1. Dr. Lalit Sharma
(Associate Professor)
Indira Gandhi Institute of Physical Education
Vikas Puri, New Delhi
Email: lalit.sharma@igipess.du.ac.in
2. “When people say they are Under a lots of
Stress”
They feel unable to deal with the demands
of their environment.
They feel tense & uncomfortable
3. Has two components.
Physical : Involving direct material or
bodily challenge.
Psychological : Involving how individuals
perceive circumstances is their lives.
4. These components can be examined in three ways
a) A Stimulus: One approach focus on
environment physically & psychologically
challenging events or circumstances are
called Stressors.
b) Stress as a response: Focuses as peoples
reactions to stressors.
Psychological or physiological response to
a stressor is called Strain.
5. c) Stress as a process: That includes
stressors & strains
Relationship between person &
environment.
This process involves contineous
interactions and adjustments called
Transactions.
6. Stress is not just a stimulus or a response but
rather a process in which the person is an
active Agent who can influence the impact of
a stressor.
7. Stress as the circumstance in which transactions
lead a person to person to perceive a
discrepancy between the physical on
psychological demands of a situation and the
resources of his or her biological, psychological,
or social systems.
An important point to keep in mind is that a
demand, resource or discrepancy may be either
real or just believed to exist.
8. Cognitive Appraisal is a mental process by
which people assess two factors.
i) Primary Appraisal : Whether a demand
threatens their physical or psychological
well being and
ii) Secondary Appraisal : The resources
available for meeting the demands.
9. Primary Appraisal could yield any of the three
judgments.
1) It is Irrelevant
2) It is Good
3) It is Stressful
10. -> harm Loss :- refers to the amount of
damage that has already occurred.
-> Threat :- Expectation of future harm
-> Challenge :- is the opportunity to achieve
growth, mastery or profit by using more than
routine resources.
11. The condition of stress that we experience often
demands on the outcome of the appraisals we
make.
When we judge our resources as sufficient to
meet the demands we may experience little or
no stress.
When we appraise demands as greater than our
resources, we may feel a great deal of stress.
12. 1. Those that relate to the person.
2. Those that relate to the situation.
Personal factors include Intellectual,
Motivational & Personality characteristics,
e.g. Self Esteem
13. Amount of stress a person experiences
increase with stressor
Frequency
Intensity
Duration
14. Stressors can produce strain in the person’s
biological, psychological and social systems.
The physiological portion of the response to a
stressor a strain is called Reactivity which
researchers measure by comparison against a
baseline or “resting” level of arousal.
15. Alarm reaction:-
First stage of the GAS is like the Fight or
Flight response to an emergency.
The hypothalamus triggers the pituitary gland
to secrete ACTH, which cause the Adrenal Gland
to release cortisol into the blood stream further
enhancing the mobilisation.
16. Stage of Resistance:-
If a strong stressor continues, the physiological
reaction enters the stage of resistance.
Physiological arousal remains higher than
normal.
Stage of Exhaustion:-
Prolonged physiological arousal produced by
severe long-term or repeated stress.
If the stress continues, disease and damage to
internal organs are likely.
17. Perceived
Stressor
Stage of
Resistance
Arousal
Remains High
as body tries
to defend
against and
Adapt to
the
stressor
Stage of
Exhaustion
Resources
are very
limited
ability
to resist
may
collapse
Alarm
Reaction
Body is
Mobilized
To def
Against
the
end
stressor
18. Four factors are important in the overall
amount of bodily activation or physiological
stress.
2. Magnitude of Reactivity :- In response to any
particular stressor e.g. Important exam creates
move stress.
1. Amount of Exposure :- When we encounter
move frequent, intense or prolonged stressors,
we are likely to respond with a greater total
amount of physiological activation.
19. 4. Resource Restoration :- The resources used
in physiological strain are replenished by various
activities.
20. How interwoven our biological, psychological and
social systems are in the experience of stress.
Impact of stress on people’s Cognitive, Emotional and
Social Systems.
Two way connection between Cognition & Stress is
particularly important in the group of Cognitive
processes called Executive Functioning.
21. Fear is a common emotional reaction that
includes psychological discomfort and physical
arousal when we feel threatened.
Phobias are intense & irrational fear that are
directly associated with specific events and
situation.
22. In stressful situations, people may become less
sociable move hostile & insentive towards the
needs of others.
When stress & anger join, negative social
behavior often increases.
23. Sources within the Person
Illness
Appraisal of opposing motivational forces
when a state of conflict exists.
Experience of Rejection
Isolation
Competition
Failure
24. -> Closest relationship can be major.
Sources of stress
-> Financial Problems
-> Inconsiderate behavior
-> Adding a new family member.
-> Marital conflict & Diverse.
-> Illness & death in the family.
25. Jobs & Stress
-> The physical environment of the job- Noise
-> Perceived insufficient central over aspects of
the job – little opportunity to learn new skill
-> Poor Interpersonal Relationship
-> Perceived inadequate recognition or
advancement.
