2023-04 OA 2.pptx

Alfonso Pierantonio
Open Access
when the cure is worse than the disease
Università degli Studi dell’Aquila / Italy

2
Informatics Europe
Chair Open Access task force
Italian GRIN
Coordinator Open Access working group
EiC, Journal of Object Technology
Platinum Open Access Journal since 2002
◦ founded by Bertrand Meyer and Richard Wiener
◦ self-managed platform, zero budget
Why I am engaged with Open Access

3
While publishers are part of the research value chain, we should not
underestimate they are commercial players
Premise

4
A sound and cost-effective decision-making process concerning the
relationship with scientific publishers is crucial for
◦ Appropriateness of the public spending
◦ Researchers' ethical posture
◦ Transparency
Premise

5
A sound and cost-effective decision-making process concerning the
relationship with scientific publishers is crucial for
◦ Appropriateness of the public spending
◦ Researchers' ethical posture
◦ Transparency
Why this presentation?
Understanding how scientific publishing is defined and how the transition to
Open Access is inducing an epochal shift is very important.

What do we know about
Open Access?

7
Awareness among university populations
Open Access 2016-2017 EUA Survey
Results, European University Association,
Feb 2018
https://www.eua.eu/downloads/publications/open
%20access%202016-
2017%20eua%20survey%20results.pdf

8
Awareness among university populations
Open Access 2016-2017 EUA Survey
Results, European University Association,
Feb 2018
https://www.eua.eu/downloads/publications/open
%20access%202016-
2017%20eua%20survey%20results.pdf
young researchers are among the
most severely affected by the
transition to OA

9
Introduction
Open Access
Publishing Market
Plan-S
Problems
Final Considerations
Summary

10
Open Access is inducing profound changes in
scientific publishing comparable to the introduction
of movable type printing (AD 1455) and the
transition to electronic publishing
Introduction
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stampa_a_caratteri_mobili

11
It will have a substantial impact on the
dissemination of knowledge and resources among
researchers
Introduction

12
It will have a substantial impact on the
dissemination of knowledge and resources among
researchers
Introduction
Global and local actions are needed

13
Open Access permits to openly and instantly access without costs for
the reader research results and data
The basic principle is that the research outcome of public research
programs and agencies must be openly accessible
Open Access
Authors retain the copyright in their articles

14
Open Access helps
enhance the dissemination on a
global scale
make research products
accessible to people in less
developed countries
reduce research duplication
support knowledge transfer
Open Access / objectives
support interdisciplinary research
make the research process more
transparent to the taxpayer
increase the use of scientific
contributions in teaching programs
make research results perpetual

15
While Open Access removes the barriers to accessing research
products, it does not nullify the publication costs
How are costs covered?
Article Processing Charge (APC)
authors, institutions, projects, etc
 hybrid and gold route
Community
non-profit organizations, academic or governmental institutions
 Platinum/diamond model,
 cost mutualization
Open Access / costs

16
Open Access / models
Model Description APC
Hybrid Some subscription-based journals make papers openly accessible under the payment of
an APC.
yes
Green Some subscription-based journals permits the authors to distribute the products on
institutional platforms (e.g., ArXiv, PubMed), in some cases after 6-12 months from the
publication.
no
Gold All products are openly accessible. Publication costs are covered with APC usually paid by
the researcher institution or the funding agency. The APC does not automatically imply
the copyright non-transfer.
yes
Platinum or
Diamond
All products are openly accessible without any financial and temporal constraint.
Products are distributed with flexible and liberal copyright licenses, typically CC-BY.
Production costs are covered by non-profit organizations, academic or governmental
institutions.
no
Bronze Products are openly accessible on the site of the publisher without any specification
about the copyright license.
Black All products are openly accessible on platforms that distribute the content illegally. no

18
Introduction
Open Access
Publishing Market
Plan-S
Problems
Summary

19
Scientific publishing is the most lucrative
business activity, with a net profit of nearly 40%
◦ Such a circumstance is not the fault of the Open
Access movement per-se
However, the way Open Access is adopted helps
sustain and consolidate publishers' ludicrous
advantages at the expense of public research
spending
Publishing Market

20
The market is defined by the goods that are exchanged
In scientific publishing, the good exchanged is knowledge
◦ scientific knowledge (contents), it is the research products
◦ bibliographic knowledge (indexing), knowing the existence of a research result
 SCI-HUB is not like Google Scholar
Publishing Market

