Ethical Consent In Xenotransplantation

Ethical Consent In Xenotransplantation
Xenotransplantation is the transplantation of tissue from one species to another. This paper concerns
whole organ xenotransplantation.
Xenotransplantation offers a viable solution to a growing problem, namely the dire shortage of
available organs for transplantation, which is set to worsen as life expectancy increases. Thus,
xenotransplantation has the potential to benefit those on waiting lists, reduce risks associated with
living donors, ameliorate economic burdens on health care services and most importantly save lives.
Figures from UK Transplant show the economic benefit of transplanting organs. A typical human–
to–human kidney transplant costs on average £17,000 and £5,000 per year for immunosuppressant
drugs. Dialysis, on the other hand, costs ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These can be divided into three main areas of discussion; a) practical issues (rejection, zoonosis and
physiology), b) legal concerns (validity of consent) and c) ethical considerations (animal rights and
revulsion). The focus of this paper is to discuss the concept of consent in xenotransplantation
procedures. This will inevitably draw upon some of the ethical and practical matters. It will be
argued that valid consent can be sought in light of scientific developments, legislation, and by
balancing fundamental rights with the public interest.
Practical Considerations
The two main practical issues of xenotransplantation are rejection and zoonosis. However medical
advances and developing research have taken significant steps to allay these concerns.
1. Risk of Rejection
There was, post–xenotransplantation, an extremely high likelihood that the animal organ would be
rejected by the patient's immune system, as seen in the case of Baby Fae, where a baboon heart was
transplanted into a 14 day old neonate. She died within three weeks. There are three stages of
rejection; hyperacute rejection, acute vascular rejection and cellular
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What Did The Lord Made?
Something the Lord Made It only takes a thought to inspire someone to think that the impossible
can be done. That is exactly what happened in Something the Lord Made. Dr. Blalock and Dr.
Thomas did what they had always been told could never be done. Dr. Blalock had the thought and
Dr. Thomas had the drive and self–motivation to prove that the impossible was possible. If it had
not been for Dr. Blalock and Dr. Thomas millions of people would have continued to die due to
cardiac problems. Since the time of their first successful operation to now, the world of cardiac
treatment and procedures has evolved and now saves millions of peoples' lives each year. When it
comes to new medical treatment it only takes one person, (or a few people), to believe or have
curiosity to explore new ideas that can lead to life saving/improving treatments and/or devices.
Once a new technique is discovered to work, over time that once "new technique" seems to evolve
and more and more "new techniques" spawn off of that one single idea leading to amazing things.
The new technique that Dr. Blalock and Dr. Thomas used would definitely have an effect on the
length of stay and the reimbursement amount. Before Dr. Blalock's work the "blue babies" were
hospitalized until they passed away. It could take six months to a year before the babies passed
away. Obviously the length of stay and the reimbursement amount would have been extremely high
before this new procedure came out. After Dr.

Too Many with Chronic Kidney Disease in Malaysia
In Malaysia, more than 12,000 chronic kidney disease patients who undergoing dialysis is on the
waiting list for a kidney transplant. This is proven by the understanding, acceptance and community
feedback on the message and awareness campaigns conducted various parties since long ago are still
far from secure line. According to statistics from the National Transplant Resource Centre, until
January 31, 2012, the number of actual organ donation recorded involving 361 individuals, while
the organ donation pledge of 188.147 people. This shows that the country desperately needs an
organ. According to Dr Rafidah one of the consultant nephrologists at the Selayang Hospital, even
with the various media appearances such as print, broadcast, web sites and blogs, many people not
only do not know the human can live a normal life with only one kidney depends, but they have a
perception of the concept of organ donation from a religious.
World Kidney Day, initiated by the International Society of Nephrology (ISN) and International
Federation of Kidney Foundations (IFKF), is celebrated on 8 March globally. The 7th World Kidney
Day year 2012 themed is "Donate Kidneys for Life Receive" and serves to raise awareness about
our kidneys, highlight key risk factors of diabetes and high blood pressure, encourage preventive
measures through kidney screening, transplantation and encourage organ donation. World Kidney
Day 2012 at the National Level was launched at "Dataran Merdeka", Kuala Lumpur

Positive Aspects Of Organ Donation
"When transplant activists talk about an organ shortage, it's usually to lament how few people are
willing to donate" (Kahn 340). Organ donations and transplants save up to 3,000 lives per month.
The urgency for more organs is continually increasing, and the process of becoming a donor is very
simple to become a donor. Being one provides the chance to give the most precious gift there is: a
second chance at life. The positive aspects of organ transplantation will always outweigh the
negative. According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, there are currently
119,952 people on various organ or tissue transplant lists waiting for a lifesaving transplant.
Twenty–two people die each day waiting. Within one class period, three people ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
In "Getting a Second Wind," Rick Reilly writes about the experience of one family who made the
decision to donate her fourteen–year–old deceased daughter's organs and how they bonded with the
recipient of her lungs. The family knew that their daughter gave the gift of life to multiple
individuals, and their process in finding peace in the death of their daughter. The recipient states "I
know that without Korinne [the donor], I'm not here today, and neither is Ava Corinne [his later–
born daughter]"

Informative Speech On Organ Donation
Did you know that 121,678 people are currently on lifesaving organ transplant lists and of that
121,678 people, 100,791 of them await kidney transplants?
Stated in the Organ Donation and Transplantation statistics, thirteen people every day die waiting
for that lifesaving kidney transplant. Thirteen people.
While waiting for a kidney transplant, there were 4,761 patients that passed in 2014.
Another 3,668 became too sick to be eligible for the transplant surgery.
Prune Belly Syndrome, is a serious birth defect that causes your kidneys to fail.
A boy was born with this syndrome and had to be put on dialysis one year after being born for 10
hours every day for two years.
When the boy was three years old, he received a kidney donation from ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Through this program, donors and recipients are matched by blood and tissue type and ran through
the system.
The more time spent on the transplant list, the more of a chance that a patient will receive a
transplantation.
This part of the system works well, the more severe a patient's disease the more likely they will
receive the transplant that they need but if we had more donors patients would not get to the point
where they will die without a transplant soon.
There just aren't enough organs to go around from the donor list.
The problem with the current system of the United States transplant service is simple.
There just isn't enough people willing to donate their kidney and not be given anything in return for
the time that they took to donate a part of them.
According to the Organ Donation and Transplantation Statistics, every month there are more than
3,000 patients that are being added to the kidney transplant list.
Out of the 100,000 people on the kidney transplant list as of January 11th, 2016, only 17,000 kidney
transplants took place.
Around 11,500 of those transplants, the kidneys came from deceased donors and approximately
5,500 came from living donors.
It's not as though the other 83,000 patients will just magically get kidneys just for just being on the
waitlist.
No, they have to wait until someone feels generous or even dies to get the one thing that everyone is
given two of at birth and only

