2. L,!r! D4'5ru'riL. od
'uJ -!rL
nEd.t i!1I@ira c:r€j! I t rLri a rq
lqprcu"r o Rosq r-trd! i dibont
"n++,
r..r, ".b,"-,,*'- "a|''
inn, .prozie
Ltub.od inoldrn boliaFr ,riru
H;l-rj.,--*"
- -"d, 'n-
|'";^h..tq$:oNncunifisF|
udqi rr d. nd p{q i p!61nr hNd
hzls&ni uhie I Lt,tal4i,vi!,t tqth5
;; d" /-'). i
-'" "
.r-ii . i.
.;.rir- d"
"'{
di"tui* tu.d"--
iiinilie. r ton $LNir Fntru ilnLul d
rh. kd, al t:i,'tuu Ltnrtej.
STEPHEN(. HATKING
LEONARD MLODINOW
O MAI SCURTA
ISTORIE A TIMPULUI
lnducde d; enslezi si posdqt
GHIORGHESTMTAN
H
3. Multum,ri
oHUMAMT^S.2m7.Fdt!p(41h
.nir! wi cai{ ! rRN ro$nr d @rr I n r
secNin mul+niri cdiroiullinosru,Ain Hrns dcla
Brntrn pentruci r contribuncublenoli cxperienr.sa
considenbilihclorturilcmi*( dclcizclaninls.nsul
Lui clenldettein, dtccnrul2rtnticrl tunurii Binran
penrroeiortulsiu a.. bosiri i pcntruribdarc.Echipcinoa*
k dem+i: rhili! Dun..Jrmcszh.ngt Keesveoenbos,
pcnrroi'npnlchclruirqsiinvc(c.eatizilapcntrucrrpoi,
inri asacrilic.par.ca$iinili.l st iri din acea*i Gne o
iplr(ic i$u lo2si.As.niloi nolti, AlZu.kcmrn siSu-
s nGinsburgdc11grilcls Holse,penh inteliSenla,gri'
ji ri sprijinullor.I-!i MoiicaCuy,P3ntrucoiecturi.:i
.ururorcclorcareiu cnircumabnnaE dferneb shite Jc
Dinuscrisuluiininccrc.rcanoa*ri.loxgiripa$jelerci-
u clarnaepute fi in conlinuaieimbunitii{iri: Dom S.oft,
AlcxciMlolinow, NicolaiMlodinow,Mrrl! lrilery, Joslux
Vcbman.SFpbenYoura,Robertlirkovnz, Marthx
Lowths, KalhdincBall,Amrn.h Bergcn,Jctrreyaoebffr,
KinbcnyConea!{erCook, Matthel.Di.kinson,Drcw
Donovinik,Dxvirl Fnlinser,Elerno.crevJ, Alicir
Knrg*on,Vlaorlamond,Mi.hrelMelton,MychiclMul
h.nr, MitthcwRichrrd!MichcllcRose,smh scbnidt,
Cudi Simnors,ChrisrineveLb i chrisrophcrri/rishr.
4. Tnlul ace*eici4i diferi o mmtridoui cuvinteae.e
latrlci4ii publicrr€prim datiin r9aa.S&nn itari. atlh
P,/,t arinrr dmp de237desiptanini pelisft celofmi
vindur€ci(i apublicarieilondone4sad.! Tinet ti,losr
dmpirl din ercateunexemph h fieore 750dcb.rb4l,
Iemei$ copii depeglob.Pmtru o canecde rdeazi ca-
tevt dine sbiectelecelenai dificile alelizicii nodcrnc,
s.dldot2 trcotriituit unsuacsrtnarcabil.Toud, a.es
re subiccrcdificilc sun!tobdati ri cclcnii idigabare,
deoaroeolcscrof6i lai.lrebt ile .elenri mi, larcelei
Iundrnentrle.Celucni $in cuadevinr despreunivcc ?
cun rjnlgen si le cunoartcnt Dc ude lrovine univer
snl $ incoEo scindcapti? Ace*e p.oblen€ coNrituiru
es{ kwki i.ttoniain?rl"; ri elese,fb i in cenirolciJ
ln aniidccinda fos publi.art.t,na ,b& 4 tintk
l,t, vcniftcactii dinpanercnnorilof derone vir$eie si
profcaiilcsidjnbne colturnehni in nod rpeEt, s de
nt o mri ye$iudejunr c.res: ncn!'nt esendalulJ.,tr;
d,oa; d.r seexplicenri clai,nai peindel*e, celemi im-
potunte concepte.Deri nc-an ti pu r xgrcpbcao dfd
decaitesi {ieintnnhrtO /d,?,li, trrd iuonea in?"
&a q.drdin reslirpul,liculuici nucmuprcrnulti ci-
ritdi caft arfi dorn o disefttie m:rnuniti, rd{vfii n'i
degnbi curernor decosnolosieh niveldccohgiu,
5. Deunde9irco.luldene6. ScriindO n.t {trd nb-
n. dt4l,,l noiamnenrinnt9im qlis condnutulscn
riJ rl ..rii iini,lq riod rorod:Lisrij, si , msr n(n
volumulsiururinralak.tuG.C,fto noski $E(u rde-
viBt o m.i s.una istorie,deorcceo pme r coninutului
stud.i teLnicr lo$ lisa.i d@pad.jin schinb,sutem 6t
lel risplnt4i e asupiadeniflri prin fta@ nai $fui-
roN amatcnirhi cm ,lcituie$ecuadevararniaul cifrii.
Ne-m lolosntobdaltdcocazi.crsi iDcem .rn€1L
zi sis: ilcludem noi teorii sirezulatc alcobservaliilo. O
tui qhni ntu'ica unpalriAerncproBr$eler(enrcpc
qrle,elaboEriuncrcori,(omplsunfnrkrorurorfor
lelorhndrncnuLene r z.ii. in ptftlt2r,O Mltuna
'r,or'?
prezin.t succ6ulobtinurid tcda coznor ri "dnrlitalile' srucors pon.l.nlcledinuodifefnelerarii Iizice.
.areconsituie indic4ii ale*isrenlci uncireoni unificrte
.tizicii,Dinlrtun obse-dion.li,cafteaincludeloilcdc
Erniniri impo@te, 6 relca efectutrtedes{.hulCos-
mnBr.ksroundlrptorer(coBE, cxptombruLfondutur
(o$i.) rid€telsopulp:{r Hub6k.
cu cifcr parruzecidcanijn urni, Richardlcyman r
spus:
"Suntennorocorisi dim iorr o cpociin de semi
f& inct d.s.openn.E h lel c. descoDerirerAnericii o
facinunai o d.ti. Epo.r noain *ti"p.q i" er d6".-
pftin lcsih ludmenhle rlc n{uiii." Asizi sunrenml
aprorycdccarodcinddein!.lcgaernaturiiunivcsului,S.o
pul pecec-l uiharim prin lcrieE rcsfti ci4i 6E si im-
p:frrin plbliculli c*a dinfMndul noilordc$opsifi sidin
iour ihasiner re,liri6 6. ap.iea Eurhr :t acobft.
Gdndinddespreunivers
In Inti-un univds $nniu !i ninlntl VA6r2, dinen_
rlolcnlr;rfrumuep:.reilcmcrsizc)ziarvim:
a.rtrmrdind pentrur-l preili. Loculpcdrl derin
illln tst rcsmo3usl prc d$tuIdejnsignln.nt.$i
I'tn$rrJn 5:srsimo mdumportu lorletie LnFlc
3Onncinssiemno insneLr,.sr hblou Cu.irNr
Inunl uncunorcu!omdcrtiin${uniispunci r
t B.nnnd Rlsoll) aliDs o hcneplblici dcspft s-
nl.,Elipovanrom serotcJrcPhinol njurul5oz
l curl h dndu su, sor€LedbiE,r mjurul(ftrului
llm.ns,slomatn d. rcl. numldBrldir noakj t1
itll Ldi'ei.ob.ui.i"i di".pd"
-r
ridi.ati : spns:
"ce
rti pftanht rici e*eo riur.ali. Adev:nl escci lun€ i
Lric phl: $slnuti pespiitrct uncibroqte F*ode
||o,' l;"k d.
"
li$!;d",;-,1 de$iinJt azanbirmn
.ondcnt:,Sitc$odr pece$i ?" ,Suntelifode de*cpt
!R, foldc d.rtepf, arispnN birau doamn4
"dd
$ni
u|n.iF$olsctotarai' iG r"
C.i md mld oancnidc
'ivor
cotuidmn.i de8nbi
ddkohinrBin(ru tEuhinsrd (l fiindunoLninlinjt
dr Lo$c te*ore ordc* rrebuiio€d.m.i dairLim
n.i binc?Uieli p.itru o diPi br cesiili saucrcdelici
r -dspr.5prFU. Pn;iapo,in5Glr.erulno(rumCe
v.iBindidspE nuimc, pun.Ielordeluminirsdnlele
nl$.nk, focun?Esreus1 inrgi.c?i'er€prezina.lc(0
dNrnr, f'mdo cea r (u{de.u Jsmt * aflrtotrc
6. mente,ornenii deltiinli aurduroto nulrine deNnojin
!cdcsprcspaliu.Darcc*i'n roi m xd*id dspie uni.vds
ri cumamandb*e rccte ?Dcundcvincunive(ul?lnco
no scindnpti ?A rvut cluninccptrt,irr daciaamt, .esr
lnranpl{ jn.inrc dc$sra ?Cxreesemtun tn4ului ?vr
rverclundtsn ?heh orc cilisrl inipoi in irp ?Recn
lch progrckdin {izici,oblinutein prne prjnnourkh-
noluBie,R sg!rcr: r;spunur lr rc{e ituhi nrtebjrl.
Un€ori.!rpun!u,ilepuren.p)riitorrn JcloCnc6iJ!cl
Pir:itului rotinduaetu iurul sorrelui ori, pone la lel
deridicolccaturduldinbre{tc Fstorse.Nuni tnnpul(ori
ced PurerIi icesh)ne-ov?sp!.e.
dcp:tu, dincolo dcapeicnlr noa*Ii oblNiri. Daci sun
tc!'unp.vitor$iruitoralcerurilor,luocitrtivja!,orobr,
biLtu,ni,rniL;pJpnnddr!pmdro utu r (ds,ul
E$ uphnflJ, M.ruur,,h o p :rcF!elo. rcm"rotam.u
?nodri. Pcllercu! . zi durcazi doni rcimi din rnll ec
leiplancte.Atun.i.ind sorrclcc$c sus,serafiE Dhncki
rinscr(hp!1rtofld. p$k +ood.gnde..r rpo.t; fiqi,
rurnopr,,knpcnturr si udi rmi',us200dcLndeCcL
siu. Dqio$ciobiriuitaeseLJct dedi{edric ;r.M,...
hri deplaneh nori|i, ni.i $!xui nu c ot uror d. imlgi
nrca!ncuptoruriar..rcnistuiemili{dedekilosnmedc
mreri. ii atirye ienpc(rri dc zccidcnitioane dj srde in
Un al: hcru difi.il deituqimt e$. !.ardcdcoMe scani
in ieilihte Dlanetelesiselele.vechiichinc?irinjthr nr
nundcp inrdrtclinure porrpn, maid€rproio. i: nctc.
Inc frs. $uai.d{d!re)Lp mcrck(:iti ;utr;r :ptu"
* decit sunt el. dc fapr - h urmr urmei, in vi4a deiics
re21,noinu avcnexpcri.nhinenslordishntcdin spitiu
A.eiea sun!rdt dcmd, incatnuire oi.i unsenss:ik m:
surin ln picioarcsaumilc,isicDm nasudD cclchai mul-
k dishrc. In lool lor, lolosim rnul-lunina, cde rcprczinri
dnhni ri6ruE dc luruJ inr un m. Lrfl n: ;Rrq€
inr 4 eund: l3b 000hil!. xdel d un iFlurui
-r "disrmlifoxncdrrc.csmiapro ri rs, dir dcdt sor-
le no$ru, sre ?roximr Ccnhuri (cunoroti si sub nrmclc
dcAlplrcmhu'i c).rrtuinihodeprj.de.fr dprru
dn lum,ni.sr€ru:toinr $rcd(r rFrdedeprft,rncn
.elui'nJinpjd!chi.! sp4naturrsu DcDrnrek ororc
hniru. n, rcLui.ncr zec n de pc;Iru o.itiroiR
ropoareG dnr kchim. sru sr:dun si inrelc.li unircF
$1, d?r ele.u clibomeri inci marcmxne rj sriinreleno6
tr. A*izi dipDm d. iBhmcrb foancpurmie: menhlc
can4rcnaticr sindod! rtiini{ici - t Rhnoioqic€ cun
r fi .alol or.lc ri tdcscorpelc.C! rjlbrul &;oi iBh
7. Cu lore ci piDiii0. u emeilui Cr,$old ColL,o$cr1
ccn obiiiuir saindlft:ri .inloi e eredexu ci Piinintul
cnc pht (bx .hir i in zilelen.r$fu m.i exnr:iuii qrc cred
xsu),purm sisl rida.inilea*ron.'nici moJ{ne cu fruli
nmpnr u.ni h vccLiisrtci.tnjunl inutuil40i cr., fit.
zolul grecAns.rcl a $ris o cr{., D6r'r. .di.. Arilerd l
trdusin 3cea*:i.itrc rsum.nte vJrhil. !i con'i.s:totrrc D.i
tr ider calimintll sk fti Jcsnbi reoid; o stu:i,d.
Unul dindersuncnkle silc scl,a,Gri pee.lipscl.de
luni. A;$orel r inrelcs.i a.ese..liN tunaprcv;ok dc
Pimin lrili.ind rstr scritueaz:iinrcS.r.5il nni
Atunci.ind.v.Dinrcniulre lo., PamantuIisi pn;c(ciz:i
umbrlF. runi,provocidJ idcl ecllpi. ArntotetI obs.r
vitdiumlraPanrantulic{cGb eiunxrotu.di.sepork
allcph rll .evl do{ daci ?:i'nidL!l .re o sier:iri nu un dn.
!l!. l)aci li:imintul r li nn discpli! unL,c srxr Ii cnshli
nu,mi drl rclipsrs ff prod!.ein cliprnr.xr. Soarcletr ti
dn{tii dre$uL$hlui djs.uhi. ln celelahDo'r.dLc. unrbn
trrIi ilunBn:iin tonn. uncielips (elipsaese nn ccrctr!uiir).
Grc.ii.vei! siun tri ), ti'mcnt pe.riu ideei.i linjin
ruLerctund.D?cipimiDtulrr ii pht,
',Ii
{r.!ra c o cor:
br .arc scrprop;c ,cdinn dnrpt ori7onr !i lprrr maiintii
2
Imagineanoastri evolutivi
despreumvers
minusuL:,d !. f und Liri d.L1!ii.At.i, pc,niruriccpluLq
tchaiiprdape,atiFteartmrcitephtmin lteamimnte,
cumrIi pi.uel€i,.orpLl mvei.Dft lu.1anlenusepetc.
dclocai..Aui.i !inJo narryrcl.orironr.primul lL,cru
pc .are il vedeli$nt pi nzelea.sten Abia cevanraitirzn,
ii vetireder .trrtni Fxptul d pinzele .. rtrbiet,ridicr. nDi
susd.caLnrplld, co.{iLuicp.i^a pan. r.i'ci.rc$'i
pnnseliniaorizontuhiGsinddersupnluiconinuic dova
di.:i P:imintolesecr o ning..
Grt.iii!ro i!dca5!ncnc.mulLaarcnic.ruloino.
iurn.PerrcnealuiAisrotel,orneniiiunnesistrtrttimpdc
sccolecun seniisdl luninilc te ..ruLin.unc.a! Ei iu
di4Lc u Nr@rib i s6iDdd!
,i,r(rD! a;!/o, h iosla..1{ I )
8. obscert .5.dcri .clemi muLr.dinre miilc dcturini p. cre
l. vederupimu d& nirrc impreu.i de a ormui:nl c
rului, cinci dinre ele(tud xs..oti Lum) nn s depldau sr.
Elc$ ririicerD uncori din druDul 1orrcgulrt deli e$ h ves
a peui,ni 6uu inapoi.A.ese lunini aufos denDrncphn*
tu,,reticibirc-. Grccjj
D o6sni!nunricinci;rndcadcoaftcenurlicinli Dorfi
v,uk oocrxur Li Meru ,vcnu,,Ma(q lupirc5i{un
A{r {rmd.!F rrerele!deplaszr du!,i;!c!orii rn
dnsbirnun.p.rcr nrimp.en€lclc<tnrap.orpcncmrl
.re rdFd <nEmu nofd rorir ptMereleorbmaz:n tr-
rul Sorelui, rsdcl incit nisrcr tor !c cctul nmtuii ;$e
muk mr lompljGod&t mircro n€lc.r indcpitrne.
Arnbkl.on!iduacrhminni e"
le,runa phnet.le ri $clele!enci pcorbnecinuLr nr iurul
Piminhlui. Il crede. asa$a deorr..c, din ftrn ni misnce.
iri inchipuiaci Pin:nol 6c .erul uivc^ufui ji di mis.f!
cicnrxrli c$e petsri. l. er dc ,t don* fcot ;. c.. i,n xtt
grec,Ptolemcuiakandormrt idee lui Ari$otel intr un mo
dclcdnpld alcctrilor, Pblcmcu en p$ionat destudiil. sle,
, Atutui lmd urnrcq dinp rerc mulpn€ lonpm dc ,clc
rfrrrep.p;reu6u tor.;.rtr,,soiret,,.p.iorreLe-ni nu
rn dodelullUiPt.l.ncu,liminul cft inconirntdeopt
llere mtitoare. Fie.art sferi $cccri,i en mri nre ne;r.;,
inerioari, in nod od@ufr scm:niiror piputilor Nse$i M.
dioska.rininol erasituatin ccnrruldcrclor. Nu r idsr nt.i
od.ti .lf ( mune s alb dincolo dc ullin. sfc.i, dr, in
nod cen,cccn rolo nu con*ituir o patu din univcsut ob
sembil pcntru specii umani. Sfcrr cer Dai dcDimti con
*ituia a;drn;lclde tonticr4 *,
'.."
