Sheet1PROCESS COSTING WORKSHEETLAYERSACTUAL UNITS%EUPMATERIALSCONVERSION COSTSTOTAL COSTBEGINNING INVENTORYSTARTED & COMPLETEDENDING INVENTORYDirect materialsDirect laborFactory overheadPROCESS COSTING WORKSHEETLAYERSACTUAL UNITS%EUPMATERIALSCONVERSION COSTSTOTAL COSTBEGINNING INVENTORYSTARTED & COMPLETEDENDING INVENTORY Sheet2 Sheet3 Running head: PSYCHOLOGY 1 PSYCHOLOGY 4 Psychology Name: Tutor: College: Course: Date: Abstract The first or initial impression of an article is a very important aspect that writers should consider before publishing it. It determines the reader’s curiosity, concentration and concern of what is contained in it. Generally, most readers are interested in reading the most interesting, entertaining and educative articles. However, articles with poor initial impression discourage readers from reading them. For instance, in the article “America’s shame” by Singer, P. the first paragraph provides a clear initial impression of what is contained in the entire article. Therefore, out of curiosity, the reader becomes eager to read the entire article which explains the incidence of poverty through out the world. Introduction There are many situations when human beings are faced with situations of making initial or first judgments about people they meet, different places they visit or even new books and articles that they read. This first judgment is referred to as the initial impression and it determines the opinions and conclusions drawn by different people from the first encounter of that particular place, book or article. For instance, the initial paragraph of a book or an article determines the reader’s ability to read the entire book. The thesis statement of the article “America’s shame” by Singer, P. creates suspense to the reader (Crane & Reichard, 2012). It therefore impresses the reader to read the whole book in order to familiarize oneself with the effects and problems that are faced by the countries with high levels of poverty. The article “America’s shame” hasseveral initial impressions that attract the reader to get deep into the article and understand it better. Such impressions are either emotional, fact based or value based. For instance, when I read the article by Singer, I perceived it in several ways. I found it agreeable, educative, practical, professional, and conscientious and open- minded. These particular impressions helped me develop several opinions concerning the article. Singer’s article is agreeable because it begins with a good and easy to understand opening paragraph that explains the level of poverty through out the world. This is an emotional based first impression. It creates a clear picture of how educators in the United States have tried to make their stude.

1. Sheet1PROCESS COSTING WORKSHEETLAYERSACTUAL
UNITS%EUPMATERIALSCONVERSION COSTSTOTAL
COSTBEGINNING INVENTORYSTARTED &
COMPLETEDENDING INVENTORYDirect materialsDirect
laborFactory overheadPROCESS COSTING
WORKSHEETLAYERSACTUAL
UNITS%EUPMATERIALSCONVERSION COSTSTOTAL
COSTBEGINNING INVENTORYSTARTED &
COMPLETEDENDING INVENTORY
Sheet2
Sheet3
Running head: PSYCHOLOGY
1
PSYCHOLOGY
4
Psychology
Name:
Tutor:
College:
Course:
Date:
Abstract
The first or initial impression of an article is a very important
aspect that writers should consider before publishing it. It
determines the reader’s curiosity, concentration and concern of
what is contained in it. Generally, most readers are interested in
reading the most interesting, entertaining and educative articles.

