Investigation Of A Related Party Transaction Is Defined By...

Investigation Of A Related Party Transaction Is Defined By...
As you requested, the following is the outcome of my research on the above matter.
In dealings in PetroClean 's shares, chapter 11 of the Listing Rule (LR) sets out the requirements for
related party transactions that an issuer with a premium listing of equity shares such as PetroClean is
required to comply with once its shares have been admitted to the official list. A related party is
defined by LR 11.1.4R, as a substantial shareholder, a person who is a director or shadow director of
a listed company or any of their associates. Therefore, Mr Dumont, his family and the trustees of his
family trust where he is a beneficiary may fall under the definition of a related party. Accordingly, as
an identified related person there are disclosure obligations which must be observed in relation to
dealings in PetroClean 's shares.
A related party transaction is defined by LR 11.1.5R, among all, It is a transaction between a listed
company and a related party (other than a transaction in the ordinary course of business). In a
related party transaction, PetroClean must make a class 2 announcement, by notifying a Regulatory
Information Service (RIS) as soon as possible. The announcement must contain the name of the
related party and details of the nature and extent of the related party 's interest. PetroClean must
send an explanatory circular, approved by the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA), it must contain a
reasonableness statement by the board, the information prescribed by LR
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The Future Of Terrorism In The United States
Over the past Century, terrorism has advanced from random killings to enormous plans for terrorist
groups. To understand terrorism you must first define it. Terrorism as we all know it is hard to
define and understand, and has many different definitions as it is used widely. The word "terrorism"
stems from the word "terror", which means to instill fear in. People become terrorists when they
take the actions towards instilling fear and terror upon people to prove a certain point or agenda.
Some terrorists may have the motivation of proving something political, while some may just inflict
terror to keep control over a group, people or country. Then there are terrorists who act under the
notion that they are showing support for something, as in religious regions, while others do so to
show disdain for something they don 't agree with. Government, individual agencies, private
agencies, and academic experts have all developed, proposed, designed, and analyzed what
constitutes acts of terrorism. The meaning of terrorism has definitely changed and acquired new
definitions over the years. The million dollar question is how will the future of America be affected
by this act of terrorism?
Terrorism represents a continuing threat to the United States. It is the most significant threat to our
national security. Terrorist attacks have definitely left many concerns about the possibilities of
future incidents of terrorism in the United States. Since the events of September 11, 2011,

November 17 Terrorist Group
Case Study Paper Assignment The Theory and Practice of International Relations NOVEMBER 17
TERRORIST GROUP INTRODUCTION: Terrorism has been one of the hottest topics in the
current world affairs. The whole world is threatened by terrorist attacks of different types by
different terrorist organizations. The terrorist groups have been using various strategies to pressurize
the world to fulfill their demands. Their strategies include bomb blasts, murders, kidnapping and
damage to property. Currently Al Qaeda is the most talked about Islamic terrorist organization that
has changed the face of the world since September 11, 2001. The group has forced many countries
to change their foreign policy. However to think that terrorists ... Show more content on
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They also tried to blow up a British aircraft carrier. The plan was unsuccessful. In 1997 the group
again gained success by killing a British shipping tycoon Costis Peraticos. In 1999 German embassy
in Athens was targeted by a bomb. According to the US Department of State information on terrorist
groups (n.d.) the group supports itself largely through bank robberies. MAJOR
BREAKTHROUGH: On June 29, 2002 the Greek police managed to arrest a member of the N 17
group. According to an on line report by KATHIMERINI titled "Judgment Day for N 17"
(December 17, 2003) the arrest was made due to an unsuccessful operation on part of the N 17
group. The suspect, Sawas Xeros, was interrogated by Scotland Yard and the local police. His
testimony led the police to two safe houses. Following the link six more members of the group were
arrested which included two brothers of Sawas. The police also came to know about the leader of
the group, a 58 year old professor Alexandrous Giotopoulos. He was arrested from the island of
Lipsi in July 2002. On September 5th, 2002 the Chief of Operations of N 17 group, Koufodinas,
surrendered before the police. The Greek courts charged 19 members of the group for approximately
2500 crimes. Because of the limitations of the Greek law crimes before 1984 could not be tried. The
arrested members were tried before the court which ended in March 2003. Fifteen of the accused
were found guilty including Giotopoulos

Terrorist Attacks On The World Trade Center
There is little doubt that the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center in New York on September
11 drastically changed America's sense of security in recent years. Yet the country is facing another
kind of threat, one that is not entirely different than the dangers of terrorism at a global scale:
domestic terrorism. At its core, domestic terrorism differs from any other type of terrorism in the
sense that those who carry it out are citizens or permanent residents of a given country and who
inflict violence and intimidation against their fellow citizens or permanent residents in the pursuit of
political aims (Sharpe, 2000, p. 606). In that sense, domestic terrorism may also be called
homegrown terrorism. Perhaps the best, and most gruesome, example that shows the difference
between domestic terrorism and other types of terrorism is the bombing of the World Trade Center.
In the September 11 attacks, the perpetrators were Islamist jihadists who belong to al–Qaeda, a
Sunni Islamist organization that America eventually categorized as a network of terrorist groups.
Most of the direct perpetrators themselves were from Saudi Arabia while the rest were from Egypt,
Lebanon, and the United Arab Emirates (Bell, Clay, Murdie & Piazza, 2014, p. 607). In other words,
they were non–citizens of America. In the aftermath of the attacks, authorities revealed that most of
the victims were American citizens and permanent residents. The fact that the attacks were carried
out in American

A Brief Note On The Intersection Of Technology And Terrorism
Final Paper Sean Kosma ADMJ 1220 Dec. 5, 2014 Cyberterrorism: the intersection of technology
and terrorism The cyber–world around us is an evolving organic entity. The incredible
advancements with technology and the interconnectivity between such systems make everyday life
for the average American as easy as swiping a finger. From a person's smartphone used to pass the
time by mindlessly playing games to the United States' federal computer networks filled with
incredibly confidential databases and mainframes, the wide range of differing types of technology
and networks is utilized for an even larger spectrum of capabilities, depending on who is operating.
With a world that is becoming much more dependent on these networks running smoothly and
efficiently as possible, these networks are becoming prime targets for individuals or organizations
that may have other, more malicious ideas of how to utilize the true capabilities of these networks.
Present day has seen its fair share of networks that have been compromised by unauthorized actors,
but the real question that arises with this looming theory of "cyberterrorism" is what the actors'
desired endstate is. When a network is hacked and compromised, how the act is categorized is all
dependent on the identity of those guilty, the intended targets, the desired outcome, and the
overarching desired outcome the actors wished would come to fruition. All these components have
led to the classification of cybercrimes, cyberterrorism,

