The Ecology Of The Cookie Cutter Shark

The Ecology Of The Cookie Cutter Shark
The Ecology of the Cookie–cutter Shark (Isistius brasiliensis)
The off–shore marine environment changes intensively with the change in the ocean depth. There
are three distinctive zones that can be classified along the depth which is the Epipelagic which
extends from the sea surface to a depth of 200 meters, the mesopelagic which extends from a depth
of 200 meters to a depth of a 1000 meters and then the Deep sea which extends from a depth of a
1000 meters to the sea floor (Castro & Huber, 2010). The Deep sea can then be divided into a
further three zones (Figure 01) Bathypelagic which extends from a depth of a 1000 meters to 4000
meters, Abyssopelagic which extends from a depth of 4000 meters to 6000 meters and then the
Hadopelagic which extends which extends from a depth of 6000 meters to the sea floor (Castro &
Huber, 2010). Figure 01: Ocean depth layers (http://e08595.medialib.glogster.com/)
The Deep sea ecosystem has been classified as the largest ecosystem compared to all other
ecosystems within the world (Martin, 2003). The main characteristics of this ecosystem is that it
experiences very low oxygen levels, the water temperature is extremely cold, the pressure within
this area is very high and sunlight do not penetrate to these depths. The species that do live within
this environment are highly adapted to these harsh conditions such as the Cookie–cutter Shark
(Isistius brasiliensis) (Figure 02). This essay will mainly focus on the Cookie–cutter Shark as well as
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The Separation Of A Solvent
Introduction
Movement of a solvent through a semi–permeable membrane into a membrane of higher solute
concentration that tends to equalize the concentration on the 2 sides of the membrane. Osmosis has
the tendency of water to travel through a semi–permeable membrane from an area of high
electrolyte concentration. This process occurs regularly within a fish as it is permanently surrounded
by water as it is externally present in their natural environment and habitat. Dialysis is a similar
separation technique that is also used to remove unwanted compounds from macromolecules in
solution by selective and passive diffusion through a semi–permeable membrane.
Aim
To model and observe the passage of water through a cell membrane to ... Show more content on
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3. Measure 482.5ml of distilled water into the second 500ml beaker, then add 17.5g of Sodium
Chloride (NaCl) forming a salt solute.
4. Transfer the 400ml of salt solute water into 2x empty 200ml beaker, leaving remaining 100ml of
salt solute in the 500ml Beaker. Repeat this with the distilled water.
5. Funnel the remaining 100ml of the salt solute into 4x 10ml dialysis tubing's, leaving 20ml
remaining for a backup reserve if needed. Repeat this with the distilled water.
6. For control put 2x distilled filled dialysis tubing's into 1x distilled water beaker.
7. For control put 2x salt solute filled dialysis tubing's into 1x salt solute beaker.
8. Place 2x distilled filled dialysis tubing's into 1x sodium solute beaker.
9. Place 2x sodium solute filled dialysis tubing's into 1x distilled water beaker.
10. Record the initial weight of the dialysis tubes while they are filled.
11. Place cling wrap over the 4x beakers and wait 48hours to measure the weight of the dialysis
tubes.
12. Place two drops of the silver nitrate into every beaker to observe if sodium was present.
Results
Test Initial Mass (g) Final Mass (g) Change in Mass (g) Percentage of Change
(%)
FW/SW Tube 1 9.2 9 –0.2 Decrease of 2.17%
FW/SW Tube 2 9.3 7.3 –2 Decrease of 21.51%
FW /FW Tube 1 9.1 8.7 –0.4 Decrease of 4.4%
FW /FW Tube 2 9.3 8.8 –0.5 Decrease of 5.38%

SW /FW Tube 1 9.8 6.8 –0.3 Decrease of 30.61%
SW /FW Tube 2 10.4 9.2

Homeostasis: Internal Temperature To Changes In The...
Homeostasis is the ability to keep an internal stability to adapt to changes in the environment. Some
examples are when you are exercising and you start to sweat and breathe faster, that is your body
making sure you have internal stability from your respiratory system, to keep up with the activity.
Another example is when you start to shiver, your body is creating more heat so your internal
temperature stays normal. It is important for organisms to maintain homeostasis because processes
in your body, including osmosis and diffusion, depend on water and salt in the body, which is
maintained by homeostasis. Homeostasis is disrupted when the cells in your body aren't working
correctly, something like diabetes can cause disruption.

Chinook Salmon Essay
The lifecycle of the New–Zealand chinook salmon is conventional to that of salmon in the North
Pacific. chinook salmon (Otherwise known as quinnat or king salmon) mature in the ocean, they
typically will reach sexual maturity at 3 years old, but this can vary anything between 2–7 years.
(Females take longer than males.) Upon reaching sexual maturity, they will migrate upstream to
spawn. Spawning usually occurs in autumn, immediately after all adults die, as the energy
expenditure of the process is too significant to recover. The eggs will hatch in early spring, and the
chinook will spend several months in the fresh water (some populations spend up to a year) before
they migrate downstream into the ocean, only to repeat the process over. ... Show more content on
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Euryhaline fish species are able to adapt to a wide range of salinities. This is absolutely crucial for
the chinook salmon to survive in the various conditions it is challenged by. Typically, an ocean has a
salinity of 35 ppt (parts per thousand), whereas freshwater has a salinity of less than 0.5 ppt. The
chinook is challenged with keeping the concentration and composition of their body fluids within
homeostatic limits while migrating through these continual changes in water salinity. Homeostasis
refers to the relatively constant physiological state of the body despite fluctuations in the external
environment. To be more specific the chinook salmon must regulate water potential in order to
sustain fluid and electrolyte balance within its body relative to its surroundings. This is achieved
through a process called osmoregulation. Osmoregulation is crucial for the chinook to maintain
optimal osmotic pressure within the body, this is the way by which it can withhold a suitable
concentration of solutes and amount of water in its body fluids. Osmosis is the net movement of
water or solvent molecules across a semi–permeable membrane from a region of low solute
concentration to high concentration. The chinook salmon proves to be an excellent example of an
organism that displays the application of osmoregulation in order to survive and complete the
lifecycle required of it to spawn and pass on its

Factors Affecting The Environment Of The Water Of An...
Fish in an estuarine environment would in all likelihood be presented to continuous changes in
saltiness, as opposed to sudden changes, as displayed in direct exchange poisonous quality tests
(Bringolf et al., 2005). Some fish can adapt to higher salinities with steady increments in salinity
than with direct move into salty waters (Eddy, 1981; Chervinski, 1984; Anyanwu, 1991; Bringolf et
al., 2005; Sardella et al., 2007)
Exposure to high salt levels have been reported to cause physiological problems in fish for example,
increase in plasma cortisol (Tsuzuki et al., 2001; Tacchi et al., 2015), blood glucose (Carmichael et
al., 1983), plasma sodium and chloride (Tomasso et al., 1980; Küçük et al., 2013) or increased blood
ammonia (Tomasso, 1994) due to experience conflict between the mechanisms of salt uptake and
nutrient uptake in the gut. And decrease the appetite for several species (Ferraris et al., 1986;
Imsland et al., 2001). Culture freshwater fishes in brackishwater or seawater could require lower
protein levels for optimum growth than culture it in freshwater (El–Sayed, 2006). Furthermore,
lower protein digestibility at high salt levels might be related to shorter retention time of food in the
gut and increased drinking rates for osmoregulation (Laverty and Skadhauge, 2012). Salinity can
also affect protein utilization for energy relative to other dietary energy sources (i.e. lipids and
carbohydrates). Again this relies on upon the species ' ability to "spare" protein,

