Nuclear Strikes Essay

Nuclear Strikes Essay
Nuclear Strikes
Scientifically, there is no obstacle for a nuclear or atomic bomb. There are no secrets in Nuclear Science anymore. Anyone with a reasonable physics
degree and access to a good technical library could design a workable atomic bomb in less than 6 months, so why hasn't anyone. Maybe there has
been, no one is exactly sure. In the last 52 years there has been enough nuclear warheads made to destroy every city in the world and still have
thousands left over.(Church 40) This all happened during the Cold War, a period of 45 years
(1947–1991), between mainly the two superpowers (United States and the Soviet
Union). Other nations were involved, and 2 wars were fought over it (Korea and
Vietnam) and a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 1953 the Russians did it too (thanks to the Rosenberg's). In 1958 the United States,
Great Britain, and the Soviet Union stopped testing but in 1961 France started.
Then the Cuban Missile Crisis happened. This event was the closest we have ever come to a nuclear war. This event it really kind of woke the United
States and
Soviet Union up about what could happen. Because of this a direct phoneline was set up between the Kremlin and the white house.
The main question today is who has control of the weapons. The former superpower Russia is in political turmoil. Now instead of two people with
their hands on the button there could be dozens! Even the Central Intelligence Agency director John Deutch said he is afraid of loose nukes being
smuggled out of
Russia.(McGirk 35) The United States is in pretty good condition because not much nuclear waste is stolen (they believe) and no missiles ever have
been stolen. But in some countries nuclear technicians haven't been paid in six months (Russia). Security is breaking down, and waste is leaking out.
What is everyone going to do the next morning after a nuclear terrorist attack.
The four new formed nations of Belarus, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, and Russia all have nuclear missiles. Although Ukraine and Belarus say they want no
part of them it is not known their real stance.(www.pbs.org) If they don't want them then where will they go. They will probably send

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Producing the First Atomic Bomb
Introduction Uranium is a dense radioactive metal that is used in nuclear reactors. It is found in nature and has two large isotopes, U–235 and U–238.
The energy that is produced in nuclear reactors is from the splitting or fission of the U–235 atoms. It releases energy in most cases in the form of heat;
U–235 is the main splitting isotope of uranium. Uranium enriched is required to be in light water reactors, which allows controlled nuclear reaction.
Processes for Uranium Enrichment When producing the first atomic bomb, scientists from the Manhattan Project thought about multiple processes for
uranium enrichment, now we have a few that we use which is Gaseous Diffusion also known as Effusion, Gas Centrifuge, and Laser separation.
Gaseous diffusion is a technology that produces enriched uranium by forcing uranium hexafluoride through pipelines and then pumped through
filters called barriers. This makes it where there is a slight separation between molecules, which contain uranium 235, and uranium 238. There are
hundreds of barriers because one barrier isn't enough to make uranium hexafluoride gas contain enough U238 that can be used in reactors. We only
have on plant left and it is located in Paducah, Kentucky. The Gas Centrifuge was made to replace Gaseous Diffusion, it is a device that performs
isotope separation of gases and it's the preferred way because it takes less time, and takes less energy. We have these plants in New Mexico, Idaho and
Ohio. Laser separation is

Terrorism Between Iran And The Middle East
It is a common conception that Obama's prior efforts of engagement with the Iranian government have set many precedents for how the U.S is to
communicate with Iran (and the Middle East) in the future, with some even referencing Obama's attempts to amend the relationship between the two
countries as monumental for not just the political legacy of the U.S, but specifically, the Obama administration as well. The relationship between the
two countries seems to be primarily focused on the fact that the U.S is trying to control how Iran manages their nuclear weapons program, as the
Obama Administration is unsure of what the nuclear capacity of the country is, and thusly, this may severe and cause suspicion to arise not just with
reference to neighboring countries, but also one that connects to dangers that are prevalent on an international level; this is important because we are
not aware of what the destructive capacity of the weapons are as a whole, due to the secretism that the Iranian regime's nuclear program undertakes
when looking into building their weaponry. The Obama Administration seems to have taken the approach of establishing strong diplomatic ties in order
to prevent Iran from engaging in any acts of mass terrorism, as they have priorily expressed interest in taking action against Israel. In some cases the
U.S utilized sanctions, some which caused disruption in their oil industry, thusly impacting their economy to a certain degree. Many have criticized
Obama's

Iran Pros And Cons
Under Supreme Leader Khamenei; moderate President Rafsanjani; and reformists President Khatami, the Iran nuclear program received support in the
1990s from China, Russia, and the A.Q. Khan network. China and Iran signed an agreement in 1990 and subsequently imported a metric ton of
uranium hexafluoride, a feed gas for gas centrifuges, from China in 1991. According to certain safeguard agreements in place, Iran was supposed to
report the transfer to the IAEA but they did not. However, support from the Chinese stopped in 1992 after China joined the Nuclear Suppliers Group
and succumbed to U.S. pressures. These measures forced the Iranians to seek assistance from the A.Q. Khan network again; therefore, Iran purchased
more drawings and components for 500 P–1 centrifuges and drawings for the upgraded P–2 centrifuges. Russia also supported the Iranian nuclear
program in the 1990s. In the mid–1990s, picking up where the Germans left... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to the official White House website, Iran currently has two means to produce a nuclear weapon, which are highly enriched uranium (HEU)
and plutonium. Assuming there are no other secret facilities, uranium is currently produced at Natanz and FFEP, while plutonium is produced at Arak.
The website also mentions that Iran currently possesses enough HEU to produce eight nuclear bombs, and that it possesses 20,000 centrifuges
between the previously mentioned Natanz and FFEP sites. The deal requires Iran to reduce its HEU levels by 98% and maintain the levels at or
below the 3.67% while reducing the number of centrifuges to 6,104 for at least the next 10 years. Additionally, the deal addresses concerns about
future secret facilities, specifying that Iran is subject to exceptionally vigorous monitoring, verification, and inspection measures as well as allowing the
IAEA access to any suspected nuclear

Essay about Israel and Iran's Incompatibility
The incompatibility for the game between Israel and Iran is because Iran would not play by the same set of rules that were set between the United
States and Russia during the Cold War. This assumption is based on Iran's own unique scenario in a regional game in the Middle East, as well as
Iran's history to avoid inside the box thinking when it comes to strategic warfare. Tira concludes that the unreliability accompanying the area's
instability and Iran's known use of creating black swans to continuously push and wear down an opponent, shows that if a nuclear Iran were to
develop it would be a major threat not to be taken lightly. The conclusion that Tira arrives at is very helpful in explaining why Israel is not fond of
Russia assisting... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The enrichment process is vital in understanding the issues with Iran's nuclear program, because it is key in the creation of a nuclear weapon. These
facilities would provide Iran the capability to take low–enriched uranium (LEU) and convert it to highly enriched uranium (HEU) which could then be
used in a nuclear weapon. Iran claims that it is using the enrichment process to create 20% enriched uranium to power the Tehran Research Reactor,
but the amount of LEU that Iran has many concerned. As of November 2012, Iran has produced over 7,600 kilograms of LEU of which 137
kilograms had been enriched to 20% at the one site alone (Collina and others 2013, 4). This stockpile could be converted to create several cores for
nuclear weapons and has many countries concerned.
The controversy over Iran's stockpile of LEU and enrichment facilities has been the driving force behind the deliberations between Iran and the P–5+1
for the past 10 years. Iran claims that its program's intentions are peaceful and that they have every right to nuclear energy. Iran continues to fight for its
program and for the respect it deserves among its international peers. Iran also feels that it is being held against a standard that India, Pakistan and
Israel did not face from the international community as they gained nuclear weapons (Shenna 2010, 356). While each entered the nuclear community
in their own way, the international