Christian Persecution in Nigeria
Christian persecution by Muslim extremists in (mainly) northern Nigeria is and has been a serious
problem for several years. The main contributors to this issue are the Islamic extremist and Muslim
purist organization, Boko Haram. According to Religion Today, over 3000 people have been killed
since Boko Haram began it's insurgency. Murders and jihads are a regular occurrence in Nigeria,
with new reports seemingly coming out every day of another terrorist attack or mass shooting. With
government being unsupportive of Christians and the constant persecution by extremists, the
outlook has seemed bleak for a very long time, but quite recently the announcement of NASOC
(Nigerian Army Special Operations Command) things could be starting to look up for the
persecuted.
Although Boko Haram is the most associated group with Christian persecution in Nigeria,
Christians face many other threats as well. The government denies them basic facilities such as
wells, schools, and of course, does not provide labor or funds for the building of churches. Apart
from the government, there have also been emerging signs that al–Qaeda may have ties with Boko
Haram. Before late 2013, Goodluck Jonathan had addressed concerns that the United States of
America labeling Boko Haram a Foreign Terrorist Organization would draw more attention to them,
possibly drawing support from other Muslim extremist groups. In light of the links between al–
Qaeda and Boko Haram, Goodluck Jonathan announced the Nigerian

Terrorism Act Of 2006
The terrorism act of 2006 bases its definition from the terrorism act of 2000 that indicated terrorism
to be the usage of threat of action that fulfils three circumstances; (1) an action that includes severe
violence against another person or causes severe harm to belongings, jeopardizes a person's life
(apart from the person that is committing the action), generates a severe menace to the well–being
or security of the public or a section of the public, or is considered earnestly to interfere with or
seriously to disorder an electronic system; (2) the use or threat of action is designed to impact the
government or an intergovernmental organisation or to frighten the public or a segment of the
public; and (3) the usage or menace is made for

terrorist threat to commercial sector Essay
How real do you think the terrorist threat is to the commercial sector? Explain and justify your
opinion
In my opinion the terrorist threat to the commercial sector is a very real one which should not be
overlooked. The commercial sector within the UK consists of a multitude of different industries that
as a whole make up the UK economy, each industry conducts its business and trade by relying on
the other to fulfill its supply and demand which is turn provides consumer confidence, that in itself
is what the economy is based on which makes it susceptible and vulnerable whenever there is
disruption to a sector
So what is the definition of terrorism, they are many varied descriptions and ideas of what people
have labelled as terrorism, for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Economic consequences of terrorism (Lenain, P (2002) stated that Private businesses suffered
profound destruction of assets that was calculated in national accounts to amass to $14billion, state
and federal government enterprises suffered a loss in the region of $2billion, what was also
astounding to read was that the rescue and clean–up costs totaled to an amount of at least $11billion.
The OECD report also explains how as a result of the attacks on both the US and UK, both counties
have become more vigilant by increasing their border controls. This has slowed down the rate of
supply at which goods are able to flow between countries and increased costs. Increased security
checks at air, rail and seaports have seen delays for passengers and may impact the tourist industry
as it impinges on travel plans. Many companies now choose to use video conferencing instead. The
OECD goes on to explain that government spending policies have also shifted with more money
now being spent on defense and security.
The Al Qaeda attacks on the World Trade center and Pentagon

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Cyberterrorism
Introduction Prevalent to the current trend now is the dependency of the society on Information
technology and communication systems. Every aspect of human life is one way or the other linked
and controlled by information technology tools. The importance of information technology cannot
be over emphasized as its unavailability could lead to a form of disaster or the other. Pivotal
infrastructures like finance, healthcare, education and security are driven by information technology.
However, information technology and its benefits are accompanied by vulnerabilities and risks that
can be exploited by people with the necessary technical skills. Individuals like 'Hackers' and 'Cyber
Terrorist' can cause disruption to information systems, commit financial fraud and also attack
computers and networks. These attacks and disruptions could result to violence against people and
properties. In some cases, death, serious injuries and severe economic loss could occur as a result of
these attacks. What is Cyberterrorism? A lot of opinions and meanings has been given to the word
"Cyberterrorism". Some of these meanings and definitions varies. In this light, Gordon and Ford
(2003) are concerned that when 10 people define cyberterrorism and nine of the given answers are
different, and these 10 people represent different government agencies tasked with safeguarding
national assets and infrastructure, then it becomes a critical issue. According to Furnell and Warren
(1999), Evidence suggests that technology is growingly seen as a potential tool for terrorist
organizations and the widespread use of information technology by terrorist groups and
organizations has led to the birth of a new class of menace termed "Cyberterrorism". Cyberterrorism
could be used in many diverse ways. Sometimes, a country's pivotal infrastructures could be shut
down and harmed using computer network and tools. There have been impediments in trying to give
a clear and concise definition to the term "cyberterrorism". But Denning (2007) which supersedes
Denning (2000) gives an unambiguous definition to cyberterrorism: Cyberterrorism is generally
understood to refer to highly damaging computer–based attacks or threats of attack by non–state
actors against

War Against Terror and Human Rights Essay
War Against Terror and Human Rights
The Human Rights Act 1998 took full legal effect across the English and Welsh legal systems on
October 2nd 1998. The Act, allows people to claim a number of the rights and freedoms that are set
out in the European Convention on Human Rights. The Government had high hopes that when the
act was passed it would create a 'Culture of Human Rights within the United Kingdom.'
The principal aim of the Human Rights Act 1998 was to give statutory and formal protection in UK
law to a set of clearly distinguishable rights. It was also to allow people to claim their rights before
their own courts without having to take long drawn out and costly cases to the European ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A victim includes anyone directly affected by the actions or non–actions of one of the above public
authorities. Whilst this 'directly affected' principle is absolute, a victim can also include someone not
necessarily directly affected by the actions of a public body, but indirectly affected. For instance, a
person who is likely to be put under surveillance by the police will be able to call upon the Human
Rights Act, even though they have not yet had their privacy interfered with.
Where it is established that a Convention Right has been violated, the victim may be able to gain an
injunction to stop the violation, force the public authority to take action, take judicial review
proceedings or obtain damages and compensation.
The Human Rights Act affects the different types of legislation in a number of ways. Primary
legislation, which is Parliamentary Statute, the most sacred type of English law, has to be bought
into accordance with the Convention Rights. If primary legislation does not comply with the
Convention Rights then a Declaration of Incompatibility is issued. This can only be given by the
higher courts and allows the offending legislation to be changed and put inline with the Convention
Rights easily and quickly. If a statement is not issued, then the case proceeds to the European Court
of Human Rights.
Common Law is