21
The accesses in Italy and Europe explain researchers' needs
◦ It is not just a matter of Open Access
◦ The paywall model jeopardizes usability and immediacy
Sci-Hub combines open access and indexing
SHI-HUB

Understanding
the Publishing Market

23
«A free market is an economic system in which the prices of goods and
services are determined by supply and demand expressed by sellers and
buyers. […] In an idealized free market economy, prices for goods and
services are set solely by the bids and offers of the participants.»
The Myth of the free market
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_market

24
Free market?
42.40%
11.80%
13.50%
5.30%
2.70%
24.30%
Market Share in EU
Elsevier Springer Nature Wiley Taylor & Francis ACS Others

25
Researchers produce knowledge led by the desire of
◦ disseminate the results of their research
◦ have a good evaluation
Other important players, who normally aim to maximize profits, are
◦ commercial publishers
◦ open archive managers
◦ social networks like ResearchGate
◦ search engines like Google Scholar
◦ discovery tools producers (and libraries), because scientific knowledge is easy to
access, but it is an experience good (a researcher would like to read only relevant
works)
Publishing Market / who are the actors?

26
Researchers produce knowledge led by the desire of
◦ disseminate the results of their research
◦ have a good evaluation
Other important players, who normally aim to maximize profits, are
◦ commercial publishers
◦ open archive managers
◦ social networks like ResearchGate
◦ search engines like Google Scholar
◦ discovery tools producers (and libraries) because scientific knowledge is easy to
access, but it is an experience good – a researcher would like to read only relevant
works
Publishing Market / who are the players?

27
The market is technically non-competitive because
◦ Part of production costs are fixed costs
Publishing Market

28
Historically, most production costs were variable costs, depending on the
number of copies to be produced and the number of copies to be
distributed
Today, part of the cost is fixed and is related to the processing, production,
and distribution platform, but then the reproduction costs are nonexistent
Publishing Market / variable vs fixed costs

29
Historically, most production costs were variable costs, depending on the
number of copies to be produced and the number of copies to be
distributed
Today, part of the cost is fixed and is related to the processing, production,
and distribution platform, but then the reproduction costs are nonexistent
Publishing Market / variable vs fixed costs
Costsand businessmodelsin
scientific researchpublishing– A
report commissioned by the
Wellcome Trust (2004)

30
An inelastic market is a type of market where a change in price does not result in a
proportional change in demand
It occurs when there are limited substitutes for a product or when consumers are
particularly loyal to a particular brand or type of product
Publishing Market / an inelastic demand

31
An inelastic market is a type of market where a change in price does result in a
non-proportional change in demand
This can occur when there are limited substitutes for a product or when consumers
are particularly loyal to a particular brand or type of product
Publishing Market / an inelastic demand
Is there any reasonable substitute
paper for the most cited paper of
David Parnas?

32
The market is technically non-competitive because
◦ Part of production costs are fixed costs
◦ The demand is inelastic: publisher acts in an almost monopoly regime
Publishing Market

33
Publishers are mainly selling
◦ Contents, the research products
◦ Organization of the activities, content collection, and platform
◦ Certification based on the reputation of the publisher, its journals, and
editorial series consolidated over time
Publishers produce the organization and provide the certification; the
content is the responsibility of the researchers
Publishing Market / what publishers sell?

34
While the publishers are commercial competitors, scientific publishing
represents a non-competitive market characterized by
Publishing Market / non-competitiveness

35
While the publishers are commercial competitors, scientific publishing
market is characterized by
Little or no competition, consequently no need for investments
Higher prices than in a competitive market, less value for money
Less incentive for business innovation
Concentration of economic power in the hands of a few large companies or
individuals
Publishing Market / non-competitiveness

36
75% of European spending on scientific
journals goes to ‹‹big five›› publishers
Publishing Market / the big five
Elsevier has a 25% share of publications
but 42.4% of costs. Springer Nature has
a 14.2% share of publications but an
11.8% share of costs.

37
75% of European spending on scientific
journals goes to ‹‹big five›› publishers
Publishing Market / the big five
Elsevier has a 25% share of publications
but 42.4% of costs. Springer Nature has
a 14.2% share of publications but an
11.8% share of costs.