."',-t-
univcG. Srclcl. o.upru loar' fixepe ,cer"i stcri, sitcl .:ij
ftun i cind slcrascrokq $eleler:iincru in acelesi r ozirii
urh liri de .lth, bftc rorindu-seimpreun. pe .e; cr un
8rup, cxrct rlr cun le veden. cuin der.lc plm*re 5ero
trru, iar pla.etele seniscru eleinrle l i de propriile lor
.rc, titricdoriil. lor nr ruponcuPinintul nu d2u dcloc
rimple.In r.e$ iel, ltolene! plter st explicelle cedtutul
okemr xlplmetelof ete nult mi conplist decit nilresn*
Ptolen r ofern un *tem dstul decorot peniru pre-
vcdckapuzi(iilar!orpurilufkRt,ipeb!lk Dr pentrua
h p17i.€ii
'n.d.o({,
trolc'icr r trcbun5: prcrupu'Jci
tuni urneazi o trnedoie cire o rdncennrci dedou:i ori
md aproapedeltnint dcci. in xlte.azurii .er cainram
Dici u.a rr cbuisirpri cireodd dcdoui orinui mrc
lo Doddul lli P@1.o4, leriid $ ini nr edll !!iE4ului, fihd nr
lDiun! de .r, s,ee lire runu oae e
9. Je.itnr ccl.Lal.cci2uiIlblemcu rrcmNo!d6t mljuns,
dr, cu torc ac$tca,nodeluls:u a {o$, da.i nu univcBJ.
cl pulingenual{ccpht 11:16. adophtdesdicra de
dct!i6mj deorec€'m1g'iei ufl v
$nlanri .u scdptun, prtzcndnd mrele :mni dcdl*a ds
lul de nult bc h ri& d.Ri $clelor iix€ penm rai d iad.
tn 1514,p'stuLpolonezNi.ohi Copcflricrpropusinri
un al! dodel. (ra inccpu!. probrbil dc tcrmi detrnu Il cti-
drtat d(pt eEic debiscil.xhi, Copcrnici licut si.ircL
k onjinDodcluL) Copernic vutideeartvolftiomrii.ci
nutoxte..ipuril. ccrcstidrbuies:iorbiftzcinj!rul Ptuin
n'lui.ldcelsrxlo$, dchp!ciisorrelccsa$i onarnrccn-
tiul sisrenuluisoLri calinintuL !i plxDacloscmit.i in
jurulriu pcorbitecnflh(,!afel.a modelulIniProl.ncu,
modcllllui Copemictunclionlbine,iarnusepoirivaFe
Jcct.uobscry4iilc.Dorece en nult bai snnphdccrtro
delulluirolcfrcu,r, s porterre.uD6e.i r fi ntbuit si
Ie adophtin.r dcnunci.Ji bnisi, r ;bun .i rnci aDmoc
un secolp.ntru o rccsta idcc si Jielu : jn scrios.Ap;i,
doiAronomi- gcnnmulJohannesKeplerriikli.nulcili,
lcoGililei auftcputsisL{iniDublicteorircoomiini.
ln 1609,c,lilco a tn..Dut,:i
"i"dicr
erul i;dm o
untelecopj ir"oncnr .ar; h,sse i.ventu dr drand. Ahnci
cind aprivitphndalupncr,G,lil
niali dc cativanici srtclili .fie orbnau in iurul ci. Dc aici
rezulc ci nu to c a$urile ftbnie si r ro.esci d;ed in
i i! ftrebn n anc D( n!,,/ktn ir": otti,n caalnian
(1?r). cop.nr ii dqr:rui! $6eLer(nc a( nqB pio: h Afi-
od d,i sMs. (A ! Eds A{rNr Kosn r,L|ftlnii. hakti4 4"
.Eleit6tre t)ut{; dek rt4!v1hc4[1€i,rad ij.u nrjniDr(
qC5,
PP IAO h )LN J.)
' lfinir, arqtorpn nd rnrtr,
cof(fnii liFd.d prohDer!a.l)!i! plrrd cuprudor(:,d.or
d( copqrn r 4u Dlaoi.d. hli outr c(ui phGkrc (cpl.i
rLu.i)J(n rbhn€u. Ar! y(iq Ko(iLu,,ril. p. r! (,'.)
iur,l Prmiftulu 1r !un r.-ukD a.r{o(l i lrokmeu.
Irr!lAi inrp r€pl.r: nLunrr( r rco,Hu,c.r. n,.
-tr-
Brrn,Jhpol r plL(cc! ri)o n! !lupJt'ru; i,hpi
c'p( ! ! rPr n1h n,bn rmrr od:ri.p d( ck.r4
lovituri'no(ali noddnlui ptolcmcn,
Deii.rbirclc olipticcinlLunltietru roddullui coDcr
ni, nr cccrce iprivcir. peKeple,eh (pfuzenhu un6lde
iDuRzlerpedictr ri u$ra dno'n.Ln!tului u uhrdr€s
Kpr.rr;,dopr..on.cfu,..r(,p.*;., d" :""",*
in'cmrnup ,eoob-!.. ti.. I l,I c nrcr€l,els.dapur
!i.inplu.a.liFicl?nnr,i! pulinpei?.red€.n!!r!uril!
lder-plJn!rcle. r
'i
(rd.. un-uluno,or emn'r;t
d.tripcric.r. r s",I pr,rrdu fpR!!;4{rcr,r!.rtr
i.cn{irrirdcr rt ! rinr . un Jtrtd{u qr tl! rr J pe
(,pk tr"fiprr., !r run rp!n,derod016rcleel'p
rnectriJeerlo ! nrncFlreiu derei I L( ; {b((..n]
iurullor€lu dcf, tutni)jn.,i.r Lr- e sreJ.r nvknnd
roqcl mrtnrrn? drtpr!rr- i trrie.ro. l. pL'.r, r, !
cuv'ncsi , re.unodon n.rnul d! a fi inklesci rrcbui.sa
cxirtc o td (a,aspon$bili penrtun iicde Ads:iiiu .xr licN
licrno vuluipentn crrcplDtul. {. .orc$in iun sorrc
luir los ol(id al)iaouh;d iirziu, in t637..indsn ku.
Nc*tonsi r Dubli.alPrlororr,r. Ndt|ftlir ?i,.ibja Ma
rrmz'.,, pr;6$il .u mii i;rFormti dnc aorruii rrc-
dariin domeniul!riinFlortizi;c.
ln ,Dttopk, NtMon i ptozenhi o lescmfc a{nnriici toit.
.orpurnein ,eprls ranin in
'nod
olnnl nr rtp:ur rtih tinp
i fo.uri, spr d$5cbnc d. irrimsli r
nn Lrsmi io trici u ri
iGi !trf! p!! m..( j.rrr,
5't!!rr;!ni ri!rri_ .re-
qiqDno.Jd sr drrr, cr
rilc, I i li.ut r: as! ryi iDsi
o iLri riiNiorie. reri,id.ni,nrlolnirLou.glidmci; iri I )
10. cn nicio lorF nurianszi supn lor 9ir ritr ci! ldli
ditc'iii ac$tuia.r{adr, dece* nii.j plxmel. injurulsoa
rcluidupi elipse?NewtonI rispuns.i cxisdo duiia loF
F rispunzitorrepenh rc*D sirnl'nc aceati.r. frce
corpnnlesi crdi pePininr in locsi rimini inreDaurrtun.i
.m; edrnd'x;ul t r,u,i La!!F l!a; srrltri((pmi
h NeMo4ovinot mghz3,,!i. Nmr,fk cr srI,
gr!, gri lFtHr. r : rmbr m
ice'r!' np I nlEmaloP.nca
om rcrclioncri corpuih atunci cind o loni cr Artrvnxlil
lexrqe, rczolvandtoiodari ecu4iile cm rczulrr. P. re$i
.rLcjI rculn sadenon$rcze ci, dnoiti snvitafti Scrclui,
Pinendl li .lte plm*e rebni€s:isemiitc dup: niiL.clip
5c inD.ma, .um piezn$e Kepttr | N{ron a sudnn cii
lesilesley aplici;,niruicod din univc(, dc li un mar
carccadcsipini h $elesiphnek. Pcnru Drini oari in is.
roriecinevr;xpliclmiscr; irlfcrkn in im.nii r.elonsi
lesi.?repute determinxrotodltiinit.aFa.or?urilorde
pePiminr lmnrccpurulliTiciinod.rne,siiorodrtid$
Dispirind ccrdcsise r lui rrolemd, nu nai cr. ni.i
!n monv sar coNider ci u.ivcrul r rycavru r.niril na-
tonli - den cernd indcp.itati.Mn nult, de;rece $c
hh n! pirc.! si ri s.himbepoziiinein Jrrx io.alicilor
codunepeboltr.ert$ciprovoc :d.Panint,carscn-
su.e*e in jntur uei pr.prii, a dlventt tusc si seprcsupu
ni ci selck ru.r corpu; &minitore Sorelui no$tu. df
nultfrailndepinak.Noi im rcnuDtnnunum:i h itccaci
Pimintul ste anhl nnivesului, dlr fi la ideeacii sorele
noshsi,pr.Lr6il, {nknllna$ru solar,r ji unicelerpede
dc cosdosului.Aceaii sc]linbirerimxsiniidsprc l@c r
rcpFZrnrarriopretu.ererdJno r g;ndrr umrn?..onni-
toindif..prrut iirct.srrii no:_tr!m!dero?r unieLUtu'.
l
Naturateoriilorstiintifice
Penrtuavoll)idcsprcnxlur.udivc(ululii adndb {l$pR
poblene tuma ii daciuni'eNl areuninceputsruunslir
iit, tiebuiesi linurifr ccrnune6F o EorieidinJfici. von
adophpunctuldevederesinplupotiiir ciruil orcori. src
chi.runrodcld uni'dsului,$u rl uneipi{i re*Iinse,
a.estuiai nnsrupde.esxlicrrelcrsi c,nritililc din
'n.dddcobsefl.iilc p. cdc leefec$in. Modelulexisridor i^n
minGrnostri ;i nurre niciunlelderLti reahr (onccfu
Insmnl ec*u), O tuoi. !$c o rconcbnni dacisatisJrce
douicerin{e.Erftebuies:desriccutrcurmlco cla,.l.rc.
dcobscrva{iipebti unuinodel cire con(inedoarcitevr
dcmmterbihi€ i tuebuiesi frci picdicdibincd.iinite c!
privneh .cuulhtul vinorclor obscnriii. Deexenplu,AJis
brelcredeain trcrir luiI'npcdoclq conforr circir .o{c lu
nurilc suntcodpusedin prh elenenk : pimint, ier, ioc
tilpi. Er sinrlu,drnu ftcetrDi.iunJcLdcprcdicdilim
pczi.!c dcalli pdr tconxgnviqii aluiNefron eneba-
$ peun modelcbiarmi simplu,in crreoric corpurilcs.
ilis intrecLccuo rorti proFo4ionrli cuocantibrec?rese
nuhe$emx$ acston siinvenproponi-ndi cupidtul dG
tinlcidintrccl..Touii,aeas!ircoricplczicmis.arilcSoa-
rcLli,aleLnnii d aleplaneklorcuD nmltssd dcpr.cizic.
Oriceteorieitii.litici e$einrodeuna provizoricin sen
lulci c d.aro jpotcze:n o poridcmonsrrni.iodxti.Nu
tc imponanli cir dem c*c numiruldcconin'niri prn,
tczultre experimentdc.1.u.ci tsrii, deoaieenuputei li
11. nnoditi rigurcaJrtuurmirolrerezulhtLl.! o vrconna
zne r. dealti prt., purcriinfnrl o eoriesisi'iJ Ii. sio
lnsuraobsenlFecrreouscporiycrecu p(dicriileko.i.i
rcspccnv..As?cu'nl suLlini?tiilo,.Iut ninrteiKrn top
pcrj o teoriebuni .{c &mddzdri dehDtul .: txe unnunir
d. p'ednF,!{? porf nfrin!ipu nn;miie-,ufrl5tuc
d. crn!nnrefr.D lie r.cdrr.n,l n!il?sps n!nk n nr
in {o'd cLprcdiciijleu.el rorii, er sup'avi.IuioJtq ir incre
derq noriri nr r.o a.rie crsc. D.rdaci vrodrGo ob-
r4arie noui $ dovede$cj'r de!! , trebui. si ab.ndonlm
Celpnrnr+r r presutuft car pdru lL.iurih, !r ir
iotdaufu rcportc pum iaindoi,l:i conpeEni pc,romci cdc
Dcseori,in pnctici seintinrpli.r noui teoie invenra
ti s:ilic detrpr o exte$i i roriei prec.dcnre.De exeo
plu, obscnaile loade precnc
^le
plancki Mercu. anrselar
o ni.rJih$r r,.niruled .) or",l.('ler...c crl
n(e r u !qror Ten,rscnoJr..,hrirtritu,i,n
qc np,€ztrd omitc curo;diirnnh(i dcn&r: (ore
uiN$tun. rdp,u !ip,ocdefkrors u tnndn.oir.
odetrD.u.cercer obrerva,spftdeorb;ede Drcv&tci
lercoricinewro.ione,a con$iiuit nnr dinrr. r;n,mriti.
.fucixlcxh noiiteo.ii.loturi, noim.i r:olosimii continua
re tcoiii luiNcwton pcntu celeint nuhc scoDDriohr
tice,deorr.cgditcrntr dinic predi.tiilc$tc ij ceie1t.
rtlitivnilii sencrilc 5untlor te
'nici
in siutiilc .! .arc ivcm
dc rrtrccinnodnonnrl (Dc Aemenclln reorntuiNcw,
tonste mulrnri simpludc.a1.1'latd€cirin rco.ir lui rinrcjn,
(.i.( rcprezin.iu. mrervrnriir)
scopultltinril stiinlcic$esi ofcr.o unicirorieoicsii
dscrieineeBuluir$. Totuii,procedeulrdophr dcmiio
nttex oircnilor deitiinli $to seprxq piobleftj in doui
pilri. l'>rimpde conii nrksilecrt nespuncD'ns sdrnn
hi univcisuLn,tlnp.(Dai $imcu'ncscurl(6ul l. m do
mcftd ,lesilefizi.enespnncnmvr aiih elnroriccmomon
slkrio,.JAdouronc..,brri'!!^,6lcn.din,,oftl. :L-
I """"r,,.
u.,-;"d-"." f,,i"Fr.roi..r n pro.ufru
I dii dep;m.p.n.:. p,nrnp,ubl?mrqrl iii"le., r'e
I u(l,Grun€!niiddcm{rrz,-euJ!rc B. t irsli!;
t Dumrt^u r nd*dpd{ni.
"rrilutu,p"rn 'n '6u 'ni oricefeli' idorrtl Nuescltr..dirin rsr.,- oln
n.zcur ti putursi t h.i si s.nczroltcjrrt u. r.d.o'n
pht aibnr.r.Nunri ci scpfc d Dunic,cu aopiarpeniru
o cvolutie lone rgulrti, in coiJormnrk .u rnuinne legi.
!$c,pri.urmirc, hlcldcrcz.ilbil sip(supuncincicx(ti
niJtchgi.de gxvenszi ji $artainiftlil.
Ehbor.rcl uici rcoriica'csi dcr.nc ot unnc6ul din'
r odates.dov.dlttclome di{icili.i" l"-l *.kn, ..i d*
compundnproLlcnllnFi4i tiinvcnLinL. nu6ir'lc(.rii
pii{iJc. ri.crc dnrc ac.sc ic.riipdtirlcdcs(i. ti!rczi
cco rnuniti cirs:ilimiutide oLrerrtrln,neslijindelctcle
iltor crntniti,srureprezenrinduleprir 5implcniunnidr
nunrcrc.S-rrputcrn ic.isti rproximriicsilie completgre
tft, Daci Jiecarelucru pecrre il contineuniveNl depinde
lnmod lundamcnhldctotr.$ul uoivcNlui,sirputcrd.-
v.di ihpoJibilsiitc apropiide5aluia.onpleti prin inven
.igd$pi{ilG problemdh.k izola. Sibtuti, {q$a stc
ftriiddoirLi crclorein tc.u. nr a.o.dus sprcprogrcs
Ercnvlnl .lasn c$. iartsits.i ncwbonm i gftnrriei, R.r
ncspune.i L4i giNntrti.nxlidi.rt.douac.rpuri dcpii
dcnunxidcur sjiEurdunt $o.irt.u ii.cic dnnr. dr ri
rnumc, de mr$ liediruii fiind rltlel Dd€pardenti dexlci
tuircrcorpurilorAiadar,pe.na acrhuh orbndcso lui
ii pl.ndclor,nuxvemncvoi.dco teoie rtudurnsicon
pozitieia.eior corpuri.
r h !{ard. r fi.o,lnzif (^t /.)
12. clninneleicne, eLcdouieoriisunrin.orpltibneuncu
kalilk dc iupor aimirdou, corctc.UD dftrt eioF
rurilcdajorealcliziclidcdiziriten.etr Dii inpoitmti
r rrc$li dL4icnc .iluro un.i noi trorii cxrcs:iL nrglDbe-
,.pcinindoui teorix.Dinn.:irgrvihtiei.Nnivemindi
odcncnca roric i pom ., mri cdcsr:ib:itut un dnn lung
Nn L !r, dru
'orfcn
de,rnuk€dmrep'"p ld{1.p.
(rrc krllic i L ibJ. ti ir opir.kk u mrorre.rcnr e
o.i $ln d.! d.{!1de
'nLlte!idesprcpredi.tiilep.src
ucbui.stlc ltr.i o rcoricr snvnaliei.!rntice.
Dr.: mdcti di univ{sul m e*e arbnrr, ci . guycrn.r
'l{
lcsibinedefinite,rebuiepanah umi sic.dUnlli to
riilcpa(nle itu o teorieunilnaticompl.ri carevr descrie
kn cccxisri in univ.6. Dtrr,nr ciuhrei uneirenener korn
ud licae conpl.te trpirt un pxfidox tundrnenhl. li cilcdc
r|mrcoflle{llnftIi.enh.cru supRufui!inuiun
Lsnii'nF
'
rionrle,lb! c sr!bi^! ui , bul !um J.t.
clci si tnsi concluzildin rclr c! viJ. itu o 8J.1 dc{hcm4
orclogic!rpduprndn.i)n puretrprog'cstot mxinult
cit!..unoalidcx l.gil.r crc grvtrnerziiuniv{sul no$ru.
'l oturi, drci o tcoric unificat:i conpleti ir exi*i cu idevi
hr,.r n purexproLrLils:inedet{njne aciunile a$lcl
cil rcorn ins4i ar derernjna rczul!.tul ciuriiLor DoNre i.
vdss ajungoiih q I li dce d tieLuiteoiixsi dererni-
tu .i doi si ulscm con.luz iile .orecte din dovezneexnten-
(lN iipurexeriracrmisitnsem.oncluzii s,asncrSru
ri nutngenniciun iel d. condu,ii?
Sirgunl r:ispunrpecatuI puL.n (La$6r.rnnrtbiri sc
hMcrzi pcprin.iriul $lc(ici naL!.r1.xl LuiDrfl nr ld..r
.fld.i in oriccpoplLlic dc.rg innc.rerluto,rp.odnc
*r'cxish vrrirlii in inxrcrnlul Borti. siin dezvolhieafie.i
Iuii' ivid.Ac*tc dilerenFi.sami ci anumiiindi'izisunl
trni mplbilidecir ceiblisakrgi $ncluTii corat.d6pre
lN( diniL,rullorji si a.ione?ejn.onsccinF.vr ti mii
f robrIil.a rsefren!a]ndivizisi.riirsci ti sl sereproduci,
L r ni juMdE 1neLqrui)a, fizicic
A$izi, o.nenii de$ii'rtidcnriuunivcBulintermcniir
doui teoriipxrri clundamcntrle tsil qcn{ali r relxti
viditii ii fcsiicr cnmrici. Elcsuntd.ein iirtel.cru!. Lnn-
dioas.aleDrineiiunariti asecolululxx. l(;i qor;ri x
reh!.rid$de fo(r snd, ut, n ttu.ft; r,,{:
mk a unn. _uruidin/anJu-edr tr n!mn crsr m,1.,
panir1dihcnriLrneideun miliondeniliornc d. milioane
LJrm [ou€O.! duu;z?.iiipnn dcr( un!]uDrclrd€.jtc.