The Human Rights Act and Anti-Terrorism in the Uk: One...
Public Law 2010 The Human Rights Act and anti–terrorism in the UK: one great leap forward by
Parliament, but are the courts able to slow the steady retreat that has followed? David McKeever
Subject: Human rights. Other related subjects: Administrative law. Criminal law Keywords:
Administrative law; Freedom of expression; Inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment;
Terrorism; Torture Legislation: Human Rights Act 1998 Counter–Terrorism Act 2008 Terrorism Act
2006 Anti–terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001 Terrorism Act 2000 European Convention on
Human Rights 1950 art.3, art.10 Cases: A v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2005]
UKHL 71; [2006] 2 A.C. 221 (HL) A v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2004] UKHL
56; [2005] ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The international community has largely failed to agree *P.L. 114 on a definition of terrorism which
reconciles both the general Page2 abhorrence for violence which is indiscriminate and/or actively
targets civilians, with the acknowledgement that some forms of political oppression may be so
unjust as to legitimate violent action by the oppressed.21 While violent action was necessary to
achieve decolonisation in many cases, and widely seen as legitimate when used for this purpose,22
the legitimacy of the use of violence in many present–day conflicts (Israel/Palestine being one
example) is contested. If the use of violence for political ends is not seen as legitimate, it is
frequently identified as "terrorism". Hence the lack of agreement: whereas a group employing
violent means to bring about political change may be seen by some as legitimately struggling
against oppression, the same group can be viewed by others as terrorists.23 To date, the
international community has failed to agree upon a definition of "terrorism" which overcomes this
basic obstacle.24 Instead, a range of international conventions have been adopted to criminalise at
the international level certain actions which are often employed by those described as terrorists,
rather than criminalising (or defining) "terrorism" per

Cyber-Terrorism Essay
Cyber–Terrorism Cyber–Terrorism is a reality in the modern age of rapid technological
advancement. As fast as new technology is established, people find ways to hack and corrupt it.
Many times there is malicious intent behind such actions. These acts can include everything from
computer viruses to contraband network servers to pirated IP addresses and credit account fraud. All
of the stories we hear and those annoying emails that warn of a multitude of viruses can lull us into
complacency when none of them come to fruition. In all honesty if you have a top–level virus–
scanning program such as Norton, or McAfee your machine will be safe from most of the little
viruses that you will come across. There is a propensity to copy ... Show more content on
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Such a virus could go undetected for hours, days or months as it worked its way throughout a
particular system and then strike at a pre–selected time. For the entire computer operated portions of
American society this is a threat, this extends from mass transit to police and bank records and
correctional facilities. Massive destruction both physical and theoretic could easily occur and quite
frankly September 11th could be seen as precursor to the uniform and grave situation systematic
mainframe crashes would cause. This would be a case of international espionage and would be a
drastic move from the normal programs the tech security groups deal with on a daily basis. This
type of attack could slide under existing defense and not be identified until it was too late thus
rendering the attempts to defend helpless. A comparison would be the 9/11 attacks and how they
were almost indefensible because of the suicide bomber mentality of the attackers. Similarly, the
new age Cyber–Terrorists would not want the viruses to be detected and have no desire to impress
their peers as is the case with their traditional counterparts. Since this is a new type of cyber
warfare, there is no consensus on how to deal with theses issues. In a story reported by PC Mag, the
FBI has contacted many of the individuals who they have identified as suspected hackers across
America as well as a handful of those

The Terrorist Organizations
The vast array of terrorist organizations that exist around the world have varying ideologies,
financial assets, command structures and power. Most of the world is aware of very few of these
groups and are often only able to identify organizations that have committed very destructive and
deadly attacks on citizens of western nations. Nearly everyone knows about Al Qaeda, the Taliban
and Hezbollah because their intentions are well publicized and they have successfully struck fear
into many groups. While these organizations are important to examine when studying terrorism, it is
more important that we look at all the groups that data have been collected for to find out how
terrorist groups work, their power and what factors are key to their continuing existence. The
definition of terrorism for this study will remain very broad as the data was pulled together from
several different sources to create one large data set.* To account for this, the definition used will be
"Terrorism is violence, or the threat of violence, calculated to create an atmosphere of fear and
alarm. These acts are designed to coerce others into actions they would not otherwise undertake, or
refrain from actions they desired to take." This may need to be relaxed slightly as it was the
definition used for the original dataset and this paper uses data from the newest set that is yet to be
published. The strength of organizations is a topic that is highly contested and discussed among
scholars because

Risk Assessment of Terrorism
Introduction A risk assessment happens to be a crucial element in recognizing mitigation measures.
It comprise of evaluating capability, cause, chance, and targeting. Assessing threats accurately is a
challenge for many countries. In most instances, attaching concerns to tangible and prospective
threats to a country security that is mostly open to policy makers remains a problem. Even agencies
that are generously and of highly, superior intelligence struggles to plan logical and well–timed
threat assessments across the security scale. Risk assessment Terrorism is a main challenge to assess
the threats associated with the issue. The act comprise of unstructured associations of extremely
mobile individuals, whose objectives are nearly impractical to weigh without access to consistent
and appropriate human intelligence as terrorist groups remain indefinable. Nevertheless, assessing
the threats from terrorist in the recent years is a significant preoccupation for security agencies
found in the Western countries. Faced with the common, destructive nurture related to international
terrorism common in the contemporary world, evaluating the degree and the threat scope is critical
(Zanders et al 2000). This makes selection of threats to help choose appropriate measures to defend
the state interests, which is a main concentration for political leaders in Western countries. The fear
that many terrorists resorts to usage of mass destruction weapons is nothing unusual. The range of

Terrorism in India
TERRORISM IN INDIAAND LEGISLATION FOR THE PREVENTION AND COMBATING
THE SAME UNDER CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM – A SOCIO LEGAL STUDY
Caesar Roy*
____________________________________________________________
_________
INTRODUCTION
Terrorism is not new and though it was seen since the beginning of recorded history it is hard to
define. The earliest known organisation was the Zealots of Judea. The Assassins were the next group
to show recognizable characteristics of terrorism, as we know today. Though both Zealots and
Assassins operated in antiquity, they are relevant today as forerunners of modern terrorists in aspect
of motivation, organisation, targeting and goal and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Weapons technology has become more increasingly available, and the purchasing power of terrorist
organisations is on the rise. The ready availability of both technology and trained personnel to
operate it with sufficient cash allows the well–funded Governmental counter–measures.
The age of modern terrorism i.e. internationalisation of terror might be said to have begun in 1968
when the popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) hijacked an airliner en route from Tel
Aviv to Rome. Thos internationalisation of terror was progressed by the way of cooperative training
between Palestinian groups and the Japanese Red Army which began in 1974. Since then
international terrorist has continued to grow and continues to this day.
In beginning it was confined to Kashmir only. But now it has a larger footprint and it is spreading all
over the country. Before going to mention some of the more recent incidents, let us remember worst
act of terrorism in the history of mankind namely the demolition of World Trade Centre of USA on
11th September, 2001. Surat, Jaipur, Delhi, Mumbai all have seen some big terrorist strikes in the
past. North–eastern part of the country also becomes target of the terrorist. Tamilnadu has also faced
fall out of terrorism promoted by the Liberation Tiger of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) in Srilanka. In early
eighties there lighted a spark of terrorism in Punjab and the demon of terrorism took the life of
thousand peoples.
The largest act