38
To understand how profitable a company is, divide profit by revenue to obtain the
net margin
Publishing Market / how profitable?

39
To understand how profitable a company is, divide profit by revenue to obtain the
net margin
Elsevier’s net margin is 982/2,637, which is 37,23% in 2019 (38% in 2020)

40
No industry is so spectacolarly profitable!
https://pages.stern.nyu.edu/~adamodar/Ne
w_Home_Page/datafile/margin.html

42
Ideally, if the buyers join together they can potentially obtain conditions
that tend to the competitive ones.
What we can do?

43
Ideally, if the buyers join together they can potentially obtain conditions
that tend to the competitive ones.
What we can do?
Is this not what the Italian CRUI-CARE is supposed to do?

44
Introduction
Open Access
Publishing Market
Plan-S
Problems
Summary

45
Plan S is an initiative launched by a cOAlition S, a
coalition of European research funders to make
scientific publications Open Access by default
The plan requires scientists and researchers who benefit from state-
funded research organisations and institutions to publish their work in
open repositories or in journals that are available to all
Plan-S

48
Among other objectives, Plan-S aims at a fair APC level
Such a goal is pursued by letting the contrasting market forces reach an
equilibrium instead of introducing market regulations
Plan-S / fair retribution

49
Among other objectives, Plan-S aims at a fair APC level
Such a goal is pursued by letting the contrasting market forces reach an
equilibrium instead of introducing market regulations
Plan-S / fair retribution
Unfortunately, it is mainly tailored for the Gold route!

50
Introduction
Open Access
Publishing Market
Plan-S
Problems
Summary

51
Open Access shifts the costs from the reader to the writer
◦ Subscription costs are managed in a centralized way, while research funds are
managed in a more heterogeneous way
◦ Funds for subscription costs need to be rearranged because who reads is
different from who writes
We have to understand the impact of
◦ Article Processing Charge (APC)
◦ Transformative agreements
◦ Big deals
Problems

52
Requiring authors to pay to communicate their results introduces a
financial bias
Publishers are incentivized to accept more papers
Authors can be invited on a financial basis – they can afford the APC, or their
institution has a transformative agreement, big deal
Problems / APC

53
Publishers may be incentivized to accept papers because the more they
publish, the more they earn
◦ IEEE Access published 17,927 papers in 2021 only!
Individual journals might be induced to adopt practices and processes where
effectiveness prevails over quality
◦ review processes are getting shorter and shorter
◦ greater pressure is exerted on reviewers and editors
Financial Bias
Year Number of published papers #papers x APC
2021 12,471 > 21 mio $
2020 17,927 > 31 mio $
2019 15,341 > 28 mio $

55
Problems / Transformative Agreements

56
Transformative agreements are part of the
arrangements
◦ driving the transition from read-only to read & write
contracts
◦ aiming at fair retributions for publishers
Problems / Transformative Agreements

Transformative agreements are
not working, they are not
mitigating costs!

58
An all-or-nothing contractual model that prescribes buying the entire
catalog of the publisher
Advantages:
 lower cost per item
 increase in the scientific documentation offered to users
 substantial management simplification
Problems / Big deals

59
An all-or-nothing contractual model that prescribes buying the entire
catalog of the publisher
Advantages:
 lower cost per item
 increase in the scientific documentation offered to users
 substantial management simplification
Disadvantages:
 contractual inflexibility, purchasing what is not needed
 progressive increase in prices that are not always sustainable
 forcing libraries to renounce increasingly other types of bibliographic materials
Problems / Big deals

61
The total expenditure for electronic bibliographic resources in Italy
◦ More than 98% is invested in international asset purchases
◦ Almost 70% is invested in the three biggest big deals
The OA has entered into negotiations
◦ First, with the green road with the aim of being able to deposit articles in Open
Access in institutional repositories
◦ Today also, with the Gold route
Big Deals

62
Shifting the costs from readers to authors introduces more than the
problems (Gold and Hybrid) Open Access solves
Conclusions

63
◦ APC introduces a financial bias
◦ It creates an authorial subclass: researchers in less developed countries can
freely access papers but have financial barriers to publishing
◦ Geopolitical issues, even within the EU
Conclusions

64
◦ APC introduces a financial bias
◦ It creates an authorial subclass: researchers in less developed countries can
freely access papers but have financial barriers to publishing
◦ Geopolitical issues, even within the EU
The devil is in the details
◦ LIPIcs Processing Charge is 60 E, from their site:
Conclusions

