2. Self interest theory The definitional argument The evolutionary argument The hidden benefits argument The fear of punishment argument
3. The definitional argument It is true by definition that everyone is selfish Do whatever they want to do and end up doing what they want to do Criticisms If all people are selfish, no one can be described as selfish
4. The evolutionary argument naturally selfish creatures who are programmed to pursue their own interests. to survive and passes the gene in next generation Criticism Empathy and altruism
5. The hidden benefits argument Hidden benefits – i.e. gratitude, praise and positive image of themselves Mother’s love toward children Criticism Does not work in some specific situation
6. The Fear of punishment argument Keeps people in a line prevents them doing wrong Laws and polices Criticism No reason to think all good behavior is motivated by fear.
7. Utilitarianism Deceptively simple theory of ethics We should seek the “greatest happiness of the greatest number” Late 18th century and early 19th century Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill Good or Bad things – whether increase or decrease happiness
8. Arguments in favor of Utilitarianism Simple and coherent theory Democratic theory Rational theory Egalitarian theory