The Freedom Of The Justice System
Terrorist often takes the brutal mean to send a message to government based on the scarification of
normal people. Since this violates one of the fundamental human right – right to live and security. It
is believed in order to protect whole Australian from terrorist act, the government should use
methods such as removing the right of silence from the suspected terrorists, to obtain the first hand
information and act before it happens. However, human rights such as the right to a fair trial should
always remain to ensure the equality of the justice system.
Overview of terrorism, including the stakeholders
A 'terrorist act' is an act, or a threat to commit an act, that is done with the intention to coerce or
influence the public or any ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The only reason of James death is because he is American and the terrorist organisation, Islamic
Stated, wanted to send the message to US government to stop the air strikes to Iraq, thus they
adopted the bloodshed of American people. This bloodshed is inhuman and violates the fundamental
human right – right to live and security.
There are many international organisations who are working with Australia and supporting Counter
Terrorism, such as UN Action Against Terrorism (please refer to Appendix 2 for the list of
international organisations). Nationally, there are ten government departments that are working
together to fight for terrorism, including National Security and Department of Immigration and
Border Protection (please refer to Appendix 3 for the list of Australian Government departments)
(Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, 2014). Furthermore, there are two main government
departments that are in power of preventing terrorism, Australian Security Intelligence Organisation
(ASIO) and Australian Federal Police (AFP). The ASIO gathers information and produces
intelligence so it can warn the government about activities or situations that might endanger
Australia's national security. Its powers are found in

The Relationship Between Race And Racism In The Criminal...
Introduction
In this essay, I will be discussing whether there is a race or a racism problem within the criminal
justice system. Crime is a feature in all societies and criminal justice is the response to a crime and
can include protecting the citizens from everyday threats to their safety such as ensuring dangerous
and persistent offenders are monitored effectively when in the community and imprisoned when
necessary. Racism is the unequal treatment of a population group purely because of its' possession
of physical or other characteristics socially defined as denoting a particular race (Scott and
Marshall, 2005). There are strong beliefs that there is a correlation between race and crime also, race
and how the criminal justice system deals with this problem and it is also believed that racism may
play a part in this. This interest has largely been fuelled by one of the very few facts consistently
recorded in crime statistics: ethnic minorities tend to be overrepresented in every stage of criminal
justice systems.
Discussion
Race is often described as "Distinct group of people whose members share certain inherited physical
characteristics such as skin colour and hair texture" (Covington 2000, p. 178). The public perception
of crime is shown through ethnicity and stereotypes between different races. Statistics show that
ethnic minority groups are overrepresented, because despite making up only 2% of the total
population of Britain, black people still make up 15% of the

Persuasive Essay On Terrorism
"Instead, we should accept the risk and live our lives to the full." (Starling) The issue of terrorism is
that it doesn't stop and it's been going on for years now, and it seems that the people haven't done
much to stop this. The reasoning is that since terrorism has been a thing for a while they have
probably seen everything that they can do, so by trying to fight it, it will most likely become even
worse. Terrorists are attacking more religious people than non–religious people because they might
be against that race of the person, or what they believe in. It has even been said all around the world,
that Terrorism is a major problem in countries and something must be done or else people will keep
on dying. To prevent this, there should be ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In addition, 17,958 people died in 2013 due to terrorist attacks, and most of these attacks happened
in Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Nigeria, and Syria. They mostly happened in these countries because
all of these countries have a religion that they follow, and religious people, and terrorist's mostly
will attack religious people. In the article " The Geography of Terrorism " by Kathy Gilsinan it
states, "Since 2000 there has been over a five–fold increase in the number of deaths from terrorism,
rising from 3,361 in 2000 to 17,958 in 2013." This quote is showing us the statistics of the amount
of deaths from 2000 – 2013, and that terrorism is a big priority that needs to be fixed, telling from
the 15,000 death increase. Also in the article it states, "Much of the increase in terrorism–related
fatalities in 2013 took place in Iraq, where terrorists claimed nearly 4,000 lives–a 168–percent
increase over 2012." This quote describes another reasoning that the amount of deaths are increasing
because of terrorist attacks. Many people are dying due to terrorist attacks, and that most attacks are
on people with a major religious belief.
Next, there were different kind of actions of terrorist attacks in the years 1793 s – 1990s. These
attacks are affecting citizens, and terrorists. In the article "The History of Terrorism" by Amy
Zalman, Ph.D, in 1793 it states "The word terrorism comes from the Reign of Terror instigated by
Maximilien Robespierre in 1793, following

Reading Review : Why Terrorism Doesn 't Work
POLS2207 Reading Review: Why Terrorism doesn't work – Max Abrahms
Leo Kwon
I disagree with Abrahms' article 'Why Terrorism doesn't work', there are a number of fundamental
flaws within his work that I feel undermines its credibility. I feel that if he offered the readers the
chance to reach their own conclusions it would have been a persuasive piece. However, by using
limited data samples as evidence for his arguments, I find it difficult to understand why this article
is held in such high esteem.
In his academic work "Why Terrorism doesn't work", Max Abrahms examines the list of twenty–
eight terrorist groups since 2001 in order to demonstrate that terrorism doesn't achieve its political
objectives (Abrahms, 2006). He used statistical ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is a very limited and narrow framework for terrorism as it doesn't capture other motives behind
an attack. A recent example is the 9/11 attack on the US, Abrahms definition doesn't capture other
motives such as distancing a government from its citizens or strengthening a terrorist group's own
position (Abrams, 2011). Even though it can be argued that he is identifying the most prominent
type of terrorism, his definition is similar to military tactics that were used in both conventional and
irregular wars (Said, 2011).
The second weakness is his sample of twenty eight terrorist groups. Abrahms gathers all of the
terrorist groups into one sample, even though there is a huge difference in method and ability
between the groups that shouldn't be ignored. Terrorist groups such as the RAF are consisted of a
small amount of protestors who use terrorism exclusively, while other complex actors, such as
Hizbullah engage in multiple levels of political action (Said, 2011).
The time frame in which the sample was made also needs mentioning. The time period in which this
sample was constructed (2001–2006) is not reliable enough to assess the success of terrorist groups.
His arguments would have been much more persuasive if he had another sample in order to assess
groups such as the IRA, who use terrorism as part of a 'long strategy' (Rose, 2007).
According to Abrahms, 'the states objectives of terrorist groups are a stable and reliable indicator of
their actual intentions'

Tom And Bob Can Appoint Carl As A Replacement For Tom
The first issue is whether Tom and Bob can appoint Carl as a replacement for Tom. In order to
execute this function, it must first be determined whether Tom and Bob are still legitimate trustees
given their current circumstances. The appointment of trustees will be made where a new trust is
created either inter vivos or by will; and during the continuance for an existing trust whereby one
trustee may seek to retire. On the death of a trustee, the remnants are given to the survivors to carry
on the trust. Section 18(1) of the Trustee Act 1925 (UK) provides that where a power or trust is
given to or imposed on two or more trustees jointly, the same may be exercised or performed by the
survivors or survivor of them for the time being. Further, s. 48 (1) of the Trinidad and Tobago
Trustee Act provides that the appointment of a new trustee are outside of the realms of a court and
the execution is done by persons expressed in the trust instrument , or by the surviving trustees or by
the survivor 's personal representative. Thus, Tom and Bob may have the power under the common
law or Trinidadian statute to appoint Carl. However, there may also be the sub issue of whether Tom
has the competence to make the appointment of a new trustee. Section 10 (1) of the Trustee Act
states that where a trustee, either original or substituted, and whether appointed by a Court or
otherwise, is dead, or remains out of this Island for more than twelve months, or