65
The publishers don’t share the market, they partition it
◦ The free market only partly applies here
◦ Huge profits are made at the expense of research funding
The market is in the hands of a few players that
◦ Increasingly incorporate smaller initiatives
◦ Become larger and larger, and
◦ Offer less contractable deals to libraries
Conclusions

66
While publishers are highly speculative, they are part of the research
value chain
◦ The certification role is strictly intertwined with the research assessment
procedures and researchers' evaluation
We cannot renounce the role of publishers
◦ However, we need to be aware of the risks and identify mitigation actions
◦ Their mission (high profit) contrasts with ours
Conclusions

67
Not easy to identify specific actions; whatever proposal we come up
with requires a general commitment and engagement
This presentation triggers more questions than answers, which gives a
measure of how much the ecosystem is jeopardized
What can we do?

68
Information and awareness are key!
What can we do?

69
Information and awareness are key!
The trend is toward fewer players and a higher market concentration
Less market concentration, more players
Contrast big deals whenever possible: not all institutions need and can afford
big deal contracts
What can we do?

70
Mitigate the financial bias
◦ New cost models – APC is a scam because it is related to the reputation of the
journal or publisher and not to the actual cost
◦ Mutualization of costs
◦ Community editorial initiatives
Let transformative agreements work
◦ Transformative agreements as a means for fair compensation do not work
◦ The publishing market is peculiar, market regulatory policies initiatives should
be considered
What can we do?

71
New high-quality editorial initiatives proposed by communities are not
infrequent, especially in more theoretical fields
They have to be sustained in terms of
Visibility and recognizability, we need an umbrella that makes them easily
identifiable, whether it be a trademark, a certification, or a new publisher
should be understood
Technical platform and support, who wants to initiate a journal must count on
ready-to-go platforms conforming to the standards, eg PJP/OJS
A quality model, the intrinsic quality of a journal depends on the practices and
processes besides ethical aspects
What can we do?

73
Any evaluation process that introduces quantitative tools can be
exploited as trojan horses for entering the market
◦ research assessment makes use of qualitative and quantitative methods
◦ regardless of whether the assessment comprehends the quality and
significance of individual publications or not, bibliometrics represents a
vulnerability
While bibliometrics is a useful tool, researchers get acquainted with it
and might manipulate it, eg self-citation, pool publishing
Predatory publishers can be functional to such an unethical posture
How predatory journals approach the system

75
● Plan-S timing, ie. Jan 1, 2021, is critical
● Cost distribution is established by Plan-S: all must publish OA
○ how?
○ All must publish OA or all must publish OA on journals with
comparable quality to that of paywall journals?
● APC
○ Fair APC level
○ regulating or competing?
● What the market will do?
Plan-S

76
● Research Assessment Agencies will consider only OA products
(e.g. UK RAE, Italian ANVUR)
● If they align to Plan-S, then
– Green OA products will be considered until 2024
– After that only Gold OA products will be evaluated
● Research communities might not be represented by available
OA Journals
Problems

77
● CC BY
● CC BY-NC
● CC BY-ND
● CC BY-SA
● CC BY-NC-SA
● CC BY-NC-ND
Creative Commons Licenses

79
◦ Analizzare costi e benefici delle diverse scelte
◦ Definire una strategia a livello nazionale
‒Transformative Agreements
◦ Coordinare le azioni con quelle dei principali partner a livello
internazionale ed europeo
◦ Poiché gli editori vendono prevalentemente certificazione,
occorre coordinare le azioni con le agenzie di valutazione
COSA FARE

80
◦ I transformative agreement consentono di
‒ricontrattare le condizioni di accesso per le sottoscrizioni esistenti
‒contrattare i costi APC in maniera da non avere un maggiore aggravio
◦ Casi di successo
‒Max Planck, Norvegia
◦ Fallimenti
‒University of California, Caltech, University of Maryland, University of Konstanz,
Université de Montréal, and the National System of Peru
TRANSFORMATIVE AGREEMENT

