The Role Of General Principles In E.U. Law As Opaque And...

The Role of General Principles in E.U. Law as Opaque and...
The Role of General Principles in E.U. Law as Opaque and Uncertain
Since the founding European Community Treaties of the 1950's there has been a noticeable evolution in regards to the lack
of provisions concerning the protection of human rights in the conduct of the Community affairs. Primarily this evolution
was the work of The Court of Justice, who stated that "the 'general principles of EC law' include protection for fundamental
rights which are part of the common constitutional traditions of Member States."[1] Article 249 of the EC treaty lays out the
sources from which the Community may govern, with greatest emphasis being placed on regulations and directives.
However, there are 'softer' forms ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is achieved twofold; firstly the Court looks at exactly how the general principles are drawn from their original sources,
and secondly the way the ECJ decides whether or not a fundamental right has been breached. The method implemented by
the ECJ in insuring this cohesion is relatively simple, and is clearly outlined in the case of Nold[11], which states that:
"In safeguarding these rights, the Court is bound to draw inspiration from constitutional traditions common to the Member
States, and it cannot therefore uphold measures which are incompatible with fundamental rights recognised and protected by
the Constitutions of those States.
"Similarly, international treaties for the protection of human rights on which the Member States have collaborated or of
which they are signatories, can supply guidelines which should be followed within the framework of Community law."
This decision was then later recognised on 5 April 1977 by the joint declaration of the European Parliament, the Council and
the Commission. The abovementioned international treaties for the protection of human rights from which the ECJ attempts
to legitimate its development of unwritten general principles include the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)
and the European Social Charter of 18
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Overview of the Republic of Ireland and its Business Culture
Executive Summary The Republic of Ireland consists of twenty–six counties and is located on the island of Ireland, along
with Northern Ireland. Ireland is a parliamentary democracy, made up of three branches of government: the executive
branch, the legislative branch and the judicial branch. The executive branch consists of the President, who is mostly there for
ceremonial purposes, the Prime Minister, who is the head of the government, and the Deputy Prime Minister. The legislative
branch consists of the House of Representatives and the Senate and the Judicial Branch consists of the Chief Justice and
seven other judges. This paper goes over a brief look into the Republic of Ireland's history, economy, their culture, and their
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Since the majority of the Irish are Roman Catholic, Catholicism is strongly intertwined into the everyday life of an Irish
person. It influences laws, education and architecture. One example of this is divorce, which only recently became legal in
1997. Another example is abortion, which is still illegal today, according to the Irish Constitution (Gall & Hobby, 2009, p.
235). A July 2014 estimate of Ireland's population, puts the population at 4,832,765. Out of the 240 recognized countries,
Ireland's population ranks at number 123 ("Ireland", 2014, Population). About eighty–five percent of the population identify
themselves as Irish, two percent as Asian, one percent as Black, less than one percent as mixed and two percent as
unspecified ("Ireland", 2014, Ethic Groups). According to Wilson, Ireland is relatively peaceful when it comes to ethnic
relations since most of nation is Irish and identify with the same culture. It is typically when the Irish leave their nation, that
they are subjected to prejudice and discrimination (Wilson, 2001, p. 1095). There are two official languages recognized in
Ireland, Irish (Gaelic) and English. About thirty percent of the population speak Gaelic well enough to use it in daily
conversations and only

The Pros And Cons Of The Northern Ireland Assembly
The Northern Ireland Assembly should be made up of 108 members being "elected from 18 constituencies" and having both
an elected First Minister as well as a Deputy First Minister. While most issues are resolved via a common majority it is
possible for members to subscribe a petition of concern which will lead to a decision being made via both a Unionist and a
Nationalist assembly members' majority. In addition to those, the assembly can decide on the legislation in Northern Ireland
as long as it is within the limitations set by London. Furthermore, a Civic Forum should be introduced to deal with "social,
economic and cultural" matters. Ultimately, "the principles of non–violence and democracy" must be upheld by all members.
Strand 2 – North/South Ministerial Council
In order for the two states to co–operate and collaborate concerning affairs which affect both – such as the European Union –
a North/South Ministerial Council, consisting out of the First and Deputy First Minister of the Northern Ireland Assembly
and two members of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Every seven years the Secretary of State can initiate a referendum if she/he believes that a majority of people would vote for
a United Ireland. Furthermore, if there is a majority for a United Ireland in Northern Ireland, then the government of the
United Kingdom would have to allow it. Moreover, every citizen has the right to declare themselves as either British or Irish
and, if they want it, a dual citizenship has to be provided. At last, by rephrasing Articles 2 and 3 of the Irish constitution the
territorial claim over Northern Ireland will be abolished, the right of electoral consent is supported and the Irish laws will,
instead of applying to all 32 counties, only apply to

Essay about The Debate Concerning Wikipedia: Is...
Wikipedia has been the subject of considerable debate for some time now. Some think the site is not quotable, while others
argue that it is. Many teachers do not accept Wikipedia pages as a source of information, because anybody can add
information to such pages. However, this policy of everybody being able to add has changed, and the present–day Wikipedia
team works hard to prevent inaccuracies on their website. Wikipedia pages nowadays indicate the sources of information.
Moreover, Wikipedia pages are checked on inaccuracies. Furthermore, Wikipedia is more up–to–date than any
encyclopaedia in book form. Additionally, Wikipedia covers more topics than a regular encyclopaedia. Wikipedia is
therefore a useful source of information.
First ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Nowadays, a page is checked several times a day. For example, the article on London was last checked on the ninth of
March at 14.12, while right now it is the ninth of March 18.15 ("London" par 13). Additionally, a Wikipedia page can be put
under Protection Mode, preventing somebody to add inaccurate information ("Wikipedia: Protection" par 1). There are four
different kinds of protection, each one to a different degree: full protection, semi–protection, creation protection, and move
protection ("Wikipedia: Protection" par 1). Moreover, according to the BBC, a survey of the British journal Nature showed
that Wikipedia is as accurate as the Encyclopaedia Britannica ("Wikipedia survives" par 1). In the survey, scientific entries
on Wikipedia as well as the Encyclopaedia Britannica were anonymously checked on errors by peer reviewers. In each
encyclopaedia the reviewers found four errors, so Wikipedia and Encyclopaedia Britannica are evenly accurate ("Wikipedia
survives" par 10).
Third of all, Wikipedia can be updated more often than any encyclopaedia in book form. The main weakness of Wikipedia,
the fact that anybody can add information to a page, can be turned into its strength. Every day, newspapers, television and
other media report new information in the world. While a regular encyclopaedia in book form has to be printed all over
again to add news, Wikipedia can simply be updated by one click. This way, also recent discoveries are

Hugh Williamson Research Paper
Hugh Williamson was born on December 15th, 1735 in Chester County, Pennsylvania. As a child, his father sent him off to
get a liberal education; many family issues arose, such as, his parent's careers and his mother, Mary Davison, captured by
Blackbeard. As an adult, Hugh had many different jobs and moved from state to state. Hugh continued in the mercantile
business with his brother, and also reentered private medical practice in North Carolina. In 1776 he was elected into the
Continental Congress, and signed the Declaration of Independence. At 44 years old, he married Maria Apthorpe and had 2
children. In his later life, After his 2 sons and wife's death, he gave up his profession as a physician, and continued writing
philosophical publications in New York. On May 22nd, 1819 Hugh Williamson died in New York City. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Williamson was a clothier, who emigrated from Dublin to Pennsylvania, United States of America, in 1730. John married
Mary Davison, during immigration to America from Ireland at age three, she was captured by Blackbeard for a little while.
Hugh Williamson was the eldest of six girls, and four boys. Until the age of sixteen, his father, John W. Williamson, sent him
to get a liberal arts education. After graduating Williamson attended the College of Philadelphia that is now known as the
University of Philadelphia. At the University he taught Latin, and English while obtaining a bachelor's degree in
Mathematics. After graduating from the University of Philadelphia in 1757, he attended Pennsylvania and Connecticut to
study theology. However, he decided to abandon these studies and re enrolled in the College of Philadelphia to study
medicine. After Earning a master's degree in 1760, he continued to teach at the college and pursue doctoral studies. In 1763,
he transferred to a school in Britain. Where he received a medical Degree from Utrecht University in Holland, and in 1768
he returned to

