How to write a scientific paper

WRITING A SCIENTIFIC PAPER:
EFFECTIVE GUIDELINES
REVA RESEARCH BATCH 2019
Dr. Mallikarjun M. Kodabagi, Professor, School of Computing &IT
REVA University,Bangalore

RESEARCH AND SIGNIFICANCE OF
SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH PAPER
PRATIBHA V HEGDE,DILNA U

WHAT IS RESEARCH?
 Research is defined as a careful consideration of study
regarding a particular concern or a problem using scientific
methods.
 According to the American sociologist Earl Robert Babbie,
“Research is a systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict
and control the observed phenomenon. Research involves
inductive and deductive methods.”
 According to Wikipedia, Research is "creative and systematic
work undertaken to increase the stock of knowledge,
including knowledge of humans, culture and society, and the
use of this stock of knowledge to devise new applications.“
3PRATIBHA V HEGDE,DILNA U

WHAT IS RESEARCH?
 The wonderful people at Wordnet define research as:
Noun: systematic investigation to establish facts; a search for
knowledge.
Verb: attempt to find out in a systematically and scientific
manner; inquire into.
 An etymologist might tell us that it comes from the Old
French word cerchier, to search, with re- expressing
intensive force. I guess it is saying that before 1400 in
France, research meant to search really hard.
4

SIGNIFICANCE OF SCIENTIFIC
RESEARCH PAPER
 Writing is a very important part of science; it is used to document and
communicate ideas, activities and findings to others.
 Research and publication complement teaching and training
 The most compelling reason for many professionals to start writing is to
fulfil specific job requirements by employers that include promotion to
an academic position, professional and improving prospect of success in
research grant application.
 Publications can also be regarded as an asset that enables authors to
gain recognition and acknowledgement as experts in a particular field
at national and international levels.
 Publication in peer-reviewed journals also gives international
recognition for an individual, department, university, and institutions. 5

RESEARCH PAPER
 In some cases where a topic of major global importance is included in a
publication, the author's country, and even the region, may also get a greater
recognition.
 Doing research is only half of the picture. If the results of research studies or
program documentations are not published- and where they are published has
an important impact also- other researchers cannot appreciate the value of the
evidence generated, they cannot see the evidence or further build on it, and
overall science cannot develop and grow.
 Among researchers, the adage “Publish or Perish” (i.e., publish your research
or losing your career) is a threatening reminder of the importance of
publication.
 Publishing evidences and availing to the wider user is very critical for the
progress of science and in bringing changes based on evidence. 6

RESEARCH PAPER
 The greatest part of a writer's time is spent in reading,
in order to write: a man will turn over half a library, a
quote by the 18th century British writer Samuel
Johnson, clearly speaks the discipline imposed by
scientific publication increases the depth of knowledge
for the author and results in a greater contribution of
knowledge for others.
 Scientific writing can take many forms from a lab
notebook to a project report, or from a paper in an
academic journal to an article in a scientific magazine.
7PRATIBHA V HEGDE,DILNA U

STRUCTURE OF SCIENTIFIC PAPER
 Title of Paper
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Literature Survey
 Methodology
 Results and Discussion
 Conclusion
 References
TITLEOFAPAPER

TITLE OF PAPER
 Title should reflect the content of the paper clearly and precisely.
 Title should be simple and not lengthy
 Title can highlight the materials and method used in the research work.
 Title should not match with titles of existing methods.
 Avoid usage of abbreviations and jargons
 Author names and Affiliation should appear after the title in the paper.
TITLEOFAPAPER
MURALI J, VIDYA SRIKANTH, NEERAJA JAYAN

