The Science Of The Earth

The Science Of The Earth
Everything that surrounds us, when we're young, we call nature. Over time, as our knowledge progresses and we realize that our views expand far
beyond our buildings, streets, our backyards, city, continent ... Our planet is a speck of dust in the solar system. Depending on the development of
human society in different periods of human history, the way in which theuniverse is interpreted was changing. It started from the interpretation of the
Earth as a flat plate that floats on water, than the hypothesis of the Big Bang, and about what will happen in the future we cannot even imagine. Every
human epoch had some idea of their universe, so it is today. For this assignment, we had to gather at least three people outside the classroom, and ...
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I knew that they do not have some special knowledge of astronomy, especially my parents. However, I knew they were happy to help me with the
assignment, and they will do it with pleasure. So it was. When I told them that I need their help, they were happy they could help. When it comes
to school and good grades, parents will do anything to help me. My sister was not so excited about the astronomy conversation, but she still helped
and took part in the conversation. Last weekend we had a brief conversation and preparation for next weekend, for a real conversation. I have
decided that the main topic would be about the stars and the planets. I told them to feel free to do a research about the stars and planets. I also did
some additional research, I made notes. After taking this class, I was ready and confident to talk about stars and planets. I have decided that we will
also use the computer; with the pictures, it will just be more interesting. The conversation took place in our living room on Sunday, November 2nd. It
lasted for about an hour. I found it very interesting to see my parents holding the notes, and waiting for the conversation to begin. However, my sister
still was not excited to be a part of this conversation. Mom took care of sweets and drinks, and the conversation could begin. Although we agreed
about the topics of the conversation, my mother wanted to start with the religious aspect of space. We allowed her to start on her way. I could have
guessed
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Flat Earth Society
In recent news, a new community has outwardly spoken on the theory, the earth is flat. This community calls themselves "The Flat Earth Society" or
"Flat Earthers". This began around the mid–20th century and has rapidly grown with the expansion of social media, and influencers such as rapper
B.o.B and basketball player Shaquille O'Neal.
This society believes that the Earth is a flat disk, similar to the United Nations Flag (Figure 1), where the sun works as a spotlight to create night and
day.(Figure 2) The Sun revolves around the north pole and changes position when creating the seasons.
We have learned in basic K–12 schooling that the Earth is spherical in shape. The earliest recording of this concept was c. 6th century BCE in ancient

Earth Science Essay
1. Summarize advances over time in determining the age of the Earth, including the importance of the discovery or radioactivity.
Herodotus counted layers of earth near the Nile River in 450 B.C.E. The Bible was used in the Middle Ages to compute the age of the Earth. The 18th
and 19th centuries brought a more scientific look into determining the age of the Earth by studying the salinities of the oceans, the rates of
sedimentation, and models of cooling of different materials in order to calculate the Earth's age. In 1862, William Thompson calculated the Earth's
age to be 98 million years and recounted that age to determine that it was actually between 20 and 40 million years old. He used a very thorough
method and ended up being wrong on ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Gravity and centripetal force are fighting against each other to maintain celestial bodies in an orbit around the Sun. The 1% of the mass in our Solar
System that didn't get sucked into the Sun is what makes up our planets, asteroids, and moons. The centripetal force acting on the planets aligns them
with the Sun's equator and creates the mostly flat orbit of the Solar System.
3. Alfred Wegener was a polar explorer and visionary. Describe how his early work was viewed with skepticism and how ultimately his theory on
continental drift was proven. What kinds of evidence did Wegener rely on to substantiate his continental drift hypotheses (Pangaea)?
He was viewed as a meteorologist and not a geologist. With no real geological knowledge, he formulated the continental drift theory was due to tidal
pull from the Sun or centrifugal force. Because scientists of the time couldn't believe that continents could float through rock as if it were liquid. We
now know that due to convection that we see through seismic tomography that the Earth is a kind of liquid on which the lithosphere is floating. His
basis was partly due to the edges of the continents fit together as a puzzle. Also, rocks, plants, and animals that were spread across the globe must have
started together because a rock didn't swim to its new location. 4. Explain how seismic tomography has been used to show what is actually happening
on Earth. Include in your answer

Earth Bound Telescopes
Clearly the better and stronger our telescopes and other methods used to evaluate the sky will result in further discoveries. Not only do we have Earth
bound telescopes; we have telescopes in the sky that can get even closer to other matter – whether that be planets, stars, comets, asteroids, etc. The
textbook also notes radial velocity and how the gravitational pull of a planet results in the star wobbling. "If the wobble happens to occur along our
line of sight to the star, then we see small fluctuations in the star's radial velocity, which can be measured using the Doppler effect" (Chaisson &
McMillan, 2014, p 371) allowing us to estimate the mass of the planet (Chaisson & McMillan, 2014, p 371). I found this website: http:/
/www.planetary.org/explore/space–topics/exoplanets/how–to–search–for–exoplanets.html that gives three ways. They are noted as radial velocity
(already stated); transit photometry (having to do with the brightness – or lack thereof – of a star when another "planet passes between it and the Earth"
(How to Search for Exoplanets)), and Microlensing (stated as the only real method that is capable of discovering other planets at huge distances from
Earth (How to Search for Exoplanets)). It further notes that while radial velocity can identify them within 100 light years, transit photometry can
identify them more than 100 light years (100's in fact), and transit photometry can find those that are thousands of light years away. I need to understand
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Basically, to be an Earth like planet and sustain life a planet would need the same properties – similar in mass, density, rotational method, gravity, and
atmosphere as the Earth. I suppose another planet could have some of Earth's same properties but if it weren't close enough to a source of heat like the
Sun is to Earth, life couldn't exist

The Earth And The Stars
Throughout the history of the human species people have looked up at the stars and wondered. Each individual culture, past and present, has stories
and myths concerning the various features of the night sky and the constantly moving celestial objects which reside there. There are creation stories
which try to explain where the Earth and the numerous stars came from. There are other stories whcih take on a less grand task and only try to explain
a single celestial object. Some believe that the stars and the Earth are intertwined and the motions or strange appearances of objects directly relate to
what is happening on the Earth.
There are also beliefs that the stars and night sky are the Heavens viewable from Earth, where everything must be perfect. If things were not perfect
in the Heavens, such as a new star appearing in the sky due to a supernova occurring light years away, some cultures would take this as a bad omen.
In ancient China for example, the Emperor was responsible for what happened on Earth as well as what happened in the Heavens, so if a new star
appeared unannounced then a competing group vying for control could use that change to try to alter the existing balance of power. In other places
such as medieval Europe even suggesting the Heavens were not perfect could land someone under arrested from, at the time, all powerful Catholic
Church. Such was the case with Galileo after his public support of the idea that the Earth moved around the Sun and not the other