Smuggling Of Nuclear Material Essay
Smuggling of Nuclear Material
Over the past five years the former states of the Soviet Union haven't been able to prevent the leakage of nuclear material. Nuclear materials and
technologies are more accessible now than at any other time in history, due to the breakup of the Soviet Union and the worsening of economic
conditions. No longer does the Soviet KGB, the Soviet military and the Soviet border guards have the control to stop the smuggling of nuclear material
's. With the Cold War being over, there is a huge stockpile of over 100 nuclear sites (See Appendix A).
Russia, alone has an inventory of 1,300 tons of highly enriched uranium (HEU), and 165 tons of weapon usable plutonium. Such material is coming
into high demand on the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He was apparently motivated by an article on the fortune in selling HEU. On October 9, 1992 he was apprehended at a Podolsk railroad. Under
Article 223 he was sentenced for three years.
The largest quantity of weapon–usuable nuclear material smuggled outside
Russia was found in Prague, Czech Republic on Dec. 14, 1994. Two canisters of
HEU enriched to 87.79% U–235 was found in the car of Jaroslav Vagner. Vagner had worked at several power stations at Dukovany and Temelin and
he left due to poor wages. His arrest came, due to an anonymous telephone tip.
The list of potential proliferations exist in the state, separatist and terrorist groups and organize crime. Many countries are looking for critical
components for their nuclear weapons program. Finding a material would shorten the time in producing a nuclear weapon. For instance, Iran is actively
pursuing nuclear weapon capability. They're attempting to develop both plutonium and HEC.
In 1992 Iran unsuccessfully approached the Ulba Metallurgical Plant and in 1993 three Iranians belonging to intelligence service were arrested in
Turkey while seeking to acquire smuggled nuclear material. The CIA, John Deutch estimates: Ві
Iran is a couple of years away from producing a nuclear weapon.ВІ
Iran's neighbor Iraq continues its nuclear program after being
significantly

Essay about North Korea
This article deals with the United States and its attempts to deal with the dangerous matters of North Korea. Some of the problems that were brought
up in this article were North Korea's plan to restart a plutonium based nuclear program at Yongbyon, North Korea's plan to build a new highly enriched
uranium (HEU) nuclear program, and the tension that emerged between the United States and South Korea. Even though many problems were
occurring, there were some positive things that were happening at the time. The United States began negotiating with North Korea and South Korea
about establishing railroad links, demining portions of the demilitarized zone, allowing athletes to compete in the Asian games, and allowing abductees
to visit Japan. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There also have been various reasons why North Korea revealed to us their HEU plan. One theory is that they wanted us to notice them. They did not
want us to disengage and isolate from them.
At the beginning, our response to North Korea's HEU and plutonium programs was very hostile and involved condemning them. Eventually, we took
little baby steps to ease the tension. We also agreed to talk to them, but limited the things we could talk about with them. At the very time all of this
chaos is happening, our relationship with the South Korea is reaching an all time low.
I think there are many things that the United States has to do in order to resolve the problems that are occurring and to prevent more problems from
happening in the future. The first thing that I think the United States should do is to treat them as nicely as possible, even if it means going against
what we believe and letting them get away with bad behavior. In the long run it might be a bad thing to do because it could influence other nations to
think that they can walk over us and take advantage of us. However, I think it would be the correct thing to do right now because the last thing anyone
wants is a nation that is angry with you that holds nuclear weapons. If, however, North Korea refuses to accept our proposal for negotiations and does
not agree with anything that we have to offer, I think the only other option is to attack them with

North Kore A Threat Of World Security Essay
North Korea is a nation where their once family and ally, South Korea, has become their biggest enemyies. North Korea has taken extensive measures
to make sure they are included in some of the most powerful nations of the modern century. They have done this using the power of nuclear weapons
and other weapons of mass destruction. They have been claimed as a physical and no longer theoretical threat to its surrounding nations. North Korea
has become a threat of world security and, we should raise arms against North Korea and make them join the NATO in their quest for world peace
and a civilized world, To raise arms against North Korea we would cut off their supplies which would end the war very quickly and with very little
cost., The result of North Korea surrendering would show the power of the NATO., After the war against North Korea, China would take over the
small country and would use it as a NATO military outpost. (what is supposed to happen in theory).
Leadership in North Korea
The three dictatorial leaders of North Korea have been Kim II–Sung, Kim Jong Iil, and& Kim Jong un. Kim Jong il was the leader during WWII and
the kKorean war. He died in 2011, which gave his son Kim Jong– un direct leadership to the throne. Kim Jong un has made life in North Korea easier
for all of his citizens by providing jobs for those who need them most. He has started to gradually give North Koreans more and more resources to
improve their life. Kim Jong un is much better than his father

Will Iran Destroy The World If Not Kept
Will Iran destroy the world if not kept in check?
Throughout the past century many nations have started to strive for nuclear weapons this arms race has become an increasingly hostile and
dangerous situation to be in. This all started around 70 years ago with the dropping of the first atomic bomb on Hiroshima by the United States of
America. From then on it has been a race for who could get the newest and best technology being nuclear weapons. Eventually some of the top
countries realized what this arms race could do and have started to decrease their stockpiles. But there is a new threat of an arms race in the Middle
East which could prove catastrophic for the rest of the world if not kept under control by the U.S. and other G5 nations. ... Show more content on
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This could lead to Iran potentially sharing its nuclear technology with extremist groups who hate the United States and other Western nations. While
Iranian missiles can not yet reach America, Iran having a nuclear weapons capability can potentially directly threaten the United States and its
inhabitants. " Iran has publicly stated it may launch a space launch vehicle by 2015 that could be capable of intercontinental ballistic missile ranges if
configured as a ballistic missile."(The Department of Defence, 2014). On top of this threat many officials are also concerned about the possibility of a
nuclear weapon arriving in a cargo container or being launched from a boats at a major US port. A federally mandated commission to study
electromagnetic pulse attacks has stated "vast damage that could be brought by a single missile with a nuclear warhead if launched from a ship off the
US coast and detonated a couple of hundred miles in the air above America." (Commission to Assess the Threat to the United States from
Electromagnetic (EMP) Attack, 2004). Now to stray from the threats facing the United States there are the issues that nuclear–armed Iran poses to
America 's closest allies in the Middle East. First, our largest ally in the region, being Israel, is most at risk because of Iranian hatred for them and the
belief that "Israel should be wiped of the map" – Former President of Iran Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. (Washington Post, 2011). Than there are the

The Chemical Element Of Uranium
Background
Uranium (U) is a chemical element; it is a silvery–white metal. It is one of the heaviest of all the naturally – occurring elements. It was discovered in
1789 by Martin Klaproth, it was named after the planet Uranus, which was discovered eight years earlier. Uranium can be found naturally in small
amounts in rocks, air, soil and water.
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Atomic number 92
Atomic mass 238.03 g.mol –1
Density 18.95 g.cm–3 at 20В°C
Boiling point 3818 В°C
Melting point 1132 В°C
Isotopes 11
Electro–Negativity according to Pauling 1.7
Uranium is hard, malleable and ductile. Uranium metal has a very high density. It is very reactive so cannot be found in the environment in its
elemental form. When finely divided, it can react with cold water. In air it is coated by uranium oxide, tarnishing rapidly. It is attacked by steam and
acids. It has the ability to form solid solutions and inter– metallic compounds with many metals. While Uranium is not hazardous by itself, some of its
by–products and decay products pose a huge threat upon build–up.
Uranium is weakly radioactive due to its unstable isotopes; again it has gained importance in the generation of Nuclear energy. It is of great demand in
the production of bullets, missiles and bombs. It is also used to fuel power plants by enriching it with the uranium–235 isotope. The isotope uranium
238 is used to estimate the age of rocks and also used for radiometric dating. Other