2. However, articles with poor initial impression discourage
readers from reading them. For instance, in the article
“America’s shame” by Singer, P. the first paragraph provides a
clear initial impression of what is contained in the entire article.
Therefore, out of curiosity, the reader becomes eager to read the
entire article which explains the incidence of poverty through
out the world.
Introduction
There are many situations when human beings are faced with
situations of making initial or first judgments about people they
meet, different places they visit or even new books and articles
that they read. This first judgment is referred to as the initial
impression and it determines the opinions and conclusions
drawn by different people from the first encounter of that
particular place, book or article. For instance, the initial
paragraph of a book or an article determines the reader’s ability
to read the entire book. The thesis statement of the article
“America’s shame” by Singer, P. creates suspense to the reader
(Crane & Reichard, 2012). It therefore impresses the reader to
read the whole book in order to familiarize oneself with the
effects and problems that are faced by the countries with high
levels of poverty.
The article “America’s shame” hasseveral initial impressions
that attract the reader to get deep into the article and understand
it better. Such impressions are either emotional, fact based or
value based. For instance, when I read the article by Singer, I
perceived it in several ways. I found it agreeable, educative,
practical, professional, and conscientious and open- minded.
These particular impressions helped me develop several
opinions concerning the article.
Singer’s article is agreeable because it begins with a good and
easy to understand opening paragraph that explains the level of
poverty through out the world. This is an emotional based first
impression. It creates a clear picture of how educators in the
United States have tried to make their students aware of the

3. poverty level in the world. However, teachers in the rest of the
world have failed in achieving this (Milton, 1984). For instance,
when Singer says that it is difficult to reduce the number of
people living in excess poverty, he makes his argument clear
and agreeable.
Singer also creates an educative initial impression that attracts
us to understand the impacts of the increasing level of poverty
through out the world. It is a true-based impression that helps
the reader to develop several opinions aimed at eradicating or
minimizing the increasing poverty levels all over the world
(Darwin, 2007). For instance, when Singer says that educators
in the United States appear to be falling in a short task of
ensuring that their students are adequately informed about
world poverty, he creates an educative impression that
encourages me, as the reader to look for better ways and means
of eradicating poverty.
The introductory paragraph of the article “America’s shame”
creates a conscientious impression to me, the reader of the
article. This is an emotional based impression that I personally
developed as the reader of the article. The author’s approach
creates and extends the readers perception about the entire
article. Therefore, one pays attention to the details of the article
in order to catch a hint of what is happening in the rest of the
article. For example, the thesis statement of Singers article
creates some attraction on what is contained in the article. It
creates a picture of the difficulties in handling the problem of
poverty through out the world.
As the reader of the article “America’s shame”, I also developed
a practical initial impression towards it. This is both a value
based and fact based impression that leads the reader into
several assumptions and conclusions about what is contained in
the article. Everybody in the world is aware of the increasing
poverty level (Darwin, 2007). Therefore Singer’s topic of
concern is a real world problem that everybody should be aware
of and aim at eradicating it. It should therefore be taught to

4. students in all countries of the world.
I developed a professional impression towards the article. This
is both a value based and fact based impression that has been
well captured by the writer. Singer has succeeded in the use of
this by identifying himself as an educator in the United States,
who has succeeded in making his students aware of the poverty
level in America (Crane & Reichard, 2012). For instance, when
he says that he is a philosopher who graduated at the Oxford
University, he clearly portrays his profession.
Finally, I also developed some positive impression towards the
openness of the writer. This is an emotional based impression
that shows the creativity of the writer (Milton, 1984). It also
made me eager to try and learn more about the level of poverty
in the whole world as described by Singer, p. additionally, the
writer says that they have succeeded in teaching students on the
consequences and ways of reducing poverty.
Discussion
In summation, the first judgment of an article is very necessary.
Therefore, an encouraging judgment about an article is very
important. It makes the reader develop a positive attitude
towards reading the article. Many readers find it difficult to
read long articles and books. However, a reader finds it very
easy to read an interesting article or a book. On the other hand,
an article that creates suspense to the reader also becomes very
interesting to read. This is facilitated by the reader’s curiosity
to understand the incidence of concern. For instance, Singer’s
thesis statement was very encouraging. I was therefore
impressed to read the whole article in order to learn more about
the poverty level through out the world, its consequences and
measures to eradicate it.
References
Crane, S., & Reichard, M. R. (2012). The red badge of courage:
With an introduction and classic and contemporary criticism.
San Francisco: Ignatius Press