AFFLIATION
SAMPLE : TITLE 1
AUTHOR NAMES
METHOD SPECIFIC
CONTENT OF PAPER
ABBREVIATION
EXPANDED
TITLEOFAPAPER

AFFLIATION
MAIL ID
SAMPLE : TITLE 2
AUTHOR NAMES
METHOD SPECIFIC
TITLEOFAPAPER

ABSTRACT
 Abstract states clearly the objective of the paper and must be contained in about 300 words
 Abstract states problem areas of the research and emphasises the uniqueness of the research
 Abstract defines existing methods adopted in similar research and states how the chosen method is different in
terms of advantages
 Abstract states the model used to carry out the research and describes it’s advantages over other models
 Abstract discusses results briefly and claims are stated either textually or in numbers
 Key words must appear below the Abstract and relate directly to the uniqueness of the research and broad area
of research
 Key words must not exceed 5 words
ABSTRACT

5 IMPORTANT
KEYWORDS
OBJECTIVE
RESULTS(TEXTUAL)
PROBLEM
IDENTIFICATION
METHODS
DISCUSSIONS
SAMPLE : ABSTRACT 1
ABSTRACT

ADVANTAGES OF
METHODS
RESULTS(NUMBERS)
PROBLEM
METHODS
SAMPLE : ABSTRACT 2
ABSTRACT
METHODOLOGY
5 IMPORTANT
KEYWORDS

VIDYA SRIKANTH, MURALI J, NEERAJA JAYAN
CONTRIBUTORS OF ABSTRACTABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION
SANDHYA BS, PAVANA H, KUSUMA B, SANGEETHA P, DEEPIKA R, NAGARAJ HEDIYAL, BURRI ANKAIAH, ADITHYA BALLAJI, MANJU JR
Introduction is an important part of the research paper, which covers background of the research.
The background includes following:
 Domain of the research work and Need for studying the problem: (What you Know)
- Introduction to research domain and their applications
- Describe importance of the problem in the domain and its relevance to various real world applications
 Related Work and Gap : (What is Unknown)
Existing works carried out on the problem and Gap analysis should be included
 Objective of the research work
Statement that describes the goal/aim of the research work
INTRODUCTION

Cont….
 Brief description of contribution of the work (What you want to show)
• Paragraph that describes method used, results and observations.
 Organization of the paper
• Statements that describe how the rest of the paper is organized.

As the people move across world for business, field works and/or
pleasure, they find it difficult to understand the text written on display
boards in foreign environment. In such a scenario, people either look for
guides or intelligent devices that can help them in providing translated
information to their native language. As most of the individuals carry
camera embedded, hand held devices such as mobile phones and PDA’s,
there is a possibility to integrate technological solutions into such systems
in order to provide facilities for automatically understanding display boards
in foreign environment.
Sample Introduction of a paper
Texture Based Methodology for Text Region Extraction from Low Resolution Natural Scene
Images
Introduction
These facilities may be provided as an integral solution through web
service as necessary computing function, which are not available in hand
held systems. Such web based hand held systems must be enabled to
capture natural scene images containing display boards and query the
web service to retrieve translated localized information of the text written
on display boards.
Need analysis
for taking up
research work

The written matter on display/name boards provides information necessary for the needs
and safety of people, and may be written in languages unknown. And the written matter can
be street names, restaurant names, building names, company names, traffic directions,
warning signs etc. Hence, lot of commercial and academic interest is veered towards
development of techniques for web service based hand held systems useful in
understanding written text in display boards. There is a spurt of activity in development of
web based intelligent hand held tour guide systems, blind assistants to read written text and
Location aware computing systems and many more in recent years. A few such works are
presented in the following and a more elaborate survey of related works is given in the next
section. A point by photograph paradigm where users can specify an object by simply taking
picture to retrieve matching images from the web is found in [1]. The comMotion is a
location aware hand held system that links personal information to locations. It reminds
users about shopping list when he/she nears a shopping mall [2]. At Hewlett Packard (HP),
mobile Optical Character Reading (OCR) applications were developed to retrieve
information related to the text image captured through a pen-size camera [3]. Mobile phone
image matching and retrieval has been used by insurance and trading firms for remote item
appraisal and verification with a central database [4]. The image matching and retrieval
applications cannot be embedded in hand held devices such as mobile phones due to
limited availability of computing resources, hence such services are being developed as
web services.
Literature
Review
leading to
gap