Iran Between Iran And Pakistan Essay
Iran's nuclear program is very debatable and has been even more debatable ever since they started enriching their uranium that can be possibly
become a nuclear weapon. This gives the west and Israel a reason to be more worried about the issue. However in all of this there is an admission
lately because Iran and the P 5 +1 have reach a nuclear deal in order to loosen the harsh sanctions they have received resulting in billions of dollars
back to the Iranians in return for shutting down the program for half a year. However if this politeness and skill with people fails then it is time for
crime–prevention method to go into play here and possible military action. There are other nations that have nuclear weapons like India and
Pakistan without a permission slip. So all in all it seems to be unfair that Iran is being discriminated in all of this but there are clear differences
between Iran and Pakistan or even India. Now some political scientists believe that Iran independent power is being violated if they have to sign a
permission slip to make legal their nuclear program according the IAEA. This would have been a good argument if Iran didn't accept the deal. But Iran
did and they agree to the UN that when the parts deal demands the Iranians to reduce their purity on their uranium to a lower percentage where it is
suited for nuclear power only to prevent a nuclear armed Iran. So in terms of a nuclear program the Iranians already accepted to do this directly or
indirectly even

The Deterrence of Armament: A Possible but Improbable Reality
The Deterrence of Armament: A Possible but Improbable Reality
Is it possible to prevent countries from obtaining nuclear weapons? Is it possible to restrict the research and intelligence behind this idea of
procurement? How could the international community go about mandating these restrictions and ideas? Whose responsibility would it be to aid in this
prevention? If one country is prevented from obtaining or developing nuclear weapons, should every country deal with similar preventative methods
and actions? How can a country reasonably be stopped in regards to procurement? Is further nuclear action against the possibility of more nuclear
action the only way, or could more traditional wartime methods or even conceptually simple political actions be the answer? These, and so many more,
questions are what makes the possible, yet ultimately improbable reality of preventing countries from attaining nuclear weapons so complicated and
ostensibly difficult to realize.
Picture an elementary school gym class. In the gym is a rack full of enough basketballs for every child to have one to play with. However, there is
one child which neither the teacher nor the other students want to have a ball because he tends to turn a simple game of basketball into a more
intense game of dodge ball. He knows he could walk over to the rack and take one, but he is hesitant because he does not know how the other
children will react. He knows they are scared of him and they will not like it if he

Bullet Containing Embedded Metal Fragments
Wounds containing embedded metal fragments are not a recent phenomenon. However, the introduction of unique metal mixtures to the modern
battlefield, as well as the insurgents use of improvised explosive devices, have resulted in the potential of embedded fragment wounds with materials
whose toxicological properties are not well understood. The Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute was one of the first laboratories to study
the long–term health effects of embedded fragments of military–relevant metals. Responding to concerns over the effects of wounds containing depleted
uranium, the Institute developed a rodent model system to investigate this issue. As additional unique metal mixtures were incorporated into weapons
systems, the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One aspect that did not change was the use of lead in ammunition. In the 1900s other metals and metal mixtures were used to produce munitions. In
response to the increased range of firearms and the military requirement to defeat hardened targets, copper, tungsten carbide, and steel found their way
into munitions. Advances in medical care also resulted in increased survival rate of wounded individuals, many of whom now carried embedded metal
fragments in their bodies. Standard surgical guidelines recommended leaving embedded fragments in place, unless they could be easily removed, to
lessen the collateral tissue damage that surgery can inflict. In addition, there were few indications reported in the scientific literature to indicate that
embedded metal fragments left in place were a health hazard in either the short– or long–term. There were, however, the occasional reports of adverse
health effects resulting from the long time retention of lead fragments (Stromberg, 1990; Eylon et al., 2005). The effects were usually attributed to the
solubilization of lead from the fragments, as symptoms usually abated once the fragment was surgically removed (Linden et al., 1982; Beazley and
Rosenthal, 1984; Magos, 1994; Gerhardsson et al., 2002).
RESEARCH ON DEPLETED URANIUM
Increases in the ability of armored vehicles to withstand penetration by projectiles led to the search for more effective armor–penetrating munitions and
one material proved to be superior,

A Report On Mayak Disaster
Journal Article
Mayak Disaster
Following World War 2 in 1945 the Soviet Union began commissioning a secret nuclear reactor site deep in the Ural Mountains as part of an atomic
bomb project. This site was built hurriedly and in secret; five nuclear reactors were built to make, refine, and machine plutonium for weapons in just
3–5 years. http://planetliberty.wikidot.com/nuclear–power–incidents. When Mayak successfully produced a nuclear bomb, Moscow demanded more
weapons giving less time. In order to deliver, Mayak disregarded basic safety and environmental standards, leading to a series of nuclear accidents.
When the plant was first commissioned there were no controls in place to limit the amount of radioactive materials being released. This led to the local
environment being massively contaminated, including the Techa River, which had 3 million curies of liquid waste pumped into it between 1949 and
1956. In 1951 the waste was directed to the Lake Karachai resulting in 120 million curies being released into its water. The levels of Lake Karachai
dropped in 1967 due to a drought which exposed the contaminated shoreline. A windstorm dispersed 600 curies into the surrounding environment
contaminating 2700km2. http://www.radiation–scott.org/mayak.htm On the 29th September 1957 the residents of the local town, Kyshtym, noticed
bluish colours in the sky; the media speculated that it was polar lights. It soon became evident that the occurrence was due to events taking place at

Barack Obama 's State Of The Union Speech
Truthfully, there are a lot of significant Economic issues that were addressed in President Obama's State of the Union Speech. Obama had many
successes in the past year, including: the strongest production of jobs in fifteen years, drivers saving an expected hundred dollars because gasoline
prices were extremely low, and the unemployment rate plummeting to a miniscule 5.6%. However, the wages of middle–class Americans remain
unchanging. President Obama plans to fix this issue, using what he referred to as "Middle–Class Economics". What is the idea of Middle–Class
Economics? According to our forty–fourth president, Middle–Class Economics is defined as "the idea that this country does best when everyone gets
their fair shot, everyone does... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Throughout the twenty–first century, technology has been one of the major focusses of people world–wide. Technology has even helped the
unemployment rate by creating new jobs that wouldn't have been around twenty years ago. Overall, technology is a helpful tool that is used to
advance our knowledge of the world we live in. However, technology can also be used for wrong–doing. One example of how technology can be used
for wrong–doing comes in the form of identity theft. According to Merriam Webster, identity theft is "the illegal use of someone's personal identifying
information in order to get money or credit." For example, in modern–day America, companies are putting the personal information of their customers
in the cloud, a data server that is connected to the internet. As technology advances, it is getting harder for companies to protect your personal
information, and easier for identity thieves to hack into the cloud and steal it. Thankfully, President Obama is determined to strengthen cyber–security,
and so he has introduced a series of proposals designed to aid the fight against identity theft. Firstly, Obama wants companies to share information with
the government, in order to help the companies scan their servers for malicious software known as malware. Also, the president wants a system where
customers will be alerted if their credit card is stolen, within a thirty