How To Become An Organ Donor
When an individual becomes sixteen years of age, they are faced with a life changing decision:
whether or not they should become an organ donor. While a person is deciding whether or not to
become an organ donor for life, they are choosing to donate their organs to other individuals once
they have passed away. Although an individual may not believe becoming an organ donor can have
an effect on a person's life, they are tragically mistaken. While the choice to become an organ donor
has an effect on the donor's family, it also has an unimaginable effect on not only the recipient's life
and the family's lives as well. Organ donations are made possible due to the unexpected deaths of
individuals that are willing to donate their organs to people ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This is a common belief among many individuals which in turn causes them to opt out of becoming
an organ donor. However, many individuals don't realize when they opt out of becoming a donor
due to this belief; they are then possibly causing another individual to lose their life. For instance, if
an individual believed they would receive a lesser amount of medical attention and decided not to
become an organ donor, then one day contracted a life–threatening medical problem and passed
away because of it even though they received the normal amount of medical attention, their organs
would then be of no use because they never gave permission for their organs to be donated to those
individuals who needed them. This in turn means one of the one hundred and twenty thousand
individuals on the organ transplantation list will most likely lose their life, because one selfish
individual was more concerned about living their own life as opposed to sacrificing their life for
another

Speech On Hair Transplant
HAIR TRANSPLANT
What is Hair Transplant?
Hair transplant is a type of surgery which moves hairs you already have to bald or thinning area.
This surgery usually have to perform in doctor's office. First of all, surgeon will clean your scalp
and injects medicine to numb the back of your head. At Dezire Clinic, we uses FUE technique for
hair transplantation. In FUE procedure, Firstly surgeon's team will shave the scalp of your head.
After that doctor will remove hair follicles one by one or individually from back side of your head,
which is called as Donor area. This area heals with small dots, which your existing hair will cover.
After, surgeon will prepare the grafts, he will clean the numb area where hairs to be implanted,
creates holes by using small needle or it is also called as Scalpel, and places each graft one by one in
holes. To plant the grafts he will get help from other team members also. Depending on the size of
hair transplant, the process will take 4–8 hours.
At Dezire Clinic, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In FUE or Follicular Unit Extraction used to take hairs from donor area in naturally growing
individual groups of 1, 2, or 3 hairs follicles. FUE is actually a tool based procedure. The best
outcome of hair transplant procedure is depend on various factors like good density, direction of
implantation. FUE surgery time varies according to the surgeon's experience, speed of harvesting,
patient characteristics etc. The main advantage of FUE hair restoration procedure is that patient get
scar free skin after the treatment.
Dezire clinic, Pune performs FUE hair restoration procedure by using the semi–robotic equipment's
for the extraction of follicular unit grafts.
If you are considering the Hair Transplant surgery please contact at Dezire Clinic, Pune. Dr.
Prashant Yadav will gather your aspects, and examine the areas of hair loss.
Body Hair

Influence Of Surgical Factors On Postoperative Refractive...
Influence of Surgical Factors on Postoperative Corneal Refractive Power and Astigmatism after
Keratoplasty
Mohamed Bahgat Goweida, FRCS, MD, Hany Ahmed Helaly, MD.
Lecturer of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University
Settings: Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt.
Purpose: To analyze the influence of various surgical factors on the post–operative corneal
refractive power and astigmatism after keratoplasty in eyes with corneal diseases.
Methods: Retrospective study of 100 eyes with clear grafts six months following keratoplasty, the
influence of different surgical factors (technique of keratoplasty, type of suturing, size of
trephination) on the post–operative corneal refractive power and astigmatism was analyzed. All
included patients signed an informed consent.
Results: Around 70% of the cases of the four subgroups had keratoconus. The flattest 6 months
postoperative keratometric readings was the penetrating keratoplasty (PK) with interrupted sutures
subgroup with mean 43.90 + 3.09 D. The steepest was the deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty
(DALK) with double running sutures subgroup with mean 45.30 + 1.70 D. The highest 6 months
postoperative astigmatism was the PK with interrupted sutures subgroup with mean 7.15 + 1.95 D.
The lowest was the PK with double running sutures subgroup with mean 2.36 + 1.15 D.
Conclusion: Interrupted sutures resulted in significantly higher postoperative astigmatism in both
PK and DALK before suture removal.

Azathioprine Research Summary
As the nurse you must hold for elevated levels, over 100–400 ng/mL; and monitor for
Nephrotoxicity, hypertension, hepatotoxicity, tremors, and seizure (Urden, Stacy, & Lough, 2014, p.
963). Specific other medications used for immunosuppression are Tacrolimus, which is used to
inhibit interleukin release, and should be monitored for nephrotoxicity in high levels and
hyperkalemia; Azathioprine is used to inhibit purine synthesis and bone marrow suppression should
be monitored; and Mycophenolate mofetil is similar to Azathioprine but is less toxic to bone
marrow and increased blood level concentrations occur when used with other medications excreted
through the kidney tubules (Urden, Stacy, & Lough, 2014, p. 963). Lastly, Sirolimus is used to ...
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This is important because it is necessary to understand that a transplant is a necessity, but with it
comes many problems that may not be addressed before the process is begun. The article
implements a day reconstruction method and content analysis with 21 dyads of lung transplant
recipients and their family caregivers, and it showed that there were 286 daily activities, 138 were
associated positive and negative emotions, while caregivers reported more positive emotions
(Jiayun, Adeboyejo, Wagley, Aubrecht, Mi–Kyung, Thiry, & DeVito Dabbs, 2012, p. 41). The
categories that cause strain consist of medication taking, health monitoring, medical appointments,
therapy, watching television, preparing meals, cleaning, feeding pets, banking, dressing, meetings,
napping, and trying to fall asleep with 44% of the emotions being annoyed, angry, uncomfortable,
dread, pressure, depressed and hopelessness (Jiayun et al. 2012, p. 45). Cargivers were found to
experience more mildly pleasant moods, more low/irritable moods, and more bad moods overall
than the transplant recipients (Jiayun et al. 2012, p. 46). This is important to understand before
undergoing the transplantation, because there are bound to be periods of emotional turmoil for both
the recipient and caregiver, and discussing it ahead of time can better prepare them for how to deal
with the situation if it

