2.
Laboratory animals form the life-line of biomedical
research and play a very vital role in drug
development programmes.
3.
We have 4 possible new drugs to cure HIV.
Drug A killed all the rats, mice and dogs.
Drug B killed all the dogs and rats.
Drug C killed all the mice and rats.
Drug D was taken by all the animals up to huge doses
with no ill effect.
Question: Which of those drugs should we give to some
healthy young human volunteers as the first dose to
humans (all other things being equal)?
4.
drug D could cause damage to humans. That is true,
which is why Drug D would be given as a single,
very small dose to human volunteers under tightly
controlled and regulated conditions.
ans
5.
Animal experiments are widely used to develop new
medicines and to test the safety of other products.
Many of these experiments cause pain to the animals
involved or reduce their quality of life in other ways.
If it is morally wrong to cause animals to suffer then
experimenting on animals produces serious moral problems.
Animal experimenters are very aware of this ethical problem
and acknowledge that experiments should be made as
humane as possible.
They also agree that it's wrong to use animals if alternative
testing methods would produce equally valid results.
6.
Two positions on animal experiments
1.) In favour of animal experiments:-Experimenting on animals
is acceptable if (and only if):
suffering is minimised in all experiments
human benefits are gained which could not be obtained
by using other methods
2.) Against animal experiments:-Experimenting on animals is
always unacceptable because:
it causes suffering to animals
the benefits to human beings are not proven
any benefits to human beings that animal testing does
provide could be produced in other ways
7.
Animal experiments should be undertaken only after
due to consideration of their relevance for human or
animal health and the advancement of knowledge.
The animals selected for an experiment should be of
an appropriate species and quality, and minimum
number should be used to obtain scientifically and
statistically valid results.
Ethical guidelines for use of animals
in human research
8.
Investigators and other personnel should treat
animal with kindness and should take proper
care by avoiding or minimizing discomfort,
distress and pain.
Investigators should assume that all procedures
which would cause pain in human beings may
cause pain in other vertebrate species
also(although more needs to be known about the
perception of pain in animals)
9.
Procedures that may cause more than momentary
pain or distress should be performed with
appropriate sedation,analgesia, or anaesthesia in
accordance with accepted veterinary
practice.surgical or other painful procedures should
not be performed on unanaesthezised animals.
10.
At the end of ,or when appropriate during an
experiment that would otherwise suffer severe
or chronic pain, distress, discomfort, disability
that cannot be relieved or repaired should be
painlessly killed under anaesthesia.
The best possible living condition should be
provided to animals used for research
purpose.Normally the care of animals should be
under the supervision of a veterinarians or a
person having adequate experience in laboratory
animal care.
11.
It is the responsibilty of investigator to ensure that
personnel conducting the experiment on animals
possess appropriate qualifications or experince for
conducting the required procedures.adequate
opportunities have to be provided by the institution
for inservice training for scientific and technical staff
in this respect.
In vitro systems to replace or reduce the number of
animals should be used wherever possible.
12.
Housing ,care, breeding and maintenance of
experimental animals to keep them in physical
comfort and good health, and to permit them to
grow, reproduce, and behave normally.
Sources of experimental animals of known genetic ,
health and nutritional status.
The constitution of institutional ethics committes,
their functions and the legal and ethical obligations
to ensure minimal and ethical use of animals.
13.
1.) Reduction:
Reducing the number of animals used in experiments by:
Improving experimental techniques
Improving techniques of data analysis
Sharing information with other researchers
The three Rs reduce the impact of
research on animals.
14.
2.) Refinement:
Refining the experiment or the way the animals are
cared for so as to reduce their suffering by:
Using less invasive techniques
Better medical care
Better living conditions
15.
3.) Replacement:
Replacing experiments on animals with alternative
techniques such as:
Experimenting on cell cultures instead of whole
animals
Using computer models
Studying human volunteers
Using epidemiological studies
16.
Suitable for testing of psychopharmalogical agents
Assay of different hormones.
Study of oestrous cycle.
Mating behaviour
Lactation
Study of antihypertensives
Study of analgesics
Testing of drugs for teratogenicity and carcinogenicity
Rat as experimental
animal
17.
Albino mice are the smallest lab. animals
Cheap and easy to handle
Swiss albino mice is the most widely used strain.
Mouse(mus musculus) as
experimental animal
18.
Acute toxicity studies
Assay of insulin and analgesics
General screening of chemotherapeutic agents
Cancer research
Testing of drugs for teratogenicity
Mouse used in following experiments
20.
1. Hand scoop (scoop
mouse up with one
or both hands)
Well handled animals
prefer this method
ANIMAL HANDLING
2. Tail hold (Lift mouse up by
the base of the tail using
thumb and forefinger).
Do not leave the mouse to
dangle – this can provoke the
mouse to bite
21.
3. Tail hold with support
(as with tail hold but with
one hand supporting the
mouse’s body).
Recommended for heavily
pregnant females
4. Transfer mouse in plastic tube or
enrichment device.
When transferring mice from one cage to
another, wait for the mouse to run into
the plastic tube/enrichment device and
use this to transfer the animal.
22.
5. Manual restraint:-
For procedures such as
injections, blood
collections and close
examinations
6. Mechanical restraint devices
When performing specialised
techniques such as IV injections etc
the mouse can be placed into a
mechanical restraint device.
For access to the mouse tail for
intravenous injections and blood
collections
23.
1. All staff and students working with animals must have
read the School’s Animal Handling Procedures and been
given appropriate training by a competent person.
2. All staff and students working with animals must attend
the University Small Animal Handling (Animal Ethics)
Course.
3. Minimise self inoculation, scratches or bites by
anaesthetising the animal or have an assistant hold it.
4. School Manual Handling Practices must be observed at all
times.
MEASURES REQUIRED
TO REDUCE RISK:
24.
5. Vaccinations are recommended against some organisms and
are recommended for Tetanus, Q Fever, Hepatitis A & B.
6. Task protocols and safe working procedures for experiments
must be followed at all times.
Lab Coat/gown, gloves and where appropriate, a face mask must
be worn. (Remember not to rub exposed skin with contaminated
gloves).
7.Work in a well ventilated area.