Nuclear Power Advantages And Disadvantages
"A golf–ball–sized lump of uranium would supply the lifetime's energy needs of a typical person, equivalent to 56 tanker trucks of natural gas. or 800
elephant–sized bags of coal" (Connor). Nuclear energy has been a matter of hot debate ever since the first few reactors were launched. Scientists and
critics have argued about the benefits and drawbacks of this form of energy. Many believe in a marvelous future with the contribution of a new type of
energy while the others disagree because they think nuclear power contain risks and dangers. This essay will list both aspects of this power and prove
that nuclear power is the next stepping stone in technological advancements and a cleaner future.
There are two main drawbacks of utilizing nuclear power. First major disadvantage of nuclear power is nuclear weapons. But, what is a nuclear weapon
? According to EncyclopГ¦dia Britannica, it is devices designed to release energy in an explosive manner as a result of nuclear fission, nuclear fusion, or
a combination of the two processes. The first use of nuclear weapon was the creation of a nuclear bomb dropped on Hiroshima ... Show more content on
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Three main advantages will be discussed in this essay. Firstly, it is one of the cleanest powers discovered by human up to now. Although the process of
getting all of the materials to build a nuclear plant make environment polluted, and nuclear waste is a problem, nuclear power plants don't burn any
materials so they produce no combustion by–products or CO2 (one kind of greenhouse gases). Moreover, according to Professor Anthony Trewavas
chairs Scientific Alliance Scotland, only one ton of Thorium can release as much power as 200 tons of Uranium or 3 million tons of coal.
Meanwhile, burning coal or any kind of fossil fuel produce smoke, it is disposed of into our air. Therefore, it is believed that nuclear power could
help to reduce greenhouse gases which cause global

Nuclear Power And The Chernobyl Disaster
The Chernobyl Disaster was not meant to happen at all, what was supposed to happen was an experiment to see if the reactor's own electrical needs
could be supplied by a freewheeling turbine in the event of a power outage, but the experiment did not go as it was planned. This experiment gone
wrong caused so much radiation sickness to the people, which lead to death by sickness, or death by cancer. The people who lived ended up having
children with many mutations and disabilities. The Soviet Union wanted to hide the fact this never happened, so they released false information about
the disaster to the public not realizing the many after effects this would have on the world, the people and the environment. Nuclear power plants may
create a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first part of the five basic parts to a nuclear reactor starts with the core which holds the Uranium fuel. As there are many different types of reactors
each core holds a different type of Uranium. For some examples, a heavy water reactor uses natural Uranium, which 0.7% is Uranium–235, while light
water reactors use Uranium that has been enriched, so that Uranium–235 makes up around 3–5% of the total. The next part of the reactor is the
moderator, now the moderator is a light material such as water. The water will allow the neutrons to be slowed down without being captured. The
benefit of slowing down these fast neutrons during fission is it can increase their efficiency by causing further fission. Control Rods are made up of
materials that can absorb neutrons, such as silver, boron, indium, hafnium, or cadmium. These are introduced into the reactor to reduce the number of
neutrons and thus stop the fission process when required to stop. Another use of the rods is to control the level and distribution of power in the reactor.
Next part of the reactor is the coolant. The coolant is the fluid that circulates through the reactor core. This absorbs and transfers heat that is produced by
nuclear fission. Also at the same time, it maintains the temperature of the fuel within the acceptable limits. The final part the nuclear reactor is the

Iran and Access to Nuclear Weapons
Currently, Iran does not have the capacity to launch a missile directly at the United States ("The Iranian nuclear," 2013). This, however, may change.
If the Iranians develop a nuclear weapon, they are most likely going to develop a vehicle to deliver the warhead. This is where a direct threat to the
United States lies. Even without an ICBM, Iran can still load a nuclear device into a shipping container, or even launch a missile off a ship from the
coast. Iran would also most likely hand over information on nuclear weapons to one of its state sponsored terrorist groups. In turn, the terrorists would
use the weapons against the U.S. and its allies all over the world. The President has stated that America will not allow Iran to pursue a nuclear weapon,
and that he is prepared to use all available American power to prevent that from happening (Sherman, 2013). This begins with the strict sanctions
imposed on the country. Iran is currently under a lot of pressure to discontinue its uranium enrichment. If Iran were to hand over any developed
nuclear weapons information to its terrorist groups, that would cause alarm for the entire world. Extremists with the most deadly weapon ever could
potentially destroy thousands, if not millions of innocent lives. This type of fear would give Iran and its terrorists an edge on the world stage. The
fear of launching a nuclear attack would drastically change how the U.S. and its allies deal with Iran. To stop that, the U.S. and its allies

Cyber Warfare Is A Major Concern For The Global Society
Cyber warfare is a major concern for the global society. The introduction, development and operation of information and communication technologies
have been accompanied by an increase in criminal accomplishments. With regard to cyberspace, the Internet is increasely been used as a tool and
medium by organized crime. In order to commit cybercrime, cyber weapon are needed.
The first known cyber weapon to have ever been created was the Stuxnet virus that was discovered in the late summer of 2010. To say it was a
computer virus isn't right because a computer virus relies on an unwitting victim to instill it, whereas a worm often spread over a computer network on
its own. Stuxnet was a 500kb computer worm that infected the software of at least ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This worm was an unprecedentedly masterful and malicious piece of code that conducted attacks in three stages. It starts by targeted Microsoft
Windows machines and networks while repeatedly replicating itself. It then sought out Siemens Step7 software, which is also Windows–based that is
used to program industrial control systems that operate equipment, such as centrifuges. And finally, it compromised the programmable logic
controllers. The worm's creators could therefore spy on the industrial systems and even cause the fast–spinning centrifuges to tear themselves apart,
unknown to the engineers at the plant.
In order for the original Stuxnet worm to work correctly it has to be introduced into a system, usually via an infected USB thumb drive/flash drive.
Once the USB thumb drive is inserted into a system, it proceeds to infect all machines running Microsoft Windows. It does this by displaying a digital
certificate that seems to show that it comes from a reliable company, the worm is able to evade automated–detection systems. It then checks whether a
given machine is part of the targeted industrial control system made by Siemens. If it isn't the right system, the worm does nothing. However if it is
the right system the worm attempts to access the Internet and download a more recent version of itself. So to say it goes through a sequence of checks
to actually determine if this is the right target. It 's kind

Nuclear Weapons Of The World
The industrial revolution marked the start of the new face of the world with the improved development and quality of life. The revolution increased
the rate at which new and complex discoveries have come to be across the world. Countries have over the years embarked on exploiting their natural
resources to develop their economies and improve the standard of living of the residents. The international community has however raised issues on
how the discovered resources are used because of the security threats that arise as a result. Nuclear energy is one the major discoveries made by a
number of countries to provide power and energy for both domestic and industrial use. Nevertheless, the discoveries have raised significant threats to the
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Through the UN Security Council, it is clear that the Iran nuclear program should be evaluated and dealt with before it become too late. The council
has in the past called for a suspension of the uranium activities in Iran to reduce the threat. In addition to the efforts of the UN Security Council, the
International Atomic Energy Agencyhas also tried to intervene on the matter. The agency has increasingly requested for adequate information about the
past activities and the plans on Uranium usage nuclear power development. The efforts by the international organizations have failed and hence the
world powers including United States, Russia and Israel have decided to take up actions that are likely to reduce the threat to their nationhood (Blitzer,
2010). United States and Israel are passively involved in resolving the problem.
Diplomatic/Negotiation Efforts
The United States is aware of the fact that the failure by Iran to observe the UN obligations and failure of the international suctions to force Iran to drop
its nuclear activities leaves the world with only two options. The two options include the diplomatic efforts and the military action. The lesson learnt
from the Iraq and Afghanistan among other considerations forced United States to seek diplomatic negotiations. Washington is therefore instrumental
to the formation of a six – country dialogue with Tehran to resolve the problem