How To Write An Organ Transplant Essay
Organ Transplant Essay
Every 10 minutes, someone is added to the national transplant waiting list and on average, 21 people
die each day while waiting for a transplant. ("transplant.hrsa.gov")
Before an organ is allocated, all transplant candidates on the waiting list that are incompatible with
the donor because of blood type, height, weight and other medical factors are automatically
screened from any potential matches. Then, the computer application determines the order that the
other candidates will receive offers. According to information from the Organ procurement and
transplantation network, Specific criteria must be met in order to find the best match. First is
location, Hearts and lungs have less time to be transplanted, so the distance to the donor hospital is
always considered first when allocating those organs. Second is the size of the organ. Proper organ
size is critical to a successful transplant, which means that children often respond better to child–
sized organs. Although pediatric candidates have their own unique scoring system, children
essentially are first in line for other children's organs. For each organ that becomes available, the
computer program generates a list of potential recipients ranked according to ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
There are three types of rejection can occur after receiving an organ transplant: Hyperacute rejection
occurs as soon as the donated organ is transplanted. This rarely occurs because transplant doctors
make sure to match blood types and check if you have antibodies against the donated organ. Acute
rejection occurs at least a few days after the transplant surgery when the body has had time to
identify a foreign invader. Chronic rejection is a very gradual type of graft injury that can occur over
months or even years after transplantation. ("National Kidney Foundation") A rejection episode may
be reversed if caught

The Benefits Of Live Kidney Transplants
During my first clinical rotation I was assigned a patient who, down to his last kidney, was living
with end stage renal disease. I noticed quickly that this man, one of ethnical minority, relied on his
family members to give him information and advice pertaining to his treatment, as he himself
seemed ignorant to his own medical problems. I found his case fascinating, as he not only had one
kidney, but he was also suffering many other debilitating medical crisis', all brought on by his
failing renal system. I distinctly remember wondering why transplantation was not being discussed,
or if it was even an option for him. My interest led me to discovering a disproportionate disparity
among those who receive live donor kidney transplants, referred to as LDKT, in the United States.
It is first important to understand that live kidney transplants have many benefits when compared to
deceased donor transplants. Among these benefits include prolonged survival rates of up to 18 years.
Also, living donor kidneys begin functioning almost immediately after surgery, and, lastly, there is
the added benefit of bypassing a waiting list, limiting time spent, if any, on dialysis (Mysel, 2016).
Interestingly, the majority of recipients of LDKT transplants in the United States are white. In
juxtaposition, renal disease is actually more prominent in minorities such as African Americans and
Hispanics. End Stage Renal Disease has an incidence rate three times higher in African Americans
than

Mrs. Needs A Kidney Essay
Mrs. Needs A Kidney is a 71 yo female with a history of ESRD secondary to daily NSAID use /
HTN on hemodialysis status post living non–related kidney transplant. An altruistic donor has
agreed to provide the allograft. The patient and donor have completed the necessary testing and the
transplant has been scheduled.
Pre–surgical evaluation
Mrs. K has been on hemodialysis since Nov 2011 and anuric since 2012. Biopsy results at the time
showed minimal change disease–like lesion which was thought to be related to daily NSAID use for
chronic headaches. Her cardiovascular, pulmonary, immunologic/infectious risk assessments were
without significant findings. The transplant committee reviewed her case and she was considered a
candidate for deceased kidney transplant.
After being placed on the transplant list, an altruistic, unrelated donor offered to provide a kidney.
Screening was completed. ABO compatibility between donor and recipient was confirmed. T and
B–cell cross matches were negative.
Given her long term dialysis, anesthesia was consulted for pre–operative assessment. She was
determined to be ASA class 3. She had good functional capacity stating she can climb 3 flights of
stairs. In addition to her screening for transplant, anesthesia discussed the risks, mortality, and
morbidity associated with induction of anesthesia.
Surgical Course
The patient and donor were admitted on the morning of surgery. Informed consent and H&P were
reviewed and no significant changes

Altruism
Should there be a legal market for the transplant of kidneys from live donors? If so, what form
should this market take? If not, how should the shortage of kidneys for transplant be addressed?
First I am going to argue that that a upholding the right to self–ownership should be a justification in
allowing for an unregulated legal market for the transplant of kidneys from live donors.
Second I will explain how the negative externality that would occur due to the existence of a new
market for live kidneys, would create a decrease in the welfare of society through behavioural
effects in other similar markets. I will counter this argument by explaining that there would be an
overall net gain in utility received by a variety of agents in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Such as the way others view them as virtuous and vital additions to the benefit of society.
The presence of a market provides the opportunity for a donor and recipient to take part in a
transaction that better improves the utility of both individuals (by capturing dead weight loss)
assuming they both place heterogeneous values on the kidney (e.g. the donor values his kidney at
£1000, yet receives £1200 and the recipient values the transplant of the kidney at £1500 yet only
pays £1200). Such an exchange would lead to a Pareto improvement in terms of utility, which is
defined as the movement towards an alternative state in which no one is made worse–off and at least
one person is made better off; if such a state does exist. The absence of a market in this case would
lead to a dead weight loss, due to the lost producer and consumer surplus (Difference between value
of the good and price paid/received for it) which would have been captured were the market
exchange of the good permitted.
In the U.K. kidneys are viewed as market inalienable, in other words the good cannot be transferred
between agents that involves an exchange of resources and can only be provided as a gift (gift
alienable).
I believe the shortage of kidneys available in the U.K. (6,500 people are on the waiting list for a
kidney transplant) is due to the fact that the supply of kidneys is restricted to those individuals that

Case Study : Professional Ethics
Iwill be analyzing Case Study 2.3 from unit two in the study guide. The professional ethics issue in
this case is: "Whether the doctor should lie to the family regarding the father's ability to donate a
kidney and begin a search for a cadaver kidney?" This is an important and controversial question,
which is discussed in this essay. There are two possible answers, "yes" and "no" to this question
asked, and each side is analysed. I will discuss both possible outcomes to the professional ethics
question posed above.
The first possible answer here is "yes", the doctor should lie to the family and begin looking for a
cadaver kidney. The only reason the doctor would choose to lie in this case, is because the father
came to him with his fear of donating his kidney. Especially, since the father is begging and
pleading with the doctor to not inform the family, but instead find a cadaver kidney. Perhaps, there
is a good possibility that a cadaver donor can be located that matches the daughter's kidney.
Furthermore, the doctor would alleviate the father's fear of donating his own kidney, and the family
would be none the wiser to the omission of the truth.
Another reason for lying to the family on the father's behalf is because the doctor is quite certain the
man's wife will shame him into donating. Besides, the donation would not be arrived upon under
voluntary circumstances, but against the father's will. This could way heavily on the surgeon as he is
prepping the father to go