The Beliefs of the Republicans/Nationalists and the...
The Beliefs of the Republicans/Nationalists and the Loyalists/Unionists There are a number of differences between
Nationalists and Unionists and their beliefs. The Nationalists are predominantly Catholic and they do not want Ireland to be
part of Britain. They see the British as an occupying army and most believe that the British have no right to be in Ireland,
they think it's unfair that the British came into Ireland in the 1600s and have stayed there. They feel angry about how the
British have persecuted the Catholics in the past, and they believe that they still don't get treated as well as the Unionists.
They campaign for equal rights in different areas, especially housing and jobs. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Nationalists still feel that the British are an occupying army, and think its wrong that they are still there. The Unionists
also feel that being part of Britain is good for them economically, whereas the Nationalists feel they get a bad deal. The
Unionists mostly share their main religion with Britain so feel happy with them, but the Nationalists feel angry about how
the British have treated the Catholics in the past. Though these are the two main groups, not everyone that is classed as a
Nationalist or a Unionist feels exactly the same; there are differences within the sides. Some people are more extreme than
others and some can be more violent. Within the two sides they have different political parties that have different methods
and slightly different objectives. On the Nationalist side two notable parties are the SDLP (Social Democratic Labour Party),
lead by John Hume, and Sinn Fein, lead by Gerry Adams. The SDLP have always been committed to peaceful and
democratic methods, and see the importance of disarment. They want to see a United Ireland. Sinn Fein is now practising
peaceful methods but in the past have had links with paramilitaries such as the IRA, who practise less peaceful techniques.
This Party wants a United Ireland like the SDLP, but also wants to break all links to England, and be totally

A Critical Analysis of the Thirty First Amendments to the...
A Critical Analysis of the Thirty First Amendments to the Constitution Introduction In November 2012, a proposal to insert a
new article into the Constitution was put before the people of Ireland. The new amendment is specific to children's rights
and proposes to extend and strengthen current provisions in the Constitution concerning these rights. The foundation for the
Children's Rights Referendum is from a number of different sources. In addition, the bill was passed by the Oireachtas and
approved by a majority vote at referendum. Nonetheless, the bill has not yet been signed into law, pending the legal outcome
of a challenge to the validity of the constitutional referendum. Moreover, if the bill is signed into law, Article 42.5 of ...
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The structure of Article 42A is as follows. Article 42A 1.The State recognises and affirms the natural and imprescriptible
rights of all children and shall, as far as practicable, by its laws protect and vindicate those rights. 2.1° In exceptional cases,
where the parents, regardless of their marital status, fail in their duty towards their children to such extent that the safety or
welfare of any of their children is likely to be prejudicially affected, the State as guardian of the common good shall, by
proportionate means as provided by law, endeavour to supply the place of the parents, but always with due regard for the
natural and imprescriptible rights of the child. 2° Provision shall be made by law for the adoption of any child where the
parents have failed for such a period of time as may be prescribed by law in their duty towards the child and where the best
interests of the child so require. 3. Provision shall be made by law for the voluntary placement for adoption and the adoption
of any child. 4. 1° Provision shall be made by law that in the resolution of all proceedings– i. brought by the State, as
guardian of the common good, for the purpose of preventing the safety and welfare of any child from being prejudicially
affected, or ii. concerning the adoption, guardianship or custody of, or access to, any child, the best interests of the child
shall be the paramount

Conflict of Laws
MATRIC NO: 060601109
COURSE TITLE: CONFLICT OF LAWS
COURSE CODE: JIL 421
LECTURER: MRS. AJIBADE
GROUP: 2
TOPIC:
CHOICE OF LAW RULES RELATING TO PROPERTY IN CONFLICT OF LAWS WITH AN EMPHASIS ON THE
CASE OF RE MIDLETON'S SETTLEMENT
INTRODUCTION
Conflict of laws involves situations when there is a foreign element in a case. There are three main questions which arise for
determination in conflict of laws: choice of jurisdiction, choice of law, and recognition and enforcement of foreign
judgment.
This work relates to choice of law rules in conflict of laws as regards property with a special emphasis on the case of Re
Midleton's Settlement.
Before delving into the principles ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
PRINCIPLES DERIVABLE FROM THE CASE
– The law of the place were the property is situated (Lex situs) determines the characterization of property when problems
arise, if things that are physically movable are moved from a jurisdiction which regards them as legally immovable to a
jurisdiction which regards him as legally movable. The new lex situs determines their character as held in the case of Re
Hoyles.
– Shares and securities are deemed to be situated in the place where between the shareholder and the company, they can be
effectively dealt with according to the law under which the company was incorporated as held in R v WILLIAMS and
BRASSARD v SMITH.
– For equitable conversion to apply based on the principle of equity, which regards as done that which ought to be done,
there must be an obligation or a direction for sale as regards sale of land.
– No country takes notice of the revenue laws of another. HOLMAN v JOHNSON per Lord Mansfield and as stated in the
case of MUNICIPAL CITY COUNCIL v BULL and GOVERNMENT OF INDIA v TAYLOR by the House of Lords. This
principle is applicable on the basis that the settled Land Act 1882, section 22(5) applicable in Ireland by virtue of the Irish
free state constitution is only applicable in Ireland and cannot be extended to apply to matters relating to English revenue
that is English shares & securities, which are to be governed by English revenue law,

The Jury System Essay
Wei Mao ( Edward )
What is the jury system ?
1,http://www.articlesbase.com/politics–articles/englands–trial–by–jury–from–9th–century–2670940.html
2,http://avalon.law.yale.edu/ancient/acilian_law.asp
3,http://setis.library.usyd.edu.au/pubotbin/toccer–new?
id=fed0014.sgml&images=&data=/usr/ot&tag=fed&part=9&division=div1
4,https://www.archives.gov/founding–docs/constitution–transcript#toc–section–2–
5,https://www.law.cornell.edu/anncon/html/amdt7frag1_user.html
6,chrome–extension://ikhdkkncnoglghljlkmcimlnlhkeamad/pdf–viewer/web/viewer.html?
file=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.law.ggu.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1505%26context%3Dggulrev
7,http://aclu.procon.org/view.resource.php?resourceID=558
8,http://deathpenalty.procon.org/view.answers.php?questionID=001022
9,http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/orglr10&div=16&id=&page=
10,https://books.google.com/books?hl=zh–
CN&lr=&id=RaZ_AKgMIqUC&oi=fnd&pg=PR9&dq=jury+system&ots=5YzBtriq–
9&sig=MMxdrVwnhn5eMUllOrwqJcs6viY
outline
1，the history of the jury system
1) jury system of early origin
1.1) Greece, Rome, England and Welsh
2）the countries which use jury system and how
2.1）Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, France, Greece, Hongkong, Gibraltar, India, Ireland, Italy, Japan, New Zealand,
Norway, Russia, Singapore, South Africa, Sweden, England (England and Welsh), Scotland, Northern Ireland, United States
（next，i will introduce how the United states use jury system）
2,the application of the jury

