7. 3、国际碳汇标准
基础标准 可签发碳信用额的标准 附加标准
CDM Gold Standard
ISO 14064-1 VCS CCB
ISO 14064-2 CCX offset program Social Carbon Standard
ISO 14064-3 CAR
ISO14065 Plan vivo Standard-
Scotland
Carbon fix Standard
VER+
8. ISO 14064/14065
• ISO 14064 -1:《温室气体-第一部分：组织层次上
对温室气体排放和清除的量化和报告的规范及指
南》
• ISO 14064-2:《温室气体-第二部分：在项目层面
增加碳汇的计量、监测和报告指南》
• ISO 14064-3:2006 《温室气体-第三部分：有关
温室气体评估报告确认和验证指南》
• ISO 14065:2007 《温室气体–对认可机构或其他
评定机构的要求》
9. VCS
• 管理机构：VCS Association
• 成立目的： the most popular standard across the breadth of the
international voluntary market, offering project developers carbon
credibility, ease of use and medium-range credit prices.
• 项目类型：Afforestation, Reforestation and Revegetation (ARR)，
Agricultural Land Management (ALM)，Improved Forest
Management (IFM)，Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and
Degradation (REDD)
• 签发产品：VCUs
• 优点：meets a high standard in carbon verification and successfully
addresses the issues of real and permanent carbon sequestration.
• 缺点：they are pure carbon standards providing robust verification
only and don‟t directly address a project‟s wider impacts.
10. CCX offset program
• 管理机构： Chicago Climate Exchange （CCX）
• 成立目的： advance a “currently viable” mitigation action identified
in IPCC
• 项目类型：A&R and Widely-Spaced Tree Planting Offset
Project,SMF，LLWP
• 签发产品：CFI（carbon financial instrument）contracts
• 优点：The CCX has been a valuable pioneer in the development of
emissions abatement and carbon offsetting in North America and
beyond.
• 缺点： its offset requirements, in the areas of permanence and
additionality especially, don‟t meet the quality benchmarks
established by the new generation of standards outlined above.
11. CAR
• 管理机构： State of California
• 成立目的： has emerged as the quality carbon offset standard in
North America with premium prices to match.
• 项目类型：Avoided Conversion of Forest Land to Other Uses, IMF,
Reforestation of reviously-cleared land within the United States
• 签发产品：CRT
• 优点：to account for wider environmental impacts of their activities,
such as air and water quality, endangered species/natural resource
protection, and environmental justice.
• 缺点：it relies heavily on US Forest Service regional data and other
official datasets for such things as the calculation of baselines and
establishing additionality.
12. Plan vivo Standard
• 管理机构： Plan Vivo Foundation, formerly BioClimate Research
and Development, a registered charity based in Scotland.
• 成立目的：The Plan Vivo Standards are designed to verify the
carbon, social and environmental benefits of rural community land-
use projects.
• 项目类型： Agroforestry, afforestation and small-scale timber, fruit
or wood fuel plantations; Restoration and reforestation of degraded
or damaged ecosystems such as woodlands; Conservation of
forests and woodlands under threat from deforestation.
• 签发产品： Plan Vivo Certificates
• 优点： Independent verification of carbon, social and environmental
project benefits is required every five years after validation. buffer
reserve of credits be established to cover permanence issues.
• 缺点： credits are issued annually based on internal monitoring of
implementation. The project coordinater only be NGOs and NFPCs
13. CarbonFix Standard
• 管理机构： is administered by a non-profit association NGO and is
based in Germany.
• 成立目的： aiming for a „best of both worlds‟ approach. The
standard accounts for the wider social and environmental impacts of
carbon projects (unlike VCS) and issues carbon credits (unlike
CCB).
• 范围： afforestation and reforestation activities, not to avoided
deforestation (REDD) activity.
• 优点：Upfront project validation and registration costs are generally
lower than other standards.
• 缺点：but a high registry fee is charged for resulting carbon credits.
14. VER+ Carbon Standard
• 管理机构：is offered by German project validation firm TÜV SÜD.
• 范围： is available to project developers looking to verify projects to
best practice levels around UN Joint Implementation (JI) and Clean
Development Mechanism (CDM) rules. the emerging REDD avoided
deforestation space won‟t be covered by VER+
• 优点： it suits developers trying to keep voluntary market verification
efforts in parallel with CDM/JI requirements.
• 缺点：a conflict of interest in one firm providing an industry standard
and also validating projects to that standard.
15. Gold Standard
• 管理机构：由WWF发起，目前由瑞士的巴赛尔可持续能源机构（
BASE）主管
• 成立目的：第一个针对CDM（清洁发展机制）和JI（联合履约机制）
温室气体减排项目开发的、独立的、具有良好实用性的基准方法。为
项目开发商提供了一套方法，以确保CDM和JI能够产生有利于可持续
发展的真实可靠的环境效益。
• 优点：考虑到对环境和社区可持续发展的贡献，操作简单
• 缺点：does not cover the forestry and land-use sector
16. CCB
• 管理机构：adminstered by the Climate, Community & Biodiversity
Alliance (CCBA)，a global partnership of companies and non-
governmental organisations.
• 成立目的：aimed at promoting the development of forest protection,
restoration and agro-forestry projects through high quality multiple-
benefit land-based carbon projects.
• 范围： forest protection, restoration and agro-forestry projects
• 优点：While CCBS places heavy emphasis on the social and
environmental benefits and impacts of a project, a pragmatic
approach is taken.
• 缺点：The CCB Standard is not a prescriptive, rules-based
standard, rather one based on general design concepts with projects
judged against these criteria on their individual merits.
17. SOCIALCARBON Standard
• 开发机构：developed by the Ecologica Institute, a Brazilian NGO.
• 成立目的： is not a carbon credit-issuing standard but an add-on
standard aimed at establishing the social and non-climatic
environmental impacts and benefits of a carbon project.
• 范围：
• 优点：While very qualitative, areas identified for improvements are
expected to deliver tangible results for formal certification under the
standard.
• 缺点：it does not address additionality and baseline methodological
issues required for generating verified emissions reductions.it is
mainly being used so far by small local enterprises running fuel-
switching projects; from wood or fossil fuels to renewable biomass
energy.