Persuasive Essay On Organ Donation
Alec Peltekian
Ms. Branin
Honors English 11, Period 3
5/31/17
As one life ends a new beginning is created for another. Thousands of lives are saved each year in
the United States alone just by organ donation. With each donor passing away and donating their
organs to those in peril, children with heart conditions or adults with liver disease are given another
chance to live a new healthy life. It is the definition of charity and it gives so many desperate people
the hope they need. However, such a beautiful and giving process can be quickly altered into a dark
process for those involved with the Black Market. Many types or organs, often stolen from
unsuspecting victims of Dark Web crime, are sold on the Black Market for large amounts ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is the exact opposite reason for those operating along the evil networks of the Dark Web. The
Web's main priority is to make high risk deals and investments to bring the highest reward for its
salespersons. The risk is run so high that is breaks all governing bodies' laws in the process. Sites
have been known to sell illegal organs for large sums of money including a " heart [that] will set you
back $65,000" (VICE 6). The purchase is simply just this immense fortune and no insurance or
paperwork for the exchange. As stated before, the purpose of this method is strictly making money.
The Dark Web is its own sick and twisted economy for those willing to do what it takes for money.
Doctors must consider and weigh the ethical background of how they receive every organ from a
willing donor, or unsuspecting victim.
Another legitimate concern in this field, is where the organ came from and the security one has
knowing that it came from a healthy and well–suited environment. If the organ was put under
harmful stress by the previous human, the organ might fail to function correctly. This is why organ
donation keeps a large sample size when it comes to the volunteer pool. If someone does have a
deficiency or disease affecting organs, they have opportunities to help as "one's medical condition at
the time of death will determine what organs and tissue can be donated" (MedLine Plus 1). This safe
way of donation allows

The Treatment Of Cardiac Transplant Surgery
Cardiac transplant is a surgical procedure to replace the patient's diseased heart and replace it with a
healthy heart from a cadaver or lifeless donor. Most of the end–stage heart failure patients are
undergoing these heart transplant surgery. Cardiac transplant surgery is performed in critical
situation to save the life of the human being who diagnosed as end – stage heart failure.
(NHLBI,2012). A Patient diagnosed with congenital heart disease needed heart transplant procedure
in the mode of palliative care or in the mode of reparative care. The Majority of the children's are
enduring these transplantations from 6months to 6 years. In adolescents, adults commonly 20–40
are going these procedure. Some of the congenital heart disease patients are surviving due to the
other surgical interventions and medical management. However, the mass group of people is in
necessity of cardiac transplant in out of their childhood. (7th para, Esian & Burch).
In cardiac transplant, the patient's survival rate is enriched after the surgery absolutely in the first
year of life. The existence rate is increased up to 88% in the first year, 75% for 5years, and 56% for
10 years. Post–surgery, most of the heart transplant patients are going back to their normal and
optimum level of activity. Moreover, less than 30% of patients going back to work for their personal
reasons. (NHLBI, 2012). A patient who diagnosed with end–stage heart failure, heart valve and
muscle damage, and viral infection of the

A Short Biography : A Brief Biography
"My philosophy is that the biggest risk in life is not to take the risk". This quote shows that in
Christiaan's mind giving up was not an option and if a problem arises, face it head on. Christiaan
Barnard was the first person to perform a human to human heart transplant. Christiaan was born
November 8th, 1922, in Beaufort West, South Africa. He passed away at the age of 78, on
September 2nd 2001. (Sahistory)
The contribution that Christiaan gave to the scientific community was huge. He was the first person
to transplant a heart from one human to the other successfully. On December 3rd 1967 the transplant
took place at the Groote Schuur Hospital in Cape Town. The transplant was successful, however the
anti–rejection medications that the patient took suppressed his immune system. Since the
immunosuppressant was so strong the patient died of double immune pneumonia. The heart was
working fine up until the death. Barnard was also the developer of the "UCT mitral and aortic
prostheses". The mitral and aortic prostheses were used to fix diseased valves in the heart.
Christiaan accomplished many things in his academic career. He studied at the University of Cape
Town, and the University of Minnesota. In Minnesota he gained his MSc and his PhD by studying
Cardiothoracic surgery and congenital intestinal atresia. When he traveled back to Cape Town he
introduced a procedure that he learned in Minnesota, which was the open–heart surgery. He traveled
to the Soviet Union to study

Tissue Replacement
2.0 Conventional Methods of Tissue Replacement
This section will discuss the current methods of tissue replacement. We will look at the strengths
and weaknesses of these methods. The conventional methods in use today are Biological
Replacement such as organ donation, and Artificial Replacement such as Pacemakers.
2.1 Biological Replacement
There are four main types of tissue in the body; muscle, connective, epithelial, and nervous tissues
[]. In this paper, I will be covering the replacement of both hard and soft tissues. As organs are the
most frequently replaced body part I will be covering them separately
2.1.1 Organ Donation
Organ Donation is the most widely used methods of replacing tissues. Many cities and Countries
have programs that encourage donating your body after death, many with the phrase "One organ
donor can save up to eight lives. The same donor can also save or improve the lives of up to 75
people by donating tissues and eyes" [1]. Organ Donation is the process where an organ, removed ...
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Organs are in short supply and the demand is growing, there are more patients worldwide needing
organs than registered donors [2]. The wait time for organs differs between organs such as three
weeks for a heart, but 15 months for a kidney [3]. Another risk is infection or rejection. Rejection is
where the body's own cells attack the new tissue as it does not recognize the tissue as part of the
body. Depending on the organ rejection rates can range from fifty to just seven percent [][]. Many
recipients will see symptoms of organ rejection, however, this is routinely caught and treated before
full rejection can occur. Infection is also a risk of organ transplantation, while eighty percent of
patients have no reaction, fifteen percent have chronic viral infections, and 10 percent have frequent
rejection episodes caused by infection

Professional Practice And How Does It Differ Between...
Introduction What is professional practice and how does it differ between patient facing versus
laboratory based clinical scientists? Is there in fact a difference? Professional practice is one of the 5
domains of good scientific practice which define the standards and values all healthcare
professionals should strive towards. Furthermore professional practice can be further divided into
professional practice, probity, working with colleagues and training and developing others. As can
be imagined all clinical scientists, whether in a patient facing role or not, will need to embody each
of these to be an effective healthcare scientist. Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics (H&I) is the
branch of Clinical Science (Blood sciences) involved in HLA typing and screening for solid organ
and haematopoietic stem cell transplants (Histocompatibility) and the genetics of major
histocompatibility complex associated disease (immunogenetics). Clinical scientists within this field
have limited patient interactions yet must still embody professional practice. Each of the following
statements will examine aspects of professional practice and how they impact on clinical scientists
within H&I. 'Clinical scientists lead the way in innovation' The central tenet of professional practice
and the core of the NHS constitution is to make the patient your first consideration. While this
includes concepts such as exercising duty of care and keeping scientific skills relevant and up–to–
date, it also