5. Darwin, C., & Darwin, F. (2007). The expression of the
emotions in man and animals. S.l.: Filiquarian Publishing.
Milton, J. (1984). Harper Lee's to kill a mockingbird.
Woodbury, N.Y: Barron's
Running head: CRITICAL THINKING AND PROBLEM
SOLVING
1
CRITICAL THINKING AND PROBLEM SOLVING
2
Orrin Warner
Argosy University
Critical Thinking and Problem solving
October 17th, 2012
The article “America’s shame” hasseveral initial impressions
that attract the reader to get deep into the article and understand
it better. Such impressions are either emotional, fact based or
value based. For instance, when I read the article by Singer, I
perceived it in several ways. I
found it agreeable, educative, practical, professional, and
conscientious and open- minded. These particular impressions
helped me develop several opinions concerning the article.
Singer’s article is agreeable because it begins with a good and
easy to understand opening paragraph that explains the level of
poverty through out the world. This is an emotional based first
impression. It creates a clear picture of how educators in the
United States have tried to make their students aware of the
poverty level in the world. However, teachers in the rest of the
world have failed in achieving this (Milton, 1984). For instance,
when Singer says that it is difficult to reduce the number of
people living in excess poverty, he makes his argument clear
and agreeable.
Singer also creates an educative initial impression that attracts
us to understand the impacts of the increasing level of poverty

6. through out the world. It is a true-based impression that helps
the reader to develop several opinions aimed at eradicating or
minimizing the increasing poverty levels all over the world
(Darwin, 2007). For instance, when Singer says that educators
in the United States appear to be falling in a short task of
ensuring that their students are adequately informed about
world poverty, he creates an educative impression that
encourages me, as the reader to look for better ways and means
of eradicating poverty.
The introductory paragraph of the article “America’s shame”
creates a conscientious impression to me, the reader of the
article. This is an emotional based impression that I personally
developed as the reader of the article. The author’s approach
creates and extends the readers perception about the entire
article. Therefore, one pays attention to the details of the article
in order to catch a hint of what is happening in the rest of the
article. For example, the thesis statement of Singers article
creates some attraction on what is contained in the article. It
creates a picture of the difficulties in handling the problem of
poverty through out the world.
As the reader of the article “America’s shame”, I also developed
a practical initial impression towards it. This is both a value
based and fact based impression that leads the reader into
several assumptions and conclusions about what is contained in
the article. Everybody in the world is aware of the increasing
poverty level (Darwin, 2007). Therefore Singer’s topic of
concern is a real world problem that everybody should be aware
of and aim at eradicating it. It should therefore be taught to
students in all countries of the world.
I developed a professional impression towards the article. This
is both a value based and fact based impression that has been
well captured by the writer. Singer has succeeded in the use of
this by identifying himself as an educator in the United States,
who has succeeded in making his students aware of the poverty
level in America (Crane & Reichard, 2012). For instance, when

7. he says that he is a philosopher who graduated at the Oxford
University, he clearly portrays his profession.
Finally, I also developed some positive impression towards the
openness of the writer. This is an emotional based impression
that shows the creativity of the writer (Milton, 1984). It also
made me eager to try and learn more about the level of poverty
in the whole world as described by Singer, p. additionally, the
writer says that they have succeeded in teaching students on the
consequences and ways of reducing poverty.
In summation, the first judgment of an article is very necessary.
Therefore, an encouraging judgment about an article is very
important. It makes the reader develop a positive attitude
towards reading the article. Many readers find it difficult to
read long articles and books. However, a reader finds it very
easy to read an interesting article or a book. On the other hand,
an article that creates suspense to the reader also becomes very
interesting to read. This is facilitated by the reader’s curiosity
to understand the incidence of concern. For instance, Singer’s
thesis statement was very encouraging. I was therefore
impressed to read the whole article in order to learn more about
the poverty level through out the world, its consequences and
measures to eradicate it.
References
Crane, S., & Reichard, M. R. (2012). The red badge of courage:
With an introduction and classic and contemporary criticism.
San Francisco: Ignatius Press
Darwin, C., & Darwin, F. (2007). The expression of the
emotions in man and animals. S.l.: Filiquarian Publishing.
Milton, J. (1984). Harper Lee's to kill a mockingbird.
Woodbury, N.Y: Barron's