Chromalveolata Observation Essay
The Chromalveolata supergroup has a clade called alveolates. The alveolates are named as such
because under their cell membrane it has an alveolus. An alveolus is a membrane–enclosed sac that
has an uncertain responsibility however it is suggested that it has something to do with
osmoregulation. Osmoregulation is the maintenance of keeping the water quantity at a proper ratio.
Alveolates has three groups that consists of the apicomplexans, the dinoflagellates, and the ciliates.
The dinoflagellates can range from photosynthetic, mixotrophic, and heterotrophic which deals with
how an organism receives its nutrition needed for survival. A majority of dinoflagellates have
connecting plates that are made of cellulose and two ninety degree angled flagella. The flagella are
able to be positioned into the connecting plates. One of the flagella is surrounds the dinoflagellate
while the other one runs lengthwise. The function of the flagella is to assist the dinoflagellates
movement of rotation. Figure 1 demonstrates the wide variety that dinoflagellates can be.
Dinoflagellates can also start to glow due to stress. The group of apicomplexans is named due the
fact that it contains fibrin, microtubules, and vacuoles contained in a apical complex structure. The
function of the structure is for access to contaminate a host cell. The group of ... Show more content
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Even though a few species can collaborate into colonies most golden algae are unicellular. They can
be located in either freshwater or in a marine environment. Seaweed, or brown algae, is a marine
algae that has multiple life cycles. In some of the species, the life cycle the gametophyte and
sporophyte are multicellular. Oomycetes are water molds with no close relations to fungi even
though its name means egg fungus. Oomycetes have cell walls that are cellulose based and have
filaments that assist with food. For movement, they have hairy and smooth

Diffusion And The Concentration Of Diffusion
Introduction: The lab used many concepts such as; diffusion is the passive movement of molecules
or particles along a concentration gradient, or from regions of higher to regions of lower
concentration (Biology–Online, n.d). The concentration gradient is a gradual change in the
concentration of solutes in a solution as a function of distance through a solution (Biology–Online,
n.d). Diffusion is a form of passive transport and requires no energy to be completed. Passive
transport is The movement of a chemical substance across a cell membrane without expenditure of
energy by the cell, as in diffusion (The Free Dictionary, n.d). Osmosis is a form of diffusion.
Osmosis is the tendency of a fluid, usually water, to pass through a ... Show more content on
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This is all a part of a cell's osmoregulation. Osmoregulation means the physiological processes that
an organism uses to maintain water balance; that is, to compensate for water loss, avoid excess
water gain, and maintain the proper osmotic concentration (Biology Encyclopedia, n.d) The purpose
of this experiment is to observe how tonicity of a solution effects effects a cell. An egg will be used
to represent a cell, corn syrup as the hypertonic solution, and water as the hypotonic solution. My
hypothesis is that if you place an egg in corn syrup it will decrease in volume, and when placed in
water, it will increase, this is because of osmosis and how diffusion works. First, The egg will be
placed in vinegar for two days to expose a semipermeable membrane. All changes will be recorded.
Next, egg will then be placed in corn syrup for twenty four hours, and all changes will be recorded.
Finally the egg will be placed in water for twenty four hours and any changes will be recorded
Materials and Methods: The following materials will be needed per egg: an egg, 1 beaker 250mL, 1
graduated cylinder, 150mL vinegar, 150mL corn syrup, 150mL distilled water, plastic wrap, rubber
band. The procedure is as follows:
Fill a graduated cylinder to 150mL with vinegar
Pour into beaker
Place egg into beaker with the vinegar
Leave

Essay on Mammalian Kidney Investigation
Mammalian Kidney Investigation
Background Information:
The kidneys are dark red bean –shaped organs that are a very important pair of organs that perform
many functions. The kidneys have a convex side and a concave side. They are each about the size of
a fist. The kidneys are located near the middle back of a human, just below the rib cage, one on each
side of the spine. One kidney is located below the spleen on the left side of the body, whereas the
other kidney is located just below the liver. The kidneys receive blood from the paired renal arteries
and the blood is drained into the paired renal veins. In a human body, the kidneys process about 200
quarts of blood to sift out about 2 quarts of waste products and extra water everyday. ... Show more
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Variables:
Part A
Independent Variable The position in which the kidney is longitudinally cut with the scapel.
Dependent Variable The structure of the sheep's kidney observed.
Part B
Independent Variable The prepared slide and the region of that slide of the kidney used.
Dependent Variable The structure that can be observed from the microscope.
Part A
Controlled Variable Method to control the variable
The type of kidney used in this experiment. The kidney examine in this experiment is a kidney of a
sheep. Part B
Controlled Variable Method to control the variable
The type of microscope used in this experiment. Only one binocular microscope will be used in this
part of the experiment.
Part A Part B
Uncontrolled Variable Uncontrolled Variable
The health condition of the kidney The condition of the prepared kidney slides.
Results:
Qualitative data– Analysis of the kidney
The size of the sheep's kidney was around the size of a fist and the ureter was still attached to the
concave side of the kidney. Diagram 1 is the exterior of the kidney. The outside of the kidney was
dark red in colour. The renal artery carries the blood into the kidney and the renal vein carries the

blood away from the kidney.
It was evident that at all layers of the kidney, the colours are different. The renal cortex of the
kidney, which is labeled in diagram 2(the interior of the kidney), was almost a brownish shade of
red whereas the next

The Compiratory Process Of Freshwater Fish And Saltwater Fish
water fish and saltwater fish are fully aquatic animals. Fully aquatic mean that both freshwater fish
and saltwater fish will die shortly if they are taken out of water (Anderson et al, 2016).. Like most
vertebrae, fish primarily require oxygen for metabolism. However, fish cannot obtain oxygen from
air directly. Fortunately, water contains significant amount of dissolved oxygen. Fish obtain their
oxygen from water through their gills (Grantly, Hastings & Walker, 2015). Both freshwater fish and
saltwater fish have gills. Therefore, the respiratory process for freshwater fish and saltwater fish is
similar.
Besides their similar respiratory process, both freshwater fish and saltwater fish are cold–blooded.
The physiological process of cold–bloodedness means that fish can survive in a wide range of
temperatures without necessarily keeping their internal body temperatures constant (Anderson et al,
2016). Both saltwater and freshwater ecosystems experience fluctuations in temperatures whereby
water warms during the day and cools during the night depending on the sun's intensity. Therefore,
both freshwater fish and saltwater fish can survive in both warm and cold aquatic conditions.
Also, both freshwater fish and saltwater fish have fins. Surviving in the aquatic ecosystem requires
the ability to move from one place to another either in search of food or while running away from
predators. Fins provide the means through which fish can maneuver easily and speedily in their
aquatic