,d.: dih4- unfl un,{r.ult
"6k^rb'|.
re;. ntr pare,
omenclascrri exron dc
mici, .um rr ii o nilionnn. d. dilionime dctoL1.S. $ic insi
13. sdciinottipnl lnrdrompotum.nradcBrndinurrun
SedominrrCu(isxnnr4inr(urorcescnumimnoi
inteliBcn!iti ds.opcrircrrrn(ifi.i r.ooJe.runaqnhi pen-
m supnvietune.N! nn e*c ins. cln d.a rd f:ri ri
danerddi6! {i in prezenr:descoperinlenoa$rcr.ii;tifice
ner puer disftsc sijchi.r da.i nuyrr inranDhda. o te
orieunifiar:i conpleti lar puteasi nuii{llentse e6de
noa*rcdesupnvifrir. Toojj, deor.eceuiivcijulado-
ltrrt inb-un nod rcBDlar,nopurar r$eph e ide$nrca
noasracucrprcniti ftFonaledobindie pnn *olurie si lic
valabila9ipcn.rudeneml no{tu decihrc 4rdiei uni-
lio& odplek, irr $ricl st tu ncnrdreprcctde conchzii
Deorr..srcoriileprrpreperarele:vemdcFjunrruf-
c,ei,cpeon,l]ccprcdicii(orc.kil rorctuurj e.u c:
cap{iaitu inor*tmq diudq r@neifinaleauniveNlui
parcdiiic'l dcjusilicfi din pu.t devedcrcpBctic.(Mcri-
ri btolia mcn(i.n:nG r@menrermihFar i Dururlj
folosiresiinp.ri,r Ehti!iui5 nc6,(iiomm,;ac,
d nc aurdurI dneryixnuclcd. ii ievolurianicroclctu-
nicii.)Desopcrircauncircoii unificre onplde srr putq
i nu rdua q J n Dlusofltrru )uDdric0;r sDe.i.i;.in
re.s rpuech,r;n;n€nodiri-.",,,t, j.,iai D-
in!: d nzoriicN,l,2uc,p!ometu' JnenullunropcEpcc
ni(i o kcrturr inuee1€5!
enu inexplicabile.N*:m ddi nuL si inielesenodi;
p. .aresre brz.ra luner A*izi, renjin in continwe st
aflimdecesuntmaiciri dcund.venin.Donnecc.hn
protund.auhmjr:i(ii decunorifu constituieo fu!ffdF
sulndtipentrupcmrnhhrcrsdcaubre.IarscopuluF
hirit ste nicinai nuL, nicinai plin dc.it descri(e com-
plcti . univctsuluiin cr. rtim.
4
Universullui Newton
ldc enosrrcacru:|.deipredrrro corpurilordrc-
zadinvremsIuiG,l,lco5iNeaon Ii/inte d. .i, lumcr
ll credeapcArisrotel,.arespunerci srca .2turali aunui
.orp €sdsi seallein repaus,cotpurilenircindn s nunai
lneiNe deo fo4i sandcunimPuk Rezult.ci un.orp
e: srcnr n debuit si mdi nai rcPcdedecit lnul $or,
ldco.iecs*
"*
mr;pu-..tik. P,mint rrrdi
'rL
totelici s$tinc, deasenmcaci bne lcsileclre suiernea
!r nniveGulscpor dedlce pdn puri gindnc: veriJictea
unpl.d inclin neted.siturlir *
. corturilor greleclzind vertical,dr a$ e$enai ulor de
DiinobseRitienici nuen neccsariAsdel,nimcnip:ni la
-Galihonu$r o$cnirsi vrdi dsl int rdevir orpurile de
eldttti difernec.d cuvitczedifent. Sespunec. G.lilco
; Ii demotrrr caprrerealui Ari$ot.l en frlsi hsnndsi
ed: srdtai din tumulinclinatdin P;a. Pov€$eaeaPrct
D.u;,r1, n, i"
-n'-b
C"lil"o,h.uI.da crhqlsr: cl
; lr5r r *
'd,osoh-- -ro.
b'k ded'fenRBradIiPe
ok.;.t, drc,,-. riktLc !*
-:
mi.i l4nunorile lui
GdneoauarrBtci vn-r lieiroi ory crc$einachsinm,
indiisen dctcut.tc. De*enplu, drci lisai obili peun
Dhi e€ cob;ri catcunndru i3liccre zecefretii ,lcprF
a!8, bih vxcobonpeplanulinclitu! o o vnczi decncl
unndru pcsecundidupi o rcrndi. dcdoi ned Pc$
cundidup; dounscundc ri 4. mri dePd.. indiferenrci!
14. dcS@ csre6ila1,Dsigur.io grcutatcd.rtumLricadcx
mI rcpededc.it o paii, lir r*i nu,ntrtdatofti{aDtului
ci panase hinlil dc rczisrenlaierului Drdi vci [sx si
tud;iloui !!.purid( nu iirimp
rj d,npmcr:e,u ui i)i.um r.fidour ekuid! deDturnb
elcor.dcr lah.r om€dd,medLrd.k.)r. Luni !nde
iu rrn; rf.re
-r
i in€z.r rrtfler loDuxlor. a_aomutul
DAid R .oEr.r!!turr..p{n€nru .u rug!, b ?,le
prumbn i obj€nrr ci i trFidcv.r 3mb€teo.*. r.tu ,n
mjrdr h lu'G:Um a fo{ }o o rcdcN! ronoln
kr 5ern, rcr,,nPrl5trb
l,,op,ie),iretetuiur < r
nann on*anri aviteai. Acea*: dcmonsr, ci dedlt aal
rr unfl to4c esft nlorderuna $hin$alcr vnezci unui .om
{ nu.lorprntr$ lu n ni_ar,r,r.u- r.ftde ruii;
,nr Mr denon_.ri.a u;dr.ateo un,u+ire_re,ub
nredrcaphri.u r.etu_'! kzr.AlFn: rd( a fo;r rornu
l"ti pMr! p imr orr ir molldpl(tn tLs- npflaaDu
,.rr.udza r triN.qdr, i;1.m..ub., F. mr k;e,
,6rput:0f! rnJ LU
pn n aercnu/;! to4i !kdca; Ln.eJdr adou! n t?ge
Lorpuri: I r!dc *nrj !,t( !d!inre,iri r (tumbi {-
ah.u o ndlrct*r prononioLtr.ufo(J lDecK nf lu,
i..c (fr r cr?dubri di!; to(resk d!btr ) A.lctrratu-",c
de:sctoene1.u{it m.i nici cucit m$acoDului(.anin:
hs dc mr6ic)srhii nDrc.lA.ccqi to4:i,rcrionind
tuuplruncinse duble,vr imP'im iumitde dii sakn_
ti..j Un exemplui.milir e$coi.rit dcNbno[il Icucit no
tonl c maiputcnic,o atit na mrc 6E a.ehnq. naii11'
drr cucai matnu e mai gr.1 cu i
tii imoiimti deschi motor.
lnDlu5hn dc Lccil.,l.m6.re,.rrc dsfiu.um rca
rio.dzoFurLc!r toqe,ao": nNlonnni: srj!nriei d!
ic.i"oo p,j*. t .t,e,..r, r;,1.rnurrP.P*Lr defonr
cruvi{r A.Lnr (ori! ?tirflJ.i lierr. !orp rri6. }.!:
; iI.*D
-
o fo(, p
"po(i"-1,
c r ma- ic.,ru rorp
cu,lrc.;1rrc, foft Jm;cdou1lorPuni fidcdour o i
mriprFmnidrciunuldinrecorpuri Gizicen,.o+ur A)
! rt, b c LdL sr rqo
Dei f4r uNi@4 r dublqr,h lcls n
4l t4
',-q '&ot
15. id duLh:z: dsr Estesd luctulli caretepuicaia$epi:,
oco&eccs paateconndenun@Dnou.A. ,cituit dtnd6ni
corpui. n(& avird msa clui iiidal. Aonci. fitr& din-
r€(hdour lorpurir iinEe.orprtBd rorranihtr in
ac6r!u rorF6rrEdin.eAiiBrr lidcdourondarm.c
den fo4r iniiali. li daci,depjtd:, unutdinte coiouri rr
Ne. nasxdclaseori r4i nde, s.u dd uiut arave;tus
dcdouiorimritur€,ir.liL:trd.kei onmrifrare,rrun.i
rorFdhre cle dor mrprir tid! )aseor mri pur€.
Acunpuhr nlcLssed. cetorc.o@u,,1€radir lcl de
'ep.dc
conrormlessruvtrrtiealuiNafron un.om.{e
cinrircite dcdoui ori mi nulc van rr in iosdeo f;ft:i 1
gni.licldedou:on mr nrR. Dr, n{dA,jno.€ia
re nae dedouiorim:imre5turfet,.onromcic,& r
doualesi: luiNewroi.u ive..celeari, r€dusi1,juni
Bk. ConJdn legilorlui Nemq ek doui d&e; vor
mrPosa drlel ci rcdcrrlia vafi acee.si,indilft.t crc
teBfl srr,ftrieirlu Ntmni$punerDerusurr.e
!olPurilesedeprrrzrunulde: tut.tod, d,;ke ehdevi
rcruimid. Legsspun.or€tiagnur:I ou I I uei yc
ncin€l€sunrlar.rflrcla
ium,bre,di5hF AccaL kBcp e* (u muE or{iz,c
orbkl. Prn:irulul.Lun,Lriplic(tor.D:a ksu i6*r-
Fe,rrn rh, rdetm.tu{ra.n sretei$.cad, hri.eDcdc
ru mniner.udistrra016'rchphmretornurmJii;LF
tic, iar?lmdclef,crr di)o i;.pLrrh or. Sore,r,e:,
Mrrerd'f(6F d,nk,deileluMnoal 5i.deJetuicr-
LileotiNcnon c*ec Ai,noFlftdca,ne{vcnriune,ra.i
prder€nr:tud. repruslaturcfica,cop ara)un$mibscn
hxn. brc hoktr€,u aunuii,ipuhIrpudL,,c ron-
-,de,J!j P:mnnL6tcir ftpauj.Drrd,nteqkturNqon
rezulricl nu*i*i un$andrrdunicpmrrur91us Scpoitc
rDunel,j€l,leb n.cr tn orp A encinreprusi!:a I!orp,
t, k mss uniJormf:F deA su. (.iproc.o a r rni in
r:ur, drqorpDlAf mil(: Dc semPlu.dlr lr.emPcn
; momenrrbsfurc dc,orrft l'rmrnolui!id' nn.rrcr
I orbitrli in iurul Solrelui,atunciai pntcr anrna cr Pi
fllndl s.aJliia repaus{i ci untienk dePlsclzi sprenord
! no r.idc m,jcPcoii.!u r uenul$(
'n
rcPru5.nr
lnif, toIsedepLaicazrspresud.unou:zc.idemn?Proa
r(rve f/.eintr?nc"dimcnlc.ucolPuninmE.re.to3
lesilclui Newtonvo.rtninc v,labile Cincre drcPhte.
cmn eu AristoGl,ri cun puc!; *,bili re* llcru ?
Un te$ tr purern urtoilofll: imrsinrli vi .nsumdiio_
hislns o curiesici nu$1i dtrciacea*icule ste atezatt
podexna!n!i ftn in miicee. stu Pesoltrlt€sh, ace*
doile oz co.situind dupt Aristotel ssndftdul rePrnsu_
ui, !xi$t vreo c,lc de r afl. cum shr lucfuil. ?Dtrci da,
itlnci po{e ci AJinoel aant drephe, id prin umre hP
nrld. , regiri pePinint costituio in& adevir cevrsPecial
*,d*",4 cic.-, *ptlom.. cunirfl)li,n rr€nulin
D.rn eles ardedisurtcx.ctuin cuti?
"sudontri'
dnrFln
tRnop.r(mcund I: d inP imulc"z5i nueKnE)o!u"'
'corio;j,sru atc npeif..0uni'n(:hroritr f eoului)Ju.ird
'DinFoonq'nren,r(i.oni:!.r min[e: ncompord inro.
inriii..*g"a. pr"ep""gp..sarf:uL soLlirJnr
.ti iuo tnis demsi in cutiela dilcrnevnczcfrF dcFi
;a;! dcpildi, h trc, cin.tai ii nouizccidenilc Pcor:,
n'jnBs r conpom h lelin bfe x.6t€ si@lii Alasecotr
oor;
-n-
ri asrode*'i.
-*"natid
lcsilo.lniNcftod:
; impGibnd. $$ilit dri knul 3.uPamintulstc celorc
e fti$.i. conceptulde mifc ca
' r*. d,
'dsidinDonint
cue dimre ceidoi f dreptr_
te,Afib'cl vr Ns;n ?t{e or€ vorbrm d.Brrbad?o
dilc('a depffspe.ii': qu filozofi.r,oricae oPrublcni
impoft.nta J pcntfl +iinti ?Dc fapr,a6fn r unui s6.drd
16. absobtal repru$lui ee inplic4n protundepcntruEic4
deoaece,erk insemi ci nuputendecmim dei dout
Ncnn.nk cre/u rurlo. inmohcnrcdilsias :u pde-
rurini.€e+i poziieinsp:!u
Pcnm anereprczok fenom..ulj s; pre$runcn d. j^n
rRn.onaa bateo m'nscdepinB-ponsi; sB, inrs, sr
lelcrminsrr!alo!$s.rnnrnnehillo.l, nkmtedeo
reundi.Penmre6d Dsor nr rk DoztrrrD.iho nu
0n e pozidae|. d.: dor *n".
";-*;,,i,I "F-lr d zero.?mh.in$,.rc rcJ:in,hd Mutu,c;k
douiimp:cori ro6eai v€J. m nFions scooJucrin
poz,rriscpadkprnr odNmF d€c r€ prru; dcmd,
deor€cerrenul:pnun a.e*rdnDnF pclineinre cele
dourrideri,lemiigii.DuprNc!bn, mbn obscnatorju
ror drcptulsi f co.sidcrein.epaus,s elincir elc doli
pii€nsunrlnmodcs:l:..ephbile.spre,lcosbi'ed..€.c
dcl Arnbrel,(u fl n, vrernobsenrort o!'f,r porbr
evenincntelorri disr.nF dinre rc$e vor ! difcriteD;-
ttu.cledoups.orn€,unaan*,nr€n,€rhr ;nqi5ine
ti nunetn. nniunfe d€mo'nepmrrurDrcfcnu;dm
irc obseftadiin daunrceleil,l&.
N€qrona foq fof. n!larrde,banF une,pozr! a6-
soluRsursp: uluiabsoluqa:umtur,€cln;icdeo
receee in dezrcordcuideeaIuideDuftnezeu.b5ol6 Dc
ftpLNNon rrehzr : nlepk inflrncnlruiuslrquab
rolul chr d:.: (,ulb dinhiik sre tlr to(.nd:i;rkr
denui gindnori,cln.i dnosmtr'indepisoputBske-
hy, unlilozol carecrcdelcn!o*e corDuil; dabi.le. Dr
cun iipr ulr I npllsunrdor nir; itua. ANn.i;;nd
|nmosdldrJohtrondrnrdsprcder u Bftketey,ctrni
C*| ,,o Espinssdel l" i r da!cupiciorulinr h pietioir.
r lpiod.cl$rurchutd.limsBoiv€tt{rz{o,ntjnnr
h i dedKnillilirr lofinjonLrToqr4+],r(orutorEulul
di(lilnr n rinfrji.nAtrz!.LN / I
SiArnroreln Neqton(rcdcruin I mpul:bsolutli.re
d6i, r:.*""t, dc r mpdinrc dou:.nenm€nRPon€fr
mlent Ini problcmes d.!e{ nmp I n rrehtr orrone
l-rmri cu.ond,nr s:.lnoun: deuncea bun sp'ede_
okbne de,D!!ul ib$lu', !'ipulrbsoLur c$c in {ord tu
laih lu, N;;on co nr m;hi ornri i cotri&m dc
b;n simt si onvsd lnmrile *del Dxr, in secolulx)q fi-
,icimii r; iniehs ci tiebuies. ii mdince ideih d6pie rinP
!soriu.Duo;.unvom !edujo rudd'ops I- inrenr
fular urp d,,"*d",r d...-,q laf.ld d nrn(rdiiire
17. l)
!uncrder are minse.dcprg-p6oslov€acm*: d€pind
plersep:rurde,prtiur ni."n'lcp.nddt dee. Chci,rs-
teischimbiridcpcrrpdriq I fo$o nouicon.ept'.privind
propnet e ru|)u. rorE:csk
riflF nosh, .Itrr,dqL nodutulenoakc ,Drmr-de
bun-sio!sunrsuficienecand.vende-rfr€ cuco;ud cud
a.fi n&lo s plmdh ce scni{ci ielniv tuc;, elede-
vn.ompk inopermte!€umlu!rurilecre r depL*ri
5
Relativitatea
!.edrl ci lmim * deplarroi o o vi@zifinni rLrfor
m;, . fo* ddcope;in 1676dcdtunomul dm€ ole
isbsRodd, D{i oh6em{isdliiiluiJupid, velj '
decldd timpinhp, eidsprdin (:rpxl
"izur.dcol
FEe insprkFun{eiplreR. A@6tccclpserlelunjlor
iIuD,d d Eebue r irodu(r L inteR'l€resolaGdr
;oi, aob'*'iti (ltptrh *.nu &sP.(n€derer
lceFle.AeeleF! eu ftrnu odeet€ltn peorbiab lor?
. sisnini o .lti .xplic.lie Dri llnin. s{ dePldad
i;a inini4 :sm' ;', rici pcrn:nL m r€da €lipr_
. intn.L renlate.se! in relai nomentin cees_au
bdB €Le,e tidrrul uul eN 6ni Deome. in @t d,
'iru
r urvsr in*rHcu oJedi:hnlr tto:ornu F&
i'$6 d&r luotrq!r aDrooi51u! rdepmdeti nt
t.a,-!,-Ji.'r.r t,-i. * a.plx*i (rNitai fi
rt. D;i ete aa, dnci noi
'om
vederfiecde cclips,h
E tinp dupi c. ee.$. s i ?rod!s, Intizierer dcPinde
"iE
iinii: : lunuii r; dedtrEnEdeli lupns l, r&
l!r. Dra lupncrnufrr modifi.:ds nlrprr l,?._
lnt.{un- inltr{e rf' nMi, peotrufic'ieeciiPli
.rJup'Frraprop* urtorj main;l,d.r"-"nt ln.a€$
a "iennnul'dela
fie.r. eclips!u((6iv::re o drm"
din cein .. maimici dcprds, ddel incai cl aiunse
i. a in c mn de'RmetuFde.rul Ln
'reJupns,i
fi
tfus h o dDH{,.onnmte D'n moti". rkm:ft@rre,
tuncrdnd Jupn* r hdePMerz:dcP.ninr. vedm a lip
18. *le tot niri,?lu cn.luldt ifucitx,( nu Jcnnlzci. at
oL,Jovnii e.lits.ld dr?ioJ.dc!irc?i lLn,iii, iir..esu nc
f.flnrc s o m:isuri,n.Ali i ILp'..cdit R.uur tt i ot,
sd1.tr!ic!L,frr.unnildNr.slrliliilLiiJLpir.i lpi,sxu,ni
dcv'em.uurj tind |iimintul * rl)'.ft) ne.rL tuilL
f(cr ! fln tirTiui ..i .in(l limiftnL r dcDijri !irfo-
l.sn rdri dif(.nt: pcntiuicil.uli,nezi iur,.ii l)r.
'ni$mrxlLc
silepriviftl v illil! , dntmt.i d. h Pnninr
h lutner nu emuIoi{( fr.$., i*f.l .i vror i .bli,,uti
DrnN rir.7r !uni,rii idtdc l{C oaodciiih pcr.fndii,
iilidcul.r'crDrodflni de136ocoJ. lnilep. klunni atr
b c r.c*ca, htLul.i R.anerI dcmon{ratt.i lLfl m sl
I upilr!u, tuzrii'f lr npl!rrctrtr-i-rmr-o' r
. nc(c!tor rr' rrPtuL r! ! r I I
zr.e rri iniiiL! .r Neuton s:iprLL. I t+i"df1r ltn|?"ntka.