Domestic Terrorism Vs International Terrorism Analysis
Terrorism is a violent act that is planned and committed to cause terror in the people while trying to
achieve political goals. In the Prologue Magazine article of John Brown the author states, "Terrorists
may hope for political change, but what they often want is to simply strike back at and harm those
they oppose" (Finkelman, 2011). Terrorism is something that can happen in any country because
there are people who disagree with another's beliefs or political views. Terrorists usually target
civilians or "non–military folk" because they aren't able to defend themselves against an attack.
They are also not concerned with how much damage they cause; they will use anything from a
bomb to guns.
International and Domestic terrorism are two different

The Bombing Of The Uss Cole
The USS Cole Attack We will never forget that 17 of our Sailor 's died during a routine refueling
stop conducted by the USS Cole. The bombing of the USS Cole (DDG 67) and the subsequent
implementation of Anti–Terrorism Force Protection measures are important to our Navy heritage
because it is a reminder that vigilance can avert future attacks. Whether in the maritime domain, or
in support of operations ashore, Senior Navy Leaders are a key player in ensuring that Anti–
Terrorism measures are followed to protect yourself, Sailors ' under your command, and all Navy
personnel. This paper will cover the history of the bombing of the USS Cole (DDG 67), the
evolution of Anti–Terrorism Force Protection and the effects upon current U.S. Navy operations.
History On the morning of October 12, 2000, during a routine refueling stop; the 505–foot USS
Cole (DDG 67) was crippled and nearly sunk when two men steered a small fishing boat towards
the center of the ship, where they detonated a small plastic explosive device in a suicide attack.
According to reports, the amount of C–4 used in the construction of the bomb was "equivalent to
700 pounds of TNT" (Ibarra, 2013). In the explosion 's aftermath, 17 Sailors died and 37
crewmembers were wounded; and a $789 million ship was severely damaged in an act of
"asymmetrical warfare" against the United States (Burns, 2000). In the days and weeks following
the attack, the Congressional Research Service (Perl & O 'Rourke, 2001) put together a

History Of The New Terrorism
Intrinsically political grounded in an evolving historical context, in the last decades of the twentieth
century, terrorism has emerged as a new mode of conflict. Misinterpretations have led to the belief
that terrorism became more significant and increased in frequency since the end of the Cold War. In
the light of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, terrorism is said to have shifted in its aims
and methods over the last decades. Many contemporary studies on terrorism focus on the aspects of
terrorism before and after the attacks in the United States; and it is questioned if the political
motivations, the religious aspiration, and the use of weapons by terrorist groups in the 21st century
has shifted to become a new form of terrorism. But, how New is the New Terrorism? ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Current debate among political scientists, what are the main differences alleged between "old" and
"new" terrorism? Apart from being difficult to define, is there a revolutionary extent of change in
the nature of terrorist organizations and their activities? As stated before, misinterpretations and the
lack of systematic analysis on the history of terrorism have led to the common belief that a new
form of terrorism has appeared. To understand why terrorism is said to evolve, several
characteristics need to be

Repercussions Of Constructivism And The Definition Of...
Terrorism appears to have soared markedly in the past few years. To begin, it seems appropriate to
define the term terrorism itself first. The absolute definition of terrorism has been greatly debated
globally but it seems like no political institutions or prominent figures have ever come to one clear–
cut definition but the term terrorism itself is simply derived from the word terror which indicates
terrorism has something to do with fear and agitation. With innumerable technological
advancements, terrorists have now been able to strike more efficient and harder than ever which will
result in more deaths and also more destructions. Political and religious terrorism or sometimes
called extremism are no longer a new thing to us anymore that it ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This heated issue has been in numerous political discourses at which leaders at all levels from every
corner of the world are putting forth their utmost effort to seek for ways in order to put a halt to this
never–ending terror. Throughout this essay, I would like to address terrorism in the lens of
constructivism as it provides the most accurate end–to–end explanation for it. I would like to put
perspicuous emphases on how terrorism itself is a social construct, how clashes of identity between
actors contribute to terrorism and how norms shape the behavior of the actors.
"Terrorism is an objective reality and a subjective interpretation" (Karaffa 2012: 3). Via this quote,
we can infer that terrorism, in the eyes of constructivists, is a social construct. Berger and Luckman
(1966: 76) suggest that an individual constructs reality on every level which begins with self; in
face–to–face interactions; in small and huge group; with their own cultures and other cultures. Turk
puts an emphasis that terrorism does not come into

The Bombing Of The Uss Cole
We will never forget that 17 of our Sailor 's died during a routine refueling stop conducted by the
USS Cole. The bombing of the USS Cole (DDG 67) and the subsequent implementation of Anti–
Terrorism Force Protection measures are important to our Navy heritage because it is a reminder
that vigilance can avert future attacks. Whether in the maritime domain, or in support of operations
ashore, Senior Navy Leaders are a key player in ensuring that Anti–Terrorism measures are followed
to protect yourself, Sailors ' under your command, and all Navy personnel. This paper will cover the
history of the bombing of the USS Cole (DDG 67), the evolution of Anti–Terrorism Force
Protection and the effects to current U.S. Navy operations. History On the morning of October 12,
2000, during a routine refueling stop; the 505–foot USS Cole (DDG 67) was crippled and nearly
sunk when two men steered a small fishing boat towards the center of the ship, where they
detonated a small plastic explosive device in a suicide attack. According to reports, the amount of
C–4 used in the construction of the bomb was "equivalent to 700 pounds of TNT" (Ibarra, 2013). In
the explosion 's aftermath, 17 Sailors died and 37 crewmembers were wounded; and a $789 million
ship was severely damaged in an act of "asymmetrical warfare" against the United States (Burns,
2000). In the days and weeks following the attack, the Congressional Research Service (Perl & O
'Rourke, 2001) put together a report linking Usama

George W Bush 2000 Election Essay
The first election of the twenty–first century was between the republican candidate Al Gore and
George W Bush. This was the fifty–fourth presidential election and it was held on Tuesday,
November 7, 2000. (The Election of 2000) George W. Bush was the incumbent governor of Texas
and the son of George H.W. Bush who was a former president, and Al Gore was the incumbent Vice
President. Because of the fact that Bill Clinton wasn't eligible to serve another term Al Gore was
able to receive the democratic place in the election fairly easily. (United States Presidential Election
of 2000) Al Gore was the favorite to win the democratic presidential nominee, because he had
almost no competition from Bill Bradley who was the Governor of New Jersey. (United ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It was a change from a democrat in office to a republican, the country was dealing with terrorists
threats, and it brought up issues about the way votes were counted.
The government saw some change after this election, when George W. Bush was elected president
after the issue with the votes in Florida. George W. Bush, who was the oldest of six Children of
George H.W. Bush and Dorothy Pierce Bush, was born on July 6th 1946. (George W. Bush."
History.com) He was born in the town of New Haven Connecticut. Bush was raised in Texas, where
his father was an executive in the oil industry. (George W. Bush." History.com) He attended high
school at Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts, and then later went on to Yale. (George W.
Bush." History.com) George W. Bush had differing thoughts on the matters at hand as a president.
For instance if Bill Clinton was still president was still president while nine eleven happened it
would have been handled differently. Just as if Al Gore was elected president instead of George W.
Bush. George W. Bush accomplished many excellent things during his presidency. For instance,
among many of the early decisions made among the Bush