The Between Germany And The European Union
Germany is located in Central Europe, Northern Hemisphere. Germany's population (82 million people), is the largest
population in the European Union, although the population has declined in the past decade by 2 million people.
On the German flag, the colours red, black and yellow all represent something. The first stripe, (black) is meant to represent
determination. The second stripe (red) represents many concepts such as hardiness, bravery, strength and valour. The last
horizontal stripe (gold/yellow) it represents Generosity.
Political History of Germany
In 1848, Germany was divided into 39 separate states that had experienced a number of revolutions in many parts of the
country. The revolutionaries tried to force their rulers to allow greater political freedom and tried to unify the separate states
into one country. By 1849 the revolutionaries had been ceased across Germany and kings and princes regained their power.
Liberal nationalists all over Germany now saw the chance to create a new united Germany. These liberal national Politicians
met in Frankfurt at the new preliminary parliament (vorparliment) to make arrangements for setting up the new
constitutional law. Due to this, the economy had experienced significant changes in the1850s and 1860s. Before World War
1 had begun there where a lot of defence alliances existed between the between major European counties. This meant that if
one of the European countries declared war on another then the other countries

The First Year Of The Magna
Being the 800th anniversary year of the Magna Carta the debate of whether or not it is time for the UK to adopt a written
constitution has resurfaced, paving way for contrasting arguments relating to the need for modernisation in the 21st century,
against the need to retain tradition. It must be mentioned that for the purposes of this discussion the term 'unwritten' is in the
context that the UK constitution is not recorded onto a single codified document. While not presented onto a single
document the constitution is 'written', and as appropriately stated by Lord Scarman 'today our constitution is not "unwritten"
but hard and difficult to find'. Currently, the UK constitution is composed of numerous rules and legal principles that have ...
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Former Secretary of State for Justice Jack Straw described the current constitution as "[existing] within the hearts and minds
and habits as much as it does in law."3 Most of the current UK constitution can be located within a mass of common law and
statues which is rather inaccessible to the average citizen and the rest deriving from tradition and so is considered to be
'common knowledge'. With a written constitution key constitutional rules can be collected onto a single document and
clarified allowing for better accessibility to the masses. A future written constitution would need to be inclusive and not one
that only parliamentarians and legal experts are able to decipher, and ultimately could bring the government and the
governed closer together4 much like the effect that the 5th amendment has had on American citizens. On the contrary, the
charm and appeal of the current UK constitution may be lost in removing it's archaic traditions by adopting a modernised
approach. The mantra of 'if it isn't broken, don't fix it' is often the line of reasoning for many when debating against a written
constitution for a traditional and conservative Britain. Professor Barber contended ' Britain's constitution has, by and large,
been a success' as 'is has produced stable government and

Why Conflict Is Northern Ireland Be Important Today?
Why does conflict in Northern Ireland continue to be important today? Not since the 100 years' war has a conflict had such a
storied history; many people often try to determine a specific cause for the on–going violence in Northern Ireland today.
However, there is a variety of catalysts; such as the atrocities of Bloody Sunday, the Good Friday Agreement and other
events that have played a role in the hostilities that have scarred Irelands land and people. It is often argued that the
beginning of hostilities in Ireland were as a result of the 'Battle of the Boyne.' In July 1690, James II was the King of
England. However, his Catholicism was unpopular with his mainly protestant subjects in England as they feel that it
threatened their heritage and religious values. In an act of mutiny, they replaced James as King with his son in law, William
of Orange. Determined to regain his throne, James ventured to Ireland to gain support from the Catholic residents in Ireland.
Initially, things went well for James as he conquered most of the protestant areas in Ireland. By the time he reached
Londonderry the city fell with little resistance. However, at the last moment the Thirteen Apprentice Boys prohibited James
access to the city. This delayed James in his attempt to gain support and granted William enough time to ready his troops,
come to Ireland and Defeat James. It was the beginning of the struggles between both Catholics and Protestants. In
celebration of

Conflict In The Boxer
In the Film The Boxer, the main character Danny, a catholic boxer in Northern Ireland, gets caught up in the conflict
between the Irish Nationalists and the Unionists and Loyalists known as "The Troubles". He spends fourteen years in prison
for un–specified charges and is released into an Ireland still embroiled in the same conflict. Having learned that nothing
good comes from the segregation and hate that keeps the two sides at odds, he opens a boxing gym that is "non–sectarian"
and allows kids from both sides of this conflict to come and learn boxing. Of course some of the Irish Nationalists that run
this neighborhood are not happy about any concessions made to the other side and the film depicts the struggle that he
endures in order to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The older IRA members wanted to use non–violent civil disobedience, while the younger "provisional" members became
armed and militant. But this reaction was not un–provoked. Curfews on nationalists were enforced with gunfire, torture was
used in interrogations, and internment without trial was used on detainees, many of whom were not involved in the conflict
but went on to become Republicans as a result of their experience. The British army shot 26 unarmed civil rights
demonstrators killing 14, on what was to be called "Bloody Sunday", January 30, 1972. This event increased the status of
and recruitment into the IRA. This event also made clear which side the British supported. The provisional IRA responded
by killing up to 100 soldiers and carried out approximately 1300 bombings on mostly commercial targets. Even the Official
IRA killed dozens of soldiers and began a bombing campaign of their own. Again, loyalist para–militaries responded with
assassinations that included torture and forced displacement of Catholics AND protestants from mixed neighborhoods. After
many shootings and bombings against both sides the 1970s saw the bloodiest part of the Troubles. The official IRA called a
permanent ceasefire in 1972. While the Provisional IRA continued to wage violence in the hope of British withdraw from
Northern Ireland, their war could not be sustained indefinitely. So they developed a new tactic of the protracted 'long war'
insurgency, which was less intense but could continue

Border Security and Transatlantic Counter-Terrorism Measures
Border Security and Transatlantic Counter–Terrorism Measures
ABSTRACT: The United States and the European Union share common values, economic interests, and security challenges.
The expansion of the European Union into the countries which were under the Soviet sphere of influence continues to
complicate the internal border security of the European Union. Given the liberalization of trade within the EU and in turn
into the US, the port and border security of each trading partner is connected in this global economy. This paper examines
some of the border security issues facing the EU and how these challenges affect the United States. Particular interest is paid
to the porous borders of the former Warsaw Pact countries given their ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The United States created a more protective stance on homeland security after the terrorist attacks in 2001. This defensive
mentality has effected allies and enemies alike and placed more stringent security barriers at America's gates. The changing
global environment created by these terrorist activities has challenged the transatlantic relationship and its ability to produce
effective counter measures. Cooperation between the US and the EU in this arena is critical to the security and economic
prosperity of both regions. The EU's limited executive authority over Justice and Homeland Affairs presents obstacles to the
equal implementation of counter–terrorism measures throughout the Union.
COUNTER–TERRORISM MEASURES
The US has enacted new counter–terrorism measures since the attacks of 2001. Several of these measures affect the travel
standards and economic interaction with allied nations. The developments of the Security Container Initiative, the Passenger
Name Record exchange, and the freezing of terrorist financial networks have created opportunities for both cooperation and
conflict between the US and the EU. The declarations from the US–EU Summit in Ireland on counter–terrorism measures
provide only part of the solution. The EU must also develop and utilize the executive power required to ensure equal
implementation across the union.
Container

Devry Hist 405 Final Exam
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Question 1.1. (TCO 4) The Spanish who settled in Florida and New Mexico were primarily (Points : 2) conquistadors.
merchants. missionaries. plantation owners. Type: MC Question 2.2. (TCO 1) The Jamestown colony was established by
(Points : 2) a joint–stock company. religious dissenters. English missionaries. an aristocratic explorer. Type: MC Question
3.3. (TCO 4) Why did ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Type: MC Question 14.14. (TCO 2) Congress tried to resolve the dispute between the North and the South about slavery in
the territories by (Points : 2) repealing the Wilmot Proviso. adopting the Wilmot Proviso. adopting the Compromise of 1850.
repealing the Compromise of 1850. Type: MC Question 15.15. (TCO 2) In 1856, Border Ruffians attacked (Points : 2) a
New York abolitionist named John Brown. a group of southern farmers. Senator Charles Sumner. the antislavery town of
Lawrence, Kansas. Type: MC Question 16.16. (TCO 8) Lee's smaller army defeated McClellan's larger force and kept Union
troops out of Richmond because (Points : 2) Lee was lucky. McClellan surrendered. Lee found McClellan's battle plans.
McClellan was too cautious. Type: MC Question 17.17. (TCO 8) Why did President Lincoln want Grant commanding the
Union army after the Battle of Gettysburg? (Points : 2) He wanted to give Grant a chance to prove himself. He knew victory
required the destruction of the Confederate Army and its source of supplies. He had heard that Grant had recruited more
Union troops. He thought the South would surrender. Type: MC Question 18.18. (TCO 10) After the Civil War, a new
immigrant was most likely to be from (Points : 2) England. Germany.