The Iran Nuclear Deal Essay
There is no dispute that the Middle East, for the past century, has been a region plagued with tension and conflict. Differences in religion and ethnicity
have been the source for hundreds of thousands of deaths, and the progression of those issues have shown very little evidence of slowing down as the
bloodshed continues. Many parties on the global scale fear that the combination of evolving technology and weaponry, and desire to harness nuclear
power, is fueling the hatred that some of the countries in the area have for one another and will eventually lead to an extremely disastrous nuclear war.
As a result, international global organizations, such as the United Nations, have been working to prevent such an outcome. They are ... Show more
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Once the Pahlavi dynasty was overthrown and the country perceived to be taken over by Islamic extremists, the West began researching the
development process to make sure the wrong weapons would not fall into the wrong hands, but the capital Tehran encouraged the fact that it was
strictly for peaceful purposes. Lies and deceit possessed the rest of the negotiations as both sides tried to get straight answers to understand what was
actually going on in the nuclear program, but nevertheless those answers were never found as they were clouded by a long standing hatred between
certain Islamic groups and the Western world(). More recently, ten years ago the International Atomic Energy Agency sent agents to inspect Iran's
nuclear facilities and they found trace amounts of enriched uranium at a factory in Natanz, which led to a three–year halt on Iran's uranium enrichment.
After those three years, the enrichment process resumed and the U.N. Security Council responded in 2006 by placing sanctions upon the country's
economy in an effort to curb any further nuclear development. These sanctions, which include a ban on purchasing Iranian oil, a ban on certain
Iranians from traveling outside of the country, and a ban on deals with financial institutions from the country, severely crippled Iran's economy forcing
their oil revenue to collapse and creating an almost absurd amount of inflation. Despite this, uranium enrichment has not slowed down for the Iranians
as the

The Controversy On Iran's Nuclear Program
I.
Topic Description
Iran's Nuclear Program
The Islamic Republic of Iran's conquest for nuclear energy technology commenced during the 1950's, inspired by U.S President Dwight Eisenhower's
program called "Atoms for Peace". This program fabricated a plan in which the U.S Atomic Energy Commission would lend Iran as much as 13.2
pounds of low–enriched uranium in order to further develop their nuclear industries, including health care and medicine.i Two years following the
agreement, Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi established the Tehran Nuclear Research Center at the Tehran University, and the United States to arranged
to supply a five–megawatt reactor. Several years later, in July of 1968, Iran signed the Nuclear Non–Proliferation Treaty ... Show more content on
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iii
It became known in the 1990's that Iran had certainly renewed their civilian nuclear projects, and Western tension continued to increase following 2002
and 2003 reports that Iran began clandestine research into fuel enrichment and conversion. This sparked international controversy over the intentions
behind Iran's nuclear program beyond civilian or peaceful purposes. For example, the Isfahan Nuclear Technology Center is suspected to house Iran's
nuclear weapons programs, and is also the alleged location of Iran's uranium–conversion efforts.iv It is estimated that as many as 366 tons of uranium
hexafluoride has been produced since 2004. This is then fed into centrifuges at another key site: the Natanz enrichment facility.
Still, Iran continuously denies that its nuclear objectives are to construct atomic weapons, but a large majority of the international community remains
skeptical to the legitimacy of this claim due to the secrecy of Iran's productions and their refusal to cooperate with the IAEA on several notable
occasions. However, in defense over the concerns pertaining to the secrecy of Iran's program, Iran's former ambassador to the United Nations,
Mohammed Javad Zarif, claims Western tension and dwindling support for Iran's early nuclear energy programs forced Tehran with no choice but to
continue their nuclear activities in a discreet matter. Zarif wrote in Colombia University's Journal of International Affairs, "To avoid the

The Function Of A Modern Nuclear Power Device And Process
Part 1: Explain the function of a modern nuclear power device and process
The liquid fluoride thorium reactor (LFTR) is a type of molten salt reactor which will generate electrical power. LFTR's are a hypothetical and
innovative solution to the future of power production which are a viable replacement of the current flawed uranium reactors.
Thorium is three times more abundant than uranium (World Nuclear, 2015) which can be used 200 times more efficient than current uranium usage.
Thorium also emits alpha particles which is less biologically harmful compared to uranium which emits gamma particles. The radiotoxicity of waste
across power production methods can be seen in source 1. The capital costs of thorium reactors are also lower than conventional nuclear reactors; a 1
gigawatt (GW) thorium power plant costs at an estimated $780 million in comparison to capital costs currently of $1.1 billion per GW for a uranium
fuelled reactor.
The most prominent nuclear reactors used for electricity generation operate on the uranium fuel cycle. The fuel used in nuclear reactors is composed
two primary isotopes: uranium–235 (235U) and uranium–238 (238U). 235U is a fissile isotope of uranium, while 238U is a fertile isotope. Once 238U
is hit by a neutron, it will go through radioactive decay and become 239Pu (plutonium– 239), which is fissile. Only 0.7% of naturally occurring
uranium is 235U where the vast majority is 238U. Thus, most nuclear reactors use a design where 3–4% of the

Finance Case Essay
ANALYSIS OF USEC Inc., Prepared For: Dr. Doina Chichernea BUAD 6200 SPRING 2011 The University of Toledo APRIL 21, 2011 Executive
Summary USEC is the world's leading supplier of enriched Uranium to nuclear power plants. Due to the expiration of long term energy cost savings
contracts, USEC is examining the possibility of taking on a new project called the American Centrifuge Project. This project will utilize a different
process for Uranium enrichment, which is the core business process of USEC. The new technology process uses much less energy, which will reduce
manufacturing costs and keep USEC on the leading edge of technology in the enrichment market space. As with any major energy industry project, the
ACP project... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is driving the need to come up with an alternative solution to the current process. The ACP technology is being looked at because it could
give a competitive advantage to USEC against its competitors. ACP will lower the production costs and improve USEC's technology position in
the market. If the company takes on the ACP project, USEC will reach 6.5 million units in production by 2013. A minimal level of maintenance
would be required due to the improved technology and better facilities. ACP would also double the size of USEC as a whole. Cash Flow Calculations
We are providing below the assumptions and other calculations we used while computing the WACC and the cash flows. * Net working capital of 5%
of sales will be used for both Paducah and ACP project * Inflation is assumed to be 3% * Flotation costs are ignored for cost of equity. * We assume a
risk–free rate of 5.09%. This number comes from the current yield of the 30 year T–bond as shown in Exhibit 5. * 50% reduction in enrichment cost
start from year 2011 (for ACP project). Without the 50% reduction, the enrichment cost in 2011 would have been $50.15. We are going to start at
50.15/2=$25.07 (50%) from year 2011 as enrichment cost and from there it will again increase at the rate of inflation which is 3%. In 2011, the total
capacity will be 3.5M (2.5M from ACP and 1M from Paducah). While calculating the enrichment cost for the year 2011, we used the