O reonetrdc.vti i p,orlgtiL lulDnrinu i iPiruLrini
n, rnul lS65.cn lti.Lrtrulbitlnic liftA cl.rkNtdw.l
i rcutnrt ufinceteoiilepqlit cft tusN,i folor pi .i
ituncL.r s:iJesoiolo,fG eledn.niiiisirl. n)sidno
lui.DeJielenrnnr.x !i mrxne nn,liu lod fornt.din
Anrichnrte,$i in s..olul J XVIII ki chimiiul hnrnir
Iknry civc.rlnl, iiirLcitrnnlir.r.ez CbtLcsALgu$i,rtl!
c"ul,'nl:u *nrilit lesile(.Lihtivt.xrt !uvc$.i7i lL,
!.bclcrri.€ dintredo; !!rpu,iNir(tc. i)upi!ndr dc
cenii,l. in.epuol r.olulLi il xlx lq. tiil lizLcirr N
$ilihhgi dorg.pcnh r.4.lc nisndi.e.lhiLdl i dr
DroNtrrtmrLd,xtidfuptuL.i ].eie lo!! dtctuiresi mig_
idiccrtr iFi dini nerqn dn.did;r'eptrrilf lt,!i lic!.!t
sr.ini.lectiri:icurnl eL.tiir q,tfi?i i lJrtiul ditrrLr
!dcii,np.lrt exd.itiio io(iaul)'rttru,!r$.rnrl!'rL.u
'utilornr.5r
rni n, rrlspit u. Eli d.5.!P9n r:it.rtel.
clccrilc ti i,nLc n,rgndi( n,1, sus6luk d. fn s;(ur
0i'np!mdr'r.led nd$tiimgndirD L.!nnrLLtr!fr;
rcinseFrxLriLcic ireleirsitor1 t | , nDdrni.lNi to(i }0 h
ddromendi.i.nr.nu,Ll'.on6rinc..nnpd.ri.drg
EcurtnLclLLillhrvc!l p..Tir.iNenuf no p.,'r,lr'ttiilo
cimpLLrlcdrod!9drt1. remnrii
n.ledepen,phl4r LnDih. rtrr.l 6l L!r.rl htrte
7i, (Li J6.oFdr.ii ri &ln.nL!.r ritezl lum;lil
A$izi nim .i n.(lcl( ll l rrNll. inrD.i.inl tu . lLinq;nc
lv,r i! ,r!iJ.roN fr
qrr lniJ! i!i rdr(iry.
19. Lui3jmh dehdi n @.i ud! ce dnn4: dirh doli qs€ eu di
d€und)dp;tuA Lnrepnruz(, t, optzeodemitionimde
.€nr nem,,unt rinbileGhiuluixmrn calumin,.(o dd:
6eoaccnumdc(aki ri, r ungins deundrsE
dEtrF'rLnrEdoul(re$eorivt ruccsiv€.)Uodeh(ulun-
ginid. mdl mri m o d(ai(deileluhrn ;LLitenmrflj
noscuiesiin sub numel€delunini llhviotd:, rue X 5i
nz sn., Undclc c! lunsimeadeundi mai mc sunr;-
mreundemdiordeunm€n,$u rur mrrc),mnrounde(in
ururunu'.srimerru),qu mdi:dei'Jft.o,ie (@i m,c.de
t
rI re@ nix Dm dint nncentine@,dardai nire de_
t.cerdinsoc.ml vizibi)
Torb lxiMawcll ,mpli.rdeplsr€aund.lorndiosru
hinoac o o xnniti viEzt fiii Ace$frpt emdilicil de
ncilid d teorn bi Newton,pot.ivi! ctcir nuexid un
ndrd rbsob!.1 q,nsdui, dcoarse,drci un $del de
mddd .u exis4 tu;od. exi!ft !n rcBens uni*s'l Pri_
d vnezaurui corp. lenm
'
inlelesede 6, imrsinali v:
i julind pingponsin ftn D:a lovidminsercne
omodvrknului (uovn€zrPeo
inqiirucjo v tz: rbsolutl S. po,k sPunc
'respLe
rcerir
i4e d rre on..
'i@a
depinz;nddesistmur,l. rek'in
n_m*.-o.*..- Duprteoir luiNMon. rc-
ilu(ru5cintinpu!l pcnn luminiAt:dr. c rdnjriole
; flDrol cr in t;!i ili MwelL rndel. delnnini s de
lse;i cuo .Nmiti iezi dc,crminft ?
Penb aconcilireorialu MNell c! lesilehi Ncwtoa
{i6.gind ci d eE*ao s$stuli Noiri eB 6c t IrPE
mdp;E br,
'hE
invidul,p,tiului"8ol"
Ide€rearulu
cdoosumidrF!enplu!Pmn onm de)tulq
k eimFru(A,aF.Lm undeledcPe:Pid n4oE derPl. rmFru(ai aF LLm undek ocPe:P: ru ncYUKor rPA
und€ie snoQu n* orc de rr, undele dc cnergie elc.@
n6ai.i r rea nevoicdeu munlt mediuid .ttc si se
r;;a€. in {esti pmpstivi. udele debnini $ prcPagi
idi d;, .r, felo- ;d,lc $""*
"eprcp,Bi
p,ins. ir
-s
Ba" lorj4r.um r lo{ a ddue
;buC ;'nl ffi.
"i
n"
-isund
ftF dead DifsiF ob
rsirb; { vedo luninavcnindspred d vit€z dilditc, dr
rnol bminn funrdeetcrr ridanc rixt
20. A.etti ideeputer6 v{iligra. rnchipuiti-ri lumin,cmis,
dco anurni su.a. Conlorn teorieiderului,luni.r s pro
prsi prineEr.u viftzxlunrinii.Drd vi!e!i depl$apri.
etercik $6i, ynez cuclre vi ipropirli dclumini vaii
sumrdinricvnczrlunrnriii. dcr ii vitczrcu.re v! depldad
pi! der Lnmin sevr rprcpir mri fepedcdccir dd, de
cxcnplu,rlisxpc locs1uv-4ideplr! in rlti,lircc{i.,Dar,
ob,lnib,i sN esJ E {i r
lcnrtu ci vitezxluninii est rtit dc ntre nr compritie.u
vitezxocrenepuem dePlasrcir!JusrdelD'ini rccs_
d diferenridevit.zicri loine diJi.ildenisurat.
in 1332 Albeft Michelson(cre, dd .arziu,r devennpi
mul odcm liuRt alPiefrillui Nobel penm {irct $ ld
wrdMonc) au!lc.rurunsp? imentlorre d'itr,]i p'c.G
b5.on: Cr.d€ lilnD Apli.aF(:om,Unnosnncr ca!
Vr'stcrnRerFe) din Clevelmd.ri ru inPlls !i, dlt liind
c! ?inantul orbneDi i. iunl sorehi d o vnezi dergoaPe
dolizecidenilc pes.cundi,insusilaboratorullor rcbuie
si seni*. cu o vnczi dstul den*c Frin etei Desisnr ci
nineni nu t ain cedirqie *! catdereped. sepntca m
c1ctcrul lili deSoare,$u dri etenl s miri i. Yreunlcl.
Dx. reoctindun experincntla dilcrn. momcrtede iru
lui, cin:l ?imintul sca{li jn dif.rnc pozn de'a lungul or
birei$le, ci puLc.uspcn si puni in cedenli ee* trctor
neunos.ut.AstlclMichelsonsiModey push pun*!n
dpcrnncnr pentro r.ofrplii vitezr luminii niis!r..1 pcdi
Ec{ir nilcirii rimintului prin ddr (.and D. miscim citre
3us. d. lumin:i)cuvitozaluninii in:isuEti laun unshi drcPt
{4i demsli dneF Gind nunedeplsio cii( susi) sPre
drer lor surpriz:i cci doi ausisit ci virezr duPi celedoui
1; 1ss7ri 1eo5
"
; nrepii.s ,nximuhcnrccrcidde
. sl" eorir denlui Cla n.lnotrLili dinte elea aPa4i
nurfizicimului Hcndrik Lorntz, .are x inc(.l! si cxplice
ErulEru dp(rcjrolu, M.hcl5df Morlq.u,porul p"
tzo.on(rdre .urpurrorl n.entu. .(*ur LorD ocpI
lxiealorprinaci Dar,ink-oliidoNilucnrednr 1905,un
funcliondpini itunci neun.scut rl Bnonhi Eheian d.
Brtvde.Albcn tin{cin, r xritit ci ideetacrulli cn con
pletinu.ili denrddccsc abtudoil notiuneidetinp 3b
solur(sivom vcdcainodi'i dc ce).Citcll siptimini mt
ridi un mh.odici:n Jrincezdefrunt.,Henriloincrri,
ahcurol.ir rtiesimil{i.DdlistrnHtelelL,iEinncindiu
21. mt rpropiaredenzic.d?crt.ec rh lu Po,ncr€,.m pn
!e: probr(ma(afiindpurn,krur c, tiru r:&cpEt ni.
odaii inftrprc@cadrtaderiNrcin teonei.
?oNlabl ftndm.nr.l alkoneirl:tividd aluiti.sci.,
4r.um r lotrnuniEr.ea!, Jtrnr (i l.!,rle,uF, rc6ue
si fi.aeldrjpmm ror,obeenrbn'crc;cmi!c;ljbei,,n
difsenrd.viczrlor.hpol cn lahbil'D€nrrulclibnn
rrii rreru,N€@n,dara.umE,n5icd;;indo d;r 1{i;L
incatsi i.chdi tsir lui Mdvell. Cn ,ft. cuvinE,inhdt
rcna luir,tlwell rfim s !fta lumniiar.oElnncdatr
bi obicdaronirt,tiin mn(nerrtbu'errnr.acice^i
vilo4 indirss! daai$ ni;ci iEpe su diNpE su6a.;-
eh, Ace$i ide sinpli aplici - f:Ji lol6iEr eterulDisau
i oricini altin@n prefermi dcreferi4: - scmtndda
vi&z.j hdinn din ccurdilelui M.sell, dr ee siafte.on
secinFr.n&abne sidescoriconfrintuinye
Desenplu, csinF e bti ob$natorn si obinn &ccasi
viloie Dend vika lumin Ln? oblsr si nc
'e;rrm
idi!
hdsp,;!mp.lnrhjpui-vid,nno;r.""td.et,,md,*.
An vizur in Capnolul4 ci. deripsora din tm c@ Io
w:k psiodnmi4sdeping pon8d. sGinrospoatespu-
m.J mryo pnurBcundrumd€nmaicaiq cnmed,
onar J rripeperonr p€repmingsc, p:(ur8and.ir-
c parruzecidemcri In modsemb:br,Jacob5cdaodl
dintoeda!apnndeo lahpt desem.aliz@,ccidoi obs&
ton nu,rpurcl punederord d p,ivneh drumutor-
.u5d.luminr oeorft i(zaskspJiul LmprrlirLr;p,
d&; obs.dnonLnuscin(eks.upnyireTidisDnFoarcuur
delunina sinsurumodalihrecre,s ( punrd€;.od ru
pnviftL vi@alumjniie{c(a5inuf inreleae.nniauDrr
nmpului.;r lum,n.(ihbrtrre. C" alE.,"
";,
k"",; i-
dviridi neceresi punenqrtt ideiidetimD.b$lut Iln loo!
.6hia, fiearc oleonoi rebuie sraid prcp;a e nisu
--- n .:r.* ,;--r i ,*it^. (u
").
qg4.+1
Atuici dod 9uftn d spiill !. trci Jift
BinbnP!{u[oP4udl
vit'! $4id .inp a p.- ,lim$iuni.
rtrtidoului, i,iom skcL'nrcsishtde un.ed Putrr'u
sinc;c;u"k'denh.e, pumc d. obrditori dircrinnure
buic si fie sin(one
N u dlc nflor e se nFolud in relnnit,h norunode
d€( deoi('e.
"q
cumr rruDterpermen'ullui i'richck"n
!iMorlq. dcru nupor(l'ddecht lnloollui kon:nc
22. obliB,5: nc chjmbrmIundrne atjde,c dcaDre5DdLusi
dmp T'ebuieneepo'i c, tinput nu.rc o;pts seprr
desprlu r ndependenfrr!:dca.sb, ci are.ombimt.u
cl,Jom;nd dprtun, unobr{r nunn sDn ut !nD. Acc(i
tu $ni id€iu$r d! p.cepu Chnr s ; ,omu;6Er hzi,
'tuor ru reburs: rlacrriL,hi Denrrura retrtrnr:ki
sr;cufrveurtrftpb .A(ceprmrii6Fun.logiuds
m:g,n:{'o rurrriftD.rr€ r con.epuro ri inrcderii$te
in logis_propnepecrc, dus{ p-t h"t-d...*-
"(eiInpond: rcn. u.rorc udrk cjk ff @nduf:u ete
Iapolanoipuhn s datriempondr urr pun(in rpa
koo.donft.in.de€x
perjcn/coddim, Deexemplu.pmemafirru.i ui pumr
dfu{ ,ndpft ( rlr: b $pk meri deh Dsac h kerDm
de,lrpcr*i lr c n(ime;' dcpodo.9;DuknhdnaDo-
zit r unulph.r p,Dr o mu;,: Irtitod,;€e lonliojii.
sio : numib rhrudinc d.jupm tu!dului mrn. su;Fn I
benn fol", m ono( re, co;nionak,de, lleaudoio &
lidibklimiHr N-r n pi:cti. n,ndnim pozirirruruin
Ermenidemile r nonlsu L suddc L nic,:dnlvc"-,.
dcpcior( desupmtu(tuluim'r in (tx,nb. o omndr
in rerhcniidnDnlei5Jet:{: deso,rc,f:(r dep;ut db,
klorplMfla( tidernshiu d'nre, drc un;kruna,u
s.wler litu:laR uo€qcSoarcho o naxlna(m rn
?roxima Cmburi. Nici ace$ccoordonrc nu .e vor fi dc
prcr mrc rotusp€nmad$cri€ pozidrso/(tuj,n qabn
ndsri 5a!pozt; sitNe ,GereinBruputto.J deanun.
rn rcrbDr€.pukmdsrnc inr€gll unjetuinr,mcru uno.
In lie(rrcp€ucpuen iotosiunser
dr€nrd( h oo.d.nrEpm@: indidpoiti: unu,puncr.
Lnspi(ultimp n.ebti BJil,l'ftirc evenrnrnr Jd?
oncesep*rece ink un rnuDn bc din se.riu siinr un mu-
nnmomen'deu,np pore h ndcapfldrabr nunqe.
vu coodonra Din nou,ncsce, .oo.J.-;io. sh
-trrui: pulem tolosi oricre coodonre sp.ri,le binc defini-
r. sioria oisuri 2timpllui, Dr, in rcltivibte, nuersti
';
dirrin.,r",",1,.h c"..d.*( . dcsPrFu /itinp.es! t
18(un nu€{isd
'rco
.lifftnF rcj, inre oncie doui
'r
n
trccmrdonrce5p, le AmPurer:leBcunnourfr d..o_
ordonnch crq d. cYcmPlu,Primrcoordonrd,PrqrLlsj
Iicoconbina{i.r pnnei ri I ccleid+i douxcoordotutcspx-
i.le dinve.hirl sism. Afel, in locde
'
mi:un Pozi,iaurui
;nct dcDePt6a.r in hilc nordfrri deliccrdillv i mile
Ltbnd; Prodilv, tmm folGimihnord{{ i:cd! Pic_
edi ;n nxleoordv;, der.ud ] in nod in:loB,:m
DUkrf;loii o nou coddomREmporrll.re d fic!(hiul
ijnp (in(.undel,plusd nrnF I'n sc.undFluminrlnord
O alti c;nsecin66ineflnoscuii areoneirchrivi.idi e$c
schiv,lenFnasei!i cnergiei,rmnd in celcbrrfomuli r
lu ELn,En r = uC(und€E6tc €ners,4z etrcnrr'
'r.
vit@lunnnnl.GmennfoLoa(ds.oriM{.lomuD p€n'
h aolculacitr enc,Fe5 r proJuccdtrcrunrnsmenlde
hr erhcuivmrin,idnrn dsuomranekrpun (D:
rci,n rrFu u o !(pa lumitu$lf unrumir T'c
reaul-
hdl6re 5ielrurc- mri mrane'.onled'e i en*g(
'i
hombrcR adrn, t1jdhim r fon ma mis de.j( onie' )
Drlo.muh nemr sluncticdrrenergiaunu orP Gta,
.M.iiMalu'.€tk icr,em{e5t r€AHlrs D:cc_
Iecia s.u 12modific.rca ynezeisale
O fomi deencrsiestc cnersir dcmirc.rc, Nnni .ne
sie cinetict EHd 4a cuq pcnm a Punein n"cne nrl'
nadumna!u6r,, s .oNm: cnergLcc.'nami eneB'e
Enh : ( nre vrczr onorul .orp Eiergitr.inei.i J unur
ioF in ms.rrc$tc
'd€ntj.
eBrL.u encrsi:Pcoi€ rrebu'.
s o;elfuni tmh &l fae si s nirE. Prin urbarc' a cii
un(orpgGami ftpcdc,d niL P6edr d iulbcn(r
Bi(.insica. Dr.in conform'bFo cth !r€nu cnsSr.rn
23. : m6c enersninfric aerre mN @rpLnui,rddcj. pe
nturi cecorpul sem;fr, tot m:l repcdc,sre ror tu scu
st r seniredci in conti.lre ft'1
A6 efet $@d :de5rar iemifrorjr numi peh oF
pun cre s. ,rcptasazncu viftze rprorire de viroa iuni-
nn.De exmplu, Il lo procenredin ;e; lumini', nB. unui
corp c$ cu Nmri q5 pqcne mi re decir mae nor-
nali, in rinp cc, h 90 b tuti din vit.za lnninii, nsa cor
pdui ,6petiv 6te nri nul dsir dublnlndci 3ilemmj.
?e ntuu.i ceud erp selpropie deyirezaluninn, nda lui
m$e ii mri aptde, sdel ci !.n@ a i mirj yi@zain con-
Iti maic. Co.forb te
orni rclitiln, i un .orp nu po € r ns;ni.od:u vraj
rulim'.d@!esddmsr tuirr dcvcniinnnd ir. drb
nb e.h valsF'drrcmrr !i€ncrsier h ndokde;cns
g. nr,totipenn r riungeri.; A(ab sre,i mobn potu
careone @rpnon.r c*e rcnniu dcftlatiihte 3i senis
t mercub vnse Dai hici dcca!vitar luninn. NumJ {-
ni.a 3au:lte ud€ cr nu po$di esa inriro.ci je por
Tanl luiEfqeindro tq05e numD reomrqratuia
reLlivnrF. Molirul €ne.a dq er: c^plj.r tu mne $..
les.a ! ikz/ luminjis,c res' xnn o]i ob(nrorii rl
hnd r (csrnrinp: )tltrr cini 6DUile$deDLeulcu
vitezcapropi.rcdevnsr hninn, e.asein ds,iord c! E,
onanMoriana a grlvna[iei.Tmillui NewronsDnneci
in oncemomsr.qo.puile5untaE*.