8. ACG 2071
Process Cost Systems
Created by: M. Mari
Fall 2009-1
Page 1 of 13
Process Manufacturing
of steps
department, workstation, or work center.
each receives the output from the prior department as
a partially processed product.
applies direct labor, overhead, and additional direct
materials to move the product toward completion.
Process Cost System

9. to specific processes.
sts are allocated to products based
on units of production
by department
divided by the number of units passing through that
process to determine the cost per equivalent units
for that process
ACG 2071
Process Cost Systems
Created by: M. Mari
Fall 2009-1
Page 2 of 13
To understand how costs are allocated, first we must decide
how the costs are accumulated. One method is First in, First
out method.
Beverage Production

10. Costs flow from the original materials through departments
Until they arrive at finished goods.
The First-In, First –Out Method
Assumes that the product moves in order throughout
the production process.
STEPS:
1. Determine the units to be assigned costs
Three categories of units to be assigned costs
for an accounting period
i. Units in beginning work in process
ii. Units started and completed during the
period
iii. Units in ending work in process
inventory

11. 2. Calculate equivalent units of production
Materials Mixing
Department
Packing
Department
ACG 2071
Process Cost Systems
Created by: M. Mari
Fall 2009-1
Page 3 of 13
a. Process manufactures often have some
partially processed materials remaining in the
production at the end of a period.
b. Equivalent units of production – number of
units that could have been completed within
a given accounting period
Example 1: A company processes their production in two
departments. The beginning inventory was 500 units 70%

12. completed, 1,100 units were transferred out to the next
department and it had an ending inventory of 400 units 25%
completed. Compute equivalent units for materials and
conversion costs.
Actual units Percentage EUP
Beg inventory 500 units 30%
(% of work to be
done this month)
150 units
(150 X 30%)
Started and
Competed
600 units*
100%
(all work done this
month)
600 units
(600 x 100%)
Ending
inventory
400 units 25% (work done
this month)
100 units
(400 X 25%)

13. TOTALS 1,500 850 units**
*Started and completed units computed as:
Transferred out 1,100
Beginning inventory - 500 must be completed first
Started and completed 600
** 850 units are the equivalent units of production for the
period.
ACG 2071
Process Cost Systems
Created by: M. Mari
Fall 2009-1
Page 4 of 13
Example 2: A company processes their production in two
departments. The beginning inventory was 1,000 units 40%
completed, transferred out to the next department 2,500
units and had an ending inventory of 900 units 60%
completed. Compute equivalent units for materials and
conversion costs.
Actual units Percentage EUP

14. Beg inventory 1,000 60% 600
Started and
Competed
1,500 100% 1,500
Ending
inventory
900 60% 540
TOTALS 3,400 2640
Started and completed units computed as:
Transferred out 2,500
Beginning inventory -1,000 must be completed first
Started and completed 1,500
Example 3: A company processes their production in two
departments. The beginning inventory was 4,000 units 50%
completed, transferred into the department 5,000 units and
had an ending inventory of 2,000 units 40% completed.
Compute equivalent units for materials and conversion
costs.
Actual units Percentage EUP
Beg inventory 4,000 50% 2,000
Started and

15. Competed
3,000* 100% 3,000
Ending
inventory
2,000 40% 800
TOTALS 9,000 5,800
ACG 2071
Process Cost Systems
Created by: M. Mari
Fall 2009-1
Page 5 of 13
*Started and completed units
given to us was Units transferred into the
department and not units transferred out.
of which 2,000 remain at the end of the month in
inventory.