Uranium Mining Essay
Uranium was discovered by Martin Klaproth in 1789. Klaproth was a German Chemist that discovered Uranium in a mineral call pitchblende. It was
named after Uranus, the planet, which had been discovered eight years earlier. Uranium occurs in most rocks in concentrations of 2 to 4 parts per
million and is common in the Earth's crust. This highly density element is used in keels of yachts and as counterweights for aircraft control surfaces,
as well as for radiation shielding. This element principal uses is in fuel for nuclear reactors and the main raw material for nuclear weapons. Depleted
uranium is the waste product of uranium enrichment in nuclear reactors. It is the residue left in massive quantities when bomb–grade uranium is ...
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It can combine with and bind citrates and carbonates in your body. It can deposit in your liver, spleen, and kidneys. This can be caused by breathing
in uranium dusts or by eating substances containing the element. Uranium mining is a major occupation where people are dealing with this element in
the industry world. Overexposures to this hazard is dealt with when mining. Major mining are done in Australia and Canada, which has been done for
over 40 years. Safety regulations today are among the most comprehensive and stringent in the world. It has been reported due to inspections that
radiation doses in the mines are well within regulatory limits. In occupational settings, the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) regulates the
limits of worker exposures based on the solubility of the uranium compound. The Department of Energy (DOE) has issued regulations applicable to its
facilities that limit environmental discharges and worker exposure to uranium isotopes. OSHA has established the permissible exposure level (PEL)
for airborne uranium in the workplace as 0.25 milligrams cubic meter at a time weighted average (TWA) of a 40– hour workweek. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) has established a maximum contaminant level (MCL) for uranium of 30 micrograms per liter (Вµg/L) in drinking water.
The MCL is the maximum permissible level of a contaminant in water that is delivered to any user of a public water system. EPA finalized this MCL for

Iran And Nuclear Weapons Treaty
Dating back to the 1950s, Iran was interested in having its nuclear program (NTI, September 2015). Iran received assistance from the United States
through the US "Atoms for Peace" program. This is a program announced by the United States at the UN in 1953 to share nuclear materials with other
countries and states for peaceful purposes. Although Iran ratified the Non–Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons Treaty (NPT) in 1970, the Shah might
already have ambitions for developing nuclear weapons (NTI, September 2015).
After the Islamic Revolution of 1979, in which the Shah was overthrown, the United States discontinued its support regarding Iran's development of its
nuclear program (Thompson, November 20, 2013). The United States worried that Iran could use the uranium to develop atomic or nuclear bombs.
However, Iran claimed that the nuclear power will be used for peaceful purposes only. In 2003, uranium, the necessary material needed to make nuclear
bombs, was found at a plant in the city of Natanz by inspectors from the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). A temporary stop on nuclear
enrichment was made. The enrichment resumed in 2006 after Iran continued its nuclear program (Thompson, November 20, 2013). The international
community started to react against Iran nuclear program (Thompson, November 20, 2013). A sanction against Iran was passed by the UN Security
Council after Iran did not stop its nuclear program. Sanctions could be said to be both effective and

The Pros And Cons Of Chemical And Biological Weapons
"Terrorists imitate governments, and nuclear weapons are in the arsenals of the world's major powers. That makes them 'legitimate.' Chemical and
biological weapons also may be found in the arsenals of many nations, but their use has been widely condemned by public opinion and proscribed by
treaty, although in recent years the constraints against use seem to be eroding." 1
–Brian Michael Jenkins, former leading terrorism analyst, written in 1975. More than forty years later, it is more relevant than ever before.
March 20, 1995 marked the first time a non–state actor waged a chemical attack against a civilian population (chemical attacks had been used in the
past but never by a non–state actor). Aum Shinrikyo, a Japanese terrorist group, released ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While the sarin attack used by Aum Shinrikyo was difficult to implement, the use of a highly contagious disease, such a smallpox, could create mass
casualties and chaos. Due to its highly contagious nature, it would only need to be spread to a few people in a major transportation hub, and it could
be wildly spread clandestinely due to its 12–14 day incubation period. There are only two known existing cultures of Smallpox today, which are held
by the US and Russia. Moreover, there is a concern that Russian security surrounding the existing culture is questionable. The concern of a breach is
taken so seriously, that the US has 300 million

The P5 + 1 Agreement With Iran
Jonathan Conlin
Dr. Currie
American National Government
19 September 2015
An Atrocity of a Deal: The P5+1 Agreement with Iran The P5+1 Agreement, an agreement struck between Iran, China, Russia, France, United
Kingdom, United States, Germany, and the European Union. But, why, and what does this deal place on Iran, that can limit their nuclear abilities, as
displayed in the past. The deal brings forth rather easy sanctions relief for Iran, limits uranium enrichment to a certain extent where Iran can still
produce nuclear weaponry, and reduces the enriched uranium stockpile that can be sold for more natural uranium which can be used to produce more
enriched uranium with its ability to still develop advanced centrifuges. The issues lies within the broad and quite loosely held terms of this agreement.
Knowing the terms of this agreement, the expected "result of these provisions, this deal will actually shorten the time to an Iranian nuclear bomb and
allow Iran to produce more nuclear bombs than it currently can construct using enriched uranium and plutonium fuel" stated Fred Fleitz from Fox
News. The agreement puts the citizens of many countries at high risk, and the evidence of this is incontrovertible, as Iran has access to things that
were previously denied of access. The question to ask is, should the senate support this agreement? Sanction relief is the last thing Iran needs if the
United States and the rest of the countries are going to limit the proliferation of

Top Nuclear Security Challenge Facing The World
Top Nuclear Security challenge facing the world in The 21st century
Ahmed Alghamdi
Summary
About two–thousands metric tons of high unreached uranium are spread around the world in militaries facilities. Securing those facilities is step
number one for a world free of nuclear weapons. Also, Terror group threats should be taken into account for a safer world. The proliferation of nuclear
weapons considered a threat to the globe. However, huge steps were taken by the international committee to eliminate nuclear weapons. Finally, high
enriched uranium could be replaced to nuclear fuel that generating clean energy and making the world more peaceful.
I.Introduction
More than 2,000 metric tons of weapons–grade materials are spread all ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, many countries started to seek for these kind of weapons. After about three decades of the first use of nuclear attack, a nuclear power plant
major accident occurred in Chernobyl, causes a huge amounts of radioactive particles to spread around the plant. Due to that, the surrounded city was
evacuated and a lot of people was contaminated and some of them died [2].
II.Securing Nuclear Materials Facilities
The first step in nuclear–free world plan is highly secure the weapons–grade materials such as high enriched uranium and plutonium. Even thought,
Y–12 nuclear weapons production facility was intruded by protesters back in 2012. This facility is highly protected and secured. Nevertheless, the
protesters made it to the main building. Fortunately, they didn't mean to harm anything. The point of the protesters is to send a message that peace is
much better than war [3]. Y–12 break is a proof that nuclear facilities still have lake of secure and surveillance. Moreover, Nuclear weapons facilities
are spread in forty countries around the world. Because of that, Increasing the securing standards of nuclear weapons facilities are mandatory to achieve
soon.

The international community since Nuclear security summit in 2010 have made huge steps towards securing and elimination of nuclear materials.
Furthermore, many countries improved the nuclear materials facilities secure. Other eliminated the high enriched

A Form Of Geometric Art Invented By The Famous Dutch Artist
Elementarism is a form of geometric art invented by the famous Dutch artist named Theo van Doesburg. According to him, the "new architecture" was
"elementary" (Misa, pg. 238), i.e. architecture should be established and then advanced from its rudimentary elements of construction. He said that
architecture wasn't a subject that could be understood in a brief manner, it was meant to be studied in detail with a firm and complete knowledge
about its "function, mass, plane, time, space, light, color and material" (Misa, pg. 238). Keeping this concept of 'elementarism' in mind, skilled
architects like Rietvelf and van Doesburg build the Schroeder house in Utrecht and a reconstructive plan for Berlin respectively, which later came to be
known as... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Independent investors, designers, architects along with many autonomous organizations used to play an important role in developing skyscrapers,
synthetic dyes, electricity and other household technologies in the earlier years, but the military set its stamp from the start of the industrial era (Misa,
pg. 251). The technologies produced by the military such as computer chips, nuclear power, artificial intelligence, Internet, etc. gave the world a
kick–start in the field of modern technology (Misa, pg. 251). The Apollo Missions between the years 1969 and 1972 were possible only due to the
military derived rockets; even the space shuttles missions were successful due to the satellites positioned by the military (Misa, pg. 251). Highly
advanced technological companies such as IBM, Boeing, Lockheed, MIT, Raytheon, etc. too were being funded by the military (Misa, pg. 251). This
ongoing state of economic affair during the industrial era was termed as Pentagon capitalism by an industrial engineer named Seymour Melman (Misa,
pg. 251). According to him, it was a really gloomy time because the capitalism went from being 'profit maximizing' to 'contract maximizing' (Misa, pg.
251). Furthermore the 20th century saw the universities as well as companies, government foundations and all military services knee deep into finding
and funding new technologies (Misa, pg. 252). This was being done in the hope of