The state of art hand held systems available across the world are not
automated for understanding written text on display boards in foreign
environment. Scope exists for exploring such possibilities through automation
of hand held systems. One of the very important processing steps for
development of such systems is automatic detection and extraction of text
regions from low resolution natural scene images prior to further analysis. The
written text provides important information and it is not an easy problem to
reliably detect and localize text embedded in natural scene images [8]. The
size of the characters can vary from very small to very big. The font of the text
can be different. Text present in the image may have multiple colors. The text
may appear in different orientation. Text can occur in a complex background.
And also the textual and other information captured is affected by significant
degradations such as perspective distortion, blur, shadow and uneven lighting.
The researchers have also worked towards development of web based
intelligent hand held tour guide systems. The cyberGuide [5] is an intelligent
hand held tour guide system, which provides the information based on user’s
location. The cyberGuide continuously monitors the users location using Global
Positioning System (GPS) and provides new information at the right time.
Museums could provide these tour guides to visitors allowing them to take
personalized tours observing any displayed object. As the visitors move across
museum floors, the information about the location is pushed to hand held tour
guides. The research prototypes used to search information about an object
image captured by cameras embedded in mobile phones are described in [6-
7].
Literature
Review
leading to gap
continued
Challenges/issues to
be addressed

Hence, the automatic detection and segmentation of text is a difficult and
challenging problem. Reported works have identified a number of
approaches for text localization from natural scene images.
In this paper, a new texture based text detection and segmentation method is
proposed. The proposed method uses high pass filtering in the DCT domain
to suppress most of the background. Later texture features such as
homogeneity and contrast are computed on image blocks to identify and
segment text regions in the image.Each unit block is classified as either text
or nontext based on newly defined discriminant functions. In addition,
merging algorithms are used to merge text blocks to obtain text regions. The
regions are further refined using post processing. The proposed method is
robust enough to detect text regions from low resolution natural scene
images, and achieves a detection rate of 96.6%.
Proposed
Method
The rest of the paper is organized as follows; the detailed survey
related to text extraction from natural scene images is described in
section 2. The proposed method is presented in Section 3. The
experimental results and analysis are given in Section 4. Section 5
concludes the work and lists future directions.
Organization
of the paper

CONTRIBUTORS OF INTRODUCTION

LITERATUREREVIEW
GIRISH HEGDE, RAGHAVENDRA MOKASHI, SANTOSHKUMAR BEGUR, RAGHAVENDRA SHETTY, VINAY G, RANJIT KUMAR DORA, SUPRITH P G, ROSHAN S,
PRADEEP K
Literature review covers the description of existing methods on the chosen topic, At the end of literature
review a paragraph is written to present the gaps which are still unaddressed and need attention. The
literature review and gap analysis can be included as part of introduction or as a separate section of the
paper.
This section includes following.
 Significant contributions in the related area or topic under study.
 Each contribution must highlight the following points.
- Method description
- Data set, Results and Observations
- Advantages and Limitations
- Future avenues, if any
 A paragraph describing the challenges unaddressed and need attention.
LITERATURE REVIEW

LITERATUREREVIEW CONTRIBUTORS OF LITERATURE REVIEW
GIRISH HEGDE, RAGHAVENDRA MOKASHI, SANTOSHKUMAR BEGUR, RAGHAVENDRA SHETTY, VINAY G, RANJIT KUMAR DORA, SUPRITH P G, ROSHAN S,
PRADEEP K

This part of the paper gives description of original procedure or method or solution used to solve
the problem. The description must cover following.
 Steps of the methodology (Focus on original contribution in each step)
 Diagram of the methodology
 Sampling design, strength of the method, dependency among parameters
 Limitations of the method, future extension
METHODOLOGY
METHOD
K. VASANTHA LAKSHMI ,SWATHI.A.S.,LAKSHMI.R ,SHAKEEL ,PALLAVI.M,JYOTHI.V SREEKRUPA.B.K, LATHA.Y.L, M.MADHAVI, SUPRIYA, MALATHI.

