This document provides an overview of the anatomical landmarks relevant to maxillary dentures. It discusses the osteology of the maxilla and palatine bones which support dentures. It also examines the myology of the facial muscles and how their actions must be considered in denture design. Additionally, it describes the anatomy of the supporting structures like the oral mucosa and primary/secondary stress bearing areas that a denture rests on. Reliefs areas like the midpalatal raphe are also discussed. The document emphasizes understanding these landmarks is crucial for dentists to design dentures that function harmoniously with the surrounding tissues.

1. ANATOMICAL, BIOLOGICALAND HISTOLOGICAL
CONSIDERATION OF MAXILLARY ANATOMICAL
LANDMARKS
PRESENTED BY
Dr . KOMALPREET KAUR
( PG IST YEAR)

2. CONTENTS
1. Introduction
2. Osteology
3. Myology
4. Anatomy of supporting structures
I. Oral mucous membrane
II. Primary stress bearing areas
III. Secondary stress bearing areas
IV. Relief areas
3. Anatomy of limiting structure
4. REFERENCE

3. INTRODUCTION
 A prosthesis must function in harmony with the tissues that support
them and surround them.
 Dentist must understand the macroscopic and microscopic anatomy
of supporting and limiting structures of the denture
 The denture must extend as far as possible without interfering the
health of tissues

4. Maxillary denture is supported by two pairs of bone
 The maxillae
 And palatine bones

5. OSTEOLOGY
 The osseous structure not only support the dentures,
but have a direct bearing on
 Impression – making procedures ,
 the position of teeth ,
 and the contours of finished denture base.

6.  There are two maxillae, each consisting of a central
body and four processes

7. PALATINE PROCESS OF MAXILLA
 The palatine processes of maxillary bones arises as horizontal
plates from the body of maxilla.
 Two horizontal plates joins in the mid line forming a suture ,
mid palatal suture
 The horizontal palatine process of the maxillary bones appear to
resist resorption for longer period of time.

8. PALATINE BONE

9.  The horizontal plates of palatine bones articulate with
the posterior rough border of the horizontal process of
maxillae.
 Posterior border of the horizontal plates of the palatine
bones unite at the midline to form a sharp spine called as
POSTERIOR NASAL SPINE .
 It serves as attachment for the aponeurosis of soft palate.

10. The POSTERIOR PALTAL SEAL should follow the posterior
border of the hard palate:

11. ALVEOLAR BONE
 DEFINITION :The portion of maxilla and mandible that
forms and supports the tooth sockets.
 Based on functional adaptation : 2 types
1. Alveolar bone proper
2. Supporting alveolar bone
 Based on radiographic experience.
1. Type I
2. Type II

12. ALVEOLAR BONE PROPER
 The bony wall of tooth socket is alveolar bone proper.
 Compact bone
 Bundle bone
RADIOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE
 It appears as dense white line called as
Lamina dura

13.  SUPPORTING ALVEOLAR BONE
 It consists of two parallel plates of cortical bone( buccolingual
or labio lingual)
 Between cortical bone there is spongy bone.
 The labial and buccal cortical plates are relatively thin,
especially over the cuspids and central incisor.
 ALVEOLAR CREST
 Formed when inner and outer cortical plates meet.

14. o TYPE I : regular interradicular and interdental trabeculae ,
horizontal in ladder like arrangement
o common in mandible.

15.  TYPE II : irregularly arranged , numerous , delicate ,interdental and
interradicular trabeculae .
 Common in maxilla

16. PTERYGOID HAMULUS
 Although does not provide support for maxillary denture,
its position is in osseous limits of the maxillary denture
base
 It is thin , curved process at the terminal end of medial
pterygoid plate of sphenoid bone.

17.  It has two important relations , related to its function
1. Tensor veli palatine tendon passes immediately behind it.
2. Superior attachment of the pterygomandibular raphe

18. ZYGOMATIC PROCESS
 Distal to buccal frenum lies the root of zygoma , which
is located opposite the first molar region
 With increase in resorption of ridge , it becomes more
noticeable
 Relief is indicated.

19. MYOLOGY
 MUSCLES OF FACIAL EXPRESSION
 These muscles lies superficially under the skin
 the action of these muscles is responsible for the facial
postures associated with smiling , laughing or frowning .

20. ORIGINS
 The origins of several of the muscles of facial expression
are near enough to the denture-bearing areas that their
actions must be considered as definitely influencing the
denture borders.
 their influence is in proportion to the contour and quantity
of residual ridge present in a vertical direction.
 The higher the residual ridge the less influence will be
exerted.