The Discovery Of The Earth
While there are eight currently known planets in the solar system, there is a planet which lies between Earth and Mars that remains unknown to the
humans on Earth. It is possible that this planet exists in a blind spot of Earth, prohibiting the humans from seeing it. This planet is known as Crasius,
and its inhabitants are referred to as Crasiens. It is still a mystery how the moon was formed. While there are a few theories, new studies support the
theory that states the moon was formed from debris from a collision between the planet Earth and a rock which is thought to be about the size of Mars
about 95 million years ago. This is known as the Giant Impact Hypothesis. While this theory shows us how the moon was created, it doesn't indicate
what happened to the rest of the debris, which formed the fictitious planet of Crasius. Much like the moon, Crasius also has a small iron core, which
only makes up one to two percent of its mass. In addition to iron, it also contains various amounts of sulfur and hydrogen. However, Crasius has a
much thicker mantle than the moon, running 2,000 miles thick, compared to the moon's 825 miles. The thick mantle is due to the repetitive eruptions
of the many now inactive volcanoes on Crasius early on in its existence. The crust above the mantle is 100 miles thick, with a large amount of damage
on the surface from the initial impact, which jolted it loose from the Earth. Similar to other planets in the solar system, the terrain on Crasius is

The Discovery Of The Earth
Everyone always says that the Universe is huge; infinitely big, they tell us, so big that even the most powerful telescopes that human–kind has made
can 't even come close to showing us half of it, let alone the entire thing. Of course, we 've certainly come along way from thinking we were the center
of the Universe, though now scientists say we 're closer than we ever have been before.
We started on Earth, a small planet, really, in a small galaxy that no–one had ever heard of before. Then, when the Earth died, humans moved away.
Some boarded the space–carriers bound for the colonies on Mars, others took the long–haul to another galaxy entirely, where a planet so similar to
Earth had been found that they started calling it "New Earth." Both of those expeditions were apparently short–lived. Mars didn 't sustain life nearly as
long as had been projected, and New Earth suffered a similar fate to the original.
Luckily for the human race, people saw it coming. They moved out yet again, looking for other life–sustaining planets, and that 's when they first ran
into aliens. Well, we say it was the first time. It 's common knowledge these days that aliens had been coming to Earth and the other places humans
inhabited for ages before that fateful day. But our history classes would have us believe that this was the first human interaction with extraterrestrial
life forms. The aliens showed us to a planet with all the proper elements needed for humans to exist, and even showed us

Development Of Life On Earth
There are too many variables to replicate the development of life on earth. The variables need to replicate the development of life on earth are the
relationships between the conditions on early earth and the origin of organic molecules, the changes in technology that have assisted in the
development of an increasing understanding of the origin of life and evolution of living things, the major stages in the evolution of living things, and
the palaeontological and geological evidence that suggests when life originated on earth.
The Earth 's age is approximately 4.6 billion years old. The Hadean Eon was the formation of the Earth. The Earth was transformed from a gaseous
cloud into a solid body. The heavy molten iron sank down and became ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ultraviolet light would have easily reached the Earths surface due to having no ozone layer existing. At this stage this would have allowed organic
molecules to form in the lower atmosphere or the Earths surface. The stages of the Earths development consisted of:
Dense clouds of water formed in the atmosphere, which reflects the sun's heat
Earth cooled sufficiently to allow for the formation of a rocky crust.
Volcanic gas eruptions increased the air pressure, forming clouds which allowed for the water vapour to condense and fall as rain.
Water would have absorbed a lot of the carbon dioxide present in the atmosphere due to solubility.
The cooling process by the rain continued until the Earth was cool enough to allow for the formation of rivers and oceans.
Heat was dissipated into space, causing a more solid crust to form
From then on, the process of reducing the amount of carbon dioxide was occurring – ie transferring it into rocks like limestone.
The conditions on early Earth consisted of large amounts of volcanic activity; heat, ash, dust and gases in the atmosphere, anoxic, massive oceans
existed but only small land masses above the water surface, no ozone layer and violent electrical storms were common. There is evidence shown that
the Earth contained inorganic molecules during this time. As a result

Humans Are Destroying The Earth
How we as humans are destroying the Earth
There have been various changes taking place on the earth. Some of the changes have been positive while others have been negative. Man has been
associated with various activities that have contributed to significant destruction of earth and species or animals that occur in these areas. However,
sometimes natural causes are associated with the destruction of the environment. There are various ways in which man have been associated with
destruction of the environment. Some of the common ways in which destruction has taken place is through pollution such as release of harmful gases
and overuse of resources. Others include destruction of habitat such as clearing of forests and alteration of climate associated with human activities.
However, there are also ways that have been outlined as possible in averting changes that have taken place on earth. Such changes may include the use
of alternative energy such as the biogas. A focus on how man has been involved in the destruction of the planet at an alarming rate will help in
highlighting ways to overcome such effects.
There are various ways in which human is involved in the destruction of the earth. The damage has been associated with the increasing human
population. This has been linked to human looking for more space to settle and also carry out other activities. As a man looks for space, he is
involved in razing large parts of the forest that may involve shifting of organisms from one

Good Earth Lessons
There are many lessons we can learn from books that we imply to our lives today. The Good Earth is one of these book that show a great deal of
lessons learned that are still in use today. In this paper you will see how what people did in the Good Earth is still used today. This paper will talk
about 3 main points. First and foremost I will talk about land, then I will talk the concept of greed with money, finally I will end with the concept of
change.
Today many countries fight for land and have been for a long time. Land is a very important thing because it helps with colonization and It help the
country look more superior over other countries. In the Good Earth Wang Lung is always attached to his land, and whenever he gets enough money he
goes and buys more land. This lesson is used not only today but also back in the olden ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the book Wang Lung was a poor farmer who valued money a lot and looked down on the poor when he became rich. This concept of valuing
money and looking down on the poor is still around today. How? An Example are chairs men. A chairman is a person who is the head of a
company or an organization. This is a good example because since they have a lot of power they easily look down on people. Many people look
down on another because of their flaws. This happens everywhere not only reality but in books as well. Finally onto my third point change in a
person's character. In today's society many people's characteristic change throughout the their lifetimes. In the Good Earth Wang Lung's characteristic
changed from being a loving poor man to a rich lonely man. Characteristics change in everyone and everything. An example is Demi Lovato because
she at first was a shy young lady who soon became an icon for those young ladies who feel sad and vulnerable. Throughout society people are different
and change is a part of this difference which people throughout the years deal