Unethical Trade Is A Strong Feeling Of Dislike Or Disgust...
Many trades are considered repugnantfootnote{Oxfod dictionary defines repugnance as a strong
feeling of dislike or disgust about something.} citep{Roth2006}. The best example of repugnant
trade is organ donation in the United States where paying the organ donors is illegal. This leads to
efficiency losses, as over 10,000 people die every year while on the wait list for organ transplant
citep{Julio2015}. Social, demographic, geographic and other factors are involved in rendering some
trades more repugnant than others for different communities, ethnicities and countries. In this paper
we study how age, gender, education, employment, ethnic, religious and political backgrounds
affect attitudes towards one seemingly repugnant trade i.e. payment to kidney donors. justify
According to the National Kidney Foundation there are currently 123,193footnote{ Organ
Procurement and Transplantation Network (OPTN) of the United States} people waiting for an
organ transplant in United States of America. Out of these people about 101,662 are waiting for a
kidney transplant. The average waiting time for a person to receive a kidney transplant is roughly
around 3.6 years. About 12 people die each day because they could not receive a transplant. And
3000 new patients are added to the waiting list each monthfootnote{https://www.kidney.org}. The
need of the hour is to reduce this waiting time, which can happen only with increase in number of
donations. However, getting a kidney transplant is

Benefits Of A New Technique For Tie Over Dressing Essay
Tie–over dressing is the most common technique used to fix the skin graft to its recipient bed. In our
study we use a new technique for tie over in the form of multiple opposing simple loop stiches tied
by rubber bands to allow reapplication of tie over if indicated without anesthesia. The study was
conducted on 20 patients presented by raw areas of variable etiologies, treated with skin grafting
(STSG or FTSG) and simple loop stitch tie over technique. The patients were followed up for 1–2
months. All grafts showed very good to excellent results as the skin graft take ranges from 75% to
100%. Complications were seen in 5 cases in one case was slipped one simple loop and the other 4
cases was local infection. We documented a novel, simple, economic, time saving and applicable
tie–over dressing that allows fixing and re–fixing of the skin grafts when needed to maintain a
proper pressure dressing to the wound. Keywords Skin transplantation / Reconstructive surgical
procedure / surgical fixation devices.
Introduction
Skin grafting is the most common procedure used in reconstructive surgery. Tie–over dressing is the
most common technique used to fix the skin graft to the recipient bed, decrease the dead space, and
prevent hematoma and seroma under the graft. The classic method consists of the use of long silk
sutures along the edges of the graft that are tied over impregnated non–adherent gauze covered with
a bolus gauze. The tedious and time–consuming nature of its

The Human Tissue Act 2008 Essay
Background
Currently in New Zealand the major law regarding the donation of organs is the Human Tissue Act
2008 introduced by the then labour government's Minister of Health David Cunliffe. The bill
received support from both Labour and National members and in its second reading received 115
votes for and only 3 votes against (while 3 members were not present for the vote) the three votes
against can be attributed to opposition from 3 of the 4 Maori party members due to cultural values
tikanga ā–iwi, Mana and Tapu The Human Tissue Act 2008 prohibits the sale and advertisement of
any human tissue which includes organs without written permission at the discretion from
whomever is acting as the Minister of Health. So far the only reported case (of which all exemptions
must be reported in the Gazette) is the paired kidney donation scheme allowing viable living donors
that wish to donate to a family or friend that is incompatible with their kidney to donate to another
who is in the same position. This effectively facilitates a non monetary trade between two donors to
ensure the chosen recipients receive a kidney that will work for them.
Currently a shortage is occurring between the supply of viable organs collected from living donors
and from the deceased and the demand required from those on the waiting list. Organs that can be
provided from living donors include Kidneys, liver segments, some of your lung and Pancreas but
of all the organs that greatest shortage that exists is

Organ Donation Shortage
An average of twenty people pass away due to organ donation shortages these numbers could
represent you or your family don't let these numbers stagnate. The following research shows how
organ donation is very serious and could be increased with compensation for live donors. In 2013
the list of people waiting climbed all the way to one hundred twenty one thousand two hundred
seventy two while there were only fourteen thousand two hundred fifty seven donations including
live and dead donors. The facts stand organ sale could help the amount of people that die every year,
the amount of poor and unhealthy people waiting, and the crime that would easily be eradicated.
The department of health and human services states that "every ten minutes someone is added to the
waiting list" "S2" this means in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Also the department of health and human services states that " everyday, an average of seventy nine
people receive a transplant. However twenty two people die each day waiting for transplants that
can't take place from shortages of organ donations." "S2" Even if you can get a organ you body still
has a

Christiaan Neethling Barnard: Pioneer in Cardiothoracic...
Christiaan Barnard as a young child never imagined that one day he would be known as the greatest
pioneer of Cardiothoracic Surgery of all time. The advances of Cardiothoracic Surgery surpassed
anything that he could ever imagine. It was far more than anyone could imagine. Human heart
transplants had never been performed. No one even knew what Artificial Heart valves meant or how
they could extend lives. They would not just extend lives but it gave a better quality of life to those
who suffered with what we now call heart disease. Many believed that it could be done. Many
believed that it should be done. Barnard was brave enough to try and talented enough to succeed.
Barnard was born in 1922 in Befaufort West, South Africa. His ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This opened the door for physicians all over the world to perform heart transplants. Every transplant
transformed the difficult task into an everyday procedure. Barnard performed the first twin heart
transplant in 1974. (gale) Barnard, was sometimes considered to be boastful, He did not think that
the heart transplant was "A big thing". His philosophy was "The biggest risk in life was to not take a
risk". (The Famous People.com)What risk is bigger than holding a human hart in your hand?
Barnard risked his career each time he performed a transplant. He shared his research and surgical
procedures to educate the world an improve quality of life. If some considered this boastful they
failed to realize the true "risk." Barnard proved he lived by his "risk" philosophy in his career and
his personal life. Barnard was married and divorced three times throughout his life. I think most
would agree marring three times is quite a risk. He had three children one with each wife. Like his
own parents, he had three sons. Many believe that he was self–absorbed and self serving. I think self
less is the better description. Courage is described as being afraid, not knowing the result, but still
performing the task. Courage is the word that I would use to describe Barnard. He took chances and
performed surgical feats that most people felt were impossible. Barnard performed