HIS K 7 Essay
Part 1 Points Possible: 80
Of the following three questions, answer two of your choice.
1. As an editor for a newspaper favorable to Thomas Jefferson, you have been asked to write an article explaining what is
wrong with Alexander Hamilton's 1789 economic program. What would you say? Because you are a good reporter, you have
thoroughly researched the matter. Your answer must deal with all of the major aspects of Hamilton's proposals on the
National Bank (Links to an external site.), National Debt (Links to an external site.), and Manufactures (Links to an external
site.). As a partisan of Jefferson, you are also well versed in his views on the same subjects because you have read Jefferson's
opinion on the National Debt (Links to an ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"The central bank is an institution of the most deadly hostility existing against the Principles and form of our Constitution. I
am an Enemy to all banks discounting bills or notes for anything but Coin. If the American People allow private banks to
control the issuance of their currency, first by inflation and then by deflation, the banks and corporations that will grow up
around them will deprive the People of all their Property until their Children will wake up homeless on the continent their
Fathers conquered. " (3) Jefferson knows that a national bank that printed its own money backed by coin is the only answer.
2. Your answers to the following questions must show a knowledge of the text and reflect your thoughts about the issues
involved. Each question should take at least a paragraph to answer.
a. Why was John Adams a failure as president?
– Alien and Sedition Acts
2. Indecisiveness over support for the French Revolution
3. Kept old cabinet which was heavily influenced by Hamilton
4. Indecisiveness over support for early part of Napoleonic War (France & Britain)
5. XYZ Affair
6. Deeply split own party due to indecisiveness
b. What policies did he try to pursue, and what mistakes did he make as chief executive?
– The Alien and

Hist 405 Final Exam Latest Devry
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Page 1 Question 1.1. (TCO 4) The Spanish who settled in Florida and New Mexico were primarily (Points : 2)
conquistadors. merchants. missionaries. plantation owners. Type: MC Question 2.2. (TCO 1) The Jamestown colony was
established by (Points : 2) a joint–stock company. religious dissenters. English missionaries. an aristocratic explorer. Type:
MC Question 3.3. (TCO 4) Why did English immigration to the colonies drop dramatically after 1660? (Points : 2) The
English were ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Type: MC Question 16.16. (TCO 8) Lee's smaller army defeated McClellan's larger force and kept Union troops out of
Richmond because (Points : 2) Lee was lucky. McClellan surrendered. Lee found McClellan's battle plans. McClellan was
too cautious. Type: MC Question 17.17. (TCO 8) Why did President Lincoln want Grant commanding the Union army after
the Battle of Gettysburg? (Points : 2) He wanted to give Grant a chance to prove himself. He knew victory required the
destruction of the Confederate Army and its source of supplies. He had heard that Grant had recruited more Union troops.
He thought the South would surrender. Type: MC Question 18.18. (TCO 10) After the Civil War, a new immigrant was most
likely to be from (Points : 2) England. Germany. Ireland. Italy. Type: MC Question 19.19. (TCO 10) Progressivism and
populism largely differed in (Points : 2) their goals. their ideology. that progressives built political coalitions that
transcended party lines. their organization. Type: MC Question 20.20. (TCO 7) The invasion of Belgium turned American
opinion against Germany because (Points : 2) many Americans were immigrants from Belgium. Americans depended on
products imported from Belgium. Belgium was an important U.S. ally. Belgium was a neutral nation. Type: MC Question
21.21. (TCO 7) During World War I, which of these did the Germans use against British ships? (Points : 2) Radar Convoys
Airplanes Submarines Type:

A Proposal For A Legalization Of Abortion
Executive Summary The purpose of this policy paper is to address the egregious violation of rights that Ireland has
submitted it's citizens to by outlawing abortion procedures. This proposal calls primarily for a decriminalization of abortion
and for the government to examine the religiosity of both Ireland's political administration and the cultural view of abortion.
The 2013 Protection of Life During Pregnancy Act fails to protect the maternal health of woman and is failing due to the
vagueness in language and inconsistency in implementation. That being said, the source of the problem lies in the Eight
Amendment of the Bunreacht na hÉireann, the Irish Constitution, that defends that a fetus is an effective Irish citizen at the
time of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Women can experience serious, life threatening, and sometimes fatal complications during a pregnancy. The United Nations
affirms that denying access to abortion legally qualifies as torture as a dangerous pregnancy constitutes as an act by of
severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental (Convention Against Torture). Protection against this type of
reproductive right violation is guaranteed by the The Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against
Women, specifically Article 16.1; The Right to Decide the Number and Spacing of Children (CEDAW). In December of
1985 Ireland acceded the Convention. Although Ireland did not ratify CEDAW and the document is not legally binding,
adhering to these human rights norms is an expectation that is on place on all the UN Member States. By criminalizing
abortion Ireland violates these basic human rights and infringes on a women's right to reproductive freedom
2. Origin/History of the Problem and Current Context The Republic of Ireland has been view in the international
community as a "morally conservative country" (Bloomer 368). Contraception only became available in 1973 and divorce
was prohibited until 1997. In 1983 the Eight Amendment to the Irish Constitution (Article 40.3.3) equated the life of an
unborn child to that of it's mothers and thus abortion was prohibited. Recently in 2013, the Irish government sought to try
and appease critiques of their strict abortion ban when the government passed

The Founding of Our Nations Government Essay
The Founding of Our Nations Government
The Articles of Confederation were extremely important in the founding of our government today. The Articles gave us a
sort of good base to start from, and was ground breaking in the shaping of our new nation.
The Articles of Confederation were written by a Second Continental Congressional committee during the early part of the
American Revolution in 1777. A report of the proposed articles was presented to the committee by John Dickson (committee
head) just eight days after the signing of the Declaration Of Independence.
The fear of the 13 colonies was to have a powerful central government, as they did in Great Britain. The Articles were
changed drastically by the Continental Congress before ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
On February 21, 1787, the Continental Congress resolved that: …"it is expedient that that on the second Monday in
May next, a convention of delegates who shall have been appointed by the several states be held at Philadelphia for the sole
purpose of revising the articles of Confederation"…The original states except Rhode Island, collectively appointed 70
individuals to the Constitutional Convention, but a number did not accept or could not attend. Those who did not attend
included Thomas Jefferson, Richard Henry Lee, Patrick Henry, John Adams, Samuel Adams, and John Hancock. In all 55
delegates attended the Constitutional Convention sessions, but only 39 actually signed the Constitution. The delegates
ranged in age from Jonathon Dayton, aged 26, and to Benjamin Franklin at 81 years of age, who was very sick at the time.
The plan of the delegates was to remedy the defects in the Articles of Confederation, but Virginia delegates had a new idea
in mid and boldly proposed the Virginia Plan, which introduced a whole new national government instead of the
confederation. The New Jersey Plan was also presented as an alternative, but it was based mainly on autonomous states
being represented by a single chamber. When bicameral legislation was approved it effectively made the decision for the
Virginia Plan, and allowed for the New