Iran Nuclear Deal Pros And Cons
I am writing to you in reference to the current national debate regarding the safety of the Iran Nuclear Deal. Since the conclusion of World War II, a
primary goal of US foreign policy has been nuclear deterrence. However, the inevitability of technological advancement, has resulted in the production
and perfection of a powerful nuclear armament by nine different nations. The US and our allies, have worked tirelessly to prevent the continued
proliferation of nuclear weapons–primarily attempting to prevent countries such as Iran from procuring this technology. Under the Obama
administration, the US engaged in extensive negotiations, which culminated with the ratification of the Iran Nuclear Deal in the summer of 2015. In
short, this Deal lifts... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
At this point, the US had few options in which to prevent the continued advancement of the Iranian nuclear program. However, the deal reached by
the Obama administration, whose support extends to the world's leading powers, significantly extends the time Iran would need to develop a nuclear
weapon and ensures that we have ample time to counteract any attempt at restarting the Nuclear program. In addition, the US has made it clear that if
Iran does violate the terms of the deal, sanctions will be reimposed and more aggressive options could be taken. This deal is far from perfect and there
are legitimate concerns raised by its many critics. That being said, without this deal, Iran could quickly double its capacity to enrich uranium and move
towards producing a bomb. One of the greatest criticism raised, is that the deal and provisions will expire. While some are only in place for 10–25
years, the fundamental principle of the deal–to preserve the peaceful nature of its nuclear program–are permanent. Unfortunately, neither military
action, sanctions or this deal for that matter can guarantee that Iran will never have in their possession a weapon of mass destruction. However, this
deal is

The Principles Of Goal Setting Applied
How are the Principles of Goal Setting Applied in this Case
The case study incorporates the multiple perspectives, including the industry, organizational, and employee–based remodeling tools (Layman, 2011),
which may help the management of HIS domain to properly set goals which are meaningful, considerate and are in alignment with the department's
strategic goals, objectives and mission. In addition the study also provides three levels of consideration while devising efficient and effective goals to
optimize the performance, process and work dynamics of jobs and responsibilities. These include the hard side of organizational theory
dynamics–including specialization, departmentalization, unity of command, and span of control, soft side of organizational behavior and employee
motivation (Layman, 2011)–including nature and type of job tasks, jobs' characteristics and demands, and their contextual factors (Layman, 2011)
which help organizations to effectively align its strategic values with the job and work redesign models.
All these critical aspects provide the management with the important tools to consider while redesigning the processes which require the employees to
set efficient and achievable goals to accomplish the requirements of the ever evolving nature of HIS department processes.
Further the weighing in factors (Layman, 2011), of choosing different courses of action as per the environmental and contextual requirements at hand
and the tools to locate and identify the

Nuclear Energy Is Energy Generated From The Fission Or...
Nuclear Energy Jason Venturini April 6, 2016 What is nuclear energy? Nuclear energy is energy generated from the fission or fusion of enriched
uranium. The power plants in which this type of energy is made are called nuclear power plants, but have many variations in how this energy is
achieved. Almost all reactors use heat generated from the enriched uranium pellets to bring water to a boil, and use steam powered generators to
create power. In Canada, the type of reactor used is called a Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor (PHWR), a method created by Canada in the 1950's. In
the next sections the inner workings of the PHWR method will be examined and its safety explained. How does PHWR work? As mentioned before,
many nuclear reactors use enriched uranium. PHWR, however, does not for cost reasons as enrichment facilities for uranium are complicated,
expensive and the PHWR method is much more efficient. It avoids the usage of enriched uranium through heavy water as a coolant instead of light
water. Canada–specific reactors, called CANDU (CANada Deuterium Uranium) reactors use 30–40% less fuel than light water based reactors. With the
benefits of using heavy water out of the way, the complicated process of creating energy from small uranium pellets the size of half an AA battery
will be explained as simply as possible. The process starts with hundreds of pellets being incased in metal, welded into small cylinders and inserted
into a large tank called the "calandria". Nuclear

Joint Compressive Plan Of Action Analysis
The Joint Compressive Plan of Action In March 2013, President Obama's determination to achieve real progress in the nuclear negotiations during his
second term led to the start of a secret round of negotiations with Iran. Rouhani's election brought back Javad Zarif, Iran's foreign minister, who had
previously negotiated with the E3. In September, just months after the Iranian election, the outline of a deal (later known as JPOA) the between the
two states broke surface. "According to The Guardian, the secret talks 'were the reason why United States and Iran were able to strike a deal quickly
after Rouhani's victory'" (Entessar and Afrasiabi 36). In addition, by summer 2013, Iran had completed the range of activities associated with a... Show
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("Iran Nuclear Deal"). In addition, Iran agreed to enrich uranium to very low levels (3.67%); limit how much low–enriched uranium it has; dismantle its
plutonium reactor, redesign it, and not build new reactors for 15 years. According to the same B.B.C. article, "should Iran violate any aspect of the
deal, the UN sanctions will automatically "snap back" into place for 10 years, with the possibility of a five–year extension" ("Iran Nuclear Deal" 1).
Regarding the IAEA, Iran agreed to ratify the Additional Protocol and the Safeguards Agreements and "enact inspection measures that will enable
IAEA inspectors unprecedented access to its nuclear facilities" ("Iran" 1). Per the agreement, "the IAEA will be requested to provide regular
updates to the Board of Governors, and as provided for in this JCPOA, to the UN Security Council" ("Full Text" 4). In addition, Iran signed a
"Roadmap for Clarification of Past and Present Outstanding Issues" agreement with the IAEA to resolve any questions the Agency still has
concerning the possible military dimensions of its nuclear program. This issue was reported as resolved by the IAEA Director General in his report to
the Board of Governors in December 2015 ("Full Text" 10). To ensure Iran does not construct another enrichment facility like Natanz, the agreement
allows for IAEA inspections of the entire fuel cycle, "from the mining stage through waste disposal, and monitor all centrifuge production facilities"

The Middle East: Building a Nuclear Weapon
For a country to "get a bomb" in the Middle East region, it would be very difficult if not near to impossible, seeing as how this region of the world is
seemingly not trusted by much of the third world. Although this statement is not entirely true, much of the western world if very suspicious of many
countries within this region, especially if they get their hands on the capabilities to make any kind of Nuclear weapon capable of crossing a large
distance to attack an important city or possible base/stronghold. Also, with a country getting a nuclear weapon, bad things happen, "The more nuclear
weapons there are, and the larger the number of countries that have them, the likelier it is that some will go off" (Sagan and Waltz ) Which then... Show
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For this, they could go one of two different ways in acquiring the bomb itself. They could buy it from Pakistan or the black market without having to
actually build it within their own country and have it be ready for use. Or they would have to go on to create the bomb and get it to work through
testing. TO create a bomb, it takes three very difficult steps, according to Fuhrmann. The first step, as I mentioned before is acquiring the fissile
material to put inside of the bomb. (FUHRMANN 2012) The second step is the actual assembly of the bomb, "To convert the enriched uranium or
plutonium into a weapon several components are needed including electronics to trigger chemical explosives and a neutron generator to start the
nuclear detonation at the appropriate time." (FUHRMANN 2012.) The final step, is to make it be able to be delivered to its detonation area, this
could be done by putting it in missile form (maybe an ICBM) or putting it into a vehicle and detonating it when appropriate. (FUHRMANN 2012.)
Doing all of this creates already very heavy complications for Saudi Arabia to get their hands on a nuclear bomb. The only way they could go around
having to spend the massive amount of money to get their hands on the material to create this weapon and find the specialists needed to construct it for
themselves, is to buy an already constructed, working, and tested nuclear bomb from a