Essay The Importance of Plants
Humans depend on plants in numerous ways. One reason we depend on plants is for consumption.
Plants have the unique ability of producing their own food through a process called photosynthesis.
In this process, plants are able to produce macromolecules such as carbohydrates that cannot be
produced in animals or humans. In humans, the only to gain these macromolecules is to consume
plant matter, or consume plant–eating animals (herbivores).
When humans consume plants, the carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins that are broken down through
two forms of cellular respiration. The two processes of cellular respiration displayed in humans are
anaerobic or aerobic. The deciding process used depends on the presence of oxygen. Cellular
respiration ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This means that humans not only need plants for eating, but also need their created oxygen to break
the food down efficiently.
In humans, cellular respiration also produces heat also needed in the body for thermoregulation,
Thermoregulation that is an example of temperature homeostasis in humans, requires heat energy to
maintain a relatively constant internal temperature. All the heat energy that is needed for survival
would not exist without plants.
Water is also a requirement in humans, and is needed for the body to balance fluid through
osmoregulation. By consuming plants, the water that they contain will also be transferred to the
consumer. An example of this could be in the consumption of coconuts. Coconuts usually contain a
good supply of water. The water found in young coconuts contains electrolytes and a pH level
similar to human blood. This could be beneficial by providing fast hydration and are normally found
in warm tropical climates where hydration is a major concern.
Other then being used for consumption, plants also provide shelter from the environment. Trees
provide shade, which creates a cooler temperature that helps prevent dehydration. They also provide
fruit and shelter for animals for human consumption. Trees are also cut up into wood for building
houses and making tools needed for hunting and protection from predators. Humans have an
advantage over animals because of our greater intelligence that permitted the discovery of tools.
Without

Hagfish Occupy The Marine Biome
2. Hagfish are most likely to occupy the marine biome since the biome includes the five main
oceans as well as many smaller salty bodies of water. As mentioned in the background information
section, hagfish tend to live in high salinity area since they have practically no osmoregulation.
Therefore, hagfish depend on the water gradient for osmosis. As a result, hagfish probably live in
the marine biome, which consist of salty bodies of water, rather than freshwater lakes or rivers
because of this dependence on salt water. Hagfish can live anywhere from 40 meters to 633 meters
deep in the ocean, meaning that they primarily live in the disphotic regions of the ocean. Hagfish
have a poor sense of vision, which might have resulted from their ... Show more content on
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The evaporation of seawater fuels the water cycle and provides rain for the land. Why are species
more abundant in some biomes? Species abundance is based on the area's productivity, which is
based on the availability of energy resources and niches. Productivity is higher in ecosystems that
have abundant light energy, warmer temperatures, and longer growing seasons (more favorable).
There is no consensus on what all the biomes are, so here is a just a few! Tropical Rain Forest The
tropical biome is found near the equator and is characterized by a lot of rainfall (about 200 inches a
year of rainfall), stable temperatures (temperature rarely gets above 93 degrees Fahrenheit or 68
degrees Fahrenheit), and high humidity. Although rainforests cover less then 6% of the Earth's
surface, scientists say that they hold more than half of the world's plant and animal species.
Additionally, it also has the greatest plant and animal species diversity of any biome on Earth. The
rainforest biome has tall, dominant trees that form a dense canopy, which create a nutrient–poor soil.

Brine Shrimp Eggs Research Paper
Results
Samples of Artemia eggs were exposed during three days to four different salinities: 0%, 0.5%, 1%
and 1.5 %. After gathering all the results, one may observe the level of salinity that contributed to
the larger hatching success of Artemia. The sample exposed to a salinity of 0.5% exhibited the
greatest hatching whereas the sample exposed to the solution with no salt, or 0% salinity, did not
show any hatching nor partial hatching (Table 1). The sample exposed to a 1.5% salinity presented
some free–swimming individuals and partial hatch eggs, but they were less than the ones exposed to
0.5% (Table 1). The sample containing 1% salinity was lost during the experiment and we were not
able to record the data (Table 1).By looking at the recorded data of the overall class (Table 2), one
may still perceive that the most effective solution for hatching was 0.5%
Table 1: Results of Artemia Hatching Experiment; Number of Eggs by Category in One Trial
Salinity Percentage 0% 0.50% 1% 1.50%
Initial egg count 16 26 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It was predicted that Artemia populations would not survive in waters containing high percentages
of salinities since t would cause the cell to shrivel and probably die due to dehydration. For this
reason, it was hypothesized that the eggs in the solution with the highest salt concentration would
not be able to hatch. During the experiment, the data for the 1% salinity was lost when the petri dish
with the solution and the specimen accidentally dropped. However, our hypothesis was not
supported by the recorded data. The results show a major amount of hatched eggs at 0.5% salinity,
while the 1.5% salinity presented a lower amount of hatching. However, hatching was not present in
the solution with 0% salinity. Therefore, I reject my

Energy Drinks Research Paper
With the high increase of energy drinks being bought, energy drink brands have grossed $3.5 billion
yearly. However; over 30% of adolescents consume energy drinks. This is why adolescents need to
know the pharmacology and toxicology of caffeine. One of the major ingredients in energy drinks is
caffeine, along with amino acids, B vitamins and herbal supplements (Babu et al., 2008). According
to the FDA, caffeine is limited to at least 65mg per 12oz when it comes to sodas. When it comes to
energy drinks, they have a bit less than that. Their caffeine concentration is slightly higher in volume
compare to sodas. Concluding that there is an increase in caffeine intake. The three main ingredients
to focus on when it comes to energy drinks is taurine, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However; there is a minimal amount of information on how the short and long term effect have on
adolescents. Ginseng is used to enhance memory and endurance. Although, it has been reported that
some effects are, diarrhea, virginal bleeding, severe headaches, and Steven–Johnson Syndrome
(Babu et al., 2008). This is only by taking ginseng, not consuming it through energy drinks. Though,
same concept as taurine, not much of the effects on adolescents are known. Carnitine acts as a β–
oxidation of fatty acids, but also acts as a congenital deficiency, which leads to muscle weakness
(Babu et al., 2008). The effects of carnitine can lead to nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and
diarrhea (Babu et al., 2008). When consuming carnitine individuals have a higher risk of seizures.
For pharmacology there is an increase in adrenergic tone concerning the PNS and CSN. Although
for toxicity, it is a different concept. Anyone who was younger than 19 years old had health issues
regarding a high consumption of caffeine in 2005 (Babu et al., 2008). Adolescents who have a
history of seizures are at a high risk for caffeine

Steroid Synthesis Lab Report
1. Introduction
Steroids are major hormonal messengers synthesized by gonads and adrenal cortex and play key role
in sexual and tissue differentiation, metabolism, osmoregulation and germ cell growth, maturation
and release. These are degraded largely in the liver to form water soluble metabolites, which are
excreted out. The hormonal steroids have tissue– specific distribution estrogens (C–18) are female
hormones produced mainly in ovaries, androgens (C–19) are male hormones produced by the testis
and corticosteroids (C–21) are synthesized by the adrenal cortex (interrenals in teleosts). Regardless
of their structurally specific tissue distribution, the steroids have a common pathway of biosynthesis
and metabolism as indicated by the presence ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
During vitellogenesis, the enzyme aromatase converts a portion of the available T into estradiol–17β
(E2). However, as ovarian maturation approaches, a switch to GTH–II synthesis in the pituitary
gland results in a decline of T and E2 synthesis, and a concomitant surge in the production of
maturational progestogens [8,9]. Steroid levels are generally low during the non–reproductive
period, but increase gradually throughout gametogenesis and decline abruptly thereafter. The
putative predominance of T, 11–KT and E2 in initiating and regulating seasonal reproductive events,
these steroids are also the most intensively studied steroids in relation to the initiation and regulation
of sex change. Corticosteroids are mainly synthesized in the interrenal tissue, recent studies have
shown that female and male gonads (ovary, testis, and seminal vesicle) may have also the capacity
to produce main corticosteroids, enzymes responsible for their synthesis and supports that gonadal
corticosteroidogenesis [12, 13,