Section 15 Of The ECHR Essay
As opposed to the ACHR and the ICCPR, article 15 of the ECHR does not explicitly prohibit
derogations on the ground of sex, color and religious believes. The rationale among contracting
states is thus that discrimination is permitted to some extent in order to halt a terrorist attack. Those
states argue that it is a matter which pertains to a state's margin of appreciation. Accordingly, several
states have enacted counter–terrorism laws which are discriminatory. In particular, the parliament of
the United Kingdom passed the Section 44 of the Terrorism Act in 2000. The act granted the Home
Secretary the power to maintain a list of designated groups whom they assumed to be concerned in
terrorism. In addition, Section 44 warranted the police ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
UK. The applicants had been stopped and searched, in accordance with the procedural rules in
Section 44, as they were walking around an arms fair. Both argued that nothing indicated that they
were terrorist and that they had been discriminated. Their appeals were unanimously dismissed by
the domestic court as they held that the State was acting within their margin of appreciation to
suppress terrorism. Meanwhile, the stop–and–search powers were deemed illegal by the ECtHR.
The Court maintained that the act did not provide "adequate legal safeguards for abuse" and that
Section 44 was not "sufficiently circumscribed"– Moreover, the Court acknowledged that the power
to search in and of itself was not unlawful. However, the ECtHR accentuated the risk "of the
discriminatory use of the powers" and considered it to be "a very real consideration". Subsequently,
the Court concluded that the Act violated the right to privacy under Article 8 of the Convention.
Several human rights scholars consider the judgment issued by the ECtHR in Gillan and Quinton v.
UK to complement article 15. We may thus assert that contracting states are not allowed to adopt
counter–terrorism acts solely on the ground of religious believes, albeit the fact that it is not
explicitly stated in Article 15 of the

the militia Essay
Officially, a militia is part of the organized armed forces of a country that is called upon only in an
emergency. There have been paramilitary groups with revolutionary ideas throughout America's
history, but today's militia movement is a new more organized and violent presence (Meyers). Today
the militia are unofficial citizens' armies organized by private individuals, usually with
antigovernment, far right agendas. They rationalize that the American people need armed force to
help defend themselves against an increasingly oppressive government that is becoming part of a
global conspiracy called the "New World Order" (Sonder, 2000). These armed groups call
themselves militias; to both imply the image of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Militia growth appears to have been steady throughout 1995 and the first half of 1996 (Sonder,
2000).
The primary illegal activities among militia groups are related to weapons and explosives. Militia
groups in Virginia, West Virginia, Georgia, Washington, Arizona, Nevada, Colorado, California, and
a number of other states have seen members arrested for possession of illegal weapons and
explosives. People in the movement tend to give inflated numbers, in order to make their movement
seem larger, and at the same time, because they are so paranoid, will refuse to allow people to
actually count their numbers. In addition, groups go in and out of existence all the time, and there
are many people who are part of the movement, without being card–carrying members of any one
particular group. There are some groups few people know about because they are underground. All
these factors together make it impossible to say with any certainty how many militia groups there
are. The number of groups is certainly in the hundreds.
The militia movement has many people who could be called law–abiding citizens. However, many
members conduct criminal activity (Dees, 1996). The most common is the collection of illegal
weapons and explosives. Sometimes these illegal arsenals are stunning in their size. Since militia
members tend to believe that they have the right to own whatever sort of weapon they

Difficulties Of Defining Terrorism Has Changed Our Lives
Difficulties of Defining Terrorism
Christine King
CRJ440
Dr. Alanna Smith
July 12, 2015
Abstract
Terrorism has been around for hundreds of years and through the years the definition of terrorism
has changed. While the United States knew of terrorism it wasn't a main stream issue for Americans,
these types of activities happened in other countries, not ours. Unfortunately that is not true, which
we found that terrorism can and did reach our shores and change our lives, this unfortunate
realization took place on September 11, 2001. Of course this was not the first terrorist activity that
occurred on American soil, it is just the one that slapped American's in the face telling us that
American was not "untouchable", we are just as vulnerable as other countries. Defining terrorism
has been an issue for many years, the different branches of the federal government cannot even
agree on a definition of what terrorism is let alone different countries. To back up the above I have
listed some of the different definitions from different branches of the federal government and from
other countries (White, J. 2014).
The Intelligence Community is guided by the definition of terrorism contained in Title 22 of the US
Code, Section 2656f(d): (www.cia.gov) o The term "terrorism" means premeditated, politically
motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by subnational groups or clandestine
agents. o The term "international terrorism" means terrorism involving the

Ethno terrorist groups
How is 'ethno–nationalist' terrorism distinguished from other forms of terrorism? Does an ethno–
nationalist terrorist threat require a different response to other forms? Answer these questions with
appeal to a) theories and concepts of terrorism, and b) a case study of one terrorist group that has
'ethno–nationalist' characteristics.
A main misconception of terrorism especially in today's society is that, society views terrorism as
faith– based acts of violence, when it may not be the case. Terrorism is an illegitimate mean to
achieve a cause; it is a willful defense of an ideology or a political group. These acts by sub state
actors who violently target non–combatants to communicate a political a message. Terrorist are
neither crazy nor ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What had followed was a series of acts on the Western World, which changed the shacked the world.
It changed the world's perception and its political behavior regarding the issue of terrorism and
national security, and this is when 'The War on Terror' was establish in 2000 due to the following
attacks; In 1998 United States embassies in Kenya and Tanzania being bombed, in 2000 the Suicide
strike against the USS Cole in Yemen, September 11, 2001 attacks on United States World Trade
Center and Pentagon, The 2002 the Bali Bombings, The Madrid bombing in 2004, in 2005 the
London transport bombing and the list goes on.
Ayman Al–Zawahri is the ideological brains behind the war launched against America (Riedel,2008)
the logic behind Al–Qaeda's attacks on the United States on the September 11, 2001 bombings was
to destroy the United States financial operations, being the Twin Tower in New York, and military
headquarters, the Pentagon located in Washington, DC.
After the September 11 attacks, Al–Qaeda to take control and influence the Middle East, an
opportunity which arose was the in Iraq that was a chance for Al– Qaeda to attempt to make the
Middle East more like Afghanistan. Interesting enough that notion was rejected by the Iraqi
community and oppositions. This was interesting point raised, the reason being that there is an
assumption by the