""'t
ci,-.j.latt *
olod(re dcpindedednontadDrc coDund,ndonm.
bl rcsp-tif. Aca@ insami ci dti ali nub unuldin
te corpun,tor1. exercibli aslp.a celuiblt 9r schinbr
6unkno. DacidcsemplujSorlck&dtrDrobtuscrc
onaltriMr wellne,pune.r rnmru
",
,i a-.". i"
-tun€;cdccridupr;c: oprdinuk (deoje.errn nnDi
ftL,ui?luminiidrlaSome srne.unar)dx. .o.Jorn;
vihdernqunse, rhantut r ii;h ;T!d, sisimb,;I
rir Soaclui$!r $ipa dinorbid. Efetul gBvn.ioml trldis_
pr r,e,sorelu njunsc o o 'ncz:
innniii.nu(u vir.a
Iudinns un nf€nom&eteLraF cumterekori: r.
stiBi : relalivnrrn,ldre l9ossi1914,Ein$cinr liflt un
nMrde renutivenmut r p.nm: sAio Eonea8ii'i
E ci6rc$ n. inrord.u relarj'ibroresr;cr.ln @cdin
ul@ in lql5,el, propu!o rrciie(Lin n,i rcvoluionrr,
per*c sor o numintcon:gtnerJrr reLdnrrii'
* cel. douitsrii cin*!i!noe ausid.
t od Elt:rsi i cidlnaa g€Grni.Afts. doumirivor n lo
brn. ulm:ndu I pcinoi (N. | )
24. 6
Spagiulcurb
Teorir scncnli r relaiiviti(ii I lui Eituiein seLr.azi pe
id.eai*oludomri ci grwih{ia nu Bic o 1o4i q oride:lb.
ci o consdnF afaFului .:i sp.liul tinp nu 6e pt!t, aracun
a prerupunc,pjnr:run.i. h r€lni6re eenemla,Dr
{jul-dmpc (,urbat,sL
"nrimbn
d" ,li.-],"([ .xei ri
meryciprtkmrolo Nu fo(:nunsBnviblicobligrrcr
purileie miscipeorbia .urbedeoaHc cl. umqza in spatixl
curb ce n.i lpropiati rmien.ric l4i d. li"i, drcrptt p*
.Lf n!mlrarcdezi.:.Din puod dcwd€rrchnn, o e;dc
zi.r Gred€rinrr,r fxnd;tnr s*.1-, .. ,*itung
plr.us
'nrc
dou pnncc v!c'ne.
llmLi dinBevmer'ierePlezdrrunurmplud€sprl,ubrdj
meni.n,l phcij.res.odezilelesunr liru drsrc SuonJ,
F Piminnnui e$eunspariubidi'rcnsio.alcurb. o !€oaezici
pe &mint e*€ numn; cercfrare. Icurorul. de o-ild;"sie
un erc mE. 10! c,"r mre se oric. d! c{c de;e etobal
cirui cen@ coincidecn ccnoul limintului. (Te;cnut de
,cerc mire" prcvine dc li faptul ci ecs@cercun sunt ale
mi mr;Pl.tu!lf prct d6m: p.unBtob)D.nyu g{dc
zL *k ce. mr (uiiirtr tn'rcdouJrrcpoturi, r.ertu
crc rutu!eorc niiErorulo t: inJi.: pilotulu'e.nn:
zLun dc alunal €.De (enolu rft Du;,1,u.1,t; L,N*
Yo,k L Mrdr d,um:nnd ci.d"pa d ,*,
-"" -',
pt
cursind 3 /ozmiledc x lunsll lrtitudinn conun. D{ dkri
rjunsc r.olo dup. nunai 3 605
'rilc,
dti zbunn de a lun
gulunuicrcrue ruj dri(rrcnord en.+oiotindoeP
u' cnft e{, dupro, €.ru e
'u.l.6r
rfragin€160r doui
E iecorii peo h.d in caa $prxi:!x slobuluir loi disbr
sio ti Gph;Ii} sE tnFlitoare.Atunci cind !i deph
Drrrq .& rs' ruRin r clor
Dirhar .o mii $nr diqe dou:purc. dcpe
tllunli(rcoaqhi(b;!q.!, Jerop'i1(i
25. eri-.drcp1,.3rr.6Lnuq dep${, rcJrtrsredrep(.ctpu
I nD sensurcdu,
'n!
drcptprcuisj re (k peoJezo
L, reh,,nJkix€n€flr,corpunle dlp s-- smind
ro,dcaunrC.oden.ed'nspar,ulrimpord;d,m.tuioml in
rbroF mm ici,gcod.zi!clcdn sprbu rnplrLlrdimen.
sionrl..(spun!lliniilord,.prcd,n(pariuniLlimen-'.n:l
In p.c?cnh mrftlel, sp:t ul r mp.qd'id,men'ona sc
distoriona!ddcrminindcurbre;eaicctoriilor.orpurilor
din soarilltridinensional,in modulin careice$caerin d_
olici: dcv€cherreorier gnvita(ieir lui Newtoncr riind
;Iectul ataclieisrvnrlionalc. E$cc, !i cind aiobscflaun
don zblrind dctrsupnunuisoidcluios.Aercnava3cloa
ie niscain ljnic drerDtiin lti(iul ddnncnsionrl.dfuinli
ssti;adc aftird;msiuie iniltioo-E,reddcsopsi
ci umbn aeronavcirc unprcus cuibp. soluldclurorbi
dinensional.Sa!imasid2ti-viunvehiculcosmiccre zboa
raii btrdrspapm rpa'uutuindditurpst rolulNord
Procr,fr r;ieato": pe-up,,frF bidLmcninnJrr Pi'
nintuluisirctivederct.cca$iu
sindo lini. delonsnudincFdtc cnislerrnordici Deri
Lnomc.ulst
-"i
s... dt (prezenrat,b*r sorelui
clrbeazr spatiDhinp r$Icl ca,desilinrantul lrfrozi o
ftiectori.;e.dlinie i; sDalul nmt cvrdridinensioftl, in
sp{iuldidin.nslo.J elrtapitccanilcindu{e.le tlun
- Dsi dedusein nod ditern,orbnebplanetelorPrczisede
reoi,rsenuli a. :riv d sunrrDr"roecYrtr€leai(!
orbift[ p'czisc.leEonan."onir;:ai6' rupe co m,i
n.re difcren(isecon$.ti in uzul orbiteibi Mc(nr, cre,
6indol ebci mri aproDitddcsoxt, resihE.elemi pu-
td iinuenF snvit4;iale, lvando oditi eliptictds_
tul d. du.srti. ReltivihFa Scnenliprezicect $r mrrex
eliDs.iEebuicsi serotea$i in rapoftcusoarele.u c(a un
cr;d Iazec.nii derni. Ori.it er( cl deDic, aca$chct r
Ici obsnd avczicronolul I )cumultimintc dc1915li r
Io* folo'r.r ur
"
d,ni,cpnmrlc
Einn.ininri d rurm:,.uiiu'"tul.di Llui,rulonmr
6unrepint sidditrtiilemi mnir. orbitelo.altorpl.neie
d. h p;znc;ih luiNtron, Fzultt!.le linrdinx.ordcuprc
didiile rel.ti"nidi qenerh.
irde d. lumii; trcbuiesi uncze pmuNri seodc,i
(cinsp4iuidp D,nnou.hpt!1.:Prulsrecurb.;
n! rPr€ .: !foprSrndu{.rnnnLc
d{apri inspatiu,inncaq colrlom rclalividii screrab.an
27. pu,a(le emrimphs: kci.i peunB:9oareu rrdcvia
r: .u unmicdnshj,hcsd o, p.nru unob,€nrrordeDc
I] nr.-ou$i rpd iirr{po.re5.h'm6ad. Ossir,
dJd ruturde lr ft::r.e.e6rrinoul DelinsrSo:a D,,i
nu)h pu.eJ,r,dni tumnJr r.{ d;i; eu jnr,kru: i
to$ m rdaira! r.olo ude o vedem.D!. dnorni laDtulnl
cnPintnhl orbn azi i. jurul s.arebi, di{dne $elc; vid
kcdnd in spareleSoartluiii, caatde,tunina lor edevif:.
Elci'i $hinbi aFd,r po*; rehiivi frts de:tc $elc.
Innod nor6al,?ce$eJe!enefordedilicilde.LseF
vd, deoai(cluncr Soaeluifzc.imposibildcvizu*ft-
ee crc rlrpe.errporpcdeSorrc.Totuti,esr utru
drvin€pnsibilintinpulmd dipled€sor!,c.indLunrbto
.huz; lunin,sobft PEdic lu'I'n(.inpriunddeierel
lumiturr aputurfLsfie$ imedirrnrcD,dnsuarri
mrluiRizboiMondial.Abi. in 1919o dp€diriebntmicn
obserind o eclipsidepeco:*a Africii d;vEr, a.dtn di
luni& cs@.u adwinr ddini d€Sore *&t 6r on Dezi
$s.eoria. A.csri conJirn@r uneirdij etrmaned; ctue
orcni derni4: bdtani.i r fo$ salubti ; unm.€ ri de
reconcnieicinre dounliri cm sernderr in r;zboi. rronii
Iacetui crdariturea uLeriori r iobF,Iiitor turEin iin
pul e6Ei dpedii si d*e ci trorilc mu h lel demdi e
etectulpccdreddononii voiausai ni5ofo, M:surlto:re:
iuscseunpur norocsruuncz in .are cunoscendrzulfu-
iul, x$ronodn ru dorirnut sil oblin. iftanpla( deloc
ierihdin.omunnrM{:.Dsicru Lurlln: rosqim!,con
nrmr:prtcisdeunihrrdenLcrvarl uh or€.
o Jd pilidc Jrehurcp ererile 6a inGjnirq soec
riirifrpulu l;ngrun.o.p ms,, ume*e pJmi.tuLF;-
neinainlc|$ peniruprinr orli rcst lu.ru in I9oz cucinci
aniinainredex i daream ci gftliulii xltereazidedeme
neJlorhiiparuluitiuoprmli'uinrrd! i-s dsr;rrik-
ur:. El! dedur.ea €fe.rfolosrdpr nc,oiule.hrJe.!c,.
fo'mur rcrd. d. pnn.p,uc/r. r i,.*i'i*t,rt"it*", s.
neftli acelqirolpcc.rc l , juc,t po$ulxtultundrnrentalin
vi rernnnscacum.aposllitul fuodamcnGlalrcl'ri
virr(ii rcstrtnscJirmi .i l+ile riinei ftblie si lic .cclcqi
penrroo( obsenroni af4i
'n
frilctc rc.rilnicii dnifoF
mr.indlferenrdevneae ciR eisrdephe:zjInliniim:;,
prieipid echivalenFi*rinde bie aicneah oldcflatorii
we nus. nisci libtr, cisubinnuenFunuicanpgftvi&tio
n.l.I.e ofonnuLrenaiiguro aapincipiului,.risdci
bl speck rcLnice,cun ar n hptul d. in .uul i. carc
cinpul gnvnrlioml nu r fi lniford. principiulv. t.bui
.plid spr r inr-o sie depo(iuni mni,pa4d spraps.
,.fmd(opun,cfo{
re, puien formuh pnncipiulin nodll um'tor: in rcgruni
suncientdenici rlespatiuhi4tc inposibil dcsplsdri vi
db{i in rtprusintr-m cinp grrvn4iotul stuin nirarc uii
fom accelerariin sprriulsol.
Imasimri-vi ci vi rflati inr-un lift situatin 3p4i!l gol.
Nu cxistisrdbtie nic!noliunilede,iur" si!
"jol'.
Zburai
libe. L' unnonent dri, liftul pornerEin dij.rre unitorm
rcelcr.ti. Imedid veli sinli sreuftt.a.Adi.t
't
ve(isinli
tu .:te m crpir:l lifnnui s.e vr jm bnscrcluldepod€ |
Den lli aveiur nir in nini ri iali dadrunul, mirul v1
cfie DeDoder.ln reJifttc acum.subinnucntaa.celeratici,
blul spaiec d ri cind liftul Dusr niia ddoc,ci s r
.ih id rplus irt-un cimp gmlnadonxluni{om. linsEin
tii d.t *ainl cr,dup:imn rbnci cind teili lnd u. rcn
nupoli iti drci teni*i unifom sin clti in rept$, latel i
rtuncicindk ,ni nnru lilt einposibilsi spli dr.i h njtti
unilom rcelent s2utesisc*i intr-un cinp gravihFonil
unilorm.Rczultml r fo$ principiule.li"aleqei.
ftincipiul e.hi€16!ci i qodi{idex luidemi sus$nt
val$ile numi dxci nras incdali (mastdin ce.dc adoDl
L8erhiNerton,crcdckrniiricitdenult$fttircc.le
nd mdspuN h o loaa)$naa sra!'elion.li(m2sxdin
l.ger gqliulici ! lui N€wtor, cafedeternini cit dcmult'
28. to(i gnvnriion.li resin!i) sht unnl !i rcclisi lDcru(vczl
crpnou a).Ac*€ dcorea, drci alc doui ripui dc:nii
$nt id€nic, !on.i rot .orpurlkdinr un!jnp gnrjb
io
irr vor!.i!s o :.€si rtulcod, indifs. n de
'Br
loi Dai
acs$i ecnivdcnli nu r li rdevind duncij rub inluenti
gftvibrici. unelecorpDriarcider mri repedcdcai a|tlq cccr
cein,enn: cr aipureiri.edeni.bre?rreIi.!rr sn.,
hion,h siracr.d!; unifomr. in.ie r^ruteJcf ,.e,.i
rirn. Folosircadeciide Ein$cin a chivrlentei dnftc mail
ineniJr sidr B- ! hrional: penrrudcdulc(apnnop ului
$u dc.chnJ€nF;i. in.cl,lin urm,.I inrcA rcni!irit
gencr.lc,ine dc hcnul inpLobil d hdoninentclor saLc
losi.e, liri cs,l in tbrir s;ndini unue.
Aon, odati cecunorlrcm principiul cbivdartei, purcfr
incepeurnirirea losicii ejnieinicnc cfcctland un alrexpe-
r mcntminral.re oertuEd! eEi,|Brirrfccrs?: I mpul.
strnc,mr8,nih o n:r .GmLr in spalu : nein.h,p;,m
dea$nenea ci nNr cslc ita! dc nre indt lnfrinr rrt n+
voiedeo saundi penh r o rnvc(a dcsusDini ios.in slt
sir,si presupund ci exi*i un ob*^rd
_e!
k;*r
-*iri unrltulpepoder,r ndccasunidentice,crrcticiicodaia
9i preiupuncm.roL,cnrbruldc
$ln rdicli imedDL mkinro5; rmnJ lun;N-
hobsenrrotuld! pcpuJcr.Ob(rrcruld ochanreDnr
op,ddali um{orur ;rr:r!!altui.conro;,.c,r a;n
jrnen! tic6. scnnal seproptrsi tirp d. o seandi, nnrd
rpoire.eprionrdcobci*oruldcpepod€i D( 4aom
obserunotuldeDecsn rimir doli nmnrleseDi c,n
fr sL deo km;d4 obsFdorul dc pc p.do p;mcfe bt
doui ssmnrle,h o strund: unul duDaceliililt.
cun f vr d.o$bi rcsi $enr; dr: ilve ir $;on,
pclimint, subi.flucn!! gravitrtici, in loc s:iplueGci liber
p.in,prIiu lDuprFo'ir luiN.vr.n sri;rrir nur€ inr!c*
cz nicio innuenr:Darobsenturuld.p.hlJnoink
snmle h jnteiv.l deo scundi, obsetvatorulde PePodet
len reepliona h iiteml deo sccnndi Dar prin.iPiul e.hi
vdenlei;u conduccla actti pfedicJte,hEn veda ces
indnpL ne(!!n. :ct pnncipir'omidrtmd,'n Idul d(
Elu, ed!
's!
e',ef(ntl r. (lefqei unilormcAcqr cft un
ercm;lu:l modrLuiinwer folGnI'n5a npnnoPiuleclt
uldei rentro I si ehbom nouaroric dsp.e sravihlic
Arrdr, $ p,$up!n.n
^um
c, nI: Pfth:aekrel
2,. (Ne om
'n(h
pu,.r ,c.elerta';hnq rdel in.;t r nL
*aDoorcd.nezrlumini l) Deor{enr:*d.plsc':
in.;,,;,j-"1'en* u Ne,depaaud odLiintsmrimni
5ivrrimFh ooderinr-un timpmJ sonde.ito ruid:
D-,
-';. "
n dqi-rc,.
"*.rconn$ta(cldeJdo
-
Lr $mnn d {i ajuN *d d reliti tinp nn devrenc dc
.tt Drimul,ddel ci idenalul dinft dou; iennalc d rinine
dea s{undi. Dai. ddorn: relentiei, navdsevanircr tui
mDidatuncicind $c dis @lde aldoileasnxul decit.!u.ci
.id afo$ enn Dridul $mnd. stlel ci al ,loilo sm,l vr
averde pa.u6 ; distrnri mi ni.t decir prnn i vx alun
qemr;tmp !' mr srut Obstrbruld?Pepodcr v/ mr
$d onn ulrHe d rBJ ro nri. d!6r o 5dndr inEedou.i
sn;lq fiiid i" d-**d d @1dcpcdvtrn,6e pMindc ci
. lsnis $nnrlelc d.cr h inftl deo seundn
lrob$il ci r6t frpr nn sE uinitor in cLul navq carc
delqozi - dehpt, n m {icur dtrat sil oxplicin I Dra
nrir rr c pnn('pLle.lx!i enreistun..rc!5e,Pln:i
unernale,nreDrusJlI nomo eruvn4ioro A(nEin
samn, d sid:.i m,: iu rc e;e:zi .i'crrrdep,ldr p?
nmDa delan3aredc lx suprrfaF lininolui, ixr obsw o
tul ie oc dvrn timite s;iale cide polea laint.nxlc deo
scofdi (.oilom rcldlu' p oPnuI obfrvrotul depePo
ds !: reccplonr5effrlclch iir.nrle mrirone Lonrorm
oiorriDlni sin c.s). lar ac* tupr .n. linitor !
' 'i{ri pute ctcbr dri sbinse.mni ci gnvitr{h no
di{i.i limDul sru nn fa.e decatsi sfuiceccsrile S. Prcsu-
29. pune,ndobnniiorutdepcpoJerurotr.etdinbm,i
ceiJoip:rto€r; ti(omprr.eiurle Acncr sunrccruri
identiceti a sigmE in .cdta situa{ie,.i vordda dcronl
cupftnc l. duntr nncis&undc.Nu ednic in neiesli cu
.!{ul obseMoruuiLlcpepodcrrdnasm,.u@.;e l!
.,L tnpului lnunde{rrrn: Asdc,a.,um reb;sbka
reniinsinespun!!i tinpu ( luree dilcrnDenliulbseF
vr@nrfrr! inm,*rckdnvr reL;trk,s*;d" *ehc
o nmpur,eruGedif.rrp.ntruob5Frorii rflaord,fcil
k inil(ini inrrun(mpsnsLron,l ConlormrcanvihrI
gfl €d!. obr^rmfltdu pepoderLnrd6r mi pu(n dc
o f.und: inrrc*mde, d(o:rec€impulse (urge uiin
.s in apropidel rupnlEei ftmintului. Cu ctt e$e 6ai pu-
tunc cnmpll m rtat n.i m* es de@L lesile lui Neno.
ruprsc,prideii Jepozirie/bsolu'rmsp iu.Vcden{uD
.: (orh rel,!q4 i r debimird€ u;pulibso ur
Accdte predicie a los venlicll in 1962.folosind doue
cesun loMe prc.i3caFzre L vtrful si h bu r unui lum de
!pi. Cesul deh bri. ..re en mai aDro.oede?imint. s 2
dovedit nri len! in rcord p$fcct;iedivnrs scncuL.