81
◦ Sono contratti che seguono un modello contrattuale detto big deal
con i quali si accede all’intero catalogo della casa editrice.
◦ Vantaggi:
‒abbassamento del costo per articolo
‒aumento della documentazione scientifica offerta agli utenti
‒sostanziale semplificazione gestionale
◦ Svantaggi:
‒rigidità contrattuali
‒progressivo aumento dei prezzi che le università non riescono sempre a
sostenere.
◦ che stanno obbligando le biblioteche universitarie a rinunciare in
modo sempre più vistoso all’acquisto di materiali bibliografici di
altro tipo (monografie in primo luogo).
BIG DEAL

82
◦ Se consideriamo la spesa complessiva per contratti di risorse
bibliografiche elettroniche in Italia
‒Oltre il 98% è investito in acquisto di risorse internazionali
‒Quasi il 70% è investito nel tre maggiori big deal
◦ L’OA è entrato nelle contrattazioni
‒dapprima con la green road con l’obiettivo di poter depositare gli articoli in accesso
aperto presso repository istituzionali
‒oggi anche con la gold road
◦ Iniziative
‒2015: Max Planck Library ha lanciato la OA2020 Initiative
‒2018: Plan-S
INIZIATIVE EUROPEE

83
◦ Per promuovere la trasformazione delle riviste scientifiche dal
sistema a sottoscrizione (paywall) a nuovi modelli di
pubblicazione in accesso aperto
Schimmer, Ralf, Kai Karin Geschuhn, and Andreas Vogler. "Disrupting the
subscription journals’ business model for the necessary large-scale transformation
to open access." (2015).
◦ All’iniziativa hanno aderito 136 istituzioni accademiche da tutto
il mondo, per l’Italia la CRUI, l’INFN, e la Fondazione Telethon
OA2020 INITIATIVE

84
◦ Plan-S è stato lanciato nel 2018 da cOAlition-S un
raggruppamento internazionale (coordinato da Science Europe)
di enti finanziatori della ricerca
By 2020 scientific publications that result from research funded by public grants
provided by participating national and European research councils and funding
bodies, must be published in compliant Open Access Journals or on compliant Open
Access Platforms.
◦ Per l’Italia l’INFN e la Compagnia di San Paolo
PLAN-S

85
◦ Analizzare costi e benefici delle diverse scelte
◦ Definire una strategia a livello nazionale
‒Transformative Agreements
◦ Coordinare le azioni con quelle dei principali partner a livello
internazionale ed europeo
◦ Poiché gli editori vendono prevalentemente certificazione,
occorre coordinare le azioni con le agenzie di valutazione
COSA FARE

86
◦ I transformative agreement consentono di
‒ricontrattare le condizioni di accesso per le sottoscrizioni esistenti
‒contrattare i costi APC in maniera da non avere un maggiore aggravio
◦ Casi di successo
‒Max Planck, Norvegia
◦ Fallimenti
‒University of California, Caltech, University of Maryland, University of Konstanz,
Université de Montréal, and the National System of Peru
TRANSFORMATIVE AGREEMENT

87
◦ Sono contratti che seguono un modello contrattuale detto big deal
con i quali si accede all’intero catalogo della casa editrice.
◦ Vantaggi:
‒abbassamento del costo per articolo
‒aumento della documentazione scientifica offerta agli utenti
‒sostanziale semplificazione gestionale
◦ Svantaggi:
‒rigidità contrattuali
‒progressivo aumento dei prezzi che le università non riescono sempre a
sostenere.
◦ che stanno obbligando le biblioteche universitarie a rinunciare in
modo sempre più vistoso all’acquisto di materiali bibliografici di
altro tipo (monografie in primo luogo).
BIG DEAL

88
◦ Se consideriamo la spesa complessiva per contratti di risorse
bibliografiche elettroniche in Italia
‒Oltre il 98% è investito in acquisto di risorse internazionali
‒Quasi il 70% è investito nel tre maggiori big deal
◦ L’OA è entrato nelle contrattazioni
‒dapprima con la green road con l’obiettivo di poter depositare gli articoli in accesso
aperto presso repository istituzionali
‒oggi anche con la gold road
◦ Iniziative
‒2015: Max Planck Library ha lanciato la OA2020 Initiative
‒2018: Plan-S
INIZIATIVE EUROPEE