21. INSERTION
 Bundles of muscles insert partly into the skin , partly into
the mucous membrane of the lips and the immediate
vicinity.
 Area situated laterally and slightly above the corner of
mouth is the concentration of many fibers of this muscle
group , this area is called MODIOLOUS
 The labial flanges of the maxillary denture frequently
need to be reduced lateromedially in the area of the
modiolus .

22.  Can be studied under following groups
 Orbital: occipito frontalis, orbicularis oculi,
corrugator supercilli
 Nasal: nasalis , procerus , depressor septi nasii
 Oral: orbicularis oris, levator anguli ori, depressor
anguli oris,risorus, mentalis , buccinator , levator
labii superiorus , depressor labii inferiorus ,
zygomaticus major , zygomaticus minor

23. ORBICULARIS ORIS
ORIGIN
Tissue surrounding lips
INSERTION
Underneath skin at corner of mouth.
FUNCTIONS
 Closes the mouth
 Purses and protrudes the lip.

24.  We use this muscle when we whistle or blow

25. BUCCINATOR
ORIGIN
Alveolar process of maxilla and mandible.
Pterygoid hamulus and pterygomandibular raphe
INSERTION
In the fibres of orbicularis oris
FUNCTIONS:
 Prevents the build up of food between cheeks and
teeth.
 Aids in forcefull expulsion of air from mouth.

27. LEVATOR LABI SUPERIORUS
ORIGIN
 Infra -orbital margin
INSERTION
 Skin and muscle of upper lip
FUNCTIONS
 Elevates the upper lip

28. ZYGMATICUS MINOR
 It is one of our smiling muscles.
FUNCTIONS
 Pull the corner of mouth upwards and outwards .

29. ZYGOMATICUS MAJOR
 ORIGIN
Zygomatic bone
 INSERTION
Underneath skin at corner of mouth
 FUNCTIONS
Draws the corner of mouth upwards
and outwards.

30. LEVATOR ANGULI ORIS
 Deep to zygomaticus major there is levator anguli
oris muscle
 ORIGIN
Anterior surface of maxilla
Below infra orbital foramen
 INSERTION
modiolous
 FUNCTIONS
Lifts the corner of mouth.

31. RISORIOUS
Gets its name from latin “risus” which means laughter.
ORIGIN
Fascia surrounding parotid salivary gland
INSERTION
Angle of mouth
FUNCTIONS
 Retracts the angle of mouth

32. DEPRESSOR ANGULI ORIS
ORIGIN
Anterolateral surface of body.
INSERTION
Angle of mouth.
FUNCTION
 Antagonizes levator anguli oris
 pulls the corner of mouth downwards.

33. DEPRESSOR LABII INFERIORIS
ORIGIN
Mandible between the anterior midline and the mental
foramen.
INSERTION
Skin of lower lip
FUNCTIONS
 Pulls the lower lip downwards and
outwards

34. MENTALIS
ORIGIN
Incisive fossa of mandible.
INSERTION
Skin of chin.
FUNCTIONS
 Lifts and protrude lower lip

35. SIGNIFICANCE
 If these are not properly supported , either by natural or
artificial dentition , none of the facial expression appear
normal.
 The nasolabial sulcus , the philtrum , the commissure of lips,
and mentolabial sulcus will not have their normal contour.
 Incorrectly contoured denture base or incorrectly positioned
teeth will destroy the normal tonicity of the muscles.
 Lack of support leads to sagging,
 stretching : retards the normal contracture of muscles and
results in loss of tonicity

36. MUSCLES OF SOFT PALATE
 Levator veli palatine
 Tensor veli palatine
 Glossopalatinus
 palatoglossus
 palatopharyngeus

38. LEVATOR VELI PALATINI
Origin
 petrous part of temporal bone
 inferior aspect of auditory tube
Insertion
 upper surface of palatal aponeurosis
action
 elevates the soft palate

39. TENSOR VELI PALATINI
Origin
 Lateral side of auditory tube
 Scaphoid fossa of sphenoid bone
Insertion
 Palatine aponeurosis
Action
 Tightens the soft palate
 Opens the auditory tube

40. PALATOPHARYNGEUS
 The wall of soft palte is formed principally by this
muscle.
Origin
 Superior surface of palatine aponeurosis
Insertion
 Pharyngeal wall
Action
 Depress the soft palate
 Elevates pharynx

41. PALATOGLOSSUS
Origin
 Inferior surface of palatine aponeurosis
Insertion
 Lateral margin of tongue.
Action
 Depress palate
 Moves palatoglossus arch toward midline
 Elevates back of tongue.