The Effects Of Nuclear Power On The World
Deadly source of energy
There are so many sources of energy in the world. Many of these sources are abundant in the nature and will not be extinct from the world. Solar,
wind, water are gift of the nature to the humans. We have been using these natural resources for a long time. But, we have switched into other forms
for energy resources, especially nuclear power. Nuclear power/plants have been increasing since the last decade. The main reason why the nuclear
power has been used widely is due to their low emission of CO2 to the environment. But, the radiation due to the nuclear power plants is much deadly
than the CO2 generated from any other sources of energy. There is no need of such deadly form of energy. We need to close down all the... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Very high radiation doses can destroy body functions and lead to death within 60 days. The effects of routine releases of radioactivity from nuclear
plants depend somewhat on how the spent fuel is handled. A typical estimate is that they may reduce our life expectancy by 15 minutes (AMASS).
A small amount of radiation can even lead to so many serious health risks it can neither be long term or short term.. It has been proved by scientist
that, if we breathe in radioactive elements for the explosion or leaking of nuclear power station can lead to the lung cancers or sudden death due to
breathing difficulties. Studies show that people who are exposed to excess radiation had long term cancer risks or cancers. (Christoduleas, John P, et al)
Usually waste doesn't harm any people, but that's not the case of nuclear waste. Nuclear waste disposal have been one of the main problem to the
countries with nuclear power stations. It's really hard to dispose nuclear waste as it is highly toxic. Nuclear waste is a serious threat to animals.
Not only it leaks and spills it threatens the environment. But still there isn't any satisfying solution for the nuclear waste storage or disposal. Even
though is waste it highly toxic and dangerous. Nuclear waste can harm people and the environment. However nuclear waste can be used to make
weapons but this type of

Iran And The Iranian Nuclear Weapons Program
The summer of 2015 marked a significant event in history – the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council, Germany, and Iran
were able to come to an agreement about restricting Iran's nuclear programs. The capability of Iran to pursue a nuclear weapon scared the international
community, and this deal brought some peace to the political scene. For Iran, a nuclear weapon represented legitimacy and leverage over the major
powers of the world, so it is interesting that Iran willingly blocked its avenue to achieve this bargaining chip. Nonetheless, there are ongoing security
concerns about a nuclear Iran and its methods of power projection, so it becomes necessary to analyze the success of the Iranian nuclear deal and current
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In return, the United States and other nations agreed to lift some sanctions on Iran, unfreeze its assets, and allow Iran to enter the international oil
market. On January 16, 2016, the International Atomic Energy Agencyofficially declared, "Iran has curbed its nuclear program enough to begin
receiving relief on sanctions" (Kennedy 2016). This statement alone demonstrates that the nuclear deal reduced the risk of a nuclear Iran. The
International Atomic Energy Agency has historically expressed great concerns about Iran's overt and clandestine nuclear operations. The nuclear deal
with Iran granted the International Atomic Energy Agency to have the ability to do strict inspections on Iran, which Iran has avoided in the past, so the
declaration of Iran's fulfillment of international standards shows the efficacy and the durability of the agreement.
The major critics of the nuclear deal cite Iran's track record of long–term deviation from previous agreements and resolutions and argue Iran will
renege on its promises. This argument is legitimate because Iran has numerous violations across decades. For example, from about the mid–1980s to
2003, Iran violated several sections of the Comprehensive Safeguards Agreement. Iran "failed to report that it had purchased natural uranium from
China in 1991," "failed to report that it had used 1.9 kg of the imported UF6 to test P1 centrifuges at the Kalaye Electric Company centrifuge
workshop in 1999 and 2002," and worst of all,

Toxic Waste In The United States
Nuclear and toxic waste have slowly crept its way up to the main priority of disposal agencies all over the country and the world, as the scientists have
created new chemicals and, militaries have created nuclear warheads able to destroy entire cities. Anything that is categorized as Toxic waste is
"poisonous" to humans, and the environment. Nuclear waste usually can be anything that has been exposed to gamma radiation from nuclear power
plants or a nuclear explosion. The U.S. alone has
What is toxic waste? Toxic waste is ignitable, corrosive, and infectious the humans and the environment. The minimum requirement for some thing to
be flammable is that it can combust with friction alone or it can catch flame through a chemical reaction. In order to be corrosive it must have a PH
level of 2 or ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Unlike its partner in crime toxic waste, nuclear waste gets most to the publicity and is more likely to be talked about on the news. Nuclear or radioactive
waste is anything that has been exposed the radioactive rays. The big three are Alpha, Beta, and Gamma. Alpha rays cannot penetrate the skin but are
very dangerous to one's lungs. Beta rays can be blocked by aluminum foil, and even thick clothing. Gamma rays although the worst, are the type of ray
that most people are exposed too. Because of its ability to to pass through many materials, it is used in x–rays. Notice at the dentist, when you take
x–rays your are alone in a room. Hopefully if you have good dentist, they will cover you with a thick heavy lead vest to block the rays, and they will
also leave the room so they aren't exposed either. X–rays and MRI's however emit low level gamma radiation. Places where gamma rays are
threatening and can contaminate material can be found in nuclear power plants, hospitals, laboratories, and

Essay Nuclear Proliferation
What is the status of the international nonproliferation of nuclear weapons?
Outline Title
I. Introduction
A. &#8220;Floating Chernobyl';
B. Something to think about
II. Statistics
A. Russia&#8217;s nuclear arsenal
B. US&#8217; nuclear arsenal
III. Treaties
A. START I
B. START II
C. START III
IV. THREATS
A. New Power Landscape
B. Broken Command
C. Broken Army
V. Status ofOther Countries
A. Iraq
B. North Korea
C. Iran
D. Libya
E. Cuba
F. Pakistan
G. India
VI. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In July 1994, Turkish Police in Istanbul seized 22 pounds of uranium smuggled out of Azerbaijan. In August 1994, a Lufthansa flight from

Moscow landed in Munich carrying a lead–lined suitcase filled with
350 grams of plutonium that the smugglers had planned to sell for
$70,000 a gram. In December 1994, Czech police found an astonishing
3 kilograms of highly enriched, weapons–grade uranium in the back seat of a parked car in Prague. To think about something just think that it only
takes 10 kilograms of highly enriched uranium to build a bomb with the firepower of the &#8220;Little Boy';. &#8220;Little Boy'; , by the
way, killed
75,000 people in Hiroshima back in World War II. If someone was to unleash three to five kilograms of plutonium out in the open in
Manhattan, it wouldn&#8217;t kill many people, but it would severely contaminate a huge area of Manhattan making thousands of people to
move and bring the world&#8217;s financial center to a halt.
In these following paragraphs I am going to throw you a bunch of numbers, but these numbers can&#8217;t be confirmed because we
don&#8217;t know exactly how many weapons Russia or the United States has because either one can be secretly stockpiling nuclear weapons
without the public or the other nations having clue. Russia&#8217;s nuclear

Nuclear Strikes Essay

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Nuclear Strikes Essay