Pros And Cons Of The Witch Trials
Doctor William Beaumont discovered that gastric juices digest food by treating a gunshot patient
who's wound healed forming a hole. Nazis are bad. Nazis performed inhumane experiments on
many people they deemed as "inferior". The "Angel of Death" Josef Mengele was fascinated with
twins and conducted many experiments on them because they were "natural controls". In the 1930s,
German medical schools led such experiments in eugenics and promoted the concept of the Aryan
purity. Mengele performed experiments such as: blood transfusions between twins, stitched two
twins together as conjoined twins, electric shock, exposing women to high radiation subjecting them
for sterilization, and even tossing escaped Jewish children in pits of burning gasoline. He escaped
war criminal charges throughout the entirety of his life. After World War Two, German physicians
pleaded that what they had done should not be considered war crimes because they had only been
following orders and were not very different from what American physicians would do to captives.
The Nuremberg trials created ten principles for ethical experimentation and that anyone should
freely consent to participation. Similarly, American researchers experimented on orphans, inmates,
mental institution patients, and military personnel. Soldiers were unknowingly introduced to
mustard gas which was later tested as an anticancer drug. During times of war, protection of human
rights was undervalued. American physicians injected many

Allograft Sterilization Essay
Response/Recommendation:
A combined method of allograft sterilization appears to be the best method to reduce the possibility
of viral, bacterial and fungal infection as well as preserve the bio–mechanical properties of the graft.
Sterilization methods should involve a low dose of gamma radiation (<25 KGy), chemical
sterilization and antibiotic soaking. The use of radio–protective solutions (i.e. propylene glycol,
dimethyl sulfoxide, mannitol and trehalose) can be effective in reducing the risk of free radical
attack to the collagen from the gamma radiation. Electron based radiation in combination with tissue
protective measure (i.e. low temperature, carbon dioxide) can be an alternative method of
sterilization, but further studies are required to validate this procedure.
Strength of Recommendation: Moderate
Rationale:
Septic arthritis after ACL reconstruction is a rare event, occurring in 0.14–1.8% of cases.1–3
Several studies have demonstrated a lower rate of deep infection after ACL reconstruction (ACLR)
using allograft compered to hamstring autograft tendons and equal possibilities with the use of bone
patellar tendon bone (BPTB) autograft.4–8 The increasing use of primary allograft ACLR during the
last few decades9 can be ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
HIV type I – II; HBV surface antigen; HBV core antibody; HCV antibody).17 The Nucleic Acid
Testing (NAT) is the best test for screening HIV and HCV, because seroconversion occurs 15 days
after the first contact with the virus.17 Blood cultures are necessary to check bacterial and fungal
infection. Aerobic and anaerobic cultures last for a minimum of 15 days, according with the AATB
and the FDA.18 The successive step is the tissue retrieval, that it is performed in a sterile operating
room with sterile technique.19 After that the graft is treated with a bactericidal–antimicrobial
disinfection solution. At this stage the graft cannot be considered sterile

Victor Chang
Good morning friends, family and all those of you who are here today to celebrate the life of a great
man, Victor Chang. Before I begin, I would like to offer my deepest sympathies to the Chang family
for their unfortunate loss. This was a senseless and wasteful murder of such an innocent man.
When I remember Victor, three words come to mind; Compassion, talent and persistence.
Victor Chang, born on the 25 November 1936 in Shanghai, China was a very talented and naturally
gifted person. Victor moved to Hong Kong at a young age from his hometown where he attended
primary school and completed part of his secondary education. When Victor was only 15 years old
he came to here to Australia and finished his secondary education at the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
I guess this is why Victor was so suited to it – being a complex thinker he was more than qualified
in every aspect to meet the challenge.
Later on in his career, it was evident that most of dynamic cardiothoracic research was taking place
overseas. Persistent in always increasing his expertise, Victor moved to the UK in 1965 where he
undertook his training and met his wife, Anne. After 5 years of intense work Victor again moved
overseas, to the USA in 1970, where once again he sought after more education. One year later
Victor moved back to Australia where his career in heart surgery was to reach great heights.
One of the peek moments in Victors career was when he had performed the first heart transplant to a
young girl, Fiona Coote. The operation was a complete success and gained the media attention and
awareness Victor was so desperately needed. "Dr Chang was not only my doctor but my friend" –
was the statement she had made. This was so true for every patient Victor touched. The courage and
determination he had shown was immeasurable.
Throughout his life long career Victor had performed over 197 Heart transplants and 14 lung
transplants giving hope and new life to men, women and children all around the world who
otherwise would be faced with certain death. With an average survival rate of 85 percent, Victor had
blitzed all expectation.
No matter whom you talk to about Victor it is only words of praise and acclamation you will

Do Patients who Undergo Renal Transplantation Suffer from...
Do patients who undergo renal transplantation suffer from long–term dental/health complications as
opposed to individuals who have not undergone transplantation?
My search strategy for the scientific literature started with PubMed. I input the following phrase into
the search bar: "Dental complications from kidney transplants". 100 articles were gathered as
potential scientific literatures that could be used for my specific learning issue. In finding articles
that provided general dental and health complications, the task offered a manageable list of
scientific articles to sift through. For the next time, I would like to focus on specific dental/health
complications from kidney transplants and how it could affect patients in such ways instead of in a
general systemic manner.
The first selected article, "The status of dental and jaw bones in children and adolescents after
kidney and liver transplantation", focuses on the main systemic complications patients may
encounter after renal transplantation within the oral cavity. The research question the Department of
Pediatric Dentistry at the Medical University of Warsaw in Warsaw, Poland, posed was to evaluate
the incidence of various dental abnormalities within children who underwent kidney transplantation
with the added factor of taken immunosuppressant drugs. A benefit of the article in its choice of
including the potential cause of these abnormalities as a consequence of taking various
immunosuppressant drugs adds an extra

Organ Waiting List
What is more, not only there is a demand in organ donation, but also a long waiting list. The U.S.
Department of Health and Human Services statistics states 119,000 are on the waiting list for
transplants and every ten minutes an individual is added to this list, as well as 22 people expire each
day waiting for a transplant (2015). People don't look at statistics and this is a huge number to look
at the more reason to be an organ donor. People on this waiting list are waiting for some lifesaving
miracle and is sad that they chance of them receiving an organ is not that good. For instance, if a
person was to need one of these lifesaving organs more than likely they would be one of those
statistics that they would die before getting their