42. MUSCULUS UVULAE
Origin
 Posterior nasal spine of hard palate
Insertion
 Connective tissue uvulae
Action
 Elevates and retract uvula
 Thickens central of region of soft palate.

43. WHAT IS THE ANATOMICAL LANDMARK?
 Anatomical Landmark is a recognizable anatomic
structure used as a point of reference. [GPT-9]
 They acts as positive guides to the limits of the
impression

44. Impression surface of a denture is comprised of
 stress bearing areas/supporting areas
 Relief areas
 Peripheral or limiting areas

45. ANATOMY OF SUPPORTING STRUCTURES
 Foundation of denture is made up of bone of the hard
palate and residual ridge ,covered by mucous
membrane.
 The denture base rests on mucous membrane ,which
serves as a cushion between the base and supporting
bone.

46. MUCOUS MEMBRANE
 The mucous membrane is composed of
 Mucosa
 Sub –mucosa(it makes the bulk of mucous membrane)

48. MUCOSA
 Mucosa is formed by stratified squamous epithelium, which
often is keratinized
 subjacent narrow layer of connective tissue is known as
lamina propria.
 It exhibits regional modifications to suit the functional needs
of specific area
It can be classified as( based on function)
1. Masticatory mucosa
2. Lining / reflecting mucosa
3. Specialized mucosa

49. MASTICATORY MUCOSA:
 it is characterized by well defined keratinized layer on its
outermost surface.
 In edentulous patient the mucosa covering the hard
palate , and the crest of residual alveolar ridge ,including
the residual attached gingiva

50. LINING OR REFLECTING MUCOSA:
o Formed by non keratinized epithelium.
o And thin layer of connective tissue, the lamina propria.
o It covers lips , cheeks, labial & buccal mucosa, vestibular
fornix, slopes of residual ridge, ventral surface of tongue,
floor of mouth and soft palate

51. SPECIALIZED MUCOSA
o It is keratinized.
o Covers the dorsal surface of tongue , taste buds.

52. SUBMUCOSA
 Submucosa is formed of connective tissue that varies in
character from dense to loose areolar tissue and also
varies considerably in thickness.
 It may contain glandular, fat , or muscle cells and
transmits the blood and nerve supply to mucosa.
 The thickness and consistency of sub mucosa are largely
responsible for the support that the mucous membrane
affords a denture.

53.  In healthy mouth, submucosa is attached to the periosteum of
underlying bone and will usually successfully bears the
pressures of the denture.
 When submucosa is thin , the soft tissues will be non resilient
, and the mucous membrane will get traumatized easily.
 When it loosely attached to periosteum , or it is inflamed or
edematous , the tissue is easily displaceable , and the stability
and support of the denture are adversely affected.

54. STRESS BEARING AREAS
 These are load bearing areas
 Denture should be made such that most of the load is
concentrated on these areas
PRIMARY STRESS BEARING AREAS
 The horizontal portion of hard palate lateral to the midline
 Maxillary tuberosities
SECONDARY STRESS BEARING AREAS
 Residual alveolar ridge
 Rugae
*bouchers 13 edition

55. HARD PALATE
 The ultimate support for a
maxillary denture is
 Bone of two maxillae and
the palatine bone

56. HISTOLOGY
 Epithelium is keratinized throughout
 Mucous membrane is tightly fixed to the underlying
periosteum and therefore immovable
 Lamina propria ( a layer of dense CT) is thick in anterior
part and thin in posterior region)
 Submucosa: it is different in various regions

57. Anterolateral portion
With abundant adipose tissue
Posterolateral portion
With abundant gland tissue
Although this tissue is displaceable it contribute to support

58.  Primary support : horizontal portion of hard palate lateral to
mid line

59. MAXILLARY TUBEROSITY
 The maxillary tuberosity is the most posterior part of the
alveolar ridge
 lies distal to the position of the last molar

60. o The posterior part of the tuberosity rarely resorbs and it covered
with dense connective tissue
o SIGNIFICANCE
 denture base should cover the maxillary tuberosity and fill the
hamular notches .
 The last posterior tooth should not be placed on tuberosity.

61. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
 The enlarged tuberosities limits the space and will
interfere the occlusal plane and distal extension of lower
denture.
 Surgical reduction should be done

62. RUGAE
 They are folds of irregular
mucous membrane extends
bilaterally from midline in the
region of upper 6 anteriors
and sometime bicuspid
 In the area of rugae palate is
set to an angle with residual
ridge .
 Resist the anterior
displacement of the denture

63. RESIDUAL RIDGE
 DEFINITION
 The portion of the alveolar ridge and its soft tissue covering
which remains following the removal of teeth- GPT

64.  The mucous membrane covering
the crest of ridge in a healthy
mouth is firmly attached to the
periosteum of bone
 Submucosa is characterized by
dense collagenous fibres that are
contiguous with the lamina propria
and provides adequate resiliency to
support of denture .
 provides good support , however
bone is subject to resorption, which
limits its potential for support ,
unlike palate which is resistant to
resorption

65.  SLOPES OD RESIDUAL ALVEOLAR RIDGE
 As the mucous membrane extends from the crest along
the slope of residual ridge, It loses its firm attachment to
underlying bone.
 Epithelium is non keratinized or slightly keratinized
 Submucosa contains loose connective tissue and elastic
fibres.
 This loosely attached tissue cannot withstand the forces
of mastication.

66. RELIEF AREAS
Mid palatine raphe
 It is the junction between two palatine processes of maxilla

67.  submucosa is extremely thin
 Mucosa is in close contact with the bone

68. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
 Little or no stress can be placed in this region during the
making of the final impression or in the completed denture.
Otherwise, the denture will tend to rock over the centre of the
palate when vertical forces are applied to the teeth.

69. INCISIVE PAPILLA
 It is a small tubercle overlies incisive foramen
 Situated on a line immediately behind and between central
incisors.
 Nasopalatine nerve and vessels pass through it at right angle
to the bony foramen .
 As resorption progresses, it comes to lie nearer the crest of
ridge

70.  Anterior border and center of incisive papilla are
likely to change after extraction of incisor teeth
 the posterior border is relatively stable .
 Papilla becomes round after extraction of incisor
teeth due to changes in the anterior border.

71.  Gives positional relation to central incisor which are
8-10 mm anterior to the CENTRE incisive papilla.

72.  Beside this, canine–papilla line is a useful guide to
orient the upper canine teeth in complete dentures
 a perpendicular is drawn posterior to centre of incisive
papilla to saggital plane passes through canine.

73. CLINICAL SIGNFICANCE
 pressure should not be applied on this when final
impression is made
 Pressure obliteration of vessels/compression
nerves deprive of nutrition necrosis
and paraesthesia of anterior palate

74. FOVEA PALATINI
 Several ducts of mucous glands coalesce to form fovea
 This acts an arbitrary guide to locate the posterior border
of denture.
 Denture can extend 1-2 mm beyond this
 Secretion from this spreads as a thin film on denture
which aids in retention
 It should be relieved in a patient with thick ropy saliva.

76. TORUS PALATINUS
 This is a hard bony enlargement that occurs in midline of
the roof of the mouth
 Found in about 20% of population.
 FEMALE : MALE RATION 2:1

77. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
 Relief is indicated for less extensive tori, and surgical
removal for more extensive tori.
 Removed when it has undercuts , if impedes the normal
movement of tongue , or if act as fulcrum.

78. ANATOMY OF LIMITING STRUCTURES
 Limiting structures: To determine and confine the extent
of denture:
1. Labial frenum
2. Labial vestibule
3. Buccal frenum
4. Buccal vestibule
5. Hamular notch
6. Vibrating line

79. LABIAL FRENUM
 The upper medial labial frenum, or frenulum, is a fold of
mucous membrane that overlies loose connective tissue .
 It contains no muscle fibers and insert in a vertical direction
 It anchors the upper lip to the gingiva.
 The frenum can vary in size
 Can be single or multiple
 In many edentulous patients, resorption of the alveolar bone
brings the crest of the alveolar ridge closer to the frenum.

80. CLINICAL CONSIDERATION
• Lip should be streched horizontally outwards for proper
recording of frenum

81. The labial notch must be wide and deep enough to allow the frenum
to pass through the lips without the manipulation of the lip

82. When it is abnormally large, it extends to the interdental papilla between the two
central incisors. An enlarged upper median labial frenum is frequently found in
association with a diastema .