Essay On Earth Day
Earth Day
Ana Aguilar
SOC 302 Forests & Culture
2020 marks for the 50th anniversary of the first Earth Day, in that year the main focus will be to end plastic pollution (Earth Day). The first Earth
Day was on April 22, the 1970s all throughout the U.S. Know it's a global event that people from all over the world celebrated. Before the movement
started in the 1970's, a great oil spill happened that Santa Barbara had in California, 1969. Thus, the oil spill encouraged Senator Gaylord Nelson of
having a day to focus on helping the environment and teach the public of natural disasters (History of earth day, 2017). Millions of people went to the
street to protest for the negative impacts of more than a hundred years of industrial development. The natural environment has been on a road of
destruction ever since the industrial revolution. In addition, humans have been overwhelmed with gaining wealth that they have ignored the
environmental needs for many years. It can be said that this movement has been a great success in protecting the environment. There are three main
reasons why this movement is successful: The first, is the strong focus of the movement, which promotes public awareness of pollution problems, the
second, is all the positive influence the main media has have to the movement and lastly, is the overall knowledge that people receive after
participating in an earth day activity. First, Gaylord Nelson wanted there to be a

Earth Day
Earth Day is a day that is intended to inspire awareness and appreciation for the Earth's natural environment. Earth Day was founded by United States
Senator Gaylord Nelson as an environmental teach–in first held on April 22, 1970. While this first Earth Day was focused on the United States, an
organization launched by Denis Hayes, who was the original national coordinator in 1970, took it international in 1990 and organized events in 141
nations.[1][2] Earth Day is now coordinated globally by the Earth Day Network,[3] and is celebrated in more than 175 countries every year.[4]
Numerous communities celebrate Earth Week, an entire week of activities focused on environmental issues. In 2009, the United Nations designated
April 22 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Canopy Project: In 2010, Earth Day Network planted over 1 million trees in 16 countries under the Avatar Home Tree Initiative. So far in 2011,
EDN and its thousands of partner organizations have already planted nearly 50 million more trees throughout the world! Locations where reforestation
is most urgently needed include Haiti, Brazil, Mexico and urban areas of the US. Help us green our future, one million trees at a time.
Women and the Green Economy (WAGE)в„
ў: To accelerate and provide the new thinking and creative power for a global post–carbon economy, Earth
Day Network is engaging women business, government and NGO leaders in its "Women and the Green Economy" (WAGEв„ў) campaign. Our goal is
to create a policy agenda for Rio+20 and relevant generate national initiatives that will promote the green economy, secure educational and job training
opportunities for women and channel green investment to benefit women.
Arts for the Earthв„ў: Arts for the Earth is an innovative education program developed to teach sustainability and environmental education through
museum and arts community networks.
Here is a good story for Earth Day: An old man was planting a tree, then somebody asked him why he plants that which he cannot live long enough to
enjoy its fruit. The old man answered; 'just as my grandparents planted a tree to which I've been nourished, so I plant for my grandchildren.' So people
should not be merely "cutters" of trees but

The Destruction Of The Earth
As humans, why do, we feel the need to destroy everything that we see? Why is it that if it does not make us more money than it is not worth it?
The Earth, the only planet in our little solar system to contain intelligent life and the only use we can find with that intelligence is to destroy one
another and the planet we live on. Ever since the beginning of time humans have only cared about themselves and now that greed is destroying our
planet. The pollution of this planet is astronomical, rivers and parts of the ocean filled with trash and the skies over cities have been blackened by
smog. When will all of this end and why do we have to do this to ourselves. Did you know that it is more cost efficient to just throw something away
in a landfill than to recycle. Same thing goes for sewage and chemical waste it is a million times cheaper to dump it in the ocean than spend the money,
man hours and resource to filter the waste. Air pollution is the most intoxicating, people assume because they cannot see it therefore it does not exist.
These are common forms of human destruction to the environment. But the real question is when are we going to stop this destruction from
consuming our planet until there is nothing left but death. Humans are greedy, I know this, but it does not give you the right under no circumstance to
destroy the Earth because you are too lazy to recycle or filter your own waste. We only have one Earth do you want it to end up like the Earth in Wall
–E

Four Earth Systems
The hydrosphere, geosphere, biosphere, and atmosphere, are the four Earth systems that have many interactions between each other. Many of these
interactions are for the good or bad of the environment. The hydrosphere is all water on earth like groundwater, rivers, oceans, glaciers, etc. The
geosphere is things such as rock, landforms, molten rock, volcanoes, minerals, soil, etc. The biosphere consist of all living things, like plants or
animals. The atmosphere is the envelope of gases surrounding the Earth, this is known as air. One interaction is between the geosphere and the
hydrosphere. The hydrosphere can cause erosion of the geosphere by water from glaciers melting and running into the geosphere. This erosion could
cause new lakes or

Earth And Venus Similarities
There are a total of eight known planets in our solar system which consist of four inner and four outer planets; the four inner planets, Mercury, Venus,
Earth, and Mars, are known as the terrestrial planets because not only are they the closest to the sun, but they are also "Earth–like," meaning that they
are similar to Earth's composition and structure ("What is a Terrestrial Planet?"). While these three planets bare close similarities, the planet that
closely resembles Earth is Venus. Known as the "Sister Planets," or the "Twins," Earth and Venus are said to share close similarities in relation to their
"size, mass, density, composition, and distance from the sun" ("Venus Compared to Earth" and "Venus Information and Facts"). However, as Matt
Williams (2016) suggests, while these two planets may have been "very similar early in their existence," just as with most siblings, as time progressed,
they began to change–essentially transforming into two distinct, individual planets, with very little in common. After the creation of the solar system,
4.5 years ago, Venus, just as Earth, was said to have formed as gravity drew in a whirlwind of dust and gas ("Earth– In Depth;" "Venus – In Depth").
Venus is the second planet from the sun (67,237,910 miles away), and the only planet said to be named after a female–the "Roman goddess of love
and beauty" ("Planet Venus Facts"). On the other hand, as the only planet in the solar system not named after "Greek and Roman gods or