16. been completed and transferred out.
Transferred in 5,000
Ending inventory 2,000
Started and completed 3,000
The next step is to allocate costs:
3. Determine the cost per equivalent unit
a. Material cost
b. Conversion costs = direct labor + factory
overhead
We begin with the EUP already established in the first half of
the chart. Material costs and conversion costs are applied to
these units.
Materials are applied to ACTUAL UNITS
Conversion costs are applied to EQUIVALENT UNITS

17. ACG 2071
Process Cost Systems
Created by: M. Mari
Fall 2009-1
Page 6 of 13
Example 4: Using the information in Example 1 calculate
the costs for the period. Materials transferred in $50,000.
Direct labor $6,690 and factory overhead $3,000. Cost of
beginning work in process $28,150.
Actual
Units
% EUP Materials Conversion
Costs
Total
Costs
Beg
inventory
500 30% 150 $28,150* $1,710 $29,86
0
Started &
Completed
600 100% 600

18. $30,000**
$6,840 $36,84
0
Ending
Inventory
400 25% 100
$20,000**
$1,140 $21,14
0
TOTALS 850 $6,690
Materials:
$50,000 in materials were transferred into the process.
The material was applied to units new to the process. These
are the units: started and completed and ending inventory.
Actual units are units that are placed into production at the
beginning of the period.
Actual units = Started & Completed + Ending Inventory
= 600 + 400
= 1,000
To get the per unit costs:
Total materials costs .
Units started & completed + Units in ending inventory

19. ACG 2071
Process Cost Systems
Created by: M. Mari
Fall 2009-1
Page 7 of 13
$50,000
1,000
=$50 per actual unit of production
since it is assumed at all material is added at the
beginning when the units are placed in production
not during the production process.
** Material costs applied to started and completed using
actual units
$50 X 600 units = $30,000
***Material costs applied to ending inventory using actual
units
$50 X 400 = $20,000
*$28,150 is the prior month’s ending inventory balance. It
tells us how much has been spent on the units in beginning
inventory before this period begun.

20. Conversion Costs:
plus factory overhead
production
Conversion Costs
Direct labor $6,690
Factory overhead 3,000
Total conversion costs $9,690
Total equivalent units of production
ACG 2071
Process Cost Systems
Created by: M. Mari
Fall 2009-1
Page 8 of 13
EUP
Beginning inventory 150
Started and completed 600
Ending inventory 100
Total EUP 850

21. Conversion cost per EUP
Conversion cost = $9,690
EUP 850
$11.40 per EUP
Beginning inventory
150 EUP X $11.40 = $1,710
Started and completed
600 EUP X $11.40 = $6,840
Ending inventory
100 EUP X $11.40 = $1,140
Beginning inventory $1,710
Started and completed 6,840
Ending inventory 1,140
Total conversion costs $6,690
ACG 2071
Process Cost Systems

22. Created by: M. Mari
Fall 2009-1
Page 9 of 13
Example 5: Using the information in Example 2 calculate
the costs for the period. Materials transferred in $30,600.
Direct labor $19,800 and factory overhead $9,240. Cost of
beginning work in process $35,000.
Actual
Units
% EUP Materials Conversion
Costs
Total
Costs
Beg inv 1000 60 600 $35,000 $8500 $43,500
Started &
Completed
1500 100 2500 $19,125 $12,750 $31,875
End Inv 900 60 540 $11,475 $7,650 $19,125
TOTALS 3640

23. Materials:
$30,600 in materials were transferred into the process.
The material was applied to units new to the process. These
are the units: started and completed and ending inventory.
To get the per unit costs:
Total materials costs .
Units started & completed + Units in ending inventory
$30,600
1,500 + 900
$12.75 per actual unit of production
ACG 2071
Process Cost Systems
Created by: M. Mari
Fall 2009-1
Page 10 of 13
** Material costs applied to started and completed using
actual units
$12.75 X 1,500 units = $19,125