-> Job loss & insecurity.
26. Noise
Natural Disaster
People’s reaction to stress vary from one
person to the next
There variations often result for social &
psychological factors which Modify the impact
of stressors.
27. Refers to Comfort, Caring, Esteem or help
available to a person from other people or
groups.
What specifically does social support provide
to the person?
It appears to provide four basic functions.
28. Convey Empathy, caring, Concern, Positive
Regional & Environment.
Direct assistance like money.
Giving Advice, Directions, or feedback.
Refers to the availability of others to spend time
with the person.
29. Another psychosocial factor that modifies the
stress people experience is the degree of control
people feel they have in their lives.
People strive for a sense of Personal Control the
feeling that can make decision and take effective
action to produce desirable outcome and avoid
undesirable ones.
30. Behavioral Control: Ability to take Concrete action
to reduce the impact of a stressor. Action might
reduce the intensity or the duration.
e.g. Breathing
Cognitive Control :- Ability to use thought
processes or strategies to modify the impact of a
stressor.
Cognitive Reappraisal of Stressful situation
31. People who believe they have Control over their
Successes and failures are described as
possessing an Internal locus of Control. Lives is
controlled by outside factors like lock is
External locus of control.
Another important aspect of personal control is
our Sense of self Efficacy the belief that we can
succeed at a Specific activity we want to do.
32. 1. Outcome Expectancy :- that the behavior,
if properly carried out, would lead to a
favorable outcome.
2. Self Efficacy Expectancy :- they can
perform the behavior properly.
33. First:- Being exposed to uncontrollable negative
events does not always lead to learned helpless
Learned Helplessness :- Which described as a
principal characteristic of depression
Second:- Depressed people often report feeling
a loss in self Esteem.
34. 1. Internal v/s External
2. Stable v/s unstable
3. Global v/s Specific
35. Some personality traits can make individuals
move resilient in the face of stressful life
circumstances, other personality
characteristics are sources of vulnerability.
36. 1. Control refers to people’s belief that they
can influence events in their lives.
2. Commitment:- People’s sense of purpose
or involvement in the events.
3. Challenge :- tendency to view changer as
incentives or opportunities for growth
rather threats to security.
37. This trait involves the tendency of people to
see their world as comprehensible,
manageable and meaningful
It refers to high level of three interrelated
positive components of personality, Self
Esteem, Personal control and Optimism.
38. Stress
Behavior Physiological
Increase Increase
-> Dietary Fat -> Infavourable
-> Tobacco Use -> lipids in blood
-> Alcohal Use -> Activated Platelets
-> Accidents in blood
-> Clotting factors in
Decrease blood
-> Dietary Fruit -> Stress Harmonies
& Vegetables (Catecholamnies
-> Exercise Carticosteroids)
-> Sleep
Decrease
-> Immune Function
39. Cardiovascular reactivity refers to physiological
changes that occur in the heart, blood vessels &
blood in response to stressors.
40. The adrenal glands release hormones
particularly Catecholamine's & Corticosteroids
during stress.
People with high level of social support
tend to exhibit lower endocrine reactivity
than with those with lower levels.
41. Release of catecholamine's &
Corticosteroids during arousal affects health
in another way.
These stress responses alter the
functioning of the immune system.
42. Refers to physical systems or illnesses that result
from the inter play of psychosocial & physiological
processes.
Some of the Disease are:-
Digestive system Diseases –
Ulcers, irritable bowel syndrome
Asthma
Recurrent headache
Stress & cardiovascular Disorders
Stress & Cancer
43. Coping is the process by which people try to
manage the perceived discrepancy between the
demands and resources they appraise in a
stressful situation.
44. According to Richard Lazarus. Coping can
serve two main functions.
1. It can alter the problem causing the stress.
2. It can regulate the emotional response to
the problem.
45. Behavioral approaches include using alcohol or
drugs, seeking support.
Cognitive approaches involve how people think
about the stressful situation and stressful
situation and Redefine the situation.
49. Enhancing Social Support:- Social Support is a
dynamic process. People’s needs for giving of
and receipt of support change over time.
Improving ones Personal Control:- People need
is to boost their self efficacy & reduce their
helplessness.
50. Organizing one’s world Better
Time Management – Consists of three elements
1. Set Goals
2. Making daily To Do Lists
3. Set up a Schedule
Exercise
51. Refers to any program of behavioral and
Cognitive techniques that is designed to reduce
psychological and physical reaction to stress.
1) Medication:-
2) Relaxation:-
3) Systematic Desensitization
4) Modeling observational or Social leaving
52. 5) Cognitive Restructuring
6) Problem Solving Technique
7) Stress Inoculation Technique
Training involves three phases
a) Learns about the nature of stress
b) Acquire behavioral and cognitive skills
c) Practice coping skill with actual or
imagined stressors.