The Earth On The Turtle's Back
How was Earth created? How were people created? Why was everything made how it was? All of these questions and many more were asked by
Native Americans, and so they came up with stories to answer these questions in a way they could understand. Some of these stories include; The Sky
Tree, The Earth on the Turtle's Back, Coyote Finishes His Work, Coyote Steals the Sun and Moon, The Blackfeet Genesis, When Grizzlies Walked
Upright, and The Navajo Origin Legend. According to these titles, one could conclude that there were different stories explaining the same thing, and a
lot of them had to do with animals.
The first two stories that are similar in many ways is The Sky Tree and TheEarth on the Turtle's Back. Both of these stories are the explanation of how
the land came around, stating that the Earth started as water, and then something happened that made it have land. In both stories, it starts out with the
world just being full of water and takes place in skyland. In one story, the the Queen ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
All three of these stories are creation stories, and the creation of people to be exact. In the first, people are created from clay, in the second Native
Americans are created from a spirit and bear having children, and in the third they are made from corn, eagle feathers, and wind. In the first and
second stories, it also gives explanations of how other things are made, like trees, mountains, berries, etc.. Although, in The Blackfeet Genesis the
story ends with a mother and son talking to the "Chief" and they decide that death will be ultimate, no going back, until the son dies, and the mother
wants to undo the law, and have her son come back. In When Grizzlies Walked Upright, the lost daughter of the Great Spirit, has children with a
grizzly bear. When he finds out about this, he curses bears to walk on all fours and makes their children, Indians, to walk the

The Natural Resources Of The Earth
Misjudged Land The Earth has an ability to produce natural resources, provide land to build on, and absorb waste. This is known as the bio capacity
of the Earth, and it can only take so much to keep the planet healthy and clean. It takes about a year and a half to generate the resources that the human
population only uses in a year. Therefore, if it continues at this rate, according to the World Wildlife Fund, "by the year 2050, thehuman population is
anticipated to use an equivalency of two Earths worth of renewable sources in only one year." The planet Earth can only produce so much in one year,
and doubling the amount is far from possible. There are many threats on the planet Earth to prevent it from providing what is demanded, in which
people do not realize are a part of a day–to–day routine. Just as the Earth is evolving, human life and wildlife is expanding its population as well and
consequently, all residents of the planet should be aware of saving the Earth from demolishing everyone and everything in it. Cutting down forests for
the sake of human utilization may be beneficial, however it will decrease the benefits of Earth as a whole. The act of deforestation may be considered a
gateway to the extinction of all living things on the Earth. Better choices need to be made that reflect the way the environment is responding and it all
starts by understanding what the Earth already has and needs to continue to maintain. Considering the planet and everything that is

Pangae The Evolution Of The Earth
One of the more difficult ideas for people of all ages to comprehend is the immensity of time over which the Earth has formed and evolved. While
most people have some sense that Biology has an evolving history, the physical Earth has one, too, and they are inextricably linked together.
Scientists think they have a good understanding of how the plates have moved since Pangaea broke up, but the motion is less clear in the time before
Pangaea. Oceanic crust has an average age of only 55 million years (in geological terms, quite young). It is totally recycled into the Earth's interior
every 150 million years or so. On the other hand, the age of continental crust averages about 2.3 BILLION years, with the oldest known rocks dating
back 3.96 billion

Realms of Earth
Reading Material: Realms of the Earth
Astro–physicists and scientists believe that there could be quite a few planets in the Universe similar to our planet
Earth. There is also a probable chance that some form of life prevails and sustains in one of such planet.
However, so far as we presently know, theEarth is the only planet which supports life which makes it a very unique planet. It is therefore imperative
(very important and necessary) for us to understand the spheres of the Earth as the spheres play a crucial role to enable life forms to evolve, prevail
and sustain.
The three main components of the Earth are water, air and soil. They are not only in contact with each other but are also interactive and interdependent.
Life exists only ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The external forces lead to wearing away and rebuilding of the Earth's surface.
The agents of erosion physically change the Earth's surface by eroding (wearing away) land surfaces, transporting the eroded material and depositing
the weathered soil, sand and debris at other places. For example, rain, wind and rivers erode the mountains and highlands, the eroded particles are
carried and deposited further down to form plains.
Types of landforms
MOUNTAINS
A mountain is a natural elevation of the Earth's surface rising high above its surrounding. Mountains have narrow summits and broad bases.
Mountains are found both on land and on the ocean floor. They are of different types. Some of them are very high and some relatively short. Some
have pointed peaks, while some have rounded tops. Some have steep slopes and some have gentle slopes. The higher reaches of the mountains can be
very cold. The higher the altitude, the lower will be the temperature.
Fold Mountains
Fold Mountains are formed by the upward movement and folding of land masses due to lateral compression caused by tectonic or internal forces.
When two plates move towards each other, the place of convergence of the two plates gets compressed. The crust along the edge gets crumpled or
folded. Massive layers of the Earth's crust get uplifted as a result of these converging forces, resulting in the formation of Fold Mountains.
The Himalayas and the Alps were formed in the same way in the

The Exploring Of Earth : The Earthquakes Of The Earth
Why do Earthquakes occur?
An earthquake is the violent shaking of the ground which is caused by sudden movement in the Earth's crust. Earthquakes occur because the tension
gets released from inside the crust of the earth. Tectonic plates move alongside and past each other but they do not always move smoothly and when
they get stuck it causes an earthquake because the pressure builds up then the pressure is finally released (see source 1). This movement from the
plates forces waves of energy to come to the surface of the Earth. Plates can also converge into each other, this is when two plates collide and one goes
beneath one and creates an earthquake.
How does it occur?
Source 1 Pressure building up under tectonic plates An earthquake occurs when tectonic plates slide against, under, over or past each other. Tectonic
plates are plates that are broken up like a jigsaw that are located in the outer layer of the Earth (see source 2). All of the water and land on the Earth
sit on tectonic plates. The Earth is made up of eight major plates, Australia is located on the Indo–Australian Plate. These plates are constantly moving
beneath us but the movement is too slow for us to notice and feel. The energy from earthquakes are released in seismic waves which spread out from
the focus in the crust. The focus is the point that the pressure is released from and the surface on Earth that is the focus is called the epicentre (see
source 3).
During an earthquake, the most damage will

