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1. General questions
When meeting with faculty members or hiring managers for the college
or university you're interviewing with, you can expect basic questions
that help the employer get to know you. The following examples are
basic questions the interviewer is likely to ask:
Variations of "Tell me about yourself"
Interviewers may ask "Tell me about yourself" in various versions, including:
• I have your resume in front of me but tell me more about yourself.
• Take me through your resume.
• I'd love to learn more about your journey.
• Tell me a little bit more about your background.
• Describe yourself.
• Tell me something about yourself that's not on your resume.
How to answer "Tell me about yourself"
How you respond to "Tell me about yourself" may determine how
successful the rest of your interview is. When you practice your answer,
you want to tell a great story about yourself that you can share in two
minutes or less. Follow these steps to prepare your response:
• Mention experiences and successes as they relate to the job.
• Consider how your current job relates to the job for which you're
applying.
• Focus on strengths and abilities supported with examples.
• Highlight your personality.
• Format your response (present, past and future)

2. Example answers to "Tell me about yourself"
Sometimes seeing an example can be helpful, though each person's "tell
me about yourself" answer will be different. Below are a few short
scripts showing how this question can highlight someone's strengths
supported by successful results in less than two minutes:
Here's an example response from a candidate who's applying to work in
the health care industry:
• "I began my career in IT, but a few years ago, my professional interests
shifted to the teaching industry. I've always been skilled at bringing
people together and working toward common goals. My experience
successfully leading teams and managing students led me to consider
working as faculty, and I've been building a career as Assistant.
Professor for last 6 months. In my current role at SIMS, my work
efficiency had improved a lot.
15 Associate Professor Interview Questions (With
Example Answers)
What led you to pursue a career in academia?
• I have always been passionate about teaching and research. I enjoy
working with students and helping them to grow and develop as
scholars. I also love the challenge of conducting research and
discovering new knowledge. Pursuing a career in academia allows me
to combine both of these passions and to work in an environment
that is constantly stimulating and challenging.”

3. What are the biggest challenges you face in your role as an associate
professor?
“The biggest challenges I face in my role as an associate professor are:
• Maintaining a high level of research productivity. In order to be
successful in academia, it is essential to maintain a strong research
program. This can be challenging at times, especially when teaching
and service responsibilities take up a significant amount of time.
• Finding the right balance between teaching and research. It is
important to be effective in both teaching and research in order to be
successful in academia. However, it can be difficult to find the right
balance between the two. Teaching demands a lot of time and
energy, while research requires a significant amount of dedicated
time as well.
• Dealing with administrative duties and responsibilities. As an
associate professor, I am responsible for a number of administrative
duties and responsibilities. These can include everything from serving
on committees to advising students. While these duties are important,
they can also be time-consuming and challenging to manage.”
What is the most rewarding aspect of your job?
• “There are many rewarding aspects to my job as an associate
professor. I enjoy working with students and helping them to grow
and learn. I also enjoy the challenge of conducting research and
contributing to the advancement of knowledge. Additionally, I find it
gratifying to be able to share my expertise with others through
teaching and writing.”

4. What do you think are the biggest benefits of serving as an associate
professor?
“The biggest benefits of serving as an associate professor are the
opportunity to work with students and help them grow academically, the
chance to conduct research and contribute to knowledge in your field, and
the ability to serve as a mentor to junior faculty. As an associate professor,
you also have the opportunity to shape the curriculum and contribute to the
overall direction of the department or program.”
What do you think are the biggest challenges faced by new or current
academic administrators?
“There are many challenges faced by academic administrators, both new
and current. Some of the biggest challenges include:
-Ensuring that the institution's academic programs are of high quality and
meet accreditation standards
-Hiring and retaining qualified faculty members
-Developing and managing budgets
-Working with other administrators to ensure that the institution runs
smoothly and efficiently”.
Q #1) What is DBMS used for?
Answer: DBMS, commonly known as Database Management System, is an
application system whose main purpose revolves around the data. This is a
system that allows its user to store the data, define it, retrieve it and
update the information about the data inside the database.
Q #2) What is meant by a Database?
Answer: In simple terms, Database is a collection of data in some
organized way to facilitate its user’s to easily access, manage and upload
the data.