89
◦ Per promuovere la trasformazione delle riviste scientifiche dal
sistema a sottoscrizione (paywall) a nuovi modelli di
pubblicazione in accesso aperto
Schimmer, Ralf, Kai Karin Geschuhn, and Andreas Vogler. "Disrupting the
subscription journals’ business model for the necessary large-scale transformation
to open access." (2015).
◦ All’iniziativa hanno aderito 136 istituzioni accademiche da tutto
il mondo, per l’Italia la CRUI, l’INFN, e la Fondazione Telethon
OA2020 INITIATIVE

90
◦ Plan-S è stato lanciato nel 2018 da cOAlition-S un
raggruppamento internazionale (coordinato da Science Europe)
di enti finanziatori della ricerca
By 2020 scientific publications that result from research funded by public grants
provided by participating national and European research councils and funding
bodies, must be published in compliant Open Access Journals or on compliant Open
Access Platforms.
◦ Per l’Italia l’INFN e la Compagnia di San Paolo
PLAN-S

91
◦ What percentage of the scholarly literature is OA, and how does this percentage vary
according to publisher, discipline, and publication year?
‒ 27.9% of all DOI-assigned journal articles are OA
OA PERCENTAGE
Piwowar, Heather, et al. "The state of OA: a large-scale analysis
of the prevalence and impact of Open Access articles." PeerJ 6
(2018): e4375.

92
◦ Are OA papers more highly-cited than their toll-access counter
parts?
OA PAPERS CITATION
Piwowar, Heather, et al. "The state of OA: a large-scale analysis
of the prevalence and impact of Open Access articles." PeerJ 6
(2018): e4375.

94
◦ Raccomandazione UE 17 luglio 2012 sull’accesso
all’informazione scientifica e sulla sua conservazione
(2012/417/UE) in GUCE L 194/39 del 21 luglio 2012 nella
–La Commissione UE chiede, per il tramite degli Stati membri, alle
istituzioni di ricerca e accademiche di definire e attuare politiche per la
diffusione delle pubblicazioni scientifiche e l’accesso aperto alle stesse
nonché politiche per la conservazione a lungo termine delle pubblicazioni
scientifiche. La presente politica tiene anche conto di quanto dispone
l’art. 4, comma 2 e 4, del DL n. 91/2013 convertito con modifiche in L. n.
112/2013.
◦ Dichiarazione di Berlino (2009)
◦ Dichiarazione di Messina 2.0 (2014)
RIFERIMENTI NORMATIVI

95
Primary colors
◦
Secondary colors
Terziary colors
Elements / color scheme
Ottanio
#094F6D
Goldpalm
#F6C35A
Gray
#D9D9D9
Light Azure
#90C5E2
Azure
#55A2D8
Azure
#D9D9D9 / 25%
Green
#D9D9D9 / 25%
Red
#D9D9D9 / 25%

96
Terziary colors
Elements / color scheme / example
Azure
#D9D9D9 / 25%
Green
#D9D9D9 / 25%
Red
#D9D9D9 / 25%
25% trasparency

97
Elements / highlighted boxes
From this morning session:
Many computerized systems have complex continuous facets of behavior ~ Assaf
Current systems are chaotic but are also event-driven ~ Serge
Many computerized systems have complex continuous facets
of behavior ~ Assaf
of behavior ~ Assaf
A short sentence on two
lines
A shorter sentence
keyword

98
Elements / disabled boxes
of behavior ~ Assaf
of behavior ~ Assaf
lines
A shorter sentence
keyword

99
Elements / outlined boxes
of behavior ~ Assaf
of behavior ~ Assaf
lines
A shorter sentence
keyword

100
Elements / outlined boxes
Local and Global actions are needed
Authors retain the copyright in their articles

106
Elements / patches
A sentence
A multiline
sentence
A multiline
sentence
A sentence

107
A coordinated set of scenes that can be associated with a slide in order
to stress a message, as for instance in the followings
Elements / vignettes 1

108
complexity proposal, question, doubt discussion, explanation discussion
idea, solution data, results, definition idea, opportunity success

109
complexity literature, survey design, data, question, result experiment, empirical
analysis, results cooperation, survey, interview design, execution conclusions, final result

110
Elements / Extras
swish
munch

111
Elements / Letter tags
A A A A A A A A
A B C D E F G I
H L M N O
P Q R S T U V W Z
J K X Y
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 8
7 9
A B C D E F G I
H L M N O
P Q R S T U V W Z
J K X Y
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 8
7 9

112
Elements / submerged icebergs

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