Homeostasis : The Act Of Mechanisms
Homeostasis
P5:
Homeostasis is the act of mechanisms in the body to keep our body at a constant level.Homostasis
can take part in many ways such as regulation of salt, osmoregulation, oxygen and carbon dioxide
and many more. Receptor cells allows the control center (usually the brain) to detect a change .The
process in the body is affected by homeostasis.
This diagram shows the negative feedback loop.
An example of homeostasis is thermoregulation .This is when the internal environment of our
bodies are kept at a constant temperature of 37 degrees .If the enzymes are too low/high they will
denature and may stop working. There is a process that happens to allow this demonstrated in the
diagram below
When the internal temperature of the body rises, vasodilatation will take place which is the dilation
of blood vessels as this happens hair will lay down so more heat is transferred to the outer
environment ,More sweat will be produced to help the body cool down as the heat will be lost and
then the body temperature should fall back to 37 degrees .Then vasoconstriction will happen which
is when the body's internal environment drops below 37 degrees , this will allow blood vessels to
narrow so less heat is lost to the environment , hair muscles will erect so heat will be trapped
,shivering of the body will also occur and eventually the body should rise back o 37 degrees
M4:
Negative feedback helps to restore the internal environment of our bodies back to normal level

The Mechanism of Negative Feedback Essay
The Mechanism of Negative Feedback
Homeostasis means beatified sex. It is an ability of an organism to control its internal environment,
that is the composition of their body fluids, for them to survive fluctuating external conditions.
Homeostasis is used to describe all the mechanisms by homeostatic control. Maintenance of stability
requires control systems capable of detecting any deviation from the usual and making the necessary
adjustments to return it to its normal condition. The internal environment can by controlled by
hormones. Hormones are chemical substances secreted into bloodstream by glands of the endocrine
system. In humans, more than a dozen tissues and organs produce hormones. ... Show more content
((Diagram showing simple negative feedback system)
They all have an output, an example being such as the internal factor such as blood temperature. The
output is controlled, and a set point (also called normal or reference point). In physiological process,
the set point is usually determined genetically and is the optimal physiological state for the output.
Control mechanism also has detectors (sensory receptor in physiological systems) to monitor actual
output. A comparator (sometimes called a regulator in physiological system), compares actual output
with set point. It produces some sort of error signal, which converys information to the corrective
mechanism about the difference between set point and actual output. In physiological systems, error
signal is usually in form of nerve impulses or hormones, and corrective mechanism may include one
or more effectors which restore the output to its set point. In some physiological processes separate
but coordinated mechanisms control deviation in different directions from the set point, an example
being the rise of fall of temperature, which gives a greater degree of control. The corrective
mechanism is the key component of homeostatic control. Homeostasis is a

Biology Sample Quiz
Republic of the Philippines SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY College of Arts and
Sciences Lucban, Quezon NSC01– Biological Sciences (Lecture) Removal Examination
Name: Course and Year:
Date:
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS: Type your answer in a separate file, submit it one hour after you
received this exam. You may open your notes. Late submission will not be accepted. Please email
me: restanmarkalvin@yahoo.com. Do not answer questions in RED. Good luck. _____1. The
metabolic rate of a resting, fasting, nonstressed ectotherm at a particular temperature is called A.
metabolic rate B. BMR C. SMR D. budget allocation _____2. The internal environment of
vertebrates is called A. blood B. interstitial fluid C. hemolyph D. plasma _____3. It allows its ...
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Which of the following is not an adaptation for reducing the rate of heat exchange between an
animal and its environment A. feathers or fur C. nonshivering thermogenesis B. vasoconstriction D.
countercurrent heat exchanger _____26. Which of the following physiological responses is an
example of positive feedback? A. An increase in the concentration of glucose in the blood stimulates
the pancreas to secrete insulin, a hormone that lowers blood concentration level B. A high
concentration of CO2 in the blood causes deeper, more rapid breathing, which expels CO2 C.
Stimulation of a nerve cell causes sodium ions to leak into the cell, and the sodium influx triggers
the inward leaking of even more sodium D. The body's production of red blood cells, which
transport oxygen from the lungs to other organs, is stimulated by a low concentration of oxygen.
_____27. Which of the following animals is incorrectly paired with its feeding mechanism? A. lion–
substrate feeder C. Aphid– fluid feeder B. Baleen whale– suspension feeder D. Clam– suspension
feeder _____28. Individuals whose diet consists primarily of corn would likely become A. obese B.
anorexic C. undernourished D. malnourished _____29. Which of the following enzymes has the
lowest pH optimum? A. salivary amylase B. trypsin C. pepsin D. pancreatic amylase _____30.
Which of the following organs is incorrectly paired with its function? A. stomach– protein digestion
C. large intestine– bile production

Osmoregulation in Fish: A Field Assignment
Osmoregulation Field Assignment Osmoregulation is the process in which an organism balances the
uptake and loss of water and solutes, on a cellular level, in an attempt to maintain homeostasis
(Campbell and Reece, 2009). In osmoregulation, the regulation of osmotic pressure is the way in
which organisms prevent their fluid from becoming to concentrated or diluted. The osmotic
pressure, generated by the net movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane, driven
by differences in solute concentrations on each side of the membrane, is critical in the maintenance
of homeostasis. During osmosis, water flows from the solution with the lower concentration of
solute to the higher concentration of solute. If the solution outside the cell has a higher solute
concentration than inside the cell, it is a hypertonic solution and water will leave the cell. A
hypotonic solution occurs when the cell has a higher solute concentration than out side the cell, and
water will enter the cell. If the concentrations on both sides of the membrane are equal to each other,
then the solution is known to be isotonic which results in no net flow of water.
Throughout evolution, many species have derived different mechanisms to deal with the ever–
present problem of maintaining homeostasis of water and solutes in their given environment. The
osmoregulatory strategies of freshwater and saltwater fish provide an example in which similar
species are able to adapt to their environment and maintain

Saltwater Fish Research Paper
Have you ever thought about the difference between saltwater fish and freshwater fish? Well I have,
and the more I thought about it, the more I wanted to explore this topic. As I researched the topic, I
found that these two types of fish are similar in many ways, but are also different in many ways too.
As I went further into research I found that not only do these fish look slightly different at times,
their bodies also act, and run in different ways.
Their bodies run and work differently because of how their bodies regulate water. Freshwater
contains low levels of salt causing fish living in these areas to program their bodies to regulate salt
into their cells, but saltwater fish on the other hand contains higher levels of salt causing fish in
these areas to program their bodies to regulate salt ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Saltwater fish are most commonly found in the ocean, which can vary from the cold arctic water to
the warmer tropical waters, but habitats that may suit certain fish best are found near coral reefs,
mangroves, and seabed's. While freshwater fish are found most often in shallow wetlands, rivers,
lakes, and ponds. Fish in these areas can also withstand mild temperatures such as 75 degrees in
Fahrenheit. Depending on what type of fish they are, they may vary in size. The largest freshwater
fish weighs about 400 pounds on average. This fish is known as the white sturgeon. Compared to the
largest saltwater fish which weighs on average 21.5 tons and can average in 12.5 meters in length.
With large fish also come small fish. On average the smallest freshwater fish you can find is less
than an inch. This fish goes by the name of Philippine Gobbie, and the smallest found saltwater fish
is the Marshall Islands Goby fish, which is a 0.47th of an inch. So, as you can see both types of fish
have very different varieties of size, even though salt–water fish may be a couple tons in the