Age Of Earth
The age of the Earth can be accurately determined. Through various methods of relative dating, and absolute radiometric dating, scientists can very
precisely determine the age of the Earth. The key to the age of our planet lies not in one evidence, but in the cross–examination of multiple evidences.
In this paper, we will explore those evidences and find that the secret of Earth's age lives in the relationship between them. By putting the pictures of
fossils in chronological order in the activity Using Fossils to Tell "Deep Time", we discovered that fossils can be a valuable tool in relative dating.
Due to the principle of horizontal originality, we know that layers of sediment are deposited horizontally; because of this, we can extrapolate that
fossils of the same species will ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The hotpots create islands; and when the tectonic plates move, the island moves with it. This creates an opening above the hotspot, which allows
the hotspot to create more islands. The older the islands are, the smaller they get because they have more time to be eroded. Also, the older the
islands will be further away from the hotspot because they have been on the tectonic plates longer and therefore have had more time to move. This
phenomena shows relative age because we can see the age of the Earth through the size of the islands and the distance they are from the hotspot. In
the third activity, we found that mid ocean ridges are the birthing place of tectonic plates. The isochron map showed us that the closer to the ridges,
the younger the oceanic floor is. The closer to a continent, the older the rock is. The reason for this is because the mid ocean ridges create crust, and
where the oceanic crust meets the continental crust, the crust is destroyed (subduction zone). This shows relative age because the oceanic crust's age
can be seen relative to the mid ocean ridges and the subduction

Earth Essay
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– University of Phoenix Material
Earth and Earth Materials I Worksheet
From Visualizing Earth Science, by Merali, Z., and Skinner, B. J, 2009, Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Copyright 2009 by Wiley. Adapted with permission.
Part 1
Complete the WileyPLUSВ® GeoDiscoveries Earth Drag and Drop from Chapter 1. Label and describe each letter in the space below.
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
A. Ocean | B. Continental crust | C. Oceanic crust | D. Solid inner core | E. Liquid outer core| F. Mesosphere | G. Anthenosphere | H. Lithosphere |
Part 2
Resources:
Minerals Drag and Drop (Chapter 2)

Virtual Rock Lab (Chapter 2) * * ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Another mineral is Ice is a mineral; it's true I would never think ice can be a mineral. It occurs in nature in the form of hexagonal crystals and has a
specific chemical formula (H2O).(chapter2).
Part 4
In the following table, summarize what scientists have learned from the fossil record. Include the type of fossil evidence scientists used in their
research. Add one more type of evidence with a summary to the table.
Note. You may need to do outside research to complete the table. Cite any references used and provide a References page.
Area of information| Summary| Climate change| The scientific opinion is that the Earth climate system is the warning and the humans are causing
most of it because of things humans do and its increases the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and for that causes is also burning the fossil fuels. |
Continental drift| About one hundred years ago a Germany scientist was laugh at for advancing the shocking idea that the continents were adrift. Alfred
Wegener is the Germany Scientist. But yet he was right the "continental drift and the more recent science of plate tectonics are now the bedrock of
modern geology. But in Wegener's day, geological thinking stood firmly on a solid earth where continents and oceans were the permanent features" (
smithsonianmag.com/science–nature).
| Extinct species:

Planet Earth Is Doomed
Planet Earth is Doomed!
Happy New Year! Lim, Zelda and Mateo were having a celebration as it was New Year's Eve, 2241, and they were meeting up at Mateo's house.
When they had all had something to eat and drink they decided to put the TV on to watch some of the annual rocket and boulder race. Lim turned the
TV on to Star channel. All of a sudden, there became an urgent news bulletin at the bottom of the TV which said, "DANGER" in big red letters. The
newsreader looked horrified and bewildered, he looked like he had seen a ghost. The bulletin said that there was a meteorite coming to hit planet Earth.
When all three boys saw the bulletin they looked at each other with stunned faces. What was going to happen to planet Earth?
After very little sleep, the next morning Mateo quickly switched on the TV to see what the update was about the meteorite. When the Star News came
up there was a journalist talking to four scientists about their discovery of the ... meteorite. The scientists' idea ...... was to put a laser beam around
Earth. As Zelda and Lim woke up, Mateo was sitting on the edge of the couch. Zelda nervously asked Mateo what the news was about the meteorite
and Mateo informed him about what was going on.
At 7:00 that night the laser beam was due to be switched on. All three boys went outside and hopefully gazed at the night sky. All of a sudden, a bright
green shine lit the horizon of the Earth. All three boys let out a sigh of relief. But no sooner had they begun to

Earth from Space
As beautiful as the earth is from the ground it is even more stunning from international space stations. There are approximately 120 artificial satellites
in space starting at a distance of 100 to 25,000 miles from the ground. There are many different types of Artificial Satellites, each with a distinct job.
Some Artificial Satellites help predict the weather, while others gather information about the universe for organizations like NASA. Satellites can see
things far beyond human vision; they transform things invisible to the naked eye into visible images.
These transformed images show how the sunlight, moisture, land and atmosphere react together to make life on earth possible. These insights help
scientists relate between the planet and it's life. So, what exactly makes life? What are the essential components, which make life possible on this
planet? Why do sand storms in the Sahara affect the amazon rain forest 5000 miles away? The video" Earth from Space" helps us understand the
effects of forces on this planet.
It starts with the Sun, at a distance of 93 million miles away from the earth; it warms every inch on the surface. One of the newer satellites by NASA
called "Suomi National Polar–orbiting" which was launched in 2011, orbits 500 miles away from ground. It enables us to see more substances. For
instance, the spectrum is as long as the distance from New York to Los Angeles. In comparison, the visible region to the human eye would be the size
of a dime. The

