Presentation on "international experiences in regional air quality management" given in Beijing, November 2019 《区域空气质量管理 – 国际案例》：防止区域性及跨境污染的策略。北京2019年11月。

1. Regional air quality management
– international examples
区域空气质量管理 – 国际案例
Lauri Myllyvirta
劳里麋伟
lead analyst, Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air
首席分析师，能源与清洁空气研究中心

2. Examples of regional air pollution problems and
policies around the world
全球区域性空气污染问题及政策案例

3. Successes 成果
Ozone peaks in California
加州臭氧峰值
United States 美国
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Population exposed to air
pollution exceeding standards
暴露在超标空气污染中的人口
PM2.5 PM10 NO2
European Union 欧盟

4. European model: targets&data
欧洲范例: 目标&数据
• Air quality standards (regularly updated)
空气质量标准 (定期修订)
• European Monitoring Programme (EMEP) of convention on
transboundary pollution (CLRTAP)
跨境污染协定 (CLRTAP)下设欧洲监测项目 (EMEP)
▫ Annual assessment of emissions and transboundary
pollution 每年评估污染排放及跨境污染
▫ Annual validation of emission inventory and model
每年检验排放清单及污染模型
• Public online emissions register (E-PRTR)
公共在线污染排放登记 (E-PRTR)

5. European model: key policies
欧洲范例: 关键政策
• Emissions reduction commitments (total for all sectors)
减排承诺 (所有行业合计)
• Best Available Technology standards (power plants and
industrial sectors, transport, household stoves…)
最佳可用技术标准 (发电厂、工业、交通、家用炉灶等)
• Mechanisms to sanction and sue cities&countries not
meeting standards
处罚和起诉未达标城市和国家的机制

6. Example of EMEP annual assessment of
transboundary pollution: Germany
欧盟监测项目中跨境污染年度评估案例：德国
Contribution of German emissions to
PM2.5 德国本地排放对PM2.5贡献值
Contribution of other countries to
PM2.5 level in Germany
其他国家对德国PM2.5水平的贡献值

7. E-PRTR (European Pollutant
Release and Transfer Register)
欧洲污染物释放与传输登记
• Annual emissions from more than
30,000 industrial facilities
30,000多处工业污染源的年排放量
https://prtr.eea.europa.eu/#/home

8. Example of emission reduction
commitments: Spain 减排承诺案例: 西班牙
https://www.eea.europa.eu/themes/air/country-fact-sheets/2019-country-fact-sheets/spain

9. Goal of air quality management: compliance
or protection of public health?
空气质量管理的目标：达标还是保护公众健康?
• Traditionally, air quality management aimed to reduce
concentrations at most polluted locations
以往，空气质量管理的目的在于减少污染最为严重地区的污染物浓度
• Current scientific understanding emphasizes reducing total
pollution exposure: moving emissions sources to less polluted
locations has limited benefits
目前的科学研究证明必须减少污染排放总量：以往将排放源移至污染
较少的地区的做法效果有限

10. EU: Binding targets for reducing PM2.5
population exposure
欧盟: 减少人群PM2.5暴露设立具有约束力的目标
• Based on advice from WHO experts
依据WHO专家的建议
• <20µg/m3 average population exposure in 2013-15
2013-15年人群的平均暴露值<20µg/m3
• 0-20% reduction targets for each member state by 2020
2020年前每个成员国达到0-20% 减量的目标
“

11. Nordic solution to clean heating?
北欧：清洁供热范例?
• Make use of large-scale clean electricity supply
利用大规模清洁供电：水电，风电
• Building energy efficiency standards and
systematic inspections 建筑能效标准及检查
• In cities: 城市：生物能源，大规模热泵
• In rural areas: heat pumps 乡村：地源热泵
▫ Emphasis on solutions with no fuel burning, high
investment cost but low operating cost 强调非燃烧
技术，开始投入高，运营成本低

12. U.S. EPA model 美国环境保护局范例
• Federal standards for a few key
sectors (power plants, vehicles)
对个别关键行业的联邦标准（发电厂、
机动车）
• Main tool: State Implementation
Plans (SIPs)
主要手段：州政府执行计划 (SIPs)
• Regular revision of air quality
standards to drive progress
通过定期修改空气质量标准推动进步