Osmoregulation as a Homeostatic Mechanism using the...
Osmoregulation as a Homeostatic Mechanism using the Comparitive Melting–Point Method for two
Crab Species.
Abstract
Two crab species, Plagusia and Cyclograpsus, were collected from a local estuary in the littoral and
deep water zone for osmoregulation studies. To examine differences in osmoregulatory mechanisms
among the species, haemolymph of the specimens was extracted once they were acclimated to
varying concentrations of seawater. Using the comparative melting–point, capillary tubes were filled
with small samples of seawater and blood then frozen and melted in a –15˚C ethanol bath. The
melting time of each was observed thereafter. Subject's time range fell over 17 minutes of which the
majority of the most salinated samples melted ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
b) Experimental Design (Laboratory Manual, 2013)
The fourteen collected samples of fluid included distilled water (0% seawater/ionic concentration),
25%, 50%, 75% and 100% seawater; 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% seawater in Cyclograpsus
blood; and 60%, 70%, 80% and 100% seawater in Plagusia blood. 1.0 mm bore capillary tubes were
cleaned and dried. Approximately 3.0 mm of each fluid was drawn into 14 different tubes, and
gently tapped to ensure the fluid was moved to the middle of the tubes. The tubes were marked and
sealed using Vaseline, then placed strictly in an adjacent parallel order, using Vaseline as an anchor,
across a capillary level holder. Dry ice was carefully placed on the capillary tubes to freeze the fluid
in the capillary tubes.
An alcohol bath was prepared with an ethanol solution and dry ice, the solution was measured using
a thermometer, at approximately –15˚ the bath was placed under a Polaroid filter and above a stable
jar upon a white piece of paper. The capillary level holder with the frozen capillary tubes was placed
carefully into the bath (at an angle to reduce effervescence). A lamp was placed 20 cm away from
the setup and shone on the Polaroid filter. This setup ensured the ethanol solution didn't heat up too
rapidly.
The ethanol solution was stirred at regular intervals using an unreactive rod, whilst a stopwatch was
used to accurately determine the melting–point of each capillary tube, by clear visualisation of the
meniscus

The Golden Trout : A Special Color Pattern
The Golden Trout has a special color pattern of both green and orange. The orange color runs across
the fish body from the gills to its caudal fin. The green stripes run down from the top of the fish and
cross the orange line, which creates multiple perpendicular green and oranges stripes on the fish
body. On its fins, there are black dots that appears all throughout the area of the fins (both dorsal and
caudal); which creates the combination of all three color on the Golden Trout. These color
combinations are what make the fish unique and distinct compare to other species. The California
Golden Trout size vary based on the location they live in. Golden Trout in streams is usually smaller
than the ones in lakes, which is about 35–43 cm ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As mentioned above, the California Golden Trout prefers to live in the cooler parts stream or lakes.
Their ideal habitat water temperature would be from 3 to 20 degree Celsius, which is a perfect range
of temperature for them to breath or metabolized food, etc. Since they prefer to stay in colder water,
the Golden Trout doesn't have any additional adaptation to keep its body warm. However, if the
body of water gets warmer above 20 degrees, they would migrate to find a different environment
that they can survive better in; Colder water provides more oxygen for the fish, while a warmer
temperature would be hard for them to survive and reproduce due the lesser amount of oxygen
available (Carl – Earth Island Institute). The process of osmoregulation is one important feature that
all fish possess within their anatomy to main its salt and water levels balance with the environment
that it is living in. The California Golden Trout is no exception. Since it is a freshwater fish, the
Golden Trout's body is more likely to have a higher level of salts compare to the environment that it
is living in. Therefore, the chance of them losing salt and absorbing more water is inevitable. In
order for them to maintain the balance of both water and salt levels, they would need an efficient
kidney to push out the water as quick as possible as its body is more likely to absorb water from the
environment. Furthermore, as their salt level drop, the Golden

Biology Form 4
Biology Form 4 Chapter 2 – Cell Structure and Organisation
Plant Cell
© Amir Fuhaira 2008‐20XX. Nak guna boleh, nak copy minta izin. Kalau tak boleh blah.
Animal Cell
Cell Components –
1. The Nucleus – Cell Prime Minister and Info Storage a. Large, dense, spherical organelle b.
Enclosed by double membrane (nuclear membrane) c. Has nucleoplasm, dark sphere (nucleolus) d.
Chromatin (uncondensed chromosome) in nucleoplasm e. Chromosomes carry genetic information
that determine cell characteristic + function f. Controls all cell activities 2. Rough Endoplasmic
Reticulum – Highway + Ribosomes – Factory Workers ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
reproduces by binary fission, but produces spores when cannot do binary fission
© Amir Fuhaira 2008‐20XX. Nak guna boleh, nak copy minta izin. Kalau tak boleh blah.
Multicellular
Cells grow, change shape and differentiate in multicellular organisms. Mature cells carry out
different functions, like different medical specialists are experts in their field, like a cardiologist in
the heart, the neurologist in the brain, etc. They undergo specialization to carry out their functions
more efficiently. Organisation is in this form:
Cells that carry out a function are grouped into tissues. Different tissues that carry out a function are
grouped into an organ. Several organs that contribute to one section of an

Earths Water is Full of Sharks
TYPE OF SHARKS
It is believed that a species has many family or in other word, kind or tribe. As for shark, there are
many kinds or type of shark which has slightly distinguished the species. Researchers believed that
different kind of shark has different kind of characteristics and behaviours. There are so many
species of sharks in the oceans around the world. Some of them are big in size while others can be
quite small and some of them are to be feared while some others just minding their own business. It
is surprised to know that some of the largest species of sharks in the ocean are the nicest ones to
encounter.
Great White Shark is the biggest of all the deadliest and dangerous sharks. It is also the most
popular shark among the people as it always appears in movies and documentaries. These kinds of
sharks are torpedo–shaped, knife like tails and a pair of fins. There have been reports of the Great
Whites weighing in at over 7000 lbs and exceed 20 feet in length. Male and female great white
sharks grow at different rates as the males become adults in about nine years while the female great
white sharks grow larger than males and they took about 13 to 15 years to be adults. Actually the
Great White Shark has a white pearl colour on its belly and the top of its body is actually a gray or
blue in colour which makes it kind of difficult to see inside the water. With a darkish colour on the
back of the shark, it is hard for the other animals to spot them, which makes it