24. ***Material costs applied to ending inventory using actual
units
$12.75 X 900 = $11,475
Conversion Costs:
Are the total of direct labor plus factory overhead
Conversion costs are applied to Equivalent units of
production
Direct labor $19,800
Factory overhead $9,240
Total conversion costs $29,040
Total equivalent units of production
Beginning inventory 1,000 EUP
Started and completed 1,500
Ending inventory 900
Total EUP 3,400
Conversion cost per EUP
Conversion cost = $29,040
EUP 3,400
$8.50 per EUP
ACG 2071

25. Process Cost Systems
Created by: M. Mari
Fall 2009-1
Page 11 of 13
Beginning inventory
1,000 EUP X $8.50 = $8,500
Started and completed
1,500 EUP X $8.5 = $12,750
Ending inventory
900 EUP X $8.50 = $7,650
Questions:
o It is the sum of total cost of beginning inventory
plus total cost of units started and completed.
o $43,500 + $31,875 = $75,375
o This is the amount transferred to finished goods
inventory
period?
o 900 actual units
w many actual units are in next month’s beginning
inventory?
o 900 actual units

26. o Last month’s ending inventory is next month’s
beginning inventory
o The cost of this month’s ending inventory
o $19,125
o $8.50 per eup
beginning inventory?
o 60% is done this month
beginning inventory?
o 40%
o Ending inventory this month is 60% complete so
next month it needs 40% to be completed.
ACG 2071
Process Cost Systems
Created by: M. Mari
Fall 2009-1
Page 12 of 13

27. Cost of Production Report
Normally prepared for each processing department at
periodic intervals
Guy Steel
Cost of Production Report – Dept 1
July 31, 2003
Equivalent Units
Units Whole
Units
Direct
materials
Conversion
Units charged to production:
Inventory in process July1 500
Received from materials 1000
Total units accounted for by
the dept
1500
Units to be assigned cost
Inventory July 1 500 0 150

28. Started and completed 600 600 600
Total transferred out 1100 600 750
Inventory in process July 31
(25%)
400 400 100
Total units to be assigned costs 1500 1000 850
Costs Direct
Materials
Conversion
Costs
Total Costs
Unit costs
Total costs for July $50,000 $9,690
Total equivalent units 1,000 850
Cost per equivalent unit $50.00 $11.40
Costs charged to production
Inventory July 1 $28,150
Costs incurred in July $59,690

29. Total cost of inventory in
process
$87,840
ACG 2071
Process Cost Systems
Created by: M. Mari
Fall 2009-1
Page 13 of 13
Costs allocated to completed
and partially completed units
Inventory in process July 1 $28,150
To complete inventory in
process
0 1,710 $1,710
Started and completed in
July
30,000 6,840 $36,840
Transferred out $66,700

30. Inventory in process July 31 20,000 1,140 $21,140
Total costs assigned $87,840
Journal Entries
Same as in job order but instead of accounting for
jobs, we account by department.
ACG 2071 Managerial Accounting
Process Costing Systems
Minicase
PROCESS COSTING PROBLEM
Spectre Chemicals produces Zaloff in a two department process.
Information on the two
departments for March and April, 2011 are as follows:
March 2011:
Department 1: The company had beginning inventory of 6,000
units, 40% completed with a
cost of $45,000. During the month, the department transferred
in 22,000 units of the direct
materials with a cost of $10 per unit. Ending inventory was

31. 7,000 units, 30% completed.
Direct labor is $310,500 and factory overhead is $103,500.
Department 2: The company had beginning inventory of 5,000
units, 70% completed with a
cost of $80,000. During the month, direct labor was $175,000
and factory overhead was
$87,500. Ending inventory was 10,000 units, 50% completed.
April 2011:
Department 1: During the month, the department transferred
in 20,000 units of the direct
materials with a cost of $11 per unit. Direct labor is $209,000
and factory overhead is
$104,500. Ending inventory is 10,000 units 60% completed.
Department 2: The company had beginning inventory of 5,000
units, 70% completed with a
cost of $80,000. During the month, direct labor is $175,000 and
factory overhead is
$87,500.
Required:
Units of Production, Material costs,
and Conversion costs for each
department for March and April, 2011.
– one for each department and
each month