Strain Theory Of Terrorism
Other than that research, Todd Sandler (2013) saw the correlation between the Terrorism & Game
Theory, as he explains:" Game theory shows how terrorists exploit asymmetric warfare to their
strategic advantage. Terrorist networks allow terrorists to deploy their ''best–shot'' effort against
targeted countries whose lack of cooperation means that there are always soft targets or the weakest
links for terrorists to attack for maximum gain. In addition, terrorists choose an optimal risk–
minimizing network structure." Many other researchers, (ex. Rosendorff and Sandler 2004; Siqueira
2005). name game–theoretic approach as the explanation of the terroristic actions and probably their
prediction, in any case they see the terrorists to be an active ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Post (1998) underline the importance of the family composition (single parent, uncomplite family)
and the relations inside of the family. Post (1998) " also cites studies that show how many terrorists
were reared in families that were fragmented, with fathers who were hostile."
Regarding the behavioral explaination, Post (1998) "stated that if terrorism was strategic and
rational, such groups should be more likely to disband after they achieve victories." (...) Instead,
they want to remain in the group for them the sense of belonging to a group is very important (...) it
helps them to fulfil their need to belong as well as their need to engage in risky endeavours." (Post
(1998) in Moss, 2016)
Moss, Simon, (2016). The rational choice theory of terrorism.

Police Discrimination Case Study
Black 21% 23% 22% 18% 12%
Asian 45% 35% 31% 35% 35%
Other 21% 23% 22% 22% 27%
Mixed/not stated 5% 11% 16% 14% 15%
While it remains essential that
The police should exercise their powers under Schedule 7 in a sensitive, well–informed and
unbiased manner, these statistics do not constitute evidence that those powers were being used in a
racially discriminatory manner. An emphatic dissenting note was sounded by Lord Kerr, who noted
that discrimination may be on racial grounds even if it is not the sole ground for the decision. He
considered that by authorising the use of a coercive power even partly on the grounds of race and
religion, Schedule 7 "not only permits direct discrimination, it is entirely at odds with the notion of
an enlightened ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A more eye–catching figure, often quoted by Ministers, is for "terrorism–related arrests". 289 of
these were recorded in 2014 (as against 223 in 2013, 258 in 2012, 170 in 2011 and an average of
216 since September 2001).122 As I have previously noted, caution is required in relation to these
figures. But in 2014, 86% of those charged following "terrorism–related arrests" were charged with
offences considered to be linked to terrorism, a substantial increase over the equivalent figure of
56% in 2013. They were focused on the last quarter of the year, which saw 46% of the arrests under
TA 2000 section 41 and 37% of all the terrorism–related arrests. There was a large increase in the
number of 18–20 year olds being arrested, which more than tripled from 15 in 2013 to 46 in 2014.
Continuing a recent trend, the great majority (78%) of "terrorism–related arrests" were under PACE
rather than TA 2000 section 41. This contrasts with the period 2003–2007, in which over 90% of
such arrests were under TA 2000. Two possible explanations are increased use of holding charges
(identity offences, benefits fraud, internet–related offences) while terrorist offences are investigated,
and the advent of certain precursor offences under TA 2006 in respect of which the TA 2000 section
41 arrest power (which is limited to the categories of person specified in section 40) may not be

The Pros And Cons Of Lone Wolf Terrorism
Before the delegation enters the subject of Lone Wolf terrorism, the delegation believes the
definition of terrorism must be addressed first, in order to distinguish the differences.
The definition of the European Union (2013) characterizes terrorism as an premeditated act with the
aim of "seriously intimidating a population, or unduly compelling a government or international
organization to perform or abstain from performing any act, or seriously destabilizing or destroying
the fundamental political, constitutional, economic or social structures of a country or an
international organization" (European Union, 2002, p. 4).
Although this definition is proper, the United Kingdom has their own definition for this atrocious
act. The Reinsurance (Acts of Terrorism) Act 1993 section ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
According to several figures from the Global Terrorism Database, between 2000–2017, 126 have
been killed in the UK as a result of a terrorist act, this, compared to the 1,094 deaths between 1985–
1999, and a further 2,211 deaths among 1970–1984, leads us to the conclusion that terrorism is
killing less people in the UK now, than it was in the 1980's.
Since 1970 UK has faced the most deaths, as a result of a terrorism act, in Western Europe, with a
total of 3,395.
With the UK's threat level left at severe, terrorism is an increasing concern for the people in Europe,
but figures show that Europe is one of safest areas, compared to other regions, like the Middle East
or North Africa.
In spite of the low numbers in the past years, terrorist attacks and lone wolf terrorism should not be
taken lightly.
Since early 2003, the United Kingdom has had a long–term strategy for countering international
terrorism (known by the Government as CONTEST). Its aim is to reduce the risk from international
terrorism. The strategy is divided into four principal strands: prevent, pursue, protect, and

The Human Rights Act and Anti-Terrorism in the Uk: One...
Public Law
2010
The Human Rights Act and anti–terrorism in the UK: one great leap forward by Parliament, but are
the courts able to slow the steady retreat that has followed?
David McKeever Subject: Human rights. Other related subjects: Administrative law. Criminal law
Keywords: Administrative law; Freedom of expression; Inhuman or degrading treatment or
punishment; Terrorism; Torture
Legislation: Human Rights Act 1998 Counter–Terrorism Act 2008 Terrorism Act 2006 Anti–
terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001 Terrorism Act 2000
European Convention on Human Rights 1950 art.3, art.10
Cases: A v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2005] UKHL 71; [2006] 2 A.C. 221 (HL) A
v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2004] UKHL 56; ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
112 protected domestically under the HRA (as listed in Schedule 1 to that Act), are not identical.7
It is important to keep these initial goals in mind when assessing recent anti–terrorism legislation.
Impact of the Human Rights Act
In terms of substantive law, the HRA has had a significant impact in many areas of English law. One
of the more obvious,8 and controversial,9 examples is the law relating to privacy. However the
impact of the HRA has not been limited to privacy, criminal law, and immigration/asylum. The Act
is being increasingly invoked in commercial litigation, and was recently relied on by Northern Rock
shareholders seeking to challenge the Government's 2008 compensation scheme.10
Also significant is that the HRA has, in practice, a measure of 'horizontal effect'. Section 6(1) of the
Act makes it unlawful for Courts (as public authorities)11 to act in a manner incompatible with
Convention rights, and UK courts are thus obliged to have regard to Convention rights even where
these arise in private disputes.12
In addition, whatever the situation regarding recent anti–terrorism legislation,13 it is generally true
that questions of human rights are now considered in a more systematic manner, and at an earlier
stage of the legislative process, than was the case before 1998.14
*P.L. 113 In light of the foregoing, it is incorrect to describe the "continuing futility" of the HRA,15
and is not mere hyperbole to describe the