Ace* electe$c utul mic - Dnce6 de DesDralab SouF
ru :r c4tis: dor.,ro unmLnup.
",
;@-;*{* a,o
suldepeiupdfari t:m;nfrlu'. Dr, od{r c;:pur,r unoi
iirkmedcnrvlgr!efo,n?pre. { buk penmrJedcta r-
kli{i, dileknF de;!n dinrc cdBrile JflaRladiveBeinJ
dni deepn ?ibintului m 2cur o cotridenbiti imrturi
pn.tel tgno ;ndprcdtr!iikrchf vddi gcn!rne.pnz'(: pe
creodL!ra! &h sre5r: r;k!r mitel
Ce6uile nostie biolosia su ti eleatshte deacste
fuhimbri in aurL{ci nmpulu.t: lonsidenmopcrcch.dc
gemeni.Srpresrpuncn : unuldinrce ( du.?5i trrr.l
p! virtul unu muk, intimDc clalJlrrma.c h Dlelulmt
rii lmul tnrsMrn rimbJr:ni mr repedcd(dceLdcrl
donel Alunci cendciscror intilni din nou,unul dintic ci va
Um.i bidn decttc.lilaL ln ic6t s, difsenh deli6l: es
fdtu micn .LJ a ar tuEa fi nul! mri mre &c, udl dint
eem€ni:rtipdnitmii lungr.rbone ndde fi rcelcrn
;im roo:o. dc iEz: luminnt3i
in" ,;;* dan h,ch $' .i-* pe?minl Aa,D 6re (u
noscutulotJor i led.fllor, cr! sr€ Pridol nuru tlai
Ds-ri;
'ub-qr;'
d.-d.,inp rbsolurIn rorn ie r
;vitFnu n:istrBrn tinp mj. rbolur.in rlanb. hsrc
indrlldmprop;:s misur:pffson:lir n'iPu ur@dcPn
dedLrocurd .'. n rlL !i dc modul in urc 5cm4; .
lndnte de1915,s!4iul $iimPUl {tu adaPuF € o sceni
fixl re carciveu loc fleninente decdc nsi sena nu en
irl;mau. Aeslu.ru rimru'rhbiL'hirrtiin ico.; rc_
$qE: 1 relrtiu!:!,. coDurlc e mirou,lone e:dBc:u
sru(pi',gc:u, dn
'ifl!uf1i
9n'ul pu' li 5inpluco'tnd:u
$ Iiencife.hc. Eruti,$c si rc.re:di (r sp4rurtrbnPUr
.-,,.,tua. in bnr smr:li r (Ldvlhd, iru:ir*c ror.
dlcnd Spaiultihmpul$nin.ic'titilidmsnc rrun'i
cindu(o@tnis; eu o foainpmsa{d lunar(
t rz:curbu;rsp:iului5'rmpului-irr,lar,ndul€i stu
ori 5D:!ulu rmp rleuua modulin .rre ( dePlisez;
.-.,;il;'i,n.-;Jo(.1.*b..rj 5p,iiul{i ti'iPUlnu
nu;r Gric'c,z.dr{nr rin-d. debtc s! ntjmPlt
inuni!eR.t$i cumnuPUr€mvorb'dsPreflen m.ffecrn
mivcis lira nouunilcdesprixtitinp,lr tcl in rchrnr
hkndrhadNm,r liosidesmss lorbimd$prtspj(iu
ii ti;o tudu I mr€lo;univcEulu'In dt €nlle.xe iu uF
;t inlni 1915,s.asi nout PerceP{i.asplliului $itimPu-
Iui ivo si rwobdonse inisino ncdt ddpr univqs' Aitr
cun von vedcr, vechcrideedcspreun univcn in esenli ne_
schinbitoi cft r eutut *ista dintotdedna fl cr.c ar Putc!
siri conlnue *i*inF penm rotderuna't Io* inlocuiti a
noduneadc unives dinmic, in erPxNiune' 6e Prr. rt s
fi ivn in urmi cuun tinp linit $icm sir P!tc. si dirrc$ci
itr viito. int un rimP tinit
30. 7
Universulin expansiune
Dai vEiP;yi cerulintr onoapbscnin4tu.luni, obis
ftlecelemi sd;luci@repecre lcvctivedervorfi - cel
'n.iprobabil venus,Mrte,Jupnci!i Srtur. vormifirco-
ror rune'o$c *elej .aresu nrtocrai caSomle n6!ru.
dr nuh maiindepafrfe.Uncledinre ac6tesek nxcpar
si d scbinbcfoMe p!(in pot{ine unafalr dealta pc;i
sud cePimintul orbikaziinr jurul soi.elui. Dxi in reaL
tdc,$clclenu sunrdclocmobilclNi sepai..i senirci
penN.,r Jl: rcl:rirForped.no'.PemsrL,.e tai:n
ol cdrplaerz:Lnutulsoicd.noiede,n{chLmn:Dro-
piatodlnpozii diicrnein rrportcutundahlsftlelJmd
depid:te.!$e &hei eiectcaressp.oduce uncicandtu-
l4i peundrumdeshis,hde vedeici poziriilerclrtive.le
irbornorrpropir! parsi scsclnnb.pcfoddulpeisljuluicdc
vi +.rc h or;ont. Cu catsunrmairprorpearborii,a rdt
!:..is gn;{c n:imulL Alsrr (lamb{c
'n
DoztrE(
lddiscnlmcrrcpxJJI(Vpi ilu-h(]rdeLe do) in.zul
$cl.loa *i$en!! paralaxeicon$ituieo Fnsa deo{se
'cpcrniresi misurin diHt distm(r li carcse:Jli $elelcIaIi
Ala dn rm mcnnomtin crpirolul I, ceamairDroDia-
ti*er, Proximic€nburi,setrnilao dnhnli ded; p;h
ani lunini. rdici ladouizecisirreideniliorne deniliorn.
denile. Mrjornaer cebn.fus$clc vitbile cuo.hiul liber
$ rli li m.i pulinde.iidr suc deani,lumiii disbd{,.pen,
m conprnlie, Sodele$ sir$c lao di$mti derprorpe
opt nirute lunini fali denoi I Stclclcvizibile aparrispin
ditc oeroi cenl nosum, d{ suntconcanti.t cu deotbnc
itu; Iasiepc rc o numin CaleaLdctee le la l7s0 unii
rrononi :; ,usents urfaFFarcr Ldd pon. ll.' Pli.l
adrJmrjont.Rr{elelor"zibihrrri5nurlcino_otv' i
snde in iormi dedis., un cxcmplupcnrru cea cc Nm'n
;!m sdldiesDirdi.Doarcitevr dsenn maitirziu, aio-
.o-"i si. villir- H-*h"l
" "oiliinat
.ce6ti ideepdn o
rilogrr i nutosr r po7'qilo.ti di5hnlclo.unui m,re
nuflr d€nee A*!. lde si r.lobidn dunoKer tvm
Dleiaabiain prinr prne i scolulDj x)(' Acud $im ci 3,1&
;i. iodtui. a"lei ai.!e., *.
"'
di.deku dc circao suti dc
ri lunini !i * rotelre lentj selele din bnlele ei in lorni
dc spiflleorbiftrzi in jurulcentruluio dti la catevasuh
de milioanede.ni. Sorieie no$ru n! ese decit o $et obir
nuiti, dedinensiuridijlocii ti deculoaEgdbeni,situati
roro,Fde m,rqins nkao i unundLirrebruFlerPim
Gne!:1,.c Aiirrbrtot,d$is!!oc:lelunhi,ic :Ans
tocl riirrolemcu, din rem6 in cart $ crcder ci Pinintul
Imaqin.anodr: modcrnidespreuoiver d&tzi dod
din re2i. rn in .trc fituononul andi.tn Edvi! Hubblc .
denonsr.t ci grhxia noatri, C.lel ]-afte, .u c*c sDgun
edsie din unive6. El . dcscoperndultc .ltele, cuvdtc sPr
;ii eorleinft ele,tentro add'edi .es lucru, Hubble . tc
buit $ d.tci,nine d;hnlcle deh Pimanr h cahlaltesJaxn
Drr r.e*e erldii'dnI r;r de
'ndepjrure
inc;L lPR deo
sebidd. {elek rpropirF,pozLlilclor:par'u devirl fi'c
DconerHtrbbhnupt,.rfolosipenrurenesrliiimc
odtr Drihxd
'r
i d{ernine d {uFle pinr L dc,el: ro{
obli;t si folosesce m{ode indirtrE Ufu dinuc mebJele
fiEii de. bisurd distmtr pini li *ca c $r:h.ner tcaix
Da;sriilucirurDrmtiru;ci$cledepi enunumridedn_
bii1 pani h ; ci $idc mntnrEa dt ndiali" *i"i o.ni
noznite ci).O $@palidi, dtudsol derEophti,
'a
luminr
31. !in{!n]M}wisthmbniiFne]j{o
mri putcrnic decit orice $el din ornc strhxic indepin.ti.
Dai, pcntru r lolosi srilucnei rPircnd.r Peo naturi a
distli k i. tebuie sr i cunoxlten hn i.ozntrtca
I nnino;hrea sdclor mrooixte Do.E{i cn.uhti din $ri
lr"i*"l.r"parcned-..*pinl*"lclornePeditsi lir
disanrele.Hubblcr obsewt ci cc{c $cleapiopiltcpotIi
clsilicrE dupi tipul Je tunini pc crrc o edi! Accl4i nP
de*ele emitcintotderunaa.lqi tip dehnini Apoi,elr
luslinutc4 drci sirin a.cs. riPu'i de$cl.idti_o gahx'c
lndeoifur:i. DUFfi d.ducc .: clcaurcolo aceediluninozi
bE ; si$el;le .propi{ie. cu redtt infofln{ie puBn ctl
ruL dstrF p:nr h srl*n resprr, I Drci PukmProedr
dd€ penrruu. ndmld.nelcdinrrr-i gJLjelidniro-
c Gl ulol!iosee dru nseu terri distmF,puem Ii dc$
tul de incrczitori in e$in.rik Jicute Anfcl HuL6lc r
deftrtuinr! dishnlele pani h .oui g:l*n
Asdzi ltinr ct scleletuibilc .u Ghiut li6fl ncituicscdor
o {ftcilnc nrlini dinto.alul*elclor'lutcm ziri cn.adncl
nii dcielq adicidorr cnca0,0001h suti din toatc*elele
drtc numii in srldit nostii, Calei Ladee crler Lanec
ins4i e*. dot um dinrc elc cird o sntadc milirrdcdc
eah cft por n
'
ulrc loLo.inJ,cl.(orpek m"d-ne -
i,'t,*r" e,l-"-"dn n,ntdre.r..
"
iutrde mil .
de *ek. Da.i o $m r Ji .at u. sriunte desare.i1' Pnter
puncto:te$elclcvizibilccuochiullibcrinti o linsurii dc
eai in rinp cr tot rcsFl $clclor din nni'ea r purer nm
plco sfe.icudiln€hl dcpci! oPtmile
Srclelesunr.!it de depde ioci. ic rPr dod caniite
punctclunrino.sc.Nu leputcmdi$inscnicilormr,iicidi
;csiuilc Dq ar dn tro6srt Hubbt, di$i nulE npuri
dc$clc,cl iJicatc,lup:culorrcaluminiicnise NewN. i
de(ope rd. dr, unmrdelr!o{!'a!P r{buuti
de5nrLi,nuishltrlr,nudi! p.cmi..r,' Jl!!cin.u !n
l.$lc.onponcrtecrinr ui curcuLeutntcn.nilil. relanve
32. Fnra uei itorcri @npozia {m.dd.i n1i
rlcdiveruelorculorieniscdeo rnumni suBi delnnin: ror
nedi ceeacc.umi mlpccful $r$i localizind tcl.scopuI
pcorei itulwidu:li su peo s:lxxic,scpo.tcobseturspcc
mr ruftN xcere'$cLcsrugarau.
-
Un fdprpc.rrc ni l Jrz$lui. lunrinr$k tempe,rruru.
In r3r0.liznimdt8.mr nGu{r KtrcNroffrdscopar.i
ornccotpmaterial,dn r fi o *ca,K emirelumini s2!ati
ndixlic rtunci .ind vaii indlzi! h lel .um scinrimpl. cu
cirbuniiin.and6cend.Lumnrannorrrnerer corpuriqrc
qtBh!]l@D'i[aF4trrcao
ndirz. c$e ,rovocni dediicrrcr ternici a donilor com
Domnr !i ic i umqF n.lir(n mrplluin.sru (dctobr(rc_
iem,and.*.nr€nL.untnlsrcIspccml mdali.i.orPLlui
nesnL6@ s(u de.oolundrr: elrreo form; q,rimri'd.r
*;*i"zicit-p*"tu*.dpulri obsrar*luniniieni-
sedcun coo incrDde$eft .$c prin umaE dl.li lucro cu
citlea uN' ;rnometru. SpcNl pc Gie n ob$din de h
,lile;rt {cl! rc nnotdeannas&
poitrh a sirii crrice r lrlci iesPcctirc
33. Ddt lrivin n.i nen! lunin deli $ck ncpoatcspu
nechilr m.i mnltc.All:n asdelct dumne culorilipk$ din
3pectdri ci r.ese culoi lips:porsi .lileredeIa$.a la$er,
Dmce gtimci flearc alenentcLinic absorbeun grop
cm.eritic deold, spnpunandule peacc*c. pe*ecu
lorik €rc lipscscdin spetul 3elei,pltn ddemim exrct
ceclcdeniesunrprdmte itr ldoJen $clci.
In rnii 1920,rtuncicandsronomii ruimeplr si sodie
a spedEles@lelordinal@galdii eiaudescopdircflrfor
e s@niu:apimu eelaf i tipec cmcErisd.e * ri l2*elele
din s:ldil no$ 4 dr tote o€u dcplas,Ec! rcedii dis-
tm,: cirre crpitul roru.l spc.trului.
?enh fizicic.i. d@isareaalorii s.ufrerenri e*ecu-
no(urj subnunclcd;dectDopple,.Jlonotrfremo .o!i
di. domenixlsuner€lor.Asolra, o mAinj (aiekce oe
dron: aNncicind scrpropic,hotorul sruclaxonulei
sun.n.i 6cu(it iardupae rece;i seideprferi sunnn4i
siNv,$netul notorului sauxlcldonului src o utuli, o $c
cfllunedeeste ri devii. Cidd frarinaSonertesprenoi,ea
v. ti tor maiapGpe atun.icandedirccrt$elestraaiye .le
undelor,ldelcidisbnFdineedstelcun.lclor.dicilun
gime deundi a$netului - n ff ml ni.: dccar.tunci.and
maim shlionerzi. Cu cir lunsime dcundi c*c frai mid.
cu4it m.i mut. ddel de1lutu{n vorningeuHher noa*
.ri intr o scunda!i cuner mi r'n,ltvati snnetul,srulrcc
ventr$netului. Invcs, d.cnmqinl s ind.p.ncei denoi,
lu.sina deundi vr ii rt tuq id undolenevorrjunsed
olrevcnri n.i iost Cu catnrina 3cdmlasszi cuo;re'
zi 6.i frirc, s;tft etetut ene;n
--q
;d.l
"i
p"i.- io
losiefedl Dopplerpeftru r nisua vnaa Conponmt
luinn siur undelorndio c$csimildt Poliq.Iolo$re de-
tul Dopplerpend r sbbili vitel nldnilor mislrend hn-
simcadcundiapul$rilor doundcndio Eidte der€hicul.
Atacun m remxfotin crpirolnl5,lunsifrcadeundi
trluminiivizibilee*c exncn dcni.i, in.epanddelaprm-
lNNLR!!L IN LTTANIUNI
{oiud!|c$lciuoLlgde
d.uid:
^xi
nki DNi suru$ hdcpinqzi d.ob*fuon lu4iie de
zeuj mdemd Drnrhopftdde milonimide.enrimdru
Difci(h l;si-; deu
"d,
,l.l"*ii
'u
pc..?ucdeo'huI
unrn dd,k;tutulor,.u lunqimradeund,ci m,imY.
aerind sprecipnul rosurlspc('rulu, Dr.u lunsimcrler
;-.*"rprc-p:*l"lb*td ln:si.r{ra(udosuEr
delunn:fln; lJodishng.onunD den!i. +?.dm esk
o *ea, mit:,d und€dellnini cu o lunsinc d. u& con_
shnra. Lunsimer de$dt 3 undelor Pecre lc eapionan
u {i iccqsi caIuneinet dc nnd:
* S; pr.apunem;FoLc/ !u
^r
in.epee 5.mi{€ dePdin
du ( dc noi.Cr ri in uzdl sunetuLui,renainsernai r:
b6in. vx rvs lungimc. dc undi mi ntei dd spectruli.
cepionar vr Ii dePlasttsprecrPitul siu rolu
34. In anii sE ?! urn denonsra{iei saleprivind cxisrcn-
rr,kor A:ln I HubLc i, r pfrrcu r mpul! luBrJu le
tui 3e4tcpEu cagnl*iile * seni*e h intinllare, rsdel
d Hubble se2lreprxsi s:srsci d areteasddii o dcpla
src sprcrlb?$ru cite suntdcpl rc sprerqu. D. ree2 tr
fo$ surpntu st d*copere .i celemai multe dinrc srluii
aved spc.rclc dcpldatc sprcroru: aproapeor@ €.l*iile
seindepituu denoi | ;i mai $rprinzitoaft a fo$ dscope
rirc. publicati dc Hubble in 1929rdici nariniei depl.$rii
spf roiu r grldiei nu e$einrimplitorre, ci epropo(iora
Li cu d;tmlr dc la noi h srldic. cu ,fte cuvinie, cu ctt o
gal*ie sre nri dcpirkti, cu atit mai repedcs de?iturzi
denoirlxrrcshnrcnmxciunivcEul nupo$ll$.ics.u
inurirbil i! dinensiune, ?ra.um rorii lrner ciezusepeni
*unci. ln rcalit.&, univeisul seertinde,diranrele dinre di-
Jernelesduii crscind contidDu.
Dcscoprirca ci univcnul .s& in cxpaniune a fo* um
dinrc nrilc rdolulii inklcctullcxl. sc.oluluixx. Privind
redospecti ste ulor si teinkebi cun denu sesindise ni-
reni L tr$r in:inrc. Nsron d allii kbui.u s. {i lnelesci
un univc^ $rtic .. I insebil, deoirecenu *isii o lo4ii de
respingefecompr r6ih orc si mntobrlrr.zc r@c!i. gravi
trrionalt pecareo *ercni to*e ielele ri sakine uneleasu-
!,lton.?rinnfluqchidde.huinonotd*uni{6ul
fi fi fo$ $ati., elnu arIi purur rimane naric,iiindci ain.ia
rcciproci r tutuor *clclo, :i srldiilor I rr Ii iicur curand
st iocaaptsi secoture. De frpi, .hir ri drci uni"qsl s-r
Ii einr incet,fo4a srrvnrlGi d fi dderni.rin celedin umi
oprir.acip.nsiunii,i.runivc^ul arfiinccputsisc.onda!
tc.Dtrr,drciunivtrsulsrr€xtindemirepede deciio rnu
nni valorccnlici, gftvitdlianuar {ini.iodattsuficien!de
putemicapentru r opi expmsinner,nr redr ir contnrua
h Nsrt{i Camb rclscinlinpli .!u.ci .ind lanseno nche
ti in susdc h supnlna ?inintului. Dri ncneft ft o vit*
UNIVLNUT IN ITT^NN!NE
zt dsol denid. atuncigrNn4h o vl opri in celedin um.,
id fubetrvrincepest c.di intpoi.Dtrciinsi ia.h.u rc o
vitczi ccvr mai nte dccit o trnnniri vitct fiijci (de cn-
c1irpte nile pescundi), snvnrri, n! v. fi sulicientdc pu_
t€mict pentu rdager2cheb intpoi, $del incit rceasr vt
continu. si seindepirteze dc Pi6a.t pentru totdc.u.a.