The Importance Of Life On Earth
David Suzuki provided an educational video on how us as humans make a big difference in our world. We are the earth, we aren't just a species
that is on the earth, and we are every different kind of essence of earth. The earths resources and problems that go on in our world are from us, we
are our only hope to keep or save the way our planet is going. Globalization is a big part in the way we treat our planet and how it will turn out, how
we treat it will depend on how we react to problems. Gaia's Hypothesis is really expressed throughout the film and gives the idea of how we have to
start saving the resources and the world, it suggests to help the big picture. The importance of having certain conditions perfect to live on earth depends
on how we want to treat our world, the factors are sometimes looked past even though they are important, if they aren't followed, these problems will
get even worse. Our world is close to being in big danger and the world needs to be treated better so our lives can feel better too.
Globalization is big factor in how we should be treating the planet, to better improve everyday life on earth. Globalization is the interaction of people
on earth through how we treat it and the flow of money, ideas and culture [Suny Levin Institute, 2016]. We are no longer connected all together through
social events, it's said that we are connected, connected by air, but it doesn't seem like it anymore. The media stresses that the economy is endanger,
and the

Destroying The Earth Is Destroying Earth
The big question for all of us to answer is "Why is deforestation still happening each and every day if is destroying the Earth?". Deforestation tends to
only benefit humankind, and seems to forget about the negative consequences to the environment. Instead of thinking about the future and how our
actions have consequences, humans seem to only be thinking about their pocketbooks. For example, farming is one of the main reasons for deforestation
. Three hundred million farmers use the slash and burn method for agriculture. Farming clears forests using the slash and burn method, which in turn
provides a clear plot of land to grow crops for humans. Although it is good to provide food, the slash and burn method is very dangerous
(Deforestation Facts and Statistics). The slash and burn method cuts down and burns off trees before the new seeds are sown to clear land to farm. In
theory, the slash and burn method is supposed to give communities food and income. However, the negative results include erosion, decreased
biodiversity, and nutrient loss. Arguably, the most significant adverse outcome involves the huge net increase in global carbon emissions that results
from the slash and burn method. One solution to the slash and burn process involves chopping down selected trees that look weaker and saving the
strong trees to produce offspring, which should assist with stabilizing the environment (Sitler, Ryan). Logging is another main cause of deforestation.
Logging is

The 4 Elements Of The Four Giantss Of Earth, Water And Earth
The 4 Elements
Once upon a time there were 4 giants 1 fire 1 earth 1 water and air. They all covered the great plains of the united states. Though back then there we
only mountains there. Fire was north earth east water south and air to the west. Those 4 giants were all kings of the great plain the human however
each praised one of them and if you did not praise any you will vanish into the center of the earth. They all lived in peace and harmony.
The mean and jealous one Fire Wanted the water part because he thought he had more power over everyone and he took the first strike He tried to
take the land of water because he thought that the the water giant was weak and helpless but he did not know that water could put out fire and he got
drench and went back. His Troops of fire heated him up and he was helpless thinking now that he was the weakest by being beaten by water the
smallest of them all. Though he did not know he was king of earth because he can burn it to dust.
The air was kicked out of the 4 elements because she thought she ruled over everyone like fire and killed all her troops. The rest of the troops though
kicked her out and there she was sitting at the rocky mountains and regretting what she had done.
The earth tried to kill the fire and as he whipped the fire element with his Vines The fire element just stood there and did not do anything. One day later
after the earth element had beat him he fell on the mountains and the mountains

The Science Of The Earth Essay
Introduction
The science that is connected with planet earth encompasses geosciences or earth science among others. Containing old histories, this is considered as
a part of planetary science while it possesses holistic and reductionist approaches in the science of the planet Earth. This discipline can cope with
lithosphere, atmosphere, biosphere or hydrosphere. Quantitative understanding has been developed by the scientists to understand the ground systems
with the tools by mathematics, physics, chronology, biology, chemistry alike that help to know how the universe is evolved.
Deliberations
According to a news release from NASA, coronal mass ejections caused by geomagnetic storms have been enhanced in strength; as from G1 to G5,
they were rated G3 in 2012. The earth planet is surrounded and by bubbles of magnetic fields while rapid changes in the earth magnetosphere were
witnessed due to activities that happened on sun that caused a geomagnetic storm. With earth's magnetic fields, coronal mass ejections were mingled; as
a result, the wind became mild in intensity reported in the month of March in the corresponding year (Philips, 2009).
On the other hand, the geomagnetic storms have been intensified and enhanced in their frequency as magnetic fields of coronal mass ejections indulges
with that of the earth that causes change of direction and leave more radiation and magnetic energy into the environment of the planet earth. Solar
Hemispheric Observatory and Solar

My Autobiography Of Earth
Autobiography of Earth Nature's beauty is a work of art. Its compelling nature is being destroyed day after day by humankind. We need to learn to
protect what we take for granted every day and what's left of our earth. Although, our earth is continuously losing its picturesque beauty it is no longer
full of lush grass, crystal clear oceans, and an abundance of animals. However, my connection towards the earth is powerful because I wish to cherish
its beauty, live in faith that the earth will remain, and to remember the connections I made with the earth. Earth will not destroy itself but, humankind
will. Thus, making the ending of humankind and nature inevitable unless we take actions now. Naturally, we are expected to preserve earth's beauty
and its ability to help humankind survive. Personally, it troubles me that our own species will not take the time to secure our future generations with
the natural resources we are given every day. Our earth provides us with water, oxygen, food, and so much more but instead we have chosen to
slowly destroy it by oil leakage, littering causing climate change, and wars amongst one another. To my family, the earth is precious to everything that
we do. However, we are not models of what it means to fully take part in taking care of the environment. We only recycle bags and plastic, have
minimal trash, and pick up other people's trash when we can. I want to cherish the glorifying moments of seeing blue whales, killer whales, and coral

