Your instructor will choose the discussion question and post it as the first response in the discussion forum. The requirements for this discussion are a minimum of four posts on four separate days. The total combined word count for all of your posts for this discussion, counted together, should be at least 400 words. Answer all the questions in the prompt, and read any resources that are required to complete the discussion properly. In order to satisfy the posting requirements for the week, complete your initial post by Day 3 (Thursday) and your other posts by Day 7 (Monday). We recommend that you get into the discussion early and spread out your posts over the course of the week. Reply to your classmates and instructor. Attempt to take the conversation further by examining their claims or arguments in more depth or responding to the posts that they make to you. Keep the discussion on target, and analyze things in as much detail as you can. Demonstrating that an Argument is Invalid The key concept in deductive logic is the concept of validity. One good way to learn to understand the concept of validity better is to discover what makes arguments invalid. Prepare: To prepare to respond to this prompt read carefully the required portions of Chapters 3 and 4, paying special attention to the sections from Chapter 3 about validity and using the counterexample method. Take a look as well at the required resources from this week, especially those that discuss the concept of validity. Reflect: Choose an argument from the following list of arguments (try to make sure not to choose the same argument as someone else). Consider the way in which the reasoning is actually invalid (perhaps subtly). Think about why that argument is invalid in the sense that it would be possible for all of the premises to be true and the conclusion false. Choose from the following list of argument options. 1. Everyone has to eat food with adequate calories. A bag of Doritos is food with adequate calories, so everyone should eat a bag of Doritos. 2. All winos drink alcohol. All alcoholics drink too much. Therefore all winos are alcoholics. 3. He won’t go to the wedding since he doesn’t like mushy stuff and weddings are mushy. 4. I can’t go to the movies with you – I have a test tomorrow and I have to study. 5. Capital punishment is wrong because it kills a human being. 6. To go to the movie you have to have a ticket. To buy a ticket you must pay money. Thus, to go the movie you must pay money. 7. All dogs have fur. All mammals have fur. So all dogs are mammals. 8. If he makes a lot of money then he dresses nice and has a fancy car. He does dress nice and have a fancy car. So he must make a lot of money. 9. He will cry during the movie if he is a big softie. He cried during the movie. Therefore he is a big softie. 10. If I wear that cologne then women will love me. I bought that cologne, so women are going to love me. .

1. Your instructor will choose the discussion question and post it
as the first response in the discussion forum. The requirements
for this discussion are a minimum of four posts on four separate
days. The total combined word count for all of your posts for
this discussion, counted together, should be at least 400 words.
Answer all the questions in the prompt, and read any resources
that are required to complete the discussion properly. In order
to satisfy the posting requirements for the week, complete your
initial post by Day 3 (Thursday) and your other posts by Day 7
(Monday). We recommend that you get into the discussion early
and spread out your posts over the course of the week. Reply to
your classmates and instructor. Attempt to take the conversation
further by examining their claims or arguments in more depth or
responding to the posts that they make to you. Keep the
discussion on target, and analyze things in as much detail as
you can.
Demonstrating that an Argument is Invalid
The key concept in deductive logic is the concept of validity.
One good way to learn to understand the concept of validity
better is to discover what makes arguments invalid.
Prepare: To prepare to respond to this prompt read carefully the
required portions of Chapters 3 and 4, paying special attention
to the sections from Chapter 3 about validity and using the
counterexample method. Take a look as well at the required
resources from this week, especially those that discuss the

2. concept of validity.
Reflect: Choose an argument from the following list of
arguments (try to make sure not to choose the same argument as
someone else). Consider the way in which the reasoning is
actually invalid (perhaps subtly). Think about why that
argument is invalid in the sense that it would be possible for all
of the premises to be true and the conclusion false.
Choose from the following list of argument options.
1.
Everyone has to eat food with adequate calories. A bag of
Doritos is food with adequate calories, so everyone should eat a
bag of Doritos.
2.
All winos drink alcohol. All alcoholics drink too much.
Therefore all winos are alcoholics.
3.
He won’t go to the wedding since he doesn’t like mushy stuff
and weddings are mushy.

3. 4.
I can’t go to the movies with you – I have a test tomorrow and I
have to study.
5.
Capital punishment is wrong because it kills a human being.
6.
To go to the movie you have to have a ticket.
To buy a ticket you must pay money.
Thus, to go the movie you must pay money.
7.
All dogs have fur. All mammals have fur. So all dogs are
mammals.
8.
If he makes a lot of money then he dresses nice and has a fancy

4. car. He does dress nice and have a fancy car.
So he must make a lot of money.
9.
He will cry during the movie if he is a big softie.
He cried during the movie.
Therefore he is a big softie.
10.
If I wear that cologne then women will love me. I bought that
cologne, so women are going to love me.
11.
No snakes are mammals. No mammals are birds. Therefore no
snakes are birds.
12.
Every dog with brown fur hates cats. Some dogs have red fur.
Therefore some dogs love cats.

5. 13.
To fix your care you will need money. However, to have money
you have to have money. It appears that you need to get a job.
14.
Only adults can legally drink. John is too young to legally
drink. Therefore, John is not an adult.
15.
Mike loves pickles. Pickles come from cucumbers. Therefore
Mike loves cucumbers.
16.
If you don’t do your chores then you can’t have any dessert.
You really like dessert, so you will certainly do your chores.
17.
You can have soup or salad. You are having the salad, so you
won’t be having any soup.