K. VASANTHA LAKSHMI ,SWATHI.A.S.,LAKSHMI.R ,SHAKEEL ,PALLAVI.M,JYOTHI.V SREEKRUPA.B.K, LATHA.Y.L, M.MADHAVI, SUPRIYA, MALATHI.
CONTRIBUTORS OF METHODOLOGY

RESULTSANDDISCUSSION
MURALIDHAR JAHAGIRHAR, VIDYADHAR KUSUR, BAVIGADDA SREEKANTH
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results and discussions should cover following.
 It covers the findings of the experiments.
 Results in the forms of Tables, graphs and supplemented by textual description.
 Comparison of results with multiple methods on various parameters
 Satisfactory results and non-satisfactory results
 Observations and limitations
 Test conditions
 Dependency among variables under study.
 Case study.
 The equipment and test bed setup
 Unexpected and/or negative results.

CONTRIBUTORS OF RESULTS AND
DISCUSSION SECTION
MURALIDHAR JAHAGIRHAR, VIDYADHAR KUSUR, BAVIGADDA SREEKANTH
MURALIDHAR JAHAGIRHAR VIDYADHAR KUSUR BAVIGADDA SREEKANTH
RESULTSANDDISCUSSION

CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSION
This section should cover following points.
 Echoing introduction can be a good strategy
 Summary of contributions of the research work
 Key observations made during the study
 Limitations and future study of the research
 Connect various parameters under study
 A new perspective on the topic.
Dharmavir, Ranganathappa, Vijaya Kumar H, Prashanth N, Chaitra B, Helen, Ashwini

Dharmavir, Ranganathappa, Vijaya Kumar H, Prashanth N, Chaitra B, Helen, Ashwini
CONTRIBUTORS OF CONCLUSION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 Acknowledgements enable you to thank all those who have helped in carrying out the research.
 The general advice is to express your appreciation in a concise manner and to avoid strong emotive language.
Format :
 This research was supported/partially supported by [Name of Foundation, Grant maker, Donor]. We thank our
colleagues from [Name of the supporting institution] who provided insight and expertise that greatly assisted the
research.

 The State University of New York at Buffalo acknowledges the
U.S. Government’s support in the publication of this paper.
 This work was supported by the National Research Foundation
of Korea(NRF) grant funded by the Korea government(MSIT)
(No. NRF-2016R1C1B2010281).
 This research was supported by the project No. 0117U007177
“Designing the methods of adaptive radio resource management
in LTE-U mobile networks for 4G/5G development in Ukraine,”
funded by Ukrainian government and by the Slovak Research
and Development Agency project number APVV-15-0055.
Roopa.M
Srivani. E N
Kusuma H R
SAMPLE : ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Roopa.M, Srivani. E N, Kusuma H R
CONTRIBUTORS OF ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The references can be from various sources such as: journals, conferences, books and web material.
The references from these sources must appear in following formats.
Journal paper reference:
- Authors, Paper Title, Journal Title, Volume Number, Issue Number, Pages, Year.
Conference paper reference:
- Authors, Paper Title, Conference Title, Volume Number,Pages, Year.
Books Reference:
- Authors, Book Title, Publisher, Edition, Pages, Year.
REFERENCING
VIKRAM K, BHARAT KUMAR T, RAKESH SHARMA KR, MURARI V. REDDY,PALLAVI PUSHP, RAYAPPA MAHALE, PRADIP G,
CHANNABASAV,NAGESH KUMAR R, SAIFUDDIN
REFERENCES

REFERENCING CONTRIBUTORS OF REFERENCING

REFERENCING
THANK YOU

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