13. State Implementation Plans (SIPs)
州政府执行计划
• Identifies regulations that the state will use to meet air quality
standards
识别为达到空气质量标准要求，州政府需要实施的法规
• Atmospheric modeling required to show that actions taken are
sufficient
通过大气模型验证所采取的行动是足够有效的
• Public consultation before submitting to federal government
在提交给联邦政府之前进行公开听证
• Impact on downwind states assessed
评估对处于下风向相邻州的影响
• Technically based on visibility in national parks (under federal
jurisdiction)
基础：达到联邦政府对国家公园能见度的要求

14. Example:
Attainment
Demonstration
案例：成果展示
• Detailed modeling study
to assess implementation
plan at all monitoring
stations and counties
详细模型研究，用以评
估计划执行后所有监测
站点及辖区的污染物浓
度
https://www2.illinois.gov/epa/Documents/epa.state.il.us/air/regional-
haze-bart-sip/haze-bart-appendix-b-regional-air-quality-analysis.pdf

15. California: Gold standard?
加州: 黄金标准?
• Has driven development of air quality models, monitoring
techniques and emission standards globally
推动了全球空气质量模型、检测技术和排放标准的发展
• Only State with power to set own standards
唯一拥有制定自行标准权力的州
• Combine clean energy and market mechanisms with
standards
将清洁能源、市场机制与标准相结合
• Major focus on ozone – the next big challenge for China?
对臭氧的重点关注 – 中国下一个重大挑战?
Los Angeles, 1948
U.C.L.A. Library/L.A. Times Photographic Archive

16. India: National Clean Air Programme (NCAP)
印度: 国家清洁空气项目
• Targets 102 cities violating air quality standards
across India
针对印度空气质量未达标的102个城市
• “Tentative target” of 20-30% reduction in
PM2.5 from 2017 to 2024 nationally
2017-2024年，“暂定目标” 为 全国平均PM2.5减
少20-30%
• Improved monitoring network and National Air
Quality Index
改善了监测网络和国家空气质量指标
• New thermal power plant and vehicle emission
standards 更新火发电厂、机动车排放标准
http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/NCAP%20Report%20Full.pdf
NCAP target cities印度
国家清洁空气项目目标
城市

17. India: Putting the responsibility on cities
印度: 将责任加之于城市
• Most of the targeted PM2.5 reductions would have to
come from city air quality management plans
要实现PM2.5的减排目标，很大程度上取决于城市空气质量管
理计划
▫ Major implementation and fiscal responsibility on cities
城市承担主要的执行任务，并提供财政支持
▫ Is there enough accountability? Resources? Regional
collaboration?
责任是否明确？ 财政支持充足吗？区域合作是否有成效？

18. Priority areas: keys to success
重点问题: 成功的关键
• Sufficient coverage of emissions sources
充分覆盖污染排放源
• Sufficient coverage of economically&politically powerful
beneficiaries!
充分覆盖经济和政治层面有影响力的受益者们!
▫ Unsuccessful examples: Critically Polluted Areas in India; Highveld
Priority Region in South Africa
失败案例: 印度的严重污染地区、南非高原的重点地区
▫ Successful examples: California, Mexico City, Durban in South
Africa
成功案例: 加州、墨西哥城、南非德班

19. • Comprehensive air pollution monitoring and emissions reporting
全面的空气污染监测和排放报告
• Setting targets & timelines for air quality improvement with clear
accountability
设定提升空气质量的目标 & 时间表，并明确清晰的责任
• National&regional air pollution action plans targeting all key sectors and
pollutants
针对所有关键行业及污染物的全国及区域性的空气污染行动计划
• Strong emission standards and enforcement: power plants, industry,
transport…
制定并执行严格的排放标准: 发电厂、工业、交通等
Summary: Many key elements of success are
similar to China’s approach
总结: 许多成功的关键因素与中国采取的措施相近

20. Summary: Ideas from other countries?
总结: 其他国家的经验借鉴?
• Annual emissions reporting by facility
污染排放源提供年度排放报告
• Systematic assessments of pollution transfer between
provinces&cities
对跨地区污染传输进行系统性评估
• Validation of emission statistics against ambient measurements
利用大气模型结果验证排放统计数据真实性
• Exposure-based targets
基于暴露设立目标
• Going beyond end-of-pipe measures: clean energy, sustainable
transport, energy efficiency, heat pumps, cleaner economic structure
跨越末端治理：清洁能源、可持续交通、能效、热泵、更清洁的经济结构