83. LABIAL VESTIBULE
 Definition
 The portion of the oral cavity that is bounded on one side by
teeth , gingiva, and alveolar ridge(in edentulous mouth ,
residual ridge) and on other by lips anterior to buccal frenum.
GPT8
 Main , muscle of lip which forms the outer surface of
vestibule is orbicularis oris
 Its tone depends on the support given by labial denture flange
and position of teeth

84. HISTOLOGY
 The mucous membrane lining the vestibule is thin with
an epithelium that is non keratinized (lining mucosa)
 Submucosal layer is thick and contains large amount of
loose areolar tissue and elastic fibres.

85. FORNIX  The fornix of the vestibule is
the site where the mucous
membrane lining of the lips
and cheeks reflects and joins
the unattached gingiva, or
alveolar mucosa.
 The depth of the vestibule in
the upper and lower jaws is
determined by the site of the
fornix.

86. if while taking an upper impression, the lips are pulled
vertically instead of horizontally
artificially increase the depth of the vestibule
the denture will extend into the subcutaneous space
irritation of the mucosa / alteration of the facial appearance.

87.  Following extraction of teeth, alveolar bone undergoes
resorption and therefore the depth of the vestibule
become shallower.
 Surgical creation of a new fornix is required.

88. BUCCAL FRENUM
 The buccal frenum is a band of tissue that overlies the levator
anguli oris muscle.
 It is sometime single fold of mucous membrane , sometime
double and sometime broad and fan shaped
 Buccal frenum is part of continuous band of tissue going from
maxilla through the modiolous in the corner of the mouth to
the buccal frenum on the mandible .

89.  It has attachment of following muscles
• Levator anguli oris: affects the position of frenum
• Orbicularis oris: pulls the frenum forwards
• Buccinator: pulls frenum in backward

90. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
 For the proper action of these muscles , proper clearance
should be provided in the denture
 Inadequate provision can cause dislodgement

91.  Cheek is elevated and then pulled outward, downward,
and inward and moved backward and forward to simulate
movement of frenum

92. BUCCAL VESTIBULE
 The buccal vestibule lies opposite the tuberosity
 extends from the buccal frenum to hamular notch
 the size of buccal vestibule varies with the
1. contraction of buccinator muscle ,
2. the position of mandible, and the
3. amount of bone lost from of the maxilla

93.  The size and the shape of the distal end of buccal flange
must be adjusted to accommodate ramus ,coronoid
process and masseter muscle in function
 When mandible is wide opened and moved laterally, the
width and height of this area is reduced.
 When masseter muscle contracts under heavy closing
prrssures it also reduces this space

94. CORONO-MAXILLARY SPACE
 The corono-maxillary space is that anatomic region that lies
medial to coronoid process ,lateral to maxillary tuberosity
and bounded anteriorly by base of zygomatic process and
posteriorly by pterygo-maxillary / hamular notch.

95.  Two types of individual anatomical variations can affect the
size of this space:
 With vertical variations, the space increases or does not vary
when the mouth is opened; therefore, the prosthesis border
must be thicker to obtain adequate retention.
 With lateral variations, the corono maxillary space is
reduced when the mouth is opened; therefore, the prosthesis
border must be thin.

97. The use of a mouth mirror provides adequate
information about the height of this space

98.  a diagnostic technique—a space impression tool—
has been proposed to clinically delineate the type of
space present and to help visualize dimensions.
 This technique consists of the use of a modified
tongue blade
 that, in conjunction with low-fusing impression
compound

99.  If the coronomaxillary space broadens or maintains
its size when the mouth is opened
 it is advisable not to have the patient open the
mouth wide, to protrude to move laterally during
border molding or impression procedures.
 A gentle molding of the region by pulling the cheek
out, down, and in will yield more successful results.

100.  For the patients, where opening the mandible can
result in narrowing of the space
 Border molding procedures in this region should
include opening and closing together with
protrusion and lateral movements of the jaw.

101. HAMULAR NOTCH
 Lying between maxillary tuberosity and pterygoid hamulus is a groove
called the hamular notch.
 distolateral border of denture should rest in hamular notch
 it is the soft area of loose areolar tissue , so can be displaced to achieve the
posterior palatal seal
 it is located by T-shaped burnisher or mouth mirror

102. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
 Over extension can cause soreness due to pressure on
hamular process and interference of pterygomandibular
raphe
 If under extended or rest on tuberosity it will lost
retentive properties as the tissue there is non resilient and
border seal could not be achieved

103. POSTERIOR PALATAL SEAL
 It is defined as “ the soft tissues along the junction of the
hard and soft palates on which pressure within the
physiologic limits of the tissues can be applied by a
denture to aid in the retention of the denture.” GPT

104. RELEVANCE
 At the posterior aspect of the denture there is no cheek tissue
to seal the denture border , therefore provide optimum
retention.
 Horizontal forces and lateral torqueing of maxillary denture
can only be resisted by adequate border seal
 Terminating the denture borders at soft tissue will allow the
mucosa to move with the denture base during function and
thereby maintaining denture seal .