The Importance Of The Police And Criminal Evidence Act 1984
Safety is a fundamental right that we all deserve. Most of us rely on the government to provide this
security. We pay for this through taxes, but the question that we must ask ourselves is are we getting
what we are paying for? By paying our taxes to the government we are giving it the authority to
choose the service we are getting back. The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE) is an
Act of Parliament which instituted a legislative framework for the powers of police officers in
England and Wales to combat crime, as well as providing codes of practice for the exercise of those
powers. PACE sets out to strike the right balance between the powers of the police and the rights
and freedoms of the public. Maintaining that balance is a central element of PACE. These powers
have been given to the police to insure our safety however how much power the police really hold is
limited by the PACE, the police must carry out their duty without breaching the rights of
individuals. the question of whether or not these rights should be abolished is a debatable one.
The police stop and search power first came about in 1984 the aim of this act was to protect the
rights of the public from the misconduct of police officers. some may argue that they are still not
protected by this act.Scottish ministers are under renewed pressure to abolish controversial police
stop–and–search powers, after United Nations human rights experts said they were potentially
breaching international law.
The UN

Terrorism: Is It Mala in Se or Mala Prohibita Essay
The criminal justice system uses the concepts of "mala prohibita" and "mala in se" to show the
difference between legally proscribed offenses and morally proscribed offenses. Legally proscribed
offenses are offenses that are wrong simply because there a formal rule keeps someone from doing
them. The morally proscribed offenses are offenses that cannot be justified in a sophisticated
society. For example, legally proscribed offenses are offenses such as prostitution, and gambling and
morally proscribed offenses are thing like premeditated murder and forcible rape. The State of
Washington vs. Thaddius X. Anderson was a perfect example of a case of "mala prohibita" and
"mala in se". The sole issue before us is whether "knowing possession" is ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The U.S Law definition of terrorism is defined an act that is dangerous to human life or potentially
destructive of critical infrastructure or key resources; and is a violation of the criminal laws of the
United States or of any State or other subdivision of the United States; and appears to be intended to
intimidate or coerce a civilian population; to influence the policy of a government by intimidation or
coercion; or to affect the conduct of a government by mass destruction, assassination, or kidnapping
(U.S. Legal). Today's terrorism would be best described as "mala in se" concept of the criminal
justice system. Just look at the memorable U.S. terrorist attack, September 11, 2001, resulted in
2996 innocent deaths. This attack was premeditated attack against innocent non–combatant
civilians. The acts of September 11th 2001 were morally proscribed offenses are those that cannot
be justified in a sophisticated society. In our textbook the moral convictions of a terrorist is
"unambiguous certainty of the righteousness of their cause; to them, there are no gray areas"
(Martin, 2010). Terrorist feel that their interest are the only way and no one can reprimand them for
their action because they are justified by their interest. Some terrorist group's moral convictions
most time come from them feeling as though they have been wrong by a more powerful evil. Others
group's moral convictions come from the superiority complex, these groups

The Pros And Cons Of Religious Terrorism
Religious terrorism is majorly underpinned by the idea that religious terrorists employ different
violent tactics that are more deadly and indiscriminate compared to other forms of terrorism.
Religious terrorism is alleged to be distinct from other forms of terrorism because it involves acts of
purification (Gunning & Jackson 2011). These acts are based of ancient rituals, such as self–
sacrifice, commonly martyrdom, or targeting a large portion of noncombatants to sacrifice or
because they are non–believers, instead of targeting specific political symbols to achieve political
aims (Gunning & Jackson 2011). Considering this view, religious terrorism is argued to be deadlier
because such terrorists aspire to cause maximum casualties. Following this argument, this
characteristic of religious terrorism is different to other forms of terrorism because they do not target
any specific defined political demands, since they want to destroy the society and eradicate a great
portion of the population (Spencer 2006). This type of act is grounded on the idea that such
terrorists see their struggle as good against evil (Spencer 2006). As a result they have dehumanize
their victims and anyone who are not apart of their struggle as infidels or traitors (Spencer 2006).
Not only does this indiscriminate violence becomes morally acceptable for them but it becomes a
righteous and a necessary expedient for their religious purpose and objectives. Furthermore, the idea
religious terrorists are

The United States And The Soviet Union
Following WWII the United States and it's citizens longed for a century of peace, but due to the rise
in Communism in Asia it was clearly not meant to be. The Korean and Vietnam Wars established the
US as "the world's policemen" even though the purpose of the wars were to prevent the spread of
Communism. By taking part in these wars the United States's relationship with the Soviet Union
reached a boiling point in the Cuban Missile Crisis, but was finally defused and the world was
spared of a nuclear disaster. The Soviet Union finally fell in the early
The 1990s and allowed the United States to become the undisputed superpower in the world. In the
1990s and early 2000s, the rise of computers kept the US at the front of technological advancement,
and kept the country relevant but countries like India and China began to grow at an alarming rate.
Labor from India and products from China created an imbalance in America's economy and also
caused the country to fall into deep debt. The United States' goal in the 21st century was to defend
its' title as the super power in the world. The terrorist attack that took place on September 11th, 2001
was the first opportunity to reinforce the might of America since the gulf wars in the 1980s
90s. The
United States' war on Terrorism earned them the official title as the Earth's policemen, but turmoil
overseas distracted its citizens from important matters at home. Gay rights, as well as the
legalization of Marijuana, were the main topics of

Role Of The Thief Takers During Early Civilizations
1. Fifth–century– Organized police departments were rare in early civilizations. Rome created the
first specialized investigate unit. These units were known as Questors, or "trackers of murder". Also
around this time Roman emperor Augustus picked special, highly qualified members of the military
to form the "Praetorian Guard" which could be considered the first police officers. Their job was to
protect the palace and the emperor. "Vigiles" were known as early roman firefighters and were
eventually also given law enforcement responsibilities.
2. Seventeenth–Century– English policing systems used a form of individual, private police called
"thief–takers". These private citizens had no official status and were paid by the king for every ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
5. Policing from 1960 to 1970– Supreme court made more decisions. The civil rights movement
happened. Police started to respond to Civil Disobedience. Also around this time the Vietnam war
was happening, many anti–Vietnam war demonstrations were happening. Campus disorders began
to happen. Also urban riots started to occur.
6. Policing in the 1980 to 1990– Computer revolution in policing began. A drastic reduction in
violent crimes started to happen. CompStat which is year–to–date statistics for criminal complaints
and arrests. The Rodney King incident happen giving police a bad name. Riots began resulting from
racial and civil unrest.
7. Policing in the 2000 's– Police corruption issues resurfaced. A notable amount of crime reductions
occurred. The terrorist attack known as 9/11 happened and its aftermath. Homeland security came
about and also the U.S.A. Patriot Act. Hurricane Katrina occurred, many corrupt cops left after the
hurricane hit instead of lending a helping hand.
The Era that I feel like had the most impact in policing was the 2000 's. I feel like this era had the
most impact in policing because after the terrorist attack known as 9/11 happened I feel like police
officers had to make changes amongst themselves. Before 9/11 happened, police officers didn 't
know how to address a terrorist attack. After this tragic event happen, I believe police departments
had to start training officers for situations like terrorism to

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