The Planet Of Earth : Planet Earth
Descriptions of the 8 planets including a dwarf planet:
Mercury: Mercury is only slightly larger than earth's moon and the sun is the closest to this planet than any other planet. This planet can reach 840
degrees Fahrenheit (450 Celsius). Its diameter is 3,031 miles (4,878 km), its orbit is 88 earth days and mercury's full day lasts 58.6 earth days.
Venus: Venus takes first place when it comes to the hottestplanet. Venus is substantially hot with an atmosphere that is toxic. The diameter is 7,521
miles (12,104km), it orbits 225 earth days and its full day lasts 241 earth days.
Earth: Earth is covered in water mostly rather than land (1/3 of earth is only land). This planet is the only known world that is the home to life. The ...
Its diameter is 86,881 miles (139,822 km), an orbit of 11.9 Earth years and it has a full day that lasts 9.8 earth hours.
Saturn: This planet is known for its ring, the rig is made of ice and rock. The gases that are in the atmosphere of this planet are hydrogen and helium.
Its diameter is 74,900 miles (120,500 km), an orbit is 29.5 earth days with a full day lasting 10.5 earth hours.
Uranus: This planet orbits on its side. This planet is basically the same size as Neptune. The blue green tint is produced by the gas methane in the
atmosphere. Its diameter is 31,763 miles (51,120km), an orbit is 84 earth days and the planets full day lasts 18 earth hours.
Neptune: This planet is known for its winds being faster than sound. Neptune is the furthest planet which helps it to have a cold temperature. The sun
is 30x as far as way from Neptune than it from Earth. Its diameter is 30,775 miles (49,530 km); an orbit is 165 earth years and Neptune's full day lasts
19 earth hours.
Pluto (Dwarf Planet): This 'planet' is smaller than Earth's moon. Pluto is a cold rocky planet. Pluto's status was once a planet but recently it was
relegated to a dwarf planet. Its diameter is 1,430 miles (2,301 km), it has an orbit of 248 earth years and Pluto's full day lasts 6.4 earth days. http:/
/www.space.com/16080–solar–system–planets.html (This link shows where I got the facts and figures from about the descriptions of the planets).
Fig 1 is our universe, as you can see;

Earth Science: Exploring the Geology of Planet Earth
Part 1 Earth's Mantle, Crust, etc. The physical geology of the earth consists of a Core (inner and outer), the mantle, the asthenosphere and the
lithosphere. The inner core is primarily a solid ball about 70% the size of the moon and thought to consist of an iron–nickel alloy with a temperature
about the same as the sun. The outer core is a liquid layer about 1500 mils thick that is composed of iron and nickel, just below the mantle. The mantle
is divided into layers, and is a rocky shell surrounding the core of the earth with about 84% of the total volume of the planet. It is primarily solid and
encloses the iron rich hot core and was formed by numerous past incidents of volcanism. Two main zones are in the upper mantle of the earth. The
inner asthenosphere that is composed of flowing rock about 200 km thick and the lithosphere which is composed of rigid rock about 50–120 km thick.
There is also a thick crust which is the upper part of the lithosphere that surrounds the mantle, anywhere from 5–75 km thick. Additionally, the
asthenosphere may be described as being highly viscous that is crucial to the plate tectonic theory in that in spite of its high temperature, pressures keep
it malleable and at a relatively low density. The lithosphere is the crust and upper mantle of the earth that is the hard and rigid layer in which humans
live. This portion of the earth reacts to the atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere through erosion and weathering, resulting the soil forming

A Report On The Earth
"Holly, could you pass me that–––" static interrupted Trenton. The display on the bottom left corner of his helmet said "COMM SYS FAILURE". He
looked up at his company and they seemed to notice the same thing. Claude signaled them to get back on the rover. Their job would have to wait
because they needed to get back to the Base as soon as possible. Every fiber in his body told him that the worst had happened: a solar flare. NASA had
known about the possibility of such an occurrence but the resulting solar flare from the explosion of a giant sunspot wasn't supposed to hit the moon.
The moon's atmosphere or magnetic field couldn't block solar flares from bombarding them with x–ray and radio waves, thus frying their
communication systems. Since they couldn't communicate with Earth, they had no warnings. The Base also didn't have any detectors. There were no
contingencies for total disconnect from Earth. He suspected an X–class solar flare, the strongest type, had occurred, catapulting one billion ton of
coronal mass ejection and high–energy protons their way, with energies over one hundred million electron volts. These protons easily penetrated their
spacesuits. [122] [20]
16 June 2039, 07:01 UTC, ILB, the Moon
Holly, Trenton and Claude lay in the Health Module. It had been week since their incident. They were fighting radiation sickness from their exposure
to the solar flare's proton storm. Dr. Linda Chadwick cared for them and made sure they took all their medications. They

Creation or Evolution of the Earth
Was it creation or evolution? That is the question that is more popular today than ever. There are many different theories to the creation of the earth
and the development of man. The big question is which one was actually true. Scientists will tell you evolution is how man was created. Creationists
or Christians will tell you that creation was how man was created. Which group of people is right? There is a bill in Texas State Congress over a new
proposed set of guidelines for teaching biology in the public school system. For the last twenty years state regulations have said whenever the theory of
evolution is. Sanded it is weakness should also be presented. However a new group of professors, calling themselves "The Twenty First Century
Science Coalition," this group is calling for a change in Texas state guidelines and all across America that would profit the mention of any
weakness from being discussed in the public classroom. The also further said any mention of weakness of Darwin's theory of evolution would
harm college students' readiness and their ability to compete for jobs. I find this a bit curious. Here are these people saying we can't even talk about
the weakness of evolution. Somehow this will keep kids from getting jobs and getting into college. It is not the whole purpose of education to ask
questions? Why is the adherence of evolution so adamant in saying we are not even going to allow any of the weakness of our theory to be discussed?
I think the reason is

The Age Of The Earth
Many Christians believe that the age of the earth is a side issue, of non doctrinal importance, that one can believe in an old or young universe. The
Christian apologist William Lang Craig believes that it hurts Christianity when Christians hold to a young earth position (Craig holds to a local flood
as many other Christian apologist and Christian). The reason they give is that it is not scientifically possible, others have posited that it hurts the gospel
message. Others have said young earth believers unwittingly damage Christianity 's credibility. This is nothing more than arrogance, an ego built on
trying to puff oneself up, in the philosophy naturalism. In fact, many evangelicals have started to believe in evolution, given that they believe in
billions of years. I believe it hurts the church to believe in what secular science has to say about past events, since they view the world through a
different set of glasses–glasses blind to truth and God.
A global food is essential in explaining the data we have across the world in the sedimentary rock forms. The global Flood explains why many
animals in the past record were buried rapidly in death throe positions. Old age believers must explain the fact that the moon is moving further away
from earth, hence at one time the moon was in close proximity to the earth, if billions years are true. Thus, the old age believer remains in neutrality
with the atheistic naturalism. Old earth opponents try to explain away the Genesis

