civil engineering irrigation lecture

1. WATER BUDGET OF PAKISTAN

2. • Low agricultural productivity
• Increasing population pressure
• Dwindling land for agriculture
• Shrinking water resources
• Limiting/diminishing energy resources
 Shortage of electricity
 High cost of diesel
• High water losses in irrigation system
• Over exploitation of groundwater
PAKISTAN’S AGRICULTURE
CHALLENGES

3. WATER CRISIS IN PAKISTAN
(AFTER INDUS WATER TREATY- 1961)
 Deprivation from water of eastern rivers (20 MAF)
 Water logging, salinity & sodicity
 Increase in domestic and industrial requirement
 Deterioration of groundwater quality
 Increase in demand of irrigation water
 Persistent drought

4. Cereal Requirement Status of Selected Countries by 2025
Deficit/Surplus (MMT)
18.7
15.3
22.1
-11
-7.4
-1.6
-2.4
-15
-10
-5
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5
10
15
20
25
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ISSUES

5. ISSUES (Cont’d)
103
150
1,200 m3
2006
CANAL
DIVERSION
(MAF)

6. PAKISTAN WATER BUDGET - INDUS BASIN IRRIGATION SYSTEM
SHRINKING WATER RESOURCES

7. OVER EXPLOITATION OF GROUNDWATER
(Tubewells Growth)
957,916
Electricity,
128,823 (13%)
Diesel
829,093
(87%)

8.  Productivity Enhancement in Canal and Non-Canal
Command areas (marginal land and water
conditions)and desert and semi desert areas
through Water Saving Technologies and Practices
in order to:
 foster sustainable food security
 improve livelihoods
 reduce poverty
 environment friendly agriculture
OPTION

9. Water Saving Technologies
( For Desert and Arid Agriculture)

10. POTENTIAL DESERT AREAS
Desert Province Area (MA)
Cholistan Punjab 6.4
Thal Punjab 5.7
Pachad/Hill Torrent areas
(D.I. Khan, DG Khan,
Rajan Pur etc.)
Punjab & NWFP 0.6
Thar Sindh 10.6
Chagi-Kharan Balochistan 1.5
Others 3.0
Total 27.8

11. Challenges and Issues
 Scarcity of irrigation water
 High cost of development of irrigation schemes
 Colossal loss of land due Water and Wind erosion
 Undulated topography
 Limited infrastructural facilities
 Heavy farm machinery requirements for traditional
cultivation
POTENTIAL DESERT AREAS

12. DEVELOPMENT OF DESERT AGRICULTURE
SUCCESS STORIES
Desert Crops Grown
Ghobi Desert, China Cotton & Tomato
Sanai Desert, Israel/Egypt Fruits & Vegetables
Alien Desert, UAE Fruits, Vegetables, Fodder
Rajistan Desert, India Fruits, Vegetables, Oil Seeds
Dasht-e-Kavir & Qir Qazim, Iran High Value Crops

13. CHALLENGES AND ISSUES
 Scarcity of irrigation water
 High cost of development of irrigation schemes
 Colossal loss of land due water and wind erosion
 Undulated topography
 Prevailing poverty
 Limited infrastructural facilities
 Frequent weather/climate changes
 Heavy farm machinery requirements for cultivation
 Scattered and small holdings
 Shortage of skilled and unskilled labour
 Poor access to inputs

14. DEVELOPMENT OPTIONS
 Supply of canal water to the desert/semi-desert areas
 Establishment of mini dams, check dams, dugwells, lift irrigation schemes etc.
 Construction and renovation of water storage ponds, underground tanks
(Kunds), and Tobas by use of cost effective lining/layering materials (e.g.
HDPE/plastic sheets etc.)
 Adoption of Resource Conservation Technology
 Use of alternative energy sources (solar and wind) powered pumps for
conveyance of water from water storage tanks to fields by use of drip/sprinkler
and Flexible Gated Pipes
 Management of groundwater by treated, cyclic and conjunctive use

15. Ongoing Development Strategies
• Construction of Large and Small Dams
• Construction of New Canal Systems
– Greater Thal Canal (GTC) - Punjab
– Katchi Canal - Balochistan
– Rainee Canal - Sindh
– Chasma Right Bank Canal (CRBC) - KPK

16. GREATER THAL CANAL PROJECT

17. MAIN CANAL HEAD REGULATOR

18. MAIN CANAL

19. NURPUR Dy OF PHASE - I

20. TEMPORARY PIPE OUTLET

25. WAY FORWARD
• National Water Policy
• Provincial Water Visions in Accordance with
Post IWT Scenario 1961 – Indus Water
Apportionment Accord 1991 (CBM’s)
• Creation of Think tank ( Planning Commission,
HEC, Universities, PEC, PSAE) for Water
Resources Development and Management

26.  Desert areas may be developed following the models of Alien (UAE),
Sanai (Israel/Egypt), Ghobi (China), Rajasthan (India), and Dasht-e-
Kavir (Iran)
 Feasibility study and preparation of development projects for
Conservation Agriculture may be carried-out through involvement of
private sector (consultants/companies e.g. PSAE,SACAN etc.)
 A body on the pattern of Thal Development Authority and Arid Land
Development Authority, India may be constituted under the
Supervision of Prime Minister at federal and CMs at provincial levels.
 A project for development of 50,000 acres at Head, Tail and Middle of
Thal desert, with main focus on GTC area, may be launched
 Outsource the project implementation to the private sector following
the example of Rajistan Development in India with full support from
public sector
WAY FORWARD (Cont’d)