Organ Trading Decline
Organ Trading: The decline in Human Morals
While it safe to think that once we all pass on, we would want to make use of our body for a
beneficiary for another, there are some disadvantages that come along with certain organs of our
body. Organ trading is something that happens on a day to day basis around the world, and it is
certainly making headlines. There are many reasons why people do undertake organ trading, some
for monetary benefits, or for people who are in life threatening situations. Organ trading affects not
only the people who are giving their organs, but also the people who buy the organs. While this can
be up for debate, the Perspective that will be looked at in this report, 'Human Dignity is diminished
by the selling of live ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is prominent in the article 'Living Cadavers' in Bangladesh as 33 kidney sellers had traded their
kidneys, and were tricked into selling their organs and being deceived by the buyers with false
promises (Moniruzzaman, 2012). These people have been deceived by the buyers, thinking that they
can succumb to their demands, as they are in deep poverty, or are trying to go overseas for a better
life. The buyers post advertisements in newspapers, since people read them, and because they do not
know what it all means, they proceed with the advert and get their kidney out. This demonstrates the
society that all human beings live in– being deceived by the well–off people for their own motive,
making the less fortunate face difficulties, and in return, get shamed by society and having to deal
with that guilt and betrayal for the rest of their lives. It would be hard to gain dignity back again as it
is something that takes time to heal, regardless if your trying to save someone's life or getting
money in

Persuasive Speech On Organ Donation
"Everyday, 79 people receive a transplant, but at least 20 people die waiting, because of the shortage
of donated organs." (Brazier) Due to the shortage of organs, this causes many people to go to
extreme measures to save a loved one. Maybe even to the point of doing something illegal. The
more we help promote and contribute to organ donation, the more lives we can save. There is a new
name added to the list every 10 minutes while around 20 people die a day waiting for an organ.
Organ donation is the process of surgically removing an organ or tissue from one person (the organ
donor) and placing it into another person (the recipient). Transplantation is necessary because the
recipient's organ has failed or has been damaged by disease ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In some cases, people are murdered for their organs. When their body is found, there are organs
removed. Even though the community is willing to donate their organ, there are too few donors in
the position to give. There are many factors to consider when matching people for organ transplants.
Blood type, tissue type, urgency, time spent on the waiting list, and distance between the donor and
recipient are some factors to whom the organ goes to. A majority of donors have died from an
automobile accident, stroke, gunshot wound, or suicide. All of these result in the donor being brain
dead. Being brain dead is when the patient's brain has no signs of life while a machine keeps the
body alive for organ donation. On the other hand, one does not have to be dead to be a donor, of
course. There is living donating, where one can donate an organ or tissue while they're still alive.
"People of all ages should consider themselves potential donors." (Organ Donation and
Transplantation). About four out of every ten donations each year are from living donations. "The
strongest supporters of organ donation tend to be women, under 65 years old and people with higher
levels of education" (Brazier).
Some people don't consider transplants due to financial reasons. For example, a heart transplant
ranges from $57,000–$110,000. Another reason is the risk of infection or rejection during or after a
transplant. If this happens, it could

A Research Study On Regenerative Medicine And Transplantation
Regenerative medicine and transplantation is the recent advancement in the field of scientific
medical research embarking on the evolvement of embryonic stem cells(ESCs)and reprogrammed
human somatic cells called induced pleuri potent stem cells(iPSCs) .Human embryonic stem cells
were first derived in 1998 by Thomson et al. and induced pleuri potent stem cells(iPSCs) in
2007(Thai Journal of Obstetrics and GynaecologyApril 2013) The innate proficiency of the human
embryonic stem cells to differentiate into multiple cell lineages i.e pluripotency and worthy of self
renewal score them as invaluable sources in therapeutic and diagnostic field. However,there are
some impediments seen in the generation and utilisation of these ESCs as some countries believe
that isolation of ESCS from embryos is detrimental to the embryos and as they are not patient
specific , auto rejection is observed in some cases. (Thai Journal of Obstetrics and
GynaecologyApril 2013) To overcome this, scientists have identified iPSCs by reprogramming of
certain somatic cells. Vivid progression in the remedy of infertility will be possible with the
transformation of germ cells from stem cells.The mechanism of differentiation of ES cells in vitro
and in vivo are not well inferred due to limited number of oocytes available through donation
programmes. Functional or mature gametes have fail to develop in vitro as germ cells do not
develop beyond the earliest stage, persistently generating low number

Pros And Cons Of Organ Transplantation
Proposals Assignment
Organ Transplantation is an innovative technology that replace the recipient's damaged or absent
organs by moving organs from one body to another. Transplantation can be performed within the
same person's body or between two subjects either from a living or cadaveric source. Scientists and
historians estimate that in the early 80 BC, Indian doctors began grafting skin to treat burns and
other wounds. In Early 1900s, Modern organs transplants began by European doctors that attempted
to save patients dying of renal failure, he transplanted kidneys from various animals, like monkeys,
goats and pigs. Unfortunately, none of the recipients lived for more than a few days. In 1912, the
French surgeon had developed the strategy ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The legal and ethical concerned such as autonomy, respecting the dignity and quality of human
beings, non–maleficence, the methods of organ allocation and the cost of organ transplant. Since a
lot of people will benefit from organ and tissue transplantation, and a lot of organs are damaged or
wasted during the transplantation process, thus, the demand often exceeds the supply, many
problems are raised related to the procuration and how to fairly allocated the limited organs. In
addition, the worldwide shortage of organs also caused the trafficking for organ trade. According to
the world Health Organization, "one out of 10 organ transplants involves a trafficked human organ,
which amount to about 10,000 a year. Through the black market, the price of an organ may be above
$160,000." The traffickers who organized criminal network are benefited from reselling organs in a
huge profit. Additionally, when doing surgeries through black market–affiliated medical provider,
the transplant operation is dangerous to both donor and recipient, as the clandestine organ–sellers
can't get a favorable medical follow–up, surgeons might reuse the equipment to reduce costs. After
kidney transfers to buys, they often catch hepatitis or

Artificial Heart Research Paper
Over the past 50 years there has been many great inventions especially in the healthcare field. I feel
the most important is the Artificial Heart that was invented in 1982. In the United States heart
disease is the number one cause of death. The artificial heart is a prosthetic device that is implanted
into the chest cavity to replace the heart. The device is bigger and heavier than the adult human
heart. Artificial hearts help patients regain their health and get ready for a transplant. The artificial
heart can be a temporary structure that is places till that patient receives a heart transplant. That time
also allows to regain their health before their transplant. In the United States there is a shortage of
donor hearts. Around 4,00 people

The Ethical Issues Involved For Medicare Funded Organ...
Describe and evaluate the ethical issues involved in Medicare–funded organ transplants. When the
dialysis machine was discovered in 1960, there have been hopes that
Patients with renal impairment should have a life prolonging care. For patients with renal
impairment were a matter of life and death and all were willing to pay the amount it does not matter
what you get dialysis. Soon, it became a controversial issue when it was realized that the demand
exceeds supply and the equitable distribution of the few dialysis machines
Available became controversial. While the question of the dialysis machine is still controversial, the
health system was caught in another ethical dilemma regarding organ transplantation. Organ
transplantation is closely linked to the issue of cleanliness because patients with kidney failure can
get an organ transplant as an alternative to hemodialysis. The issue is complicated by the fact
Medicare is financed by organ transplant, and there are those who believe that the distribution of
rare transplant is not right. There are thousands of terminal patients whose lives can be saved by
organ transplantation, but there are no formulas of work that can be used to determine which of the
thousands of patients will be given priority. It is left to the discretion of medical officers to decide
who is worth saving. The ability to keep someone alive by replacing one or more of their major
organs is a splendid achievement of medicine of the 20th century.