Aceasriodpod.e . unie6ului puka fi Piezisi din trc'
rir lui Nqto. oricandin scolll al Xrx hr, rl xvill-lea,
srn cbiarh sfirritul scolului rl xrll-iea. Ari! depur.rnici
a{o$ inst c(dinp ind-m nni'es sadc,imit r pmnGt pani
lainaputul ssolului >C{.CLir ti Ein$ein,cind d atormu
hr teona scncr.li a relfivniii in t915, .ra tat de convins
ci univenulft6uie si lie sudn in.nt, penh . hce posibilu.i
ve6ul *dic, i . modinat Eoria prin inroducder in ecua
dilc slc r Dnuif:sr dili.i.l, nuit con$mta cosnologici
costmG cosdolog,ci:kr rclul uncilorF , risnvihlio-
nale c.re, spredeosebnedc.clcl.ltc io4c, m proveneadi.
vreosu6i m! me,cicr. inrinssi nrzelii spaliului rinp Cr
iczulbt al@Mi noilo4q spalid tinPavs, pdnins41sru
tun e, iendinader s {!iide. Aju$ind .onstnt., Ein$ein
: prtur rc8l::nplore, re*!i (nd nLcEl r des.oP€nl(i
o porc fi{r asfel (ns.onurbiLnrzePerfe'rrrt.u re
.iprcci ain&cBii mftcrii, ob{inind e 4zulbt nn unvc8 $t
tic.lin*€in $adezishai tirziu de.on$mtt c6nologici
.umind rces lacior n:scocit
".ca
dai m1resrcsii r s.
Dup: cuD yom vedeii. cuiidd, stizt rven notive $ cre
den ci s ar pnta cr tin*ein li ti .vut dreptne $o inho
dnci. Dar ceercedebuicsi I ti dezrmagnpcEin*.in r Jo*
{rybl .i s 1 ksr donid de.rcdinF inti un mNcr
_*a!c
!' r nesocorreec)!! propr! ru rcon€prEstP(7c:*_
tind!rG un ve^ulu'.Din cre r!im dorr unsinsxrom r rl
.€pht e n strLor4cs,J P,€di.der rehiv E(" Bflrer.lc
ln ihp.e E n{eif tiJi fznieii.,uru cipenltu flhrtr
unive;lui nstnic rl elrtivirftii gcncrrlc,nltennici,nul
i incirnul rusAleLsmdr Fnednann s 1lpucit s:i-lexp!.e.
35. chiir did en @p{ii dinpidurcpq urirom dGribuii, apKi iprc
$i Por+'a s0P4. n oodsend
u ro@i
'lciD,fta
lqki lociri n o
Fnednmnr fiot doui presupunerifoxftesinpledsprc
univcn: ci urilcEnl rrtrri h tclin oriccdicclic rn privi 9i
.i a.$t taptrimanevdabild daciar obsenaunive6uldin
oncrrcaltpunct.Fricdnannaadbt di. pomindnunri dc
latrce$edoui ideiii rezolvindecurinerelfivnirii senen-
le,nuncpltem a$eptac. solu{ilr: lic ununivesrEtic. Dc
frF, in 1922,cu.aiva aniinaintcdcdcacoponrdlui Edwin
Flnbble,rriedmm I prezis*rct ceae Hubblerva si si-
Pdlpunde .aunivdul rtua laiclin onccd;.c{ie 6rc,
flident, nutocnai *trcti in reiinde.De excmplu,,ii cum
m men{iom! celebhc$eledingal*ia noa*d lonneazao
btrndidntincti delnmini d.-a .urmczisulceruLuinocturq
tuniti C,ler ractec.Dtr, d&i privin lasrl*iilc depimte
deno,,numirulac{onpre qne nrimuksu mripu(in
rc.l4,,n fi€.rcd,r({ e.Atrdr. unileralprrcsi fie,Pro
xin.tivreli.iinoriad;eiemprivi.cucondi!,as on_
sider;nh o$ad trein compinlieo dr$44 dine galatli
ri si iFioriJn des€biile lasctri mict.Inrsin4i vi ci snn
Fri inii-o nidr* ii dre coDrciicreicin lodri i.tarDlitoe
*ioxr ''e!'
p.', ;r-" iire,s". 'eepser
wde p. nu
coDr l, o distrlid., i tcen. unmem In ir dnecie
ourede,lerunoil. decop:cih doih{n di5lrn(r'Pidu
;"nu pue.:neLf.l-a;<d,,ere,dr.dr,;vcr lurin
considerretoi copcii peo razt deo mili, rces nPdedi
feftnlc vor disptrerpin dediae i vEi dscoperi.: Pidu
re cs. raeai in onccdirelie ni pri;.
Mnld vrenc.distiburia hifornt a$elelo.acoturiruit
o j!$ifire suii.ie.rapenm ipotezrlui lriednann - a o
abroximriein linii m.ri xuniveGubireal.Dr, nii recent,
o hn.'E,iumplrrer dez"alurd t inrlo pri'inFPk5u
puncrc,luFnedmmncotu!to'eoderricRrm:r.rbilde
drdi r univeduluinosh. In 1965.doi lizicienianericmi
de1.L$onromle ScllTclahone din NewJe6ey,Ano
?enzixssi Robcnvilsoq vflilicru u dctcctordenicro-
unde{orncscnsibil.(Sift dintif ci nicrcundeb3untin
.o.maicrnndeledelmjni dt $ Lunginodcundideci.o
unceninem.) P@is ,i'wil$n i$iftcau sdji,deoree &
tectorullor crph m.i mul! zgonot dEit a.i tebuii Ei ru
eisn murdinedeoorombeii! ddedor ri .u cercdt tore
;isfunqiihpo"b'l;,dr leauaJus ftpede.zs.motul:v€
o:n(ul,ribe de: peds ie'chimbr.i)i norprcinrol
-cml oului, <leocl,iu siauncjc.ndPimintul semGsein
jlnn $flproln' qorbn.,r iniurulsomlui.Deorftcro
rqr nffitolui tLnwcr luipeorbitandrcprudeKtorul
in di{cnr dirc.lri dlnsprdu,ledis ri 0ilso! xutd conclu
36. tr ci zsorosl vme dedincolodesishd slf {i chir de
din.olodegrlaxirnosdi zgomotulp&ersi paflini innod
cgddinbdc dtetiile dinr4iu. $rim&umcl inoncediE-
tieamp.ivi,trcst zgoror nurarirzi a ui multdcoinlimt
lEctiun., *del ci" fin si v.ca Penzir ri Vihon.liduser:
psreo*mdjlls trb,maprin€ pGupuer: lu'F;cd
n:nn (onfomaenrniv€hul 6rcarebriLntorkdirsrrl€.
Cr€.ft.;Bincrr6fi zgomord€fondorm( i Apm,
xiniN inrelriimp ndeLnzia |ivGon.ercruzg.
moruldii dcr(brul lor. dol nz'.]etu,ncrirani Je h
Univesibte Princerondinapropierc,BobDi&e iiJin re
bld, @u ti ciinr*srd denicroundc.Ambntucnulaoipo-
t-i enisi deGcorg.Gabov (Iosrstudent.l luiAleka.dr
Fricdmarn)confom cireir nnive4uliinoui! r Ii rebun
si fieloe iicrbink t dens.ins.dncd ild h alb.Di.ke
$ leeblesu sus{inuici ai ecbuist nai purn obsemjn
cmdscenFunheslhl tinpuriu, dcod;c tunini doh ele
mrimdepmk reslrnrlcn$tui; rrjuns. o.mr rum
lr noi.D: r Npan,iunetrDivelulu'y tuc rar.eah umF
D,e fierdr dcmuLdcpLa$!arpre
'Gu,
incns, ncaora
ruilub forrudeod,:ft dc;.round. I nudelu;ni
vit6ili. Dic[c ri Pcablessepresitsu si c'nreace$i ftdia,
lic atuncica.d Penzisi oilson.u alh dspr€lucnra lor
ii "u
inlelesct ci o dc$op{issi dejr.?edru .e6b, lm-
ns i loilson auprimn Prenill Nobelin 1973(cee e .
i.smnat olovibri peniruDickeii Pebls, o lt numi mF
L. pnni vedde,torte xc$rcdovoi ci lnive6ul xDtrre
r rd oncre rh d;cqi:
'n
cartpnim pr I rugerezecr
lotulno*ru
'n
unlvB€mufu p"v cgtuInpnculr, d
vedc'ntoatcsal*nL indepinindu{e dedoi,.tunciins*n-
ni .i nerflin in cen@luriye6ului,Ixisti insi sio ,ft: ci
plicrlic:privitdinonceg:lrie, unircsulportcariElafcl
in dce dnecde.Dup. cun an vizut, re6o s& @rdea
douaipotezi r lui friedm,m
J..lu. cu iimoitL {ronsbdDPli
birddrc$;fli die4{h diirc $r
!; obssaor di one ralqi d{- o .n
&r!n{loniroii+ieqjide:dndu lnt{Fd..
Nu rvemvreodovadi ;tiin{ifict in fNodet 51uimpodi
",
..1.i d& dour iDoEzealui liedfrd Cu s.olc in urnri,
bio€ r Ii o6idiralo erczic,deorce dosn: bi*rioi tfi'
ni canoiooDin !n locspsialinccltrullniveisului D.r
dttinoi rve; incredcrei;piesPnneicr lui tuedm.nn din_
37. 72 O MAJ 5CUITA sfoRIE t TIMPULUI
e u noliv opus,dinr unlcl donodestie:ni scode car
fi m tool ieri; din conu. cr univehul$ mte laiel in ori
e dimie dii jurul n6tru, dr iu d din jutul rror punde
ia rnivernhir
ln nodculufrrelu propa.lclrkdmrntr,oa( F
luines€indcprrkzaunrde,l;. s'ru,dasie dsruldcrc
ninftore o ceaaunuibalond unnunir dcp{e pihr
pe$pnfala 5icre seumfli o.$anl P€ni$|i e bllonul
s dild, di$mF dinie doui pde crcirc,firi 3a{Gte vreo
patidesPrccresiseponispu.ecircon$iruicenrrulcx-
pfsiunii. Mainult, pohasuri cers. b.lonuluide|e con
sent, a cit pctclc$ aJlib distmti mn n.rc pebalon,o
nit seindopiftaza mtrircpcdeundcde:lrele.Si prcsup!,
nm, dc exmplu, cnriza brlonului 5cduble.zi ind-o se
cundi. Doli petede seaflru inainteh o dis.rnF deun
cenrimerrurhtuatapesupnfJp b:lonulxi)or firum h
doilenrineniun!dc,lu sdel.: qEa Lorreh r!rIi
dexnccn,dempe5condi.t( d.:tdpme,dourpdcare
cmur, k.€ cnrihcri ! c de:tr4 vorfia(umt, douDe.
dcccnnncui asdelci virza ior relatii vr ti dczc! cen-
imetn pc$cundi ln modseninttor, in nodelulluiFricd
m.a vitezrcu@c $ depldezi ori@c doui crldii nm
frli dealb se propo4io;,li N dnbnradinft ;le as.in
latelr pian.: depLs€ spr€roru: unll srM bebu'e
$ti.propodionji.udisnFpanr io,cy:rrc,dsco-
psnHubbh in pofidrsuae.uuimldeluuiqu s: prc
dicdeiobseRdiilorlui Hubble,lucfterlli Frielnmn r
I,m$ in mar€m:su.i n(uroscurain Occident,pint .ind,
in 1935,ftici.nul anericanHowrl Robctuonsimtena
ncisul bridic AJr[ur V31Le.anpropusmodelesimil,recr
rei. ladscopcnrtadecnticHubbler expansiuniiuiilo.
Friedmrn . dedusnumi u' singlr hodsl atunive4u
ui.Drr,d&; PruuPunerilenk 5tr
ribircdchptftiripur dcsol!i,rkecurr .rrr E 6; n,
WI''TSUL iN IXPANSIUNE
adicarei tipun dc modcleFncdmm - tei hodu'i diteri-
r€in ue r oon€.onPotr3ui ebur'
i.D.imuirp de.olui. lcc!sandeFrndm'nn), unne'
,ur*;*!"d.
'ur "-,d".-tp-
n:bdnIFc,ls sdu.rl:in.eintrderP:iidtu| rncde
drnrm1.:oop(is Aruncigrr4ile in'epri r rn{F ul
sDreno,E unlerel e.onvrftj lndde jtok:rpm
s;Lu!€,un!$11 r Anndc rn JeroPidin!Jrro4: sntrc
mmli nuoorteoPrini(iodrie*P
; *"'. i; n4,4.^.,." "l ""h?
iP desoluiein cre
un,vesr 5efl rind€N{IiI Jc rcpedeimn(: c!'kco :p-
5ul.Vfta cuI r €v
'idepiituz
galtiile ui: d€rlts(rde
tot m mulqdrf:ir e riungrrmd*ih ztro_
O.indc..oa Rmr.abili, Pnnulu' np de modcrr
luiFredm:nnsrcr ina(scidru unnsulnu atr
'd'tur
ii sprdudr5p4,ulnu nev'o mrsre G'i{rDsrcrrr
deDurenj.i ,n.n spaiule(urbrI splsm rsk
'r
$Pn
Ialirrmrntului, are e finnr dr num mrrsn urG vd
;r!c lontinuu pe upnl]F rhrntului Pr(trd mc €u
*c:r dir*!e, nu v: wriloq t od'b dc !ftobra'"radc
n(e.ut i' n.i nuvEicid.r rtodJtj p6c 1reofluctoe
'u'
in.?lcdm urm!,veirdeni h lodl dcprnr( rdeaoPu'
ter,mtrBcdrept njlntr djnd ueo xn'!cr$ u.)' 4ungrnd
in loruldeDUm;eeonhun*cir
nu/c we; emifn:lrePEGG dcorse 5ePo*r dmon
an.:unNerulrr.oLPiPin: h
re&: rDuc e rermdr o(o ul Univeisdlc{' rcr
're
r(
r.n pmrru: nheB.;Lnoririn ptrmN dePoiire dn
r€Gu; v€uul{sfartc!r:.rrrebuie vi dePisrL(uo vr_
Fz: mrimlede(3rce, r lum'nii nrrE e npo!bd.')L
ir celde:l doilclmodeL,l luil'ricdms 5Pr'0rdr€d!t'
deri'i rk mod Nunr c'l dc,lI
n@.oR5psde uui uiivcR: crfl g6n{ne Pe!ff rr-Br
Ek pbaldq' sp{iul6k drbr, su reln r ( njG_
38. Ca.edintrcmodd.lcluituedn]m
tfl ?Scvaopri oarti^.elc din urmi
nunen vr i'rcePesi scconfde su
Ri,pun$l h rcedi:i intr.b@ scviderE mi complic.r
deft aucr-ur ltrinc@ut oadenii desriinii. Analizr ce mi
sinpli d.piddc de ddui lucruri: rd; euli a *ptrroinnii
uijve uluiri deNnrta s mcdica.tuala(cmtnakadcnt
Erie inti-un yolum datdespaiu). cu dt e*c nri nare nia
adrli dc dpansiue, cu adr c$c m.i bare iorr: qnvib
lionrl! decesid$o $op-e side.icu atnii ma( tiebuie
si 6edmsitft. domaErienecsli penh @se. Dti dd-
sitded mcdiee$e nn mrre dcci! o atumiri v:loiie critici
(d*erminari de rrh de exparsilne), arac,ir sravitaionili
: mftneidin univrd . rcusle-ioprex!: crprnrnu I
5i'provoae(ulapa rtcrcc.orcipundepnmulu'nodd
nluiFnedmmrDradcnyrrkanedFsrcm diliac.r
densibtd ditici nutxisrii suficiedi ar.lie gnvihlionxli
cr s. $opeze er?myuncr, €r utuvehur seva e{'nde pcn
n otdeaum - eed cecore$urde c€luidc .l doileamodel
alluilri.dnrn. hr dacide;snria fredi!aun;ernl,ri ir
qart valoareacritici, univc4ul it vaincetjni lan.{adt *
panjuns, trpropiindu seconrinuu dc o dircNi!.chtici.
dxr tir, s o alinsi vreodtrti.Aced.i situadecoiespund€ce
luid.alftils nodcl 21IDiFri.dtu".
Ardr, cesevr indrpb ?Folosinddfrtul Doppler, pu-
Fn dedmim ntr lcru.lt a expansiunnr:,uiind vnezele
cu.are s€depifteizi sdaxiih, Merodr efo.nc pre.iri, Dis-
hnlth pani h saldii nu $nt ins: lodc bine cundote
deorrccele pur.n (asuia dor indneci A$fel, tor cc *im
sre c univeAulr drinde .u 5 pin: l: l0pro.enk lr ne
cre milir.d d. ini rnenlrudineJnoxrj prnLnddcn,trI
u nedieroal.. lniv{sului sie idci ri mi mrc chtu drci
punen l2 socoeili nda tuturor $elelor pc cart le lnren
vede2in s.l*ia norsr:i i in .ltc stldii, roralul reprei.ri
mliputin d.o sutimedin dntitia: ne.teri pentruroPn
flpais,uns unNsulul. fieii P€o
:le mtd iledeoPd,rne
Dr povcneanu5eLicheleri(iGJd: nostE tr rEBr
lrr mbri€e.onrnr d( semen€
kneinrun{ri" o(.m nuo puRn fJo dr€'t dnd6Pre
cr( 5tin (: ucbu'cn fic:colo droriri intlucnFLr cLc
'"le
q."("{.*1. s,P,, $.1.1"'oft orbnoD in Brl e
Por; G {: mr srr mre douda m r€{ (eN Prcl nde
L nckk afln€h perf$n B:lriiLor 5Pn:Lerum cn€rr L*
Ierdo$trrL!ke. Arcle{cleoLbk'; mg3rar murPre:
!eD€d(Deom ! h meirnuE perni(mrii'or dcarrlD
*r' n{io*
"
, *.1.1* s,l,.i* "brn
ff ln Plu','rle
nJr
;rlk e ,"ii {* q-p-. r .o-r ' nr noiPukm in nd
".ih.'d"d*e
p*;F".ili." mri unit'ili den)Efl€
iionc.:u inre BJaiil. rsbr rorn Pirndedure AuPrr
dcrni8:l*iior De hPqdnts
dco$esrrumult60herderur
D;66un,m cE rerG mrEn( intoncturiobnn€mto
tusi nunraicncr o zccimedi. mribter demltene nccesad
.r.ln'*mnsr-' Oa.*p*-"idnk d!:(mencrrrq
rlm. d.