Osmosis Lab Report
If a plant cell is surrounded by a solution with a high concentration of sucrose, then the cell will
decrease in volume and mass. In this experiment, chunks of potato were placed inside 6 different
solutions, each varying in concentration of sucrose. The potato chunk placed in water with 0 molars
of sucrose added began with a volume of 2.025mm3, and increased to a volume of 2.268mm3
overnight. This was an increase in volume by 12%. This potato chunk began with a mass of 2.1
grams and increased to a mass of 2.6 grams, which was a 26% increase in mass. Comparatively, the
potato chunk placed in a solution with 0.4 molars of sucrose began with a volume of 2.187mm3, and
decreased to a volume of 1.456mm3 overnight. This was a decrease in volume by ... Show more
Finally, the potato chunk placed in a solution with 1 molar of sucrose began with a volume of
2.025mm3, and decreased to a volume of 1.078mm3 overnight. This was a decrease in volume by
47%. This potato chunk in this solution began with a mass of 2.1 grams, and decreased to a mass of
1.3 grams, which was a 38% decrease in mass. Although the data presented does not include every
data point collected, the main points shown represent how a plant cell will decrease in mass and
volume when placed in a higher sucrose solution. This decrease of volume and mass is due to the
plant cell being placed into a hypertonic solution. A hypertonic solution is when the solution has, "a
solute concentration lower than the cells." When placed in a hypertonic solution, the water within
the cell crosses the membrane until the solute concentration is evenly distributed in the solution and
within the cell. This causes water to be drawn out of the cell itself so that equilibrium can be reached
between the cell and the solution. The cell will decrease in volume and mass from this removal of
water, which is shown throughout the data presented

Homeostasis Research Paper
Homeostasis; it refers to the maintenance of a steady state in the body (optimum level) through
hormonal and nervous mechanisms despite the external environment or fluctuations. It is important
as it regulates normal body function. It is required for biochemical processes which work efficiently
within a specific temperature and pH range and therefore the body must maintain these conditions.
Homeostasis works by detecting change in environment which is then corrected with the appropriate
response, this is called negative feedback. Negative feedback is the mechanism that corrects the
change in the body. It has three main components in regulation of the human body; these include a
receptor to detect change, and control centre and an effector that ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Over stimulation of the gland may have short and long term effects on the body if not corrected. The
adrenal gland release adrenaline which increases heart and breathing rate, blood is diverted to the
muscles and increase in reparation to increase the blood glucose level. These effects will be noticed
almost instantaneously of the release of the hormone from the endocrine system. If this was to
continuously occur over a long period of time then the gland may become 'exhausted' and will
produce an inadequate amount of the hormone to what is required. talk about the effect this could
have on the

D1 Human Homeostasis
Human homeostasis refers to the body's ability to regulate its inner environment to ensure its
stability in response to fluctuations in the outside environment like the weather. The basic main
purpose of feedback systems is to maintain homeostasis.
It is any living thing's ability to keep a constant internal environment through homeostasis, which is
an important part of living things. Additionally, a stable internal environment requires constant
changes as conditions change inside and outside. The changes within a cell is known as homeostatic
regulation it is the state of balance in the body, this is where the body systems work together to keep
it functioning at a normal rate that the body needs. As well as that they is also the endocrine system
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Insulin
Insulin is a hormone that is produced by thwe pancreas which is located across the back of the
abdomen, behind the stomach.The pancrease allows your body to use glucose or sugar which is
from the carbohydrates which are in the foods that you have eaten and use it as energy and also store
it for later on use for energy , it would be stored as glucose.this energy can be storeed in the muscles
, fat cells and liver insulin is used tokeep your blood sugar at a stable level which is not too high also
known as hyperglycemia or too low hypoglycimia .
What happens if your body doesn't have enough inslin
If your body doesn't have enough inlsulin your blood glucose will be very high this can happen if
you eat too much food which is high in sugar or I if you miss your diabetic medicvation or do lack
of exercise hat meets the amount of food you have eaten.This is kown as hyperglycimia.
What happens if your body doesn't react to insulin
Insulin resistance is when your cells fail to react to the insulin in your body this can then lead to type
two diabetes

Osmosis, Active Transport, And Facilitated Diffusion
The 3 types of cellular transport that I am including are Osmosis, Active Transport, and Facilitated
Diffusion. Osmosis allows water to move from a region of lower solute concentration to a region of
higher solute concentration until both sides are equal. During Osmosis, only water molecules can
pass through, and sugar molecules cannot pass through the membrane. This process requires no
energy from the cell. An example of osmosis is in an hypotonic red blood cell, which will cause the
cell to burst due to the cell having too much water. Cells can regulate water concentrations through
osmoregulation. Active transport requires energy because it pumps solute against its concentration
gradient. Energy for this work is usually supplied by ATP. To

Why Do Some Fish Live In Saltwater
Why is it that some fish can live in saltwater, but cannot live in freshwater? There is freshwater fish,
saltwater fish, and even fish that can live in both environments. The difference between the two fish
is the ion concentration of their blood. The way that the ions in the fishes blood diffuse into their
ionic environment make it suitable for the fish to survive. There are three types of diffusion:
hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic. A hypertonic solution does not have enough solvent to maintain
equilibrium and will attract solvent to bring the solution to equilibrium. For example, blood cells in
a hypertonic solution shrivel up and die because there is not enough liquid in the blood to maintain
their shape. A hypotonic solution is the opposite; a hypotonic solution has too much solvent, so it
attracts surrounding solute to bring the solution to equilibrium. Blood cells in a hypotonic solution,
have too much liquid in their blood, so they swell up and can even burst, causing hemoglobin to get
into the body and cut down your oxygen supply. Lastly, isotonic solutions are solutions at
equilibrium, where there is enough solute for the solvent. The imbalance of hypotonic solutions and
hypertonic solutions is what allows certain fish to thrive in different environments. ... Show more
Saltwater fish have a hypotonic interior environment, which pulls the ion rich environment around it
through its gills and scales to help maintain homeostasis. In order to keep this water flow through
their bodies, their bodies must maintain a hypotonic environment in order to keep water flow, so the
fish will discrete excess ions that they pick up through osmoregulation to maintain the hypotonic
environment. Also, the account of the low ion concentrations in saltwater fish explains why
saltwater fish have a sweeter taste than freshwater fish, even though they live in

Process Of Homeostasis Essay
The Process of Homeostasis
In order for our bodies to function effectively, there is a series of events that occur at the biological
and chemical level in our bodies. These events enable the human body to withstand various stresses
that may be imposed on our bodies. These "events" that occur are more specifically known as the
process of homeostasis. In this essay I will be discussing the process of homeostasis and how
homeostasis works. Furthermore, I am discussing thermoregulation, osmoregulation, sugar
regulation, and negative feedback which are all components of homeostasis.
I will initially start this assignment by explaining what homeostasis means. Homeostasis means the
body's ability to maintain a steady condition for cells live in even if the surroundings change around
them. Cells rely on the process of homeostasis (Wright, 2007). I will start with thermoregulation.
Thermoregulation is the method that keeps the body's core temperature at the optimum working
range, which is 37 degrees Celsius in order to function adequately. Homeostasis helps
thermoregulation, osmoregulation, and sugar regulation to stay in a stable equilibrium, for this
process, the whole body's internal organs and the skin have to work together (Books, 2012).
There are two temperature detectors in homeostasis, the first is the skin, this acts as an external
detector and detects external temperature such as hot weather and cold weather. The second detector
is the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus is