Essay about The Difficulties of Implementing the Good...
The Difficulties of Implementing the Good Friday Agreement The Good Friday Agreement was voted on by a relatively
large turnout of 68.8% in 1998 and was rejected by a significant 29% of people in Northern Ireland. For the past six years it
has proved to be difficult to implement and there are a number of reasons for this. The emphasis on issues raised in the
agreement has changed over the years and some are proving to be more difficult to implement than others.
A major area within the Good Friday Agreement is the setting up of an Assembly. Hard line Unionists such as the DUP
refuse to accept the Assembly. They refuse to sit at a table with Sinn Féin in cross ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Another contentious issue has been the formation of a North/South council. Some unionists view this as a step towards a
United Ireland. They reject the south having any say in how the north is run. They view it as a step back towards other
agreements that had a southern element to them, like the Sunningdale and Anglo Irish Agreements as well as the Downing
Street Declaration of 1993. Their attitude is that if it didn't work then, why should it work now?
As part of the agreement the Irish Republic had to remove articles 2 and 3 from its constitution. These laid claim to the six
counties of Northern Ireland and did not recognise the border. An overwhelming majority of 93% of voters in the republic
accepted the agreement. Hard line republicans resented the removal of these articles and their opposition was demonstrated
on the 15th August 1998 when the Real IRA detonated a bomb in Omagh in which 29 people as well as two unborn children
were killed. This was proof enough for both unionists and nationalists that republicans had not changed their tactics and
therefore could not be trusted. It has been hard for Gerry Adams as the leader of Sinn Féin to move on from this while still
keeping the support of as many nationalists as possible.
Another part of the agreement was a review of policing in Northern Ireland. Chris Patten and the Independent Commission

Fundamental Rights in India
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Constitution of India (Hindi: भारतीय संविधान, see names in other Indian languages) is the supreme law of India. It lays
down the framework defining fundamental political principles, establishes the structure, procedures, powers and duties,
government and spells out the fundamental rights, directive principles and duties of citizens. It is the longest[1] written
constitution of any sovereign country in the world, containing more than 395 articles in 22 parts, 12 schedules and 110
amendments,[
Part III – Fundamental Rights is a charter of rights contained in the Constitution of India. It guarantees civil liberties such
that all Indians can ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Indian student community in England was further inspired by the workings of parliamentary democracy and Britishers
political parties.
In 1919, the Rowlatt Act gave extensive powers to the British government and police, and allowed indefinite arrest and
detention of individuals, warrant–less searches and seizures, restrictions on public gatherings, and intensive censorship of
media and publications. The public opposition to this act eventually led to mass campaigns of non–violent civil disobedience
throughout the country demanding guaranteed civil freedoms, and limitations on government power. Indians, who were
seeking independence and their own government, were particularly influenced by the independence of Ireland and the
development of the Irish

The Pros And Cons Of The European Debt Crisis
Introduction
After the Lisbon treaty was signed, it became noticeable that the Eurozone (which started in Greece) was in a deep financial
crisis. The EU has taken a number of different steps to deal with the financial debt crisis throughout the Eurozone. These are
the European Financial Stability Facility (EFSF), the European Stability Mechanism (ESM) and the European Financial
Stabilisation Mechanism (EFSM). Throughout this essay I will concentrate on the EFSF and the EFSM and if and how the
provisions of the Unions treaty were violated by these. I will evaluate different case law throughout recent years to show us
the illegality of these, which often violated the treaties of the European Union while also talking a little bit about the ESM,
ECB and the IMF. I will also talk about the Greek Bailout and the bail out clause with a small reference to the Pringle case.
The legal basis of these is all completely different and each has a different system. Most countries within the Eurozone end
up resorting to international and private law techniques. Before getting into this essay it is important that the main countries
that needed assistance, which led to the set up of emergency mechanisms, are Ireland, Greece and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
125 TFEU. This is the 'famous' no bailout clause which means that the EU or its Member States cannot give another MS
financial assistance during a crisis. This article cannot be neglected. It gives each state responsibility for them selves
concerning their own crisis. The EFSF and the ESM both were created outside the confines of the EU and the EFSF is a
private company therefore is illegal in the eyes of EU law set up by the Eurozone countries. As we saw with the Pringle case
a lot of questions have arisen whether ESM is with the provision of the EU treaties, although it was proved that it was legal,
it showed us how one can challenge the legality of these emergency

Hist405 Full Course Latest 2015 Spring [ All Discussions ,...
hist405 full course latest 2015 spring [ all discussions , all quizes and all assignments ] Click Link Below To Buy:
http://hwcampus.com/shop/hist405–full–course/ week 1 The Cost of Expansion (graded) Explain how and why slavery
developed in the American colonies. Why couldn't colonists use indentured servants as they had in the past? How would you
describe the differences between slaves and indentured servants Colonial Identities (graded) The colonies of New England,
the Mid –Atlantic and the Upper and Lower South developed their own forms of culture, conduct and commerce. Given the
choice, where would you have preferred to live? week 2 The American Revolution (graded) How did the British colonists
evolve ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Elaborate. Reconstruction (graded) Lincoln had one plan for bringing the rebel states back into the Union; Andrew Johnson
another; and the Radical Republican Congress a third. Discuss the aims of each president, and explain why and in what ways
Congress took control of Reconstruction. week 5 America and the Industrial Revolution (graded) Describe the basic
industries of America's Industrial Revolution and explain what made the men who controlled them so successful. Select one
industry to argue your point (such as the petroleum industry). Were the men who dominated this industry "robber barons," as
some suggested, or simply good businessmen Imperialism and America (graded) Discuss the events that drew the United
States into World War I. To what extent did ethnicity play a role in America's neutrality from1914–1917? How significant
was America's contribution to the war effort? Elaborate Explain your answer. week 6 The Great Depression (graded) What
were the underlying causes of the depression? Why did the Great Depression of the 1930s seem so much worse than any
occurring either before or since? Can you see any modern parallels to the Great Depression? Elaborate. World War II
(graded) What were the underlying causes of World War II? Select one event that you think irrevocably led the world (and
the U.S.) to war more than any other event. Argue your selection with details that support your answer. This section

Directive Principles of State Policy
DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY
Q. 1. What are the Directive Principles of State Policy ?
Ans. The Directive Principles of State Policy are those moral principles which are fundamental in the governance of the
country. They are the instruments of instructions for the guidance of the rulers, both at the. Centre and the State levels, for
the establishment of a just ond egalitarian society in India.
Q. 2. What is the aim of Directive Principles of State Policy ?
Ans. Their aim is to establish a welfare state in our country.
Q. 3. From which country have we borrowed these Directive Principles of State Policy? Ans. We have borrowed these
Directive Principles from Ireland which itself had borrowed them from the Republican Constitution ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
(ii) Article 38 says "The State shall strive to promote the welfare of the people by securing and protecting as effectively as it
may, a social order in which justice, social, economic and political, shall inform all the institutions of the national life." and
strive in particular, to minimise the inequalities in income and endeavour to "eliminate in equalities in status, facilities and
opportunities". (iii) Article 39 says "The State shall, in particular, direct its policy towards securing (a) That the citizens, men
and women equally, have the right to an adequate means of livelihood. (b) That the ownership and control of the material
resources of the community are so distributed as best to sub serve the common good. (c) That the operation of the economic
system does not result in the concentration of wealth and means of production to the common detriment. (d) That there is
equal pay for equal work for both men and women. (e) That the health and strength of workers, men and women, and the
tender age of children are not abused and that citizens are not forced by economic necessity to enter avocations unsuited to
their age or strength.
That childhood and youth are protected against exploitation and against moral and material abandonment. (iv) Article 40
lays down that "The