Helping Make Hair Loss History
Statement of the Problem
Merck needs to develop a marketing strategy to launch its new hair loss product, Propecia®. The
strategy should determine the target segment, product positioning, and the most effective marketing
mix.
Issues and Analysis
The Food and Drug Administration 's restrictions on direct to consumer (DTC) advertising restricts
content and type of advertising. The FDA allows only three types of advertising for prescription
drugs: brand name, indication or both. A key decision for Merck is which type of advertisement to
use. A "product claim" ad can mention both the brand name of the drug and the problem it will
correct, but it will also have to include a list of major side effects. "Reminder" ads could mention
the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Caucasian men should be a primary focus when selecting channels of distribution and advertising
media because they make up the largest percentage of the market.
Merck 's marketing mix should focus on a message to encourage consumers to seek treatment early
because the product shows the best results and is most useful to consumers in the early stages of
MPHL.
Merck needs to employ DTC advertising with Product claim advertisements because Merck needs
to create awareness and generate demand for Propecia® and encourage consumers to ask their
doctors for a prescription.
Merck needs to differentiate Propecia® by positioning it as the hair loss product that is easier to use
and more effective than other hair loss products. Emphasizing its ease–of–use and effectiveness will
attract new consumers to the hair loss market and those customers currently using other hair loss
remedies.
Merck should provide primary detailing support for Propecia® because physicians need accurate
and detailed information before prescribing a drug. Merck should use informative brochures in
doctor 's offices to communicate to doctors and patients that risk of use is minimal and side effects
usually subside and can disappear entirely with

Persuasive Essay On Heart Transplant
My grandpa died of heart complications. He had gone through many stages in the process leading to
a heart transplant, and had been put on the list for a heart. At the time that he passed I knew he
needed a heart transplant, but I was unsure of what it actually was. A heart transplant is an operation
to remove a diseased heart and to replace it with an appropriate donor heart. There is a rigorous
process to determine a heart transplant is going to be performed on a proper candidate. There is
always a need for donors with healthy hearts. As written by the History.com staff, in 1958, Norman
Shumway performed the first successful heart transplant on a dog at Stanford University. It wasn't
until December 3, 1967, that the first human heart transplant was completed in Cape Town, South
Africa. Lewis Washkansky was dying from chronic heart disease and received a donor heart from
Denise Darvall, a twenty–five year old woman who died in a car accident. Christiaan Barnard, a
reputable surgeon, performed this cutting–edge procedure. Eighteen days after, Washkansky died of
pneumonia due to the susceptibility to illness that the anti–rejection medication opened him up to.
Regardless of this, his heart functioned properly until his death. In the 1970's better anti–rejection
medication had developed and many of Barnard's patients were living up to five years with their
new hearts (History.com staff).
Heart transplants are known as a last resort. When other treatments, such as

What Does It Means To Be An Organ Donor
Have you ever wanted to be a hero to a family or a literal life saver to another? By saying yes to
organ donation you have the ability to do so. In fact, saying yes should be required considering the
number of wasted organs that could save numerous lives every day. On average, there are about 22
people on the transplant list who die each day while waiting for healthy organs. Also, every ten
minutes, someone is added to the transplant list needing organs to keep them alive. Every time
someone signs up to be a donor, they are saving 8 lives, but can also save and enhance more than
100 lives through tissue donation. Along with organs and tissue, there are many ways to be a donor.
No matter if you're deceased or living you can be an organ donor. Kidneys, blood, bones, intestines
and more can be donated while you're still living, but if you no longer need your heart pumping to
live, why shouldn't there be a law to donate it to someone whose heart is failing? A person having a
choice for donating their organs, not only puts a stressful decision on them, but puts stress on
families as well who have a loved one waiting for healthy organs. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
If organ donations were mandatory, you or your loved one would have a highly increased chance of
receiving organs. An average of 6,000 people in the United States dies each day, which would save a
countless number of lives on the transplant list. Eventually, one of those 6,000 people could possibly
save my own life. Putting all of the facts aside, people have their own opinions about organ
donation. Some may believe that there is no value in donating their organs to someone who only has
hours left to live, but there is life. Life is the most valuable gift anyone can receive. So with this
being said, organ donation should no longer be a choice but

Efficacy And Safety Of Accelerated Crosslinking System
Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of accelerated crosslinking system in the treatment of
.keratoconus
Methods: Accelerated crosslinking was done using the CCL–365–18 Peschke GmbH. Follow up
was done after 3 days for contact lens removal, then after 1 week, 1 month, 3 months and 6 months
for assessment of uncorrected visual acuity, best corrected visual acuity and slit lamp
.examination. Refractive and topographic changes were also recorded
Results: The study included 40 eyes of 21 patients. All patients completed at least 6 months
postoperative follow up. There were 13 females and 8 males. Age ranged from 18 to 32 years with a
mean 25.9  5years.There was a statistically significant improvement in average keratometry
readings (P< 0.001*). The preoperative mean average keratometry was 48.4633.1 D( 43.74 – 54)
.and changed to 47.322.9 D (42.15 – 53) at 6 months of follow up
Conclusion: Accelerated corneal collagen cross–linking can be considered as a safe procedure for
.the treatment of keratoconus
Keratoconus is a corneal ectasia characterised by progressive thinning and protrusion of the central
and paracentral cornea 1–5 that gives rise to irregular myopic astigmatism and a decrease in visual
acuity. It is generally a bilateral process, however it presents and develops asymmetrically.6,7
Changes in the corneal collagen structure, and extracellular matrix, apoptosis and necrosis of
keratocytes are documented in the anterior stroma and Bowman membrane of weakened

Ethical Consent In Xenotransplantation

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