Osmoregulation: The Hypothalamus In The Brain
There are important systems that are involved in the control for homeostatic of osmoregulation
which occurs in a negative feedback control cycle. To prevent the loss or gain of water from the cell
in the body, the water potential of the blood is regulated which is controlled by the hypothalamus.
The hypothalamus in the brain is able to notice changes in the water potential through a type of
neuron that is permanently present called osmoreceptors (– negative feedback 'receptor' for
osmoregulation) that are capable of detecting water concentration/ water potential of blood as it
passes through the hypothalamus through the osmoreceptors that they send out. The hypothalamus
(– negative feedback 'controller' for osmoregulation) receives the message ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
When a heathy individual doesn't consume ecstasy the endocrine system that is link with the
hypothalamus regulates hunger, thirst, and body temperature. The osmoreceptors detected the
osmotic pressure in the red blood cells and sends the osmotic pressure signal to the hypothalamus in
the brain and detects the change of water in red blood cells. In order to keep the internal
environment stable at an optimum water potential, the hypothalamus will decided whether to
produce antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or not into the pituitary glands that is transported to the kidney
tubles. ADH will only increase the permeability of the kidney tubles for water to be reabsorbed into
the blood if the red blood cells have a lower osmotic pressure than the cytoplasm in the red blood
cells. Whereas, on the other hand ADH can decrease/ inhibit when the solution outside of the red
blood cells has a higher osmotic pressure than the cytoplasm in the red blood cells. This is done to
maintain the osmoregulation internal environment at an optimum level for a heathy person in this
case leahs friend Sandy who did not experience a huge amount of thirst compared due to the
hypothalamus controlling the amount of ADH needed in

Catfish: A Genetic Analysis
Fresh water is emerging as the most critical resource issue facing humanity. Ongoing climate change
will reduce fresh water supplies. The world's population and demand for the resource continues to
expand rapidly. Fish is a major source of animal protein in most countries. There is a great need for
the genetic improvement of cultured fishes. Catfish represents the largest domestic aquaculture
industry in the Unites States. Swim–up fry channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, Albino catfish,
channel catfish transgenic for the catfish growth hormone gene driven by the rainbow trout
metallothionein promoter (MT–ccGH), and channel catfish transgenic for the catfish growth
hormone gene driven by the antifreeze protein promoter (AFP–ccGH) were investigated at 0, 2.5, 5,
and 7.5 parts per thousand (ppt) salinity. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Survival was 100% for all genetic groups at 0 and 2.5 ppt. Increasing salinity to 5 ppt decreased
overall survival as survival rates of channel catfish, albino catfish, MT–ccGH transgenic (T), MT–
ccGH control (C), AFP–ccGH (T), and AFP–ccGH (C) was 89, 40, 83, 82, 83 and 77%,
respectively. Raising salinity to 7.5 ppt had a strong negative impact on survival with means for
channel catfish, albino catfish, MT–ccGH transgenic (T), MT–ccGH control (C), AFP–ccGH (T),
and AFP–ccGH (C) was 18, 7, 67, 13, 67 and 10%, respectively. There are significant difference in
survival rate were observed in 7.5 ppt (P < 0.001) and in final body weights among genetic groups at
varying salinity (P < 0.0001). GH could play an important role under salinity stress, which has
relevance for aquaculture management for future climate change. The US Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) approved the first genetically modified fish (Atlantic salmon) on November
19, 2015 for human food that will lead the other genetically modified animals produce for human

Numbinbah Valley Analysis
" Numbinbah Valley is a valley and suburb located in the Gold Coast Hinterland in South East
Queensland, Australia"(City of Gold Coast, 2015) (see appendix 1 ). The Scenic Rim, which is a
group of forested mountain ranges, covers 116 km of valley. Compared to other areas of the Gold
Coast the Numbinbah Valley has remained largely undeveloped in recent decades containing a wide
variety of freshwater organisms. The Valley is part of the upper catchment area of Nerang River,
which flows into the Hinze Dam in the lowest elevated part of the Valley. Hastings Point is a town
located in North Eastern New South Wales, Australia in the Tweed Shire (see appendix 2). Situated
on the southern side of the entrance to Cudgera Creek it is in area that, like ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The food web of Numbinbah Valley ( see appendix 5) and Hastings Point ( see appendix 6) shows
that the relationship between phytoplankton and detritus, microorganisms and other decaying matter
(producers) have a mutualistic relationship, which is a symbiotic relationship in which both
individuals benefit from the association. The food webs of Numbinbah and Hastings Point
visualized a common mutualistic relationship that detritus and microorganisms are eaten mainly
from primary consumers such as mollusucs (The primary consumers pink barnacle, common limpet,
sea stars, chiton and blue periwinkle) and insects (flies, moths and ants). The connection between
the mosquito and the detritus in the Numbinbah Food Web, can be also classified as parasitism
which is where one organism benefits at the expense of another organism. Mosquitos feed on the
blood of the organism and may cause diseases such as malaria towards the host. Another connection
between the two webs is birds are the tertiary consumer in both environments where the tertiary
consumers feed on the secondary consumer. The webs of Hastings Point and Numbinbah Valley
describe the consistent relationships of producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers,
tertiary consumers and decomposers. The Hastings Point and Numbinbah Valley have a lot in
common as both show a common

Osmoregulation
THE OSMOREGULATORY ABILITY IN PHASCOLOSOMA LURCAAND UCA COARCTATA
Abstract
Phascolosoma lurca (P. lurca) and Uca coarctata (U. coarctata) species and their organs were
examined and studied to determine their osmoregulatory ability using the density of extracellular
fluid (ECF) as a measure of ionic and osmotic concentration. Body fluids are denser than water
which has a specific gravity of 1, plus solutes. Through the examination of the two organisms, P.
lurca is an osmoconformer and U. coactarta is an osmoregulator.
Introduction
Osmoregulation is the physiological process that all organisms of any habitat use to maintain their
water balance and internal salt for several different reasons such as, compensating for water ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
lurca and U. coarctata
The graph shown above indicates that P. lurca follows the same trend as the medium. However, it is
also clear that the U. coarctata varies very differently to that of the medium after a specific a gravity
of 1/4 for the medium.
Discussion
The aim of the experiment was to determine whether P. lurca is an osmoconformer and U. coarctata
is an osmoregulator with the varying salinity levels within the environment they live and the data
achieved proved this hypothesis to be true. The data implies that P. lurca maintains a relatively close
ionic concentration to that of it's surrounding environment. This clearly shows that this organism is
an osmoconformer. On the other hand, the data also suggests that U. coarctata is an osmoconformer
because it's extracellular fluid maintains the same ionic concentration while the environmental
concentration changes (Graph 1). It is evident that the organism changes from osmoconforming to
osmoregulating due to the concentrations, or it could not handle the low salinity levels within that
environment.
P. lurca relies on the surrounding environment for its internal ionic concentration. This is because it
cannot survive without the external ionic concentration being more or less parallel to the internal
ionic

Mar 301 Quiz
MAR 301 Chelsy Money Spring 2016 HW#3 Answer the following questions based on lecture
materials and any outside resources. Be complete and concise. Use complete sentences and write
answers in your own words. Use diagrams where helpful to answer the question, but also describe
any diagrams in complete sentences. 50 pts total. 1.) Define the following terms: (3 pts each)
Turbulent flow Turbulent flow is the flow of fluids in a chaotic way due to property changes. The
Reynolds number is higher than that of laminar flow making it able to freely move. They create a
rotational high energy movement. Eddies are a good example of turbulent flow off of jet streams.
They create that vortex circular motion and are high energy to start and will ... Show more content
Sargassum is used by larvae to travel to other locations and this allows the ocean to be more diverse.
They also produce oxygen since they are photosynthetic. Algae is not a Linnaean classification but
they are in kingdom Chromista and Plantae. Algae has three grouping of brown, red, and green
algae. Brown algae contain chlorophyll an and c and are in kingdom Chromista. Red algae contain a
pigment called phycobilins and only contain chlorophyll and are in kingdom Plantae. They are used
as a food additive in ice cream and used in sushi. In their blooms they become known as the red tide
and will secrete nerve toxins in the water. Green algae contain chlorophyll a and b and are in
kingdom Plantae. Some of the common are dead mans finger, sea lettuce, and mermaids