The Role of Superior Court Judges Essay
The Role of Superior Court Judges
INTRODUCTION:
Law is one part of a set of processes, social, political, economic and cultural, which shape and direct the development of
society. Like all other mechanisms the law seeks to govern human behaviour. The Irish law system belongs to common law
systems established in England by the Norman's. This type of law responded to actual rather than anticipated problems. In
contrast the law in the civil system is contained in comprehensive codes which are enacted by legislators and which attempt
to provide for every legal contingency. Case law or 'la jurisprudence' has lesser significance and lacks the quality of enjoying
in the force of law.
Sources of law include Common law, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
By mentioning these it has shown that these courts have special status. These courts are the highest courts in the land with
the Supreme Court being the court of final appeal.
Up until 1961 the courts in operation were 'transitory' courts under Article 58 of the Constitution. After the state[Killian]
versus Minister for Finance[1954 IR207]the courts[establishment and Constitution]act 1961 was passed to regularize the
position and 'establish' the court system envisaged by Article 34.1. This system remains in existence today and is where
Judges operate under.
Political Aspects.
Under the Constitution the judicial function is the third organ of government and consists of the interpretation of the
Constitution and the law and its application by rule or discretion to disputes which arise between the State and the
individual, and between individual and another individual. Justice is to be administered in courts, established by statute law,
by judges appointed in the manner prescribed in the Constitution (Article. 34)
The President appoints judges of the ordinary courts. A judge cannot be a member of the Oireachtas, or hold any other
position of emolument (Article. 35) and on appointment makes a constitutional declaration to 'duly and faithfully and to the
best of his knowledge and power execute the office without fear or favour, affection or ill–will towards any man, and that he
will uphold the Constitution and the

Cultural Analysis For Doing Business
Abstract
This paper will present a Cultural Analysis for doing Business in Ireland. This paper will answer four main questions, while
adding additional information and insight to the nation of Ireland. Among reading this paper, the reader should be able to
understand Ireland's culture, how people in Ireland conduct business, how U.S. and Ireland compare in business, and the
implications for U.S. businesses that wish to conduct business in Ireland. These research questions were tackled using
scholarly articles found through the Internet and Liberty Online Library Database. While conducting this research, a long
period was spent reading through the articles to find points of relevance to this paper, while adding some unique attributes to
this paper as well. Anyone wishing to conduct business in Ireland, want to find out about Irish people, or have an interest in
traveling to Ireland, will learn all they need to know while reading through this paper.
Keywords: Ireland, culture, business, U.S.
Global Business Cultural Analysis: Ireland Ireland is a little, autonomous nation situated in northwestern Europe. The nation
's official name is the Republic of Ireland. Dublin is the capital and biggest city. The nation possesses around five–sixths of
the island of Ireland. The staying one–6th of the island is possessed by Northern Ireland, which is a piece of the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
In Gaelic, the antiquated dialect of

Children and Family Relationship Bill 2013: Parental...
[1.1] Introduction
In certain scenarios, where the law in Ireland fails to explicitly outline the rights of the parent, the judicial adjudication in
relation to guardianship, custody and access is fundamental to ensuring that the well–being of the child remains secure.
Although there is some sense of legal certainty in respect of married parents and their children, this is not consistent with the
situation that non–marital parents sometimes face due to the outdated legislation of the Guardianship of Infants Act
1964(1964 Act) as amended. This uncertainty has been a catalyst for the drafting of the Children and Family Relationship
Bill 2013 (2013 Bill). The 2013 Bill aims to establish a legal framework which can support the many ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Although most of the Heads within Part 7 of the Bill reproduce pre–existing provisions, it also includes notable changes,
primarily in relation to unmarried parents which are evidently necessary. Part 7 of the 2013 Bill has proposed many changes
which will undoubtedly be beneficial to many families who are presently living within a legal vacuum.
Due to theses beneficial changes many organisations and groups have praised the 2013 Bill as a genuine advancement
towards satisfying an important commitment in the Programme for Government 2011–2016. This attempt at improving our
legal system was in response to many reports from the Law Reform Commission, such as the Report of the Commission on
Assisted Human Reproduction 2005 and the Legal Aspects of Family Relationships 2010. The Commission acknowledged
the intricacy of many family situations in modern day Ireland, and more importantly it recognised the problems that these
families are faced with when dealing with the issues of guardianship, custody and access. The 2013 Bill aims to do this
while also mirroring the implications of the 31st constitutional amendment to uphold the best interest of the child.
It is submitted that one of the most crucial rights that a child is entitled to is the right to have their best interests held as a
fundamental element in the reasoning of any legal decision making process which will affect them. Although this

The Position of Islamic Lawin Malaysia
CHAPTER FOUR: THE POSITION OF ISLAMIC LAW IN MALAYSIA 4.1 Introduction It has been argued, that if
colonisation had not been responsible for the introduction and application of English law, Islamic law would have developed
to become the law of the land. Islamic law, coupled with the customary law of the various races, indeed represent the
indigenous sources or basic foundation upon which the eventual growth of a legal system could have been founded.1
However, the grant of the Charters of Justice 1826 to the Straits Settlements, and the eventual application of English law
both through the judicial process and through legislation in the Malay States had effectively displaced Islamic law from its
premier position. The role which Islamic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, it is stated (in traditional Malay language): "Orang berbuat bala cara laki–laki perempuan titah Dewata Maha
Raya jika merdehika bujang palu seratus rotan. Jika merdehika beristeri atau perempuan bersuami ditanam hinggakan
pinggang dihambalang dengan batu matikan."8 This is the law relating to the punishment for zinā. It can be interpreted as:
"Those who commit unlawful intercourse between male and female, the order by the King are; if they are free person (not a
slave) and unmarried, they will be flogged hundred lashes and if the free man had a wife or the free woman had a husband,
they will be buried till waist and will be stoned to death." This law is in line with Islamic teaching. When Malacca was a
Malay kingdom, a compilation of laws was made on the orders of the Ruler and this, the Ibid., p. 110. This stone was found
near Kampung Buluh in Sungai Tersat, Kuala Berang at Hulu Terengganu, which its date is 22 February 1303 or 4 Rajab 702
A.H. 8 See Ahmad Ibrahim, Perlaksanaan undang–undang hudūd di

The Northern Ireland Marching Season
The Northern Ireland Marching Season
The marching season is where the Protestants of Ireland celebrate William of Orange's victory in the Battle of the Boyne by
marching through Northern Ireland via some Catholic areas. These marches take place in July of every year and are usually
peaceful. But sometimes they are violent. There are a number of possible reasons why there is a tension between the two
communities over the marches, for example land, religion, politics, history and social division.
During the 16th century, James 1st and England started to take a closer interest in Ireland. They feared Ireland because they
thought that they could become a threat to their own power. This was mainly ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
But when the civil war in England had finished, Cromwell was eager to regain control of Ireland. So he sent over soldiers
from England to control Ireland again. He restored control of Ireland between 1649 –50 but was ruthless. As a punishment
for the rebellion, he ordered his soldiers to slaughter all people, soldiers and civilians, in Drogheda and Wexford. Also, the
Catholics involved in the rebellion had there land taken off them and were forced to live in poor lands. Many of these people
died of hunger and disease. This was the start of Catholic hatred towards the English rule and towards Protestants.
The next big event to happen was the Battle of the Boyne in 1690. The marching season commemorates the Protestant
victory over Catholics at the Battle of the Boyne, so this event lives long in both Catholics and Protestants memory. That is
why this battle is one of the main contributors to why there is still tension over the marches.
The Battle of the Boyne symbolises 'protestant ascendancy'. It was the first time that the Protestants stood up for themselves
against the Catholics. The Battle of the Boyne was a fight between two people and two religions. It was William of Orange
from the Netherlands against James II. James became king of England in 1685 but was expelled from the throne in 1688.
Instead of leaving quietly and forgetting about England, he