105. FUNCTIONS
 Primary purpose is retention of maxillary denture
 Maintains contact with the anterior portion of the soft palate
 the seal prevents passage of air between the denture and the
tissues ..
 Reduces the patient awareness to this area and also
subsequent reduction in area in gag reflex.
 Reduces the food accumulation beneath the posterior aspect
of denture.

106.  Reduces the patient discomfort
 Compensate for the volumetric shrinkage
 Creates a partial vacuum that only gets activated when
horizontal and tipping forces are directed against the
denture base

107.  The range of the soft palate movement and the degree of
displaceability of seal area differ in every individual
 House classification: (based on the angle that soft palate
makes with the hard palate and the soft palate muscle
activity that is essential to establish velo phayngeal)
closure
 Class I
 Class ii
 Class iii

108.  •In class I, the soft palate is horizontal as it extends
 It extends posteriorly, requiring minimal muscular
activity for velopharyngeal closure
 Allows more than 5 mm of seal area

109.  Class II type of soft palatal contour lie somewhere
between
class I and class III classes
 allows 1 to 5 mm of seal area

110.  In class III, the soft palate is more acute in relation to
the hard palate
 necessitating marked elevation of the musculature for
velopharyngeal closure
 permits a narrow seal of less than 1 mm

111.  The posterior palatal seal is
divided into two.
 The postpalatal seal
extends medially from one
tuberosity to the other.
 Laterally, the
pterygomaxillary seal
extends
 through hamular notch
continuing for 3 to 4 mm
anterolaterally
approximating the
mucogingival junction

112. SIGNIFICANCE
 Notch is covered by pterygomandibular fold, which
extends from the posterior aspect of the tuberosity
posterior – inferiorly to insert into retromolar pad.
 The fold of tissue can influence the posterior border seal
if the mouth is in a wide open position during the final
impression procedure..

113. VIBRATING LINES
 Anterior vibrating line is an imaginary line located at
the junction of the attached tissues overlying the hard
palate and movable tissues of the immediately adjacent
soft palate.
 This should not be confused with the junction of soft and
hard palate.
 It is always present on soft palate.

114.  How to locate anterior vibrating line?
 Ask the patient to perform valsalva maneuver , which
requires both nostrils be held firmly while patient blows
gently from nose.
 And can be visualized by instructing the patient to say
“ah” with short vigorous burst.

116.  Posterior vibrating line is an imaginary line at the
junction of aponeurosis of tensor veli palatine and
muscular portion of soft palate.
 It marks the most distal extension of denture base.
 How to locate posterior vibrating line?
 It can visualized by instructing the patient to say “ah” in
short burst in normal , un – exaggerated fashion.

117. Patient position during impression making of palatal
seal area
 this region should be recorded in function.
Therefore, an impression should be made when
 the patient is seated in upright position with head
flexed 30 degree forward, below FH plane to allow
the soft palate to reach its functionally depressed
position.
 The patients tongue should be placed under
tension against either the handle of the impression
tray or the dentist's finger .

118. REFERENCE
 BOUCHER’ S Prosthodontic treatment of edentulous patients (9th ,11th
and 12th edition 13th edition
 SHELDON WINKLER essentials of complete denture prosthodontics(2nd
edition)
 CHARLES M HEARTWELL syllabus of complete denture (4th edition)
 ORBAN’S oral histology and embryology(14th edition)
 ARTHUR O RAHN textbook of complete denture(6th edition)
 Coronomaxillary space and its significance in complete denture
retention-Case reportsJuly 2012General Dentistry 60(4):e263-
7SourcePubMed
 doi: 10.1007/s13191-012-0169-yThe Incisive Papilla: A
Significant Landmark in ProsthodonticsE. G. R. Solomon1 and K.
S. Arunachalam2
 https://www.ijoprd.com/doi/IJOPRD/pdf/10.5005/jp-journals-
10019-1020 posterior palatal seal a literture review