Electrical Functions Of Plant And Animal Cells
Among the various transport systems involved in basic cellular functions in plant and animal cells,
anion channels play a key role in various physiological functions. This include cell osmoregulation,
cell signalling, plant nutrition and compartmentalization of metabolites and metal tolerance
(reference). In plants, anion channels are reported to be found in plasma membrane, tonoplast,
endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and chloroplasts. Plasma membrane channels have been the
best characterized till date compared to those located in other membranes.
How do they work?
Ion channels in general work like a switch mechanism namely open and close state according to the
factors that control their gating. When an ion channel is open, massive ion fluxes occur based on
their electrochemical gradient. Rapid development in understanding of ion channels came into light
when patch clamping technique was developed by Neher and Sakmann in the late 1970's. The
electrophysiological properties of plant cell membranes started being extensively studied even
before the genes encoding anion channels were identified. This is evident from the first anion
channel structure being determined in bacteria only in 2002.
At plant cellular membrane level, the highly negative membrane potential (below –100 mV) and the
intracellular anion accumulation dictate anion efflux through anion channels when they are at open
state. In cases of carboxylic anions such as malate and citrate, the pH gradient which is

Lab Report Homeostasis
Introduction:
Homeostasis is a state of balance in the body; it works by making the body systems work together to
function normally. The three components of Homeostasis are Thermoregulation, glucose regulation
and osmoregulation, there purposes are:
– Thermoregulation is the ability to keep the body at an average temperature even when the
surrounding temperature is very different.
– Osmoregulation is the ability to keep an average amount of salt and water in the body.
– Glucose regulation is the ability to keep the level of blood sugar or glucose in the body at a stable
amount.
In Homeostasis the hypothalamus is part of Thermoregulation. It can be called the 'control centre'
because it detects a change of internal temperature and responds to it.
Results: ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
At 15 minutes when the exercise stoped their heartbeats rapidly shot down until a bit above their
original heartbeat.
– 0 Consumption graph: The athletes have an average consumption rate of 0.01 until 3 minutes
when Student B & C's consumption rate shoot up while Student A's consumption rate slowly
increased. Student A and C both have a minute where the consumption rate roughly stayed the same
or decreased and then suddenly shot up and then down again. Student B at 9.5 minutes had no more
information so there could have been an accident during the recording or the information got lost.
– Body temperature graph: In the 3 minutes before exercise Student A had a body temperature of 37
while the other student's temperatures slowly dropped. Once the race started their body temperatures
slowly raised and then balanced out. Between 15 and 21 minutes Students A, B & C's body
temperatures slowly decreased until they balanced out again.

Daphnia Research Paper
The additional species, Daphnia Pulex are a derivative from Daphnia Magna, which can be in
located rain filled tire ruts and any stable body of water. These daphnia are established in fresh water
and maintain the highest concentrations of daphnia compared to other species can be found in lakes
and ponds. Daphnia magna is a water flea dependent on environmental conditions to breed and
survive. Conditions such as temperature, salinity and oxygen levels can be detrimental to the
lifespan of these organisms (Elenbaas, 2013. Within their existing environment daphnia consume
algae, bacteria and detritus; it is this continual uptake of these organisms, which maintains the food
chains integrity. Daphnia also host a number of bacteria, fungi, nematodes, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The uptake guarantees that the species is able to respond to the loss of ions due to the hypo–osmotic
medium. This is intensified due to the high surface to volume ratio the Daphnia have. The rate in
which the organism is affected is dependant primarily on the size of the daphnia and determines the
species sensitivity to ionoregulatory toxicants (Bianchini & Wood 2007).
The daphnia relies on an osmotic gradient, as they are able to take in ions with their chloride
absorbing glands, which help the organism to secrete and absorb ions by supporting the inadequate
effectiveness of excretory organs to complete homeostasis under dehydration and extreme
conditions. Therefore under the influence of increasing salinity, daphnia will face dehydration from
high levels of concentration and will lead to the death of the species (Komnick, 1986).
For an existing habitat, an increase in salt levels will begin to show an effect on the abundance and
diversity in species of zooplankton. This will exhibit a detrimental effect on the daphnia from the
limited osmoregulatory capabilities of the organisms. This in turn can pose a risk to the level feeding
rates and survival (Heine–Fuster, Vega–Retter, Sabat & Ramos–Jiliberto,

Tonicity And Osmoregulation Lab Report
Introduction:
The experiment is done to visualize tonicity and osmoregulation in a mock animal cell for
comprehension of the concept. A grape will be used for the representation and exposed to three
different tonicities. The changes or lack thereof in weight can show the movement of water to
balance its tonicity through osmoregulation. The predicted results with the green grapes in solution
after four days of research will be reflective of how a hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic cell will
react. The hypotonic solution will cause the grape to shrivel noticeably and be slightly browned,
leaving it with less weight. The hypertonic solution will cause the grape to have the outer skin torn,
starting from the where the stem attached, the grape should be expanded as well. The weight will
increase. The isotonic solution will have little change, still plump and the same weight.
Background Information:
Tonicity is the ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water, depending on
the concentration of solutes in the solution and the cell. There are three states of relative tonicity,
isotonic, hypotonic, and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The objective to visualize and understand tonicity and osmoregulation can be concluded as
complete. Campbell Biology states that the hypotonic solution will cause water to move into the cell
(increasing its mass), and the hypotonic solution having water leave the cell (decreasing its mass),
and the grapes both revealed these results (2015, p. 77). It was predicted that the hypotonic will gain
mass and burst, the hypertonic to shrivel and lose mass, and the isotonic to not change mass. Two
out of three are reflected in the quantitative and qualitative data. The hypotheses were decided to
match the data on what would happen to a real cell, and were

The Ecology Of The Deep Sea Species
The Ecology of the Deep sea Frilled shark (Chlamydoselachus anguineus)
The off–shore marine environment changes intensively with the change in the ocean depth. There is
three distinctive zones that can be classified the Epipelagic which extends from the sea surface to a
depth of 200 meters, the mesopelagic which extends from a depth of 200 meters to a depth of a 1000
meters and then the Deep sea which extends from a depth of a 1000 meters to the sea floor (Castro
& Huber, 2010). The Deep sea can then be divided into a further three zones (Figure 01)
Bathypelagic which extends from a depth of a 1000 meters to 4000 meters, Abyssopelagic which
extends from a depth of 4000 meters to 6000 meters and Hadopelagic which extends which extends
from a depth of 6000 meters to the sea floor (Castro & Huber, 2010). Figure 01: Ocean depth layers
(http://e08595.medialib.glogster.com/)
The Deep sea ecosystem has been classified as the largest ecosystem from all other ecosystems
within the world (Martin, 2003). The main characteristics of this ecosystem is that it experiences
very low oxygen levels, the water temperature is extremely cold, the pressure within this area is very
high and sunlight do not penetrate to these depths. The species that do live within this environment
are highly adapted to these harsh conditions such as the Cookie–cutter Shark (Isistius brasiliensis)
(Figure 02). This essay will be focusing on the Cookie–cutter Shark as well as the importance of
these species

The Ecology Of The Cookie Cutter Shark

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