Are Background Checks Needed for Gun Sales at Gun Shows?...
Gun control debates of the past have led to the passage of some legislation, the most prominent measure being the Brady
Bill, which required that background checks be run on potential customers before they were sold a gun. However, this
national legislation concerning gun control only applies to licensed gun dealers. This has left a huge gun control loophole,
the sale of firearms by unlicensed dealers and private collectors at gun shows, at the national level, which has recently
become the center of intense debate. Those who support gun control (generally liberals) argue that it is necessary to regulate
this area, while the other side of the debate (generally conservatives) contends that the enforcement of gun control ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Conservative authors also use argument by analogy to incorporate humor into the support of their claims. Most of the pathos
offered by the liberal side of this issue stems from the emotions associated with the terrorist attacks of September 11.
However, this argument is confronted by the conservative's emotional appeals to the rights of gun owners. Just as both sides
appeal to the emotions involved with the rights of the American people, they also establish their ethos by their knowledge of
facts and use of specific examples. Liberal authors tend to gain ethos by citing specific court cases in which people have
been convicted of attempting to smuggle weapons that they obtained from gun shows to terrorist organizations.
Conservatives incorporate ethos by including specific facts dealing with current legislation into their argument. However,
some conservative authors also strengthen their ethos by explaining what they see as misinterpretations of the facts made by
their opponents regarding court cases in which people were convicted of smuggling guns purchased at gun shows.
The beginning of the liberal's logical argument is the argument by definition which says that current legislation is
ineffective. Like many articles written by liberal authors, the editorial Revisit the Gun Show Loophole uses this kind of
argument to support its claim. Published on October 12, 2001 in The Denver Post by an unnamed author, this article says
that under the

The Life and Political Career of James Madison Essay
The Life and Political Career of James Madison
James Madison is most widely known as the father of the Constitution. It is a title deeply deserved on many accounts
(Wills 37). Although his many achievements at times are overshadowed by his work on the Constitution, Madison's life
reflects a legislative talent (Wills 3). Through his interest in politics, he was able to shape the forming nation. Education,
illness, and religion dominated the beginning of James Madison's life; the experiences enabled Madison to write the
Constitution as well as a number of influential essays in response to his views on the incompetent confederacy. Madison
challenged the ideas of the Anti–federalists through his strong arguments and rhetoric, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Partly because of ill health, but also suiting his bookish nature, Madison spent the years prior to the American Revolution
studying where he resumed his investigations of government (Sheldon 25). Through these investigations, Madison found
himself being drawn down into the real turmoil of Virginia politics, inflamed by the impending revolution (Sheldon 26).
Madison's high education and religious morals later shaped his political career, while his own ideas center around a religious
emphasis. Garrett Sheldon, who specializes in political philosophy, analyzed the religious influences in James Madison's
ideas. Madison's naturally studious inclinations meshed nicely with the reformed Christian emphasis on learned faith (2).
His writing often reflected the thoughtful religious faith, reverence for Scripture, and view of his political career as a divine
'calling' (3). Madison used religious ideals in his reasoning. His ideas came from Protestant theology, and Madison, under
the teaching of the Presbyterian minister, kept notebooks on his studies of John Locke, Plato, Fontenelle, and Euclid (3–4).
His education was full of Christian beliefs as well as political studies. Madison was guided by the Christian realist views of
man's weak, sinful nature and followed the Calvinist views of human evil (1; 23). Sheldon further concludes that Madison's
religious upbringing underlies his application of other political philosophies and

Trial by Media
Chapter I Introductory The subject of 'Trial by Media' is discussed by civil rights activists, Constitutional lawyers, judges
and academics almost every day in recent times. With the coming into being of the television and cable–channels, the
amount of publicity which any crime or suspect or accused gets in the media has reached alarming proportions. Innocents
may be condemned for no reason or those who are guilty may not get a fair trial or may get a higher sentence after trial than
they deserved. There appears to be very little restraint in the media in so far as the administration of criminal justice is
concerned. We are aware that in a democratic country like ours, freedom of expression is an important right but such aright
is not ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Zee Telefilms (IA 8185/2003 in Suit No. 1543/2003 dated 24.1.2005) aptly describe the state of affairs of today's media. He
says that journalism and ethics stand apart. While journalists are distinctive facilitators for the democratic process to
function without hindrance the media has to follow the virtues of 'accuracy, honesty, truth, objectivity, fairness, balanced
reporting, respect or autonomy of ordinary people'. These are all part of the democratic process. But practical considerations,
namely, pursuit of successful career, promotion to be obtained, compulsion of meeting deadlines and satisfying Media
Managers by meeting growth targets, are recognized as factors for the 'temptation to print trivial stories salaciously
presented'. In the temptation to sell stories, what is presented is what 'public is interested in' rather than 'what is in public
interest'. Suspects and accused apart, even victims and witnesses suffer from excessive publicity and invasion of their
privacy rights. Police are presented in poor light by the media and their morale too suffers. The day after the report of crime
is published; media says 'Police have no cue'. Then, whatever gossip the media gathers about the line of investigation by the
official agencies, it gives such publicity in respect of the information that the person who has indeed committed the crime,
can move away to safer places. The pressure on the police from media day by day builds up and reaches a stage where police
feel

Fundamental Rights in India Fundamental Rights is a charter of rights contained in the Constitution of India. It guarantees
civil liberties such that all Indians can lead their lives in peace and harmony as citizens of India. These include individual
rights common to most liberal democracies, such as equality before law, freedom of speech and expression, freedom of
association and peaceful assembly, freedom to practice religion, and the right to constitutional remedies for the protection of
civil rights by means of writs such as habeas corpus. Violations of these rights result in punishments as prescribed in the
Indian Penal Code, subject to discretion of the judiciary. The Fundamental Rights are defined as basic human freedoms
which every ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Indians, who were seeking independence and their own government, were particularly influenced by the independence of
Ireland and the development of the Irish constitution. Also, the directive principles of state policy in Irish constitution were
looked upon by the people of India as an inspiration for the independent India's government to comprehensively tackle
complex social and economic challenges across a vast, diverse nation and population. In 1928, the Nehru Commission
composing of representatives of Indian political parties proposed constitutional reforms for India that apart from calling for
dominion status for India and elections under universal suffrage, would guarantee rights deemed fundamental, representation
for religious and ethnic minorities, and limit the powers of the government. In 1931, the Indian National Congress (the
largest Indian political party of the time) adopted resolutions committing itself to the defense of fundamental civil rights, as
well as socio–economic rights such as the minimum wage and the abolition of untouchability and serfdom.[3] Committing
themselves to socialism in 1936, the Congress leaders took examples from the constitution of the erstwhile USSR, which
inspired the fundamental duties of citizens as a means of collective patriotic

Essay about The Second Amendment
A well–regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a Free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall
not be infringed. – Second Amendment. Throughout history, this sentence of twenty seven words has caused an intense
debate. The polemic is that some people claim that a gun control policy is unconstitutional, while others disagree and even
say it is necessary in order to reduce crime. Now, what does gun control mean? If it means to analyze who is responsible
enough to own a gun by a Universal Background Check; that sounds right to everyone. But in the article What Are
Obama's Gun Control Proposals? An Easy Guide published in the National Journal by Matt Vasilogambros. The author
states that the gun–control ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Supporters of gun control claim that if there were no guns on the streets, massacres like the one in Sandy Hook could have
been prevented. Gun control supporters also argue that arming everyone will not save you from getting killed. They argue
that in a gun shooting everything happens fast and you usually do not have time react to the situation. Moreover gun control
supporters state that it is more difficult to buy a medicine than to order ammunition online from your home. In the article
Just how easy is it to buy a gun over the Internet? published in The Washington Post by Brad Plumer. The author explains
that even though the Gun Control Act of 1968 prohibits the direct shipping of firearms, there are sellers that are willing to
sell their guns even when researchers explicitly stated that they 'probably couldn't pass a background check' . This shows
the weakness of the current gun regulations and the need for stronger and efficient laws that reduces murder rates.
Supporters of gun control say that banning guns is the key to prevent massacres in public places or institutions. If there were
no guns, psychopaths would not have all that deadly artillery to kill people. Also many people believe that the second
amendment is not relevant anymore. When the constitution was written, nobody, not even the founders thought that the
nation would survive. In his article Gun–Control Foes