---","ru"-*r
a'",ibrift uniro'mPtu uru_
Len,.ue nu,u {or rnc rlceare)iure nPUIernd
'r
n
,n:i mut dennarermcder un'ver$lu i DecEmPLuard
u nodcorniculeclemcnIrrenum
rc;pr{;. n,bcu mnon I sh*u(m dedilicildedc
i"-*r***".-t'*-,* *'dnii: folonu' d@r"'
subi€mnui,plN cu.incnecidc irrr d€tomd':p:) Neu
diLn r fo( .otu d€mto Prni. ul; riri mli t, Pr n urtu
rc l,psr d(
"h'0e
grr"it4ioo:li dr {P€m!rtde on
ullmi rni auindicn.i neuranulredc raPtodim m5r
cr. nutu,es deeruo rnveur D:o n€uriniiru nri eL
pot'onstituio torm,dem)aaeintunerh D' chi:r!' F
;'d ,nc.l.ul nrre'n ,n0n..". to
39. totalidin univcisr.ninc in.i prermici hF de&ea necc-
ert penh x-i opri cxprnsiuicaj asdelincet,pili & curtnd,
ce,ni muj(ifizicienixr li fostdcacord.i univdsulnii s.
apl.i celdeJ doile.dodel rl lui lfiednon.
Au apatu insi Doi.b(*adi In ultinii dni,nai nuhc
cchlpedecflcetitori au$udit minusolele oDduhii din n-
di4ia demicroundedcsopcrni detenzirsri y/il$., Mi,
r ncarc*o, ondulr{ ponuJa ndi. rupruFonrnciDc
aJd her r tr kr,ur,.:ronduhnkDr;.s..€,.:,
un'vcAul.,adefrrr! rGr in !cldc il;.ik i;rl:t ui
Fricdmrin) I Deorrccein rce* ca?n! p{e sii *iste dcs!
h mrar( a! m{-{ie nrumd,: !nc.q splnc i!flsr {:
ru postuhrc{n4(r unersub{rnle
in.i neidentilicite .a atre c.crgia in$nccrti.
Pentrur .ofiDlica 5inn muftlumiil. rhe obsemtii re
c.nte indici i:pirl ci fth exDrBiunii univ($hi N scide.
cic.e!E. Nici ui nodcl atlui iriedm nupoede as cm I
!$e lofte sr2.iu, dstuece dectul mlcri.i din sDniu. fie
.i de deNibtc mic4 nc ci m densibte narc. oo:F doar
s mdiner.r spD{uner Li urmr u
'nc,s6;
Flh $re
:h!ln:. O crpr,iunc ro<mir;ia€lrtJb$ecclan se-
iu luflu u trneflDlnz ii!D!rtsFrlo!!:(dsrn!J;a
.^plozieCeforF;pro riGp,,"-"b
"p" -,
;p
"!.an5iune?Nim.ni nu c$.
inci sisur,dr arputcaii o dovidici,la uni uimci,lin
sci'r r aar dilprate in leg:lturi cuneesihrcr con$Nci as
nolosicc(ti.efstului ci rntisraviralionil).
Odrtl cudezvotarcaGDidianoil.rrohnolo,iisi, noi-
lor re*.orp€ inrhc pc;F (i.rfin ftped.Iu.;'i no
) r!.pnnzlorcderpft ui, !R.Nepuren,tucc1um! id{
dspa conpoftrer hi nr cpocl lizie: univcNl vr conrinua
si secxlidt ft o mii meieucrtscirodc TimDUlsevtrscurF
Iansfirit, celpudn phtro .ei desul dcptudcnri as inclit
{; ru cd; rm n g/uu nsEr: Drc purempunuJ6pre
8
Big bang-ul,gaurilenegre
gievolu[rauntversurul
inpiinulmodelil luirriednrnn,ai de: pdn dind
siunei univcisului,limpll, rc cr + spl-fuur o exnnrc
fintr.Tmpulcnr.runrgmsrdeLlreJPIr!dour!p(
t ermmhn ArJar,I mPulrreui $rttsrn mcPw
D.{rpr,urcs"luI ec-dilorluiEiNnnmor'unr€r
5uloc'drdtihls d. nff ricPe.
-.i-.,-.p-"""
t.
-.,menrd:q
mtr(t Ilamr
ueo lr,7 m'lDLJcderil, dnFnu d ffiesrdr rcotRe
ti Jo$ nnli. CDrlte .nvinG jntfegll unNds dr
'onPnnr
in( unnnrurDun{,ded m€niun;ti'Lc'urcro
': "si
d de r/r;ulj lo &d monctr J.,,nia: unrr-du 1r
.urbur'spa(Llui_rimP.rffoninlinir Ace m^m€nt:'I
D:u nunele !! Lis biig
To etcor Len^ro.(.5molog ce$nrbPJi€P<pr$'
Duie,e:d spa u nmaGk nded
'i:p
o:pcPt A{su
inranm d oR rco;ile ios'a
'rd
: nrondtlr Drs
hane-uh, un qo:uuridp.u drbuii
'tfnrl:
nuPr€ poi
rcliion,idurlpro:pephr Ankl. Jrff driinnnteuc brB
binqrl evnar NenimenreN k4n P(6 bonPsrru
admr nrn:cc. : fl;nphtdupr aeerde'ielc I brg0rng
laprtrb dePrednnc Pral'$eir
In'i5dr:,i:r!m$c.'ul no'
ohl deh b'qbrnsin."ae'nuPurc
;r,,."*.d"*"'" l"-".P,i'.
tiu l,,nRu u' n, poL"".,
',.o'otr(n'ii
Prn rmre'
.r-""U,r"
',
.o*ru."
',.o P-,
40. univcsului.Trcbuic.lccisi locxcludcndinnodcl ri si rp!-
nen ci bis bans-ulr lo* inceputultinpulli. A$ ins@
ni ci intcbirile detilul cineaporrin .onditiilepenh big
brs nusunrltueb:ri !e c@ si i lcpuni ftiinla.
O alti infinn*c .arcap.ft rtuncicanduniyenuld€ di-
mcnsiunozc@c$cc€. &mporaturii.5oconsidfi ci lni
v{sul a. fi fo$ innnn defierbink chirr h momcntulbig
b.ns ului.lc n*uii ceuiveBul r4 *iq knpmturr n-
diriei r scizur.Deorecetenprtxturr e$cmisui. dnecdt
m.rgici nedii eu avnezci pdiculeloa acs*i dcne
l uniycsului anebuit si ajbi unefcctntor asupradat,
ne!onnitueft. ra tenpmtun tude inJre,pdiculclc rc
buiausi s.mhe adt derepedeiicat sascapedeona rhc(ie
re.iprcci iezdtd: dinlo4elenucleres2! eltun.8ndi
cc,Dr, pentulri ccprdicul€le:e r:csu, neaiteptim a
trcel.a.nsien& in a(elic rcjproct d ij inceputsi serdu
nelaol,ld. Peniii ripuriledepdimlc cafcdisti in univc$
d€pi.d detmpcr.tuft i decidevai$r siveGului.
&;totel nudeda ci mtdr r plte Ii alcioiri dinraF
dcule.Elcredcr ci mEria 6ie co;intri. in conepdlni,
r€x$r inscoh ci o buFli donr@riofi putoafi divizni
b nedarrnin pi4i dincein cemi Dici: n'r cxiskdccinic'
Dnsrruntedem.erie erc si poati fi didat in conri'
nuirt. Totuli, unii gre4 dn r fi D.modr, suslincauci
m.trir e*einhinc gmnrladti c, roaElumrne sunt,lci-
tunedinr-u nm:J
'nrc
dcdilcdr ipundcabmi,(Culin
lrl d, iNeami inlinba sreri indivizibil.)Nd stin nm
di rs lum es. addiJr - cclpulin in mcdiulno$tu ri
in shrcaamrli auniveBului.Dr rbnn univemlui nos
rro n-,u cxnbr di,tordeunq ir eireoreim: do{ o nici
fnqiune din tipudledepmiculedin ;niy$.
A@nnrur alcioid dinpdicuic mi ni.i: elanoni,p.o'
roniri n$rioni lrobnn i nfltionii snt dcioi eiins4i
dinpdticuledhaidici,numircuari.lnplus,penrufier-
re dif,rrerc.*e pxfticulcsubatomiccexisticatoo rtipt
ricuL,AntiDdictlele .u te.ri ndi c! Pmicllelo rcspec_
ti!e, dr leiunt opusei^nceeae p;velE sdcim ti ilte ahi
hnr D. cxenDl!. tntiDr.ticlla clcctionubi nuniti
ooznon.re u 5;! tu pozitLrqopG:srein €leluonuluL
Ar D(a d{, milunl !i mtiomm;iJcituk .onplft din
anr;pm.ulcTorus,rbtuLoid o mnPiiuculrtio Pm;
.ul;qc
'nrilnsc,
elen inixlerzir.cptr AFdr.d/s $
inlalniti .ntipdsodrad!frncavodri,nud4nana 4i
dnore, rmioi'nr o mre $ploned€luminil
Endsi:lum,nrrpre sb torm,unui:lripdeP:nN
le.unelc-iti Mi numnefobii. C€ mii nre susi defo-
oni DentruDlmeanoasri 6tc funlnul nuclet .l Sofclui,
,n'ii rci;itrft. Tot Sorele *te su6: indtut a unui,lt
feldepmicule Denlionaeinainre,neu.nniiki aftineuti
nn).Dt {es pafriole intmclione€i fode Puin cuo}
-.ir
*d"l ncir
" "-
o"n
"oi -
o d!. denilirrdedc
Dmiculeoese.undadr fr !ren eI(L h bBl.fizn]mj
; dsco;sit rc.ide:rfeldc p,ni.uk chmcnue Deo:
rc univaEulr p]d 6 o solui. @mplcs dealunsultin_
pulu',compozi: rsFi gred'nizoooeir dePitri(ulc:
v:ri,r9ia.A.e*!i(volulerJnLurPosbd;.rBrcnbtror
old.te caanodan ri ador fiinle dn sunen noi.
'
Lr o $s..L duoibtqbms,un,veELJr esinrsede'
tuldemuhpmn (; renptrrtonlu,sicoborepi Itr.tr
cazc@niliarded. erxdeCelsiusAcesh 6te o tdPmtura
dco miedeorirui nft dcce!ince rulSorelui,dfiasc
neneatempertrtuninrl@suntatGe in .'Ploziik bombeicu
hidroqen.in,ccltnp, utusulootinermco mri md
o:rc]orcni d(ron !i ne(ff,, o ti rulrnlolele loa
inDreunicuev' orotonisinstoni Acctrepdidlc .ver
o ;eeic dr de;m, inci! dun.i cind seciocne
'
ele
orodu;,u mulk prte.hidLvs( d€Pmio :/mnPn kult
DeAempl!,fobtu puEN produ.ePrinriocnneuncl(
'rcn
sip*. herrcsfia poztronulUneledink!rd.uk_
h nou;rodus sedocnc'ud andpaaimlaco.esPu'zitore'
41. 2nihilindu serecipfoc.ori dc carcori un eletud inrilner
rcrn p.znrcn, mrndojse lor j h'la dr Drocsulrn,en
du6k h reldeuror p(nn c dou,prruola rrr msirum
sun!robnii si deezto perccbeprfticuh/rntipdi{li cun
$h rcs clchn/poziftq pdicuLlc liri ma cre secioc-
nsc ftbuie si ribi o duhirt mdgie nidni. Aesh doa-
ecc clc.Fonul si poznronul N masa,iar noui ndi crdi
trebuie si povini din energi plrticulelor cre seciomesc.
rcmisuraceunive ulcontinursisecxtindijidrcmpca-
tun si lcadi .io.nirile rvind $ficicnti eneeieDcnh x ce.
pe,€chid€elffron/poziron r poluccru-mri p"6" r.-
!cnrJe.nemu dnrru( pm!hihprin:niniLrc. AsdeLpma
n, ! Etrul ihPu,iqqnn usbitibru
Po?nrc'ieB$dornquP.nCua(eIa
(h tib4t !-! inoJnid Jotr
w{q prorE{ii d! rooii h (h di! un:, ci nri nuti ct.drcd 3j
d auilircLa Pui dqftori
humr,.c m,,nultid nrcetedoni{ipoztuotur:u:d
hnr unulD?ohL:ll DenrruaDroducmaLnuh fotonili
.:"d iun;i *hd' plii.i d*t;ni Pcde*i pirc, Nut.inn
sianrinsEinii inrerr.doncsi numailoaite sLbinrc ei 9i
cucclchlteD.diculqaslcl c. nuscvoraniiih rsiPro. .ici
Dedc.aitc 1tft deroede. Ei rcblic si fie prezc.li !e aici
;ti- ii dd"i. D-i i"n puta .brefla. d Ii unbune$ pen_
tru i;xeine sGdiuluii;puri! fotritefierbint. nni"e6u
Li, dd, di"
".ied.i..,
d.pi
-nirdc
deani,.n.qir lor sE
prc. ni.t pc.tfl r-i ob$ru dned 0nsi r *ntt poribili'
aier si-i deE4im indnen)
DLprci,.ao.ui, de.c.undedcl: biBbrns.remPctrtu
€um;osulu,nti(r!t l. L, nrlrd desnde,remp-:
tur. din inftiorul alo. nti Iidbini $elc ra @$ti
@Ep&tur:, olo4i numirafo41nmhari tdc dinct ri tol
inpoami ForF brc, pecareo von Preantt m:' ddd'3!
in aroitolul 11,eseoiorri deautlie dcni.t disQnlii,.ar.
po;od{e,minrneurorrsipror"tu'e seLeBeinrr€€i.for
;Md iucLec.Li Rmp("torid.rul de,id.i@.probnn)i
nsronii ru suficienticnersiedcmiicxre(veziCtPnolU]5)
incir sai$i din .io.niri inci liberi ri indcpe.denliDd li
nn frilird dcsrrde,.i numn Posedidstuli encrsrePs
h rmsnKrE.lii fo(eib,i.adlqr !o, in.epe5:,e.om_
bne Drodl.indnu'h r etumilo. d€deureriu(hdnsen
grer-.:( continunProrons rn ncurcn NKhclcdede_
ureriu(.omb,nirpv'qu mr m!rl protonlLneutron'.roF
mmdnuJe & hcLLu,a rc.onljndo pmtoni.i doincumni
casidici cdiriti dincatcvielenen.enri grcle,liliu ri b*
rilin.Scaonec?lculad, in nodelulbisbms ul!i,cncaun
den di; numirul Drotonilorsineuto.ilor $ar ii coNertit
inNdedeheliu,p cum9inft_ocsnhte maimictdehi-
droren@ $ud.aLreccmenkNoronii rmArr !u dez_
,*.-gi
"
p-o*, o*
-*tloLc
nu.l€ec.ton'lo de
42. 3.2
A.e6tr dscriereafidinlui tinpnriu iierbink aluniyeF
sutui: fo$ propusidesw.ntul ccorgcc.mov (venp.70)
in hinosa lucrre scisi in 1943inpEnni m un studeni
dcal lui, RalphAlphc. cmow lvcr h inr al unorului
foatu dezvoldr;elI{ convinspcHm Bcrlq sp.ci:lisrin ii
zi.r tuclearl sa.i adausenunelein .alihk deorutor rl
lDdrii, ddel incatlisb drorilor si fic Alpha, !*he. Gr
nov, inbmai caprineletei litere,le :if$etulni sreesc,
,lfr b(q g:magaidnf (o,denimmdpmtuo lu.rmd.
nmibila prediciedupi cre rrdiadr Gub{orni deIoroni)
din $:dnk irpliii, todc licrbind, .lc unilerului r de
buisi fieprezaniinpHjmr nosti !i r$izi, dr d rempe
raor. rcdusil. numaici@q grdc desuFaluiab rb$lur
(Ze.or6solu! rdici -2l3 grtrdcCcLins,c$crnpcr.uft la
.ft slb$rdlele tu mi condnenergietermici,Iiind r;xdxf
cs nJ joasntcrpaaoriposibili,)
Tocmi aceashr fo* nd;lia descopsirldePenzidri
Vikon in Ie6t.In pqio,h in .rE Alphft, Bdhet Gmow
ii-ru scishcme, nusc$iru pra nnhc d6prerec{ilc nu
cleft ile protonilor ri neutonilor. Cr urmq p.edicdile
ef{tuare p.nh proporiile dilcrit.lor .lcncntc pre:ent.in
univeBuldmpud! cmud6tul dcinpiecisqdr c,lculeieiu
lo$ rcpclrc in luminacuno$in(clorfrai avs q iir .un
eleconcordiforne binecuceerceobscflim. Mri mnlt,d
Ii lo.ae gro d. ciplicatpeoricarlti cale& ceaproxin}
tiv o pitrine din mrsruniveBuluisie lrezenri subforn:
Dr:ce1*i dscriererrcunclcncljunsuri.ln roddul a.
bigbangficrbintc,n! m desoltinp crin uniecul tinpu-
riu cildnn si seii proprsf deL o resiunel la. Aearh
insamnici $rea ini ali ahiveduhi a.li rcbuns:aibi
csd rccci:irc'npcntur:pc*ciorp.n@ adplic. d. @fon
dul denicroundere rceeai tempflrtud in oric dirccric
en privi.Maimult,vitzr initiali dcdpatuiuned {! riebun
si fiealedi foaitcprcck,rdel incarviFzadecipaNiu.e si
rimani ne.cu fordc apopixtt devalorer crincanac5ri
p.nh evirrca colapsuhi.Ar i fo"te sreude$llicar dc
c. univeisulalrbuit li inclapi si cxire rocmriin a.e$fel,
aldeldsat prindiun@ {!!nui Du
oe nii(c ; noi.ind-o i!(rcrrc det g.siunrodel d uni-
veGulli in clre mainulte confisuftdi difcritcarfi pututsi
flolueze .iEe ccv.deninltor cuunivesul arur, unom
deltiinti delaMa$ehu*tts ln$ituE o{TehnoloBy,Al,n
curh, r ss{rt ct lnivc6ul tinp u r raur pri.t! o pe
riodi dccxpmsiunefoarter.pid:. sespunedesFcaadtt
dpansiun. ci r los i.naioniri in s.sut ci ltrunnomcn!
drr UnivcFul str extinscuo r*: crescitore.Dupii Guthi
nzr univcsuluir crcscutdeunnnion ,lcnilion demilior-
ncdchilio.nc dcmiliore deori 1!m$ dcr0 deztro_
un in numii o infi'nt fncliunede secund.Acesti
eDmsiuneari .te^ oriccn.rtsLft.te dGuni'e6, intoc
-;i.,-.-' "--n".d"1"
r;,i brlonatuncictndilum
f.!i. ln rces lel,inllali1ctplici modulnrcre $r.eaacstli
nct.di sinniforni aput!! si cvoluczcpoi,rinddindildie
*rii ncuniJoiDe.suntea prinurndc, dcstuldcinciezibn
crdcscrierexmrsti sre .oi!ct{ cclpulnrpentrointftlll
c,e inc.p.deh cin o nrilionim.dcrilionimcdeoilioni-
ne desecundidupibigbms.
Drpr a.ca$, lsnr* iniliali, in dccuisulciowr orede
labisbms,produclr deheli sidcxltc.i!cv' clcmcnte.un
d i hiul s . oprlt.Ir rpoi, rinrpde.i.a unmilionderni,
univenulr continuatsi seeiinda firii li s maiti imen_
plf cevrinponanl in celedinurni, odaii cclcfrpc2tun
r sciznrL catry. nii dcgnde,:sdelincit elsckonii{i nu
clcelcsi nunai aibtdcsoli energrepenh r invingc.tac!i1
dinrc ci,rce$n auinccPu!$ seconbine,lomind alomi.
U0ivcsul crinfuega.ontinud si sediindi !i si !e ri.es
.r. dr, in icsiunilccre Na! densiht$cevrmi mre dccat