Earth Is Flat Essay
A YouTube video published by YouTube user Jeranism calls out government and NASA. The video also questions the Earth as a flat surface, rather
than a spherical globe as we all have been taught since childhood. The YouTube video also shows ISS live feed from NASA, as well as pre–packaged
videos released by NASA and the government. Jeranism claims that the Earth is flat, and anyone who sides with those beliefs either works for the
CIA or is paid by some other association with an alternative agenda. Is the Earth actually flat? Could the spherical globe we all spun in classrooms be
the biggest sham ever? Probably not, but the video brings up a few interesting questions.
Are NASA and the Government Lying?
Well, it is tough to say, since the majority of us have yet to travel off theplanet on a SpaceX mission to Mars. The YouTube video shares a few
flat–earther points of view. One major point flat–earthers make is the relevance to the human senses. Many flat–earthers believe that the Earth being
flat simply makes more sense. The YouTube commentary details how walking on Earth is a more flat experience sense wise. We don't feel spinning,
which can be attributed to gravity, or lies about gravity. NASA and the government definitely have their secrets, but the earth being flat seems to be a
long ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
You can pretty much upload any information with a video portraying anything, as long as it is not offensive material under law or legal terms of
use. Many people use YouTube to promote themselves, their creativity, ideas, and conspiracies. Is the earth actually flat? Who really knows? Except
for the lucky astronauts who have had the amazing experience of launching into space, the rest of us Earthlings are stuck with what we are all taught.
Could astronauts and government officials speak out about such a massive cover up? Yes, and it would have been leaked by a hacker by now, unless
said hacker was assassinated before he or she could share the

The Flat Earth : The Beliefs Of The Flat Earth
For years the Earth was thought to be flat. The groups of people that created and developed this theory were heavily influenced by religion and cultural
practices that were prominent at the time. The theory was a way to explain the Earth and it made sense in the explanations people could create. After
many years of scientific exploration and technological development this theory was disproven. The new theory was that Earth is a sphere. However,
even after the observations of a spherical Earth the flat Earth theory is still around and widely believed today. This theory is different depending on the
group of people present. According to Chris Fleming, "Different cultures at different times have posited a staggeringly diverse array of ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
With all the contribution from the media the theory is not dying down but gaining more followers. Between religious and cultural views and public
media there seems to be no end to where the theory is supported today.
In science testing and observation make something qualify as good science. While the flat Earth theory can be justified from a religious and
cultural standpoint, there is no scientific evidence, observations, or tests to back up this idea. The Earth as a sphere has been backed up by
observations from astronauts launched into space as well as observations from the International Space Station. Culturally the flat Earth theory makes
sense and can be backed up by the stories and ancient legends passed down, however, it is not a good form of science. The satellite images sent from
the International Space Station show that the Earth is not flat. Just saying that because a drive on the surface of the planet seems flat is not enough
evidence to support the claim that the world is flat. If a flat Earther were to conduct some form of test or gather observations from another location,
then there would be a little bit more to back up the idea of this theory being good science.
In conclusion the flat Earth theory did not originate from one specific place. The difference in meaning of what the Earth is to different cultural
groups is what causes the theory to still hold its weight today. The overall definition is a flat body in space. This does not change

Exploring The Earth
The origins and improvement of scientific knowledge can be discovered by investigating children's understanding of the earth. (Panagiotaki, et al,
2006) This report will focus on how children respond to the shape of the Earth, which is an analysis and partly replication of the result of the
experiment done by Vosniadou & Brewer in 1992. According to their research, by interpreting everyday experience, children initially believe that the
earth is a flat object. Some think that our earth is flat and rectangular while others assume that it is flat and shaped like a disc. Then, during the process
of knowledge acquirement, children are exposed to the socially accepted knowledge that the Earth is spherical. Nonetheless, because of the influence ...
(FrГЁde et al, 2011). In another case study, it is reported that age is a crucial foreteller and children aged 10 and above gain a "considerable amount
of scientific knowledge of the earth." (Straatemeir et al, 2008) This is due to the fact that when children get older, they will have more scientifically
correct knowledge of the earth. Additionally, they also state that age exerts a huge influence on the consistency of children's answers. This is attributed
to the fact that the consistency was lower for younger children. (Straatemeier et al, 2008). The more knowledgeable the children are, the more
consistent their answers are.
Besides, children's understanding of the form of the earth is associated significantly with gender differences. Previous case studies have expressed
that boys are better at scientific knowledge, including the understanding of the structure of our earth than girls. Straatemeir (2008) argues that the
boys are supposed to have a considerably higher consistency mark as did the girls. (0.60 and 0.18 respectively) In addition to that, it is suggested that
males have the wider knowledge of scientific problems. When working in a group, males are likely to be not only more clear–headed but also more
confident and informative than their female peers while mentioning scientific matters. Moreover, this finding remains unchanged

The Earth Is A System Response To The Climate Of The Earth
The climate of our planet is a system response to the geography, biosphere, anthropogenic activities and occasional/cyclic geological/astronomical
events.
Owing to the gigantic nature of the system, the Earth has a slow response time and manifests differently in different parts of the world. And the spatial
and temporal changes are miniscule, making it difficult to comprehend the severity for an 'uniniated' person, since these changes can be easily lost in
the noise of interannual variability. In this context, 'uninitiated' include every person who doesn't actively pursue information from peer reviewed and
scientifically consistent sources. For this reason, a clear and concise message needs to be sent to the 'uninitiated' to make them ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
However, these platforms have been plagued with rampant misinformation that has been spread to attain socio–political ends. During the
Las Vegas Shooting of 2017, websites such as Google/Facebook painted the wrong person as guilty– this was attributed to the results being displayed
based on popularity and recency than on veracity, serves as a fine example. The mistake has urged both Google and Facebook to enhance their
fact–checking al– gorithms – by engaging more humans to review the news that has been marked controversial. Further, the individuals should be
encouraged to fact–check and identify and mark hoax messages. Similarly, the news disseminating websites can be provided a rating based on the
frequency and the trustworthiness of the news being published – which can be viewed by the general public. Thus, the resources should help the
end–user to weed out the untrustworthy information.
Apart from the truth of the message, the content of the message should resonate with the audience. The message of climate change, though appears
grim, should be given a positive spin such as, an opportunity to switch to
(de)centralized carbon–free energy sources or as an opportunity to provide clean water and clean energy. Since the responses to messages invoking
emotions of fear, guilt and ignorance are denial, fatalism and apathy.

The Science Of The Earth

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The Science Of The Earth