Computer Access and Information Storage
Executive Summary
Computer access and information storage has drastically evolved with the increase of computer usage and internet access
across a wide range of areas including homes, businesses, schools and government departments. These changes make
requirements for more specific laws to regulate the use of computers and storage of data as well as new forensic techniques
and tools to investigate such offences.
Following this, computer forensic investigators are becoming a necessity for lawyers and barristers as support in both
criminal and civil proceedings. What legislation exists in Ireland to handle computer crime?
Ireland does not have exclusive law that would deal with computer crime as such, but has two laws that can handle computer
crimes. Criminal Damage Act 1991 (the 1991 Act) deals with principal offences in section 2 and section 5 while Criminal
Justice (Theft and Fraud Offences) Act, 2001 (the 2001 Act) covers computer related offences in section 9 and section 48.
Criminal Damage Act 1991
Section 2 – (1) A person who without lawful excuse damages any property belonging to another intending to damage any
such property or being reckless as to whether any such property would be damaged shall be guilty of an offence.
While section 2 above does not call out specific reference to computer related crime, the definition in the statute regarding
property does include offences relating to data.
Section 5 – (1) A person who without lawful excuse operates a

Freedom Of Speech : The Standard Law For Freedom Of Speech
All around the world people have a right to freedom of speech, this right is changed in small ways throughout different
religions, countries and ages. When asked if I knew what freedom of speech was, I was unable to answer. This got me
thinking on what is the standard law for freedom of speech?, is freedom of speech applied the same for all age groups?, and
do different countries have different freedom of speech? These questions will help for people to understand freedom of
speech and how it's different for different people.
There isn't really a standard law for freedom of speech but there are guidelines. There isn't a standard law because there a
small variations everywhere making it hard to cover everything in a
Freedom of speech is the concept of the inherent human right to voice one's opinion publicly without fear of censorship or
punishment. Speech is not limited to public speaking and is generally taken to include other forms of expression. The right
is preserved in the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights and is granted formal recognition by the laws of
most nations. Nonetheless the degree to which the right is upheld in practice varies greatly from one nation to another. In
many nations, particularly those with relatively authoritarian forms of government, overt government censorship is enforced.
Censorship has also been claimed to occur in other forms (see propaganda model) and there are different approaches to
issues such as hate speech,

Women Are Valued Differently From Men in Irish Society Essay
Women Are Valued Differently From Men in Irish Society I myself have never been able to find out precisely what
feminism is: I only know that people call me a feminist whenever I express sentiments that differentiate me from a doormat
or a prostitute
– Rebecca West, 1913.
This quote, spoken almost a century ago, is still relevant in the Ireland of the new Millennium and even the roaring of the
Celtic Tiger cannot drown it out. Women can vote, can serve as jurors, judges, TD's or Taoiseach. Equal pay is protected
under legislation. We have certain rights to maternity leave. We have equal access to education, we can study honours maths
and physics at school, we can become engineers and are encouraged to take FAS courses in ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In hard cash terms, men earn on average, £1.83 more per hour than women do.
Women's work is still seen as that of 'love labour', that of working in the home raising a family and taking care of the
housework without pay. Men on the other hand are seen as the breadwinners, their work is paid labour. Their job is to go out
into paid employment and provide for their family.
There are two knock on effects of women staying a home minding the family. Firstly they are not financially independent.
They do not earn any money and are dependent on income received from their partners. Because nobody gets paid for
rearing a family it's status as an occupation is at the bottom of the ladder and because women are dependant financially for
money on their husband it means they in the past have had less input into the decisions affecting the family resulting in no
input into the decisions affecting society. A woman's place was in the home. A second effect of women's position in the
family is that they are often isolated from each other and from society in general. Unlike a worker they have little
opportunity of meeting, sharing experiences, they on their own have little power to change the conditions they find
themselves in.
The family is a trap for women today as much as for women at the beginning of the industrial revolution. As mentioned
above, women are paid on average 2/3 of the wage that men are paid, so within any partnership it obviously makes more

Criminal Law Assignment
Assignment Question:
A person who is charged with a criminal offence enjoys certain rights. The principle right is that of the right to silence and
the right not to incriminate yourself. The right to silence is an immunity, which differs in nature, origin, incidence and
importance. The suspect's immunity was developed in order to avoid the risk of untrue confessions being obtained from a
person in police custody. The law does not prohibit a suspect from confessing to a crime. It does however provide that a
suspect should be free to remain silent should he so choose and that he should be informed of his right to do so.
Analyze with reference to relevant case law.
Answer:
Introduction:
When the police arrest a person, they ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The privilege against self–incrimination was seen in the case of Re National Irish Bank . Here some inspectors were
investigating a company in connection with some criminal offences. The employees in this company refused to answer the
questions given to them claiming that they didn't have to answer these questions because they enjoyed the constitutional
right to silence under the case of Heaney v. Ireland .
Here the right to silence was restricted, as the inspectors had powers that were no greater than what is required by the public.
Therefore the employees had to answer the questions put forward to them by the inspectors.
In this case, Justice Barrington looked at the privilege against self–incrimination in case law in order to see whether any of
the information consumed by the inspector from the accused person involuntary answering the questions put to him were
capable of being used against the accused in court.
The conclusion made by Justice Barrington stated that although some legislation restricted the right to silence and required
the accused person to answer questions unwillingly, however these answers might not be used against him as evidence in his
trial.
Immunity against self–incrimination of an accused person was made in order to avoid the risk of the accused person in
providing false confessions while he is in Garda custody.
Immunity against self–incrimination has been developed in order to protect the accused from making false

Comparison of the British Parliament and the American...
Comparison of the British Parliament and the American Congress
Németh Barbara
Szombathely
2005
Introduction
I write this essay with the aim of comparing the British Parliament with the American Congress. I personally think that
everybody should know the major differences between political system of the US and the UK.
First of all, I would like to describe my technical conception in my essay. I separated it in two columns and on the left side I
write about the British Parliament and on the other side about the American Congress. I tried to draw a parallel between the
two systems and the columns, which are next to each other, examine the two institutes from the same aspect. After each
section I summarized what has been written. Of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The British Parliament is often called the Mother of Parliaments, as the legislative bodies of many nations—most notably,
those of the members of the Commonwealth—are modeled on it. However, it is a misquotation of John Bright, who had
actually remarked on 18 January 1865 that England is the Mother of Parliaments, in the context of supporting demands for
expanded voting rights in a country which had pioneered Parliamentary government. The Congress of the United States is
the legislative branch of the federal government of the United States of America. It is established by Article One of the
Constitution of the United States, which also deliniates its structure and powers. Congress is a bicameral legislature,
consisting of the House of Representatives (the Lower House) and the Senate (the Upper House).
The House of Representatives consists of 435 members, each of whom is elected by a congressional district and serves a
two–year term. Seats in the House are divided between the states on the basis of population, but each state is entitled to at
least one seat. In the Senate, on the other hand, each state is represented by two members, regardless of population. As there
are fifty states in the Union, the Senate consists of one hundred members. Each Senator, who is elected by the whole state
rather than by a district, serves a six–year term. Senatorial terms are staggered so that approximately one–third of the terms

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