IP, which
provided the Internet with one of its most distinctive features. ("Robert Kahn, TCP/IP Co–Designer.")
Robert Kahn helped build the Interface Message Processor when he worked at Bolt Beranek and Newman. In 1972, Robert Kahn was hired by
Lawrence Roberts at the IPTO to work on networking techniques. In October, Kahn gave a demonstration of an ARPANET network, which connected
40 different computers at the International Computer Communication Conference. This made the network widely known around the world. ("Robert
Kahn, TCP/IP Co–Designer.")
Robert Kahn also worked on other projects at IPTO. He worked on an existing project that established a satellite packet network. Kahn also initiated a
project to establish a ground–based radio packet network. After working on these projects, Robert Kahn was convinced that there was a need for
development of an open–architecture network model. With an open–architecture network, any

Network Analysis : Riordan Manufacturing
Network analysis
In 1991 Dr. Riordan created Riordan Manufacturing which is a Company that produces all kind of plastics. Riordan currently has a location in
Hangzhou China and is moving that location to Shanghai China. In this analysis I will cover communication protocols and their importance, rationale
for design protocols, overall network architecture, how a traffic analysis is used, jitter, response time, and latency, along with their effect on a network.
Also discussed is data rates and their effect on each part of the network with strategies to ensure availability with router and switch networks.
For nodes to communicate effectively over communication network some standards need to be considered. These standards are what we call ... Show
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Riordan will utilize common protocols including File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Transfer Control Protocol/IP (TCP/IP), User Datagram Protocol
(UDP), Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), Post Office Protocol (POP3), Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP), Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
(SMTP). In any network design the choice of communication protocols dictates the types of computers used and other network processors. Majorly
TCP/IP has replaced old protocols such as IPX/SPX and NetBEUI which are obsolete.
Overall Network Architecture
Current network design that Riordan is using is a LAN design. The server and backup server all located outside of the building location. The
internet provider connects to the router and firewall directing the connection to the servers which then connects to the company LAN. Using a LAN
is good for Riordan because it is one office building and LANs are used for a small network and are good for sharing files, printers and other
applications (Mitchell, 2016). Riordan also currently uses a ring topology that is common for LAN networks. Riordan choose to use a ring topology
for its current location because it's a well–organized topology, it also allows for each computer to have equal access to all resources and it has good
performance.
Network architecture refers to structural, physical and logical layout of a communication network with relation to communication protocols,
information transmission mode either wired or wireless technology

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