5. Q #3) Why is the use of DBMS recommended? Explain by listing some of its
major advantages.
Answer: Some of the major advantages of DBMS are as follows:
• Controlled Redundancy: DBMS supports a mechanism to
control the redundancy of data inside the database by
integrating all the data into a single database and as data is
stored at only one place, the duplicity of data does not happen.
• Data Sharing: Sharing of data among multiple users
simultaneously can also be done in DBMS as the same
database will be shared among all the users and by different
application programs.
• Backup and Recovery Facility: DBMS minimizes the pain of
creating the backup of data again and again by providing a
feature of ‘backup and recovery’ which automatically creates
the data backup and restores the data whenever required.
• Enforcement of Integrity Constraints: Integrity Constraints are
very important to be enforced on the data so that the refined
data after putting some constraints are stored in the database
and this is followed by DBMS.
• Independence of data: It simply means that you can change the
structure of the data without affecting the structure of any of
the application programs.
Q #4) What is the purpose of normalization in DBMS?
Answer: Normalization is the process of analyzing the relational schemas
which are based on their respective functional dependencies and the
primary keys in order to fulfill certain properties.
The properties include:
• To minimize the redundancy of the data.
• To minimize the Insert, Delete and Update Anomalies.
Q #6) What is the purpose of SQL?
Answer: SQL stands for Structured Query Language whose main purpose is
to interact with the relational databases in the form of inserting and
updating/modifying the data in the database.
Q #7) Explain the concepts of a Primary key and Foreign Key.
Answer: Primary Key is used to uniquely identify the records in a database
table while Foreign Key is mainly used to link two or more tables together,
as this is a particular field(s) in one of the database tables which are the
primary key of some other table.
Example: There are 2 tables – Employee and Department. Both have one
common field/column as ‘ID’ where ID is the primary key of
the Employee table while this is the foreign key for the Department table.
Q #8) What are the main differences between Primary key and Unique Key?
Answer: Given below are few differences:

6. • The main difference between the Primary key and Unique key is
that the Primary key can never have a null value while the
Unique key may consist of null value.
• In each table, there can be only one primary key while there
can be more than one unique key in a table.

7. Simple Queries:
1. List all the employee details
2. List all the department details
3. List all job details
4. List all the locations
5. List out first name, last name, salary, commission for all employees
6. List out employee_id, last name, department id for all employees and rename
employee id as "ID of the employee", last name as "Name of the employee",
department id as "department ID"
7. List out the employees annual salary with their names only.
O/P:
1. SQL > Select * from employee;
2. SQL > Select * from department;
3. SQL > Select * from job;
4. SQL > Select * from loc;
5. SQL > Select first_name, last_name, salary, commission from employee;
6. SQL > Select employee_id "id of the employee", last_name "name",
department;
id as "department id" from employee;
7. SQL > Select last_name, salary*12 "annual salary" from employee;
Where Conditions:
8. List the details about "SMITH"
9. List out the employees who are working in department 20
10. List out the employees who are earning salary between 3000 and 4500
11. List out the employees who are working in department 10 or 20
12. Find out the employees who are not working in department 10 or 30
13. List out the employees whose name starts with "S"
14. List out the employees whose name start with "S" and end with "H"
15. List out the employees whose name length is 4 and start with "S"
16. List out the employees who are working in department 10 and draw the
salaries
more than 3500
17. list out the employees who are not receiving commission.
O/P:
8. SQL > Select * from employee where last_name='SMITH';
9. SQL > Select * from employee where department_id=20
10. SQL > Select * from employee where salary between 3000 and 4500
11. SQL > Select * from employee where department_id in (20,30)
12. SQL > Select last_name, salary, commission, department_id from employee
where department_id not in (10,30)
13. SQL > Select * from employee where last_name like 'S%'
14. SQL > Select * from employee where last_name like 'S%H'
15. SQL > Select * from employee where last_name like 'S___'

8. 16. SQL > Select * from employee where department_id=10 and salary>3500
17. SQL > Select * from employee where commission is Null
Order By Clause:
18. List out the employee id, last name in ascending order based on the
employee id.
19. List out the employee id, name in descending order based on salary column
20. list out the employee details according to their last_name in ascending order
and
salaries in descending order
21. list out the employee details according to their last_name in ascending order
and
then on department_id in descending order.
O/P:
18. SQL > Select employee_id, last_name from employee order by employee_id
19. SQL > Select employee_id, last_name, salary from employee order by salary
desc
20. SQL > Select employee_id, last_name, salary from employee order by
last_name,
salary desc
21. SQL > Select employee_id, last_name, salary from employee order by
last_name,
department_id desc
PYTHON
1. What is Python?
• Python is a high-level, interpreted, interactive, and object-
oriented scripting language. It uses English keywords frequently.
Whereas, other languages use punctuation, Python has fewer
syntactic constructions.
• Python is designed to be highly readable and compatible with
different platforms such as Mac, Windows, Linux, Raspberry Pi, etc.

9. 2. Why Python is an interpreted language. Explain.
An interpreted language is any programming language that executes its
statements line by line. Programs written in Python run directly from the source
code, with no intermediary compilation step.
What are the Key features of Python?
The key features of Python are as follows:
• Python is an interpreted language, so it doesn’t need to be compiled
before execution, unlike languages such as C.
• Python is dynamically typed, so there is no need to declare a variable
with the data type. Python Interpreter will identify the data type on
the basis of the value of the variable.
For example, in Python, the following code line will run without any error:
a = 100
a = "Intellipaat"

10. • Python follows an object-oriented programming paradigm with the
exception of having access specifiers. Other than access specifiers
(public and private keywords), Python has classes, inheritance, and all