6. 18.
You will get an A if you study hard and always come to class.
You came to class every time and studied. You are bound to get
an A.
19.
He broke the record for rushing yards in a game on that last
play. No one else has broken the record since then. Therefore he
still holds the record.
20.
He won the election. The election was for governor. So he will
be the next governor.
21.
The sun has risen every morning for millions of years. The sun
rises because the earth turns every 24 hours. Therefore the sun
will rise again tomorrow morning.
22.
If he loved you he would have shown up on time with flowers.
He must not love you.

7. 23.
Abortion kills a human being, therefore abortion is wrong.
24.
Julie is allergic to gluten. So she won’t be having any bread.
25.
Only women can have babies, so women are more important to
the survival of the species.
26.
You shouldn’t use drugs because they are addictive and can ruin
people’s lives.
27.
You shouldn’t go out with that guy. He rides a motorcycle and
goes to bars.
28.

8. In order to buy a car you will need money. But, to have money
you need to get a job. But to go to a job you will need to be able
to get to work. So, you will not be able to buy a car.
29.
Capital punishment kills a human being. It is wrong to kill a
human being except in self-defense. So capital punishment is
wrong.
30.
If you talk to Mike about politics then he will yell at you. If he
yells at you then you will be hurt and it will damage your
friendship. Therefore you shouldn’t talk to Mike about politics.
31.
If the maid was guilty then she would have had to been at the
scene during the crime. However, she was seen a mile away
only minutes before the crime, and she has no car. She must be
innocent.
32.
It is always wrong to kill a human being unless it is in self-
defense. Abortion kills a human being. So abortion is wrong

9. unless the mother’s life is in danger due to the pregnancy.
33.
You shouldn’t tell someone to do something unless you would
be willing to do it yourself. You’ve never gone to war. So you
shouldn’t vote for others to go to war.
34.
Government intervention is justified if it is necessary to protect
the welfare of the people and does not violate anyone’s
constitutional rights.
Therefore, government intervention is justified in this specific
case because it is necessary to protect the welfare of the people.
Write: Put the argument into standard form, clearly identifying
the premises and conclusion. Once you have done so then
demonstrate that the argument is invalid in one of two ways:
Either explain a scenario in which the premises could be true
and the conclusion false, or find another argument with the
same form that has true premises and a false conclusion. Once
you have done so, make sure to explain how your argument
refutes the validity of the original argument. Mention if you
think that there is anything that could be done to make the
original argument valid.

10. Guided Response: Read the reflections of your classmates and
analyze the counter example that they have presented. Provide
another example that demonstrates that the same argument is
invalid. In particular, if you believe that the argument is
invalid, explain a way in which it would be possible for the
premises to be true and the conclusion false or give another
argument of the same form in which the premises are true and
the conclusion is false
Responce 1:Taylor Smith
1.Everyone has to eat food with adequate calories.
2.A bag of Doritos is food with adequate calories.
3.So everyone should eat a bag of Doritos.

11. A bag of Doritos has adequate calories for people to eat. There
are approximately 72 calories from fat per bag of Doritos.
While Doritos comes with some calories, it is also fair to
mention it has 2 grams of protein as well. With that being said,
it is fair to say that a bag of Doritos has enough calories. Not
everyone should eat Doritos, this bag of chips is considered
junk food by many, and is not a healthy alternative meal.
Doritos contains high MSG, artificial colors, and is a highly
processed “food” (Fooducate. (n.d.). The conclusion for the
argument above is False and invalid stating that everyone
should eat this food for adequate calories.
There is a way to make the argument valid, and that is rephrase
the argument to make it valid. He is an example of how to make
it valid. Instead of saying everyone, change it to some.
1.Some people need to eat food with adequate calories.
2.A bag of Doritos is food with adequate calories.
3.So some people should eat a bag of Doritos.
References
1.(n.d.). Retrieved June 27, 2017, from
http://www.fooducate.com/app#!page=product&id=73F389A8-
755F-11E0-A55F-1231380C180E (Links to an external
site.)Links to an external site.

12. 2.http://www.livestrong.com/article/82480-doritos-chips-
nutrition/ (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.
Responce 2: Justin Ryan
7:11am Jun 28 at 7:11am
Topic selected from Week 2 - Discussion 2 (Validity &
Invalidity):

13. Argument: All wino's drink alcohol. All alcoholics drink too
much. Therefore all wino's are alcoholics.
Premise One: All wino's drink alcohol.
Premise Two: All alcoholics drink too much.
Conclusion: Therefore, all wino's are alcoholics.
Explanation: This topic is a good example of an invalid
argument. Premise one is not clear or state that all winos drink
too much alcohol. The consumption of alcohol doesn’t indicate
excessive drinking. Therefore not all wino's are alcoholics. Both
premises are not followed in the conclusion, basing an
assumption off all winos drinking too much. A valid conclusion,
premise one can be changed to all winos drink alcohol too
much.
Counter Argument: All wino's drink alcohol. Some wino's drink
too much alcohol. All alcoholics drink too much. Therefore,
some wino's are alcoholics.

14. Premise One: All wino's drink alcohol.
Premise Two: Some wino's drink too much alcohol.
Premise Three: All alcoholics drink too much.
Conclusion: Therefore, some wino's are alcoholics.
Hardy, J., Foster, C., & Zúñiga y Postigo, G. (2015). With good
reason: A guide to critical thinking [Electronic version].
Retrieved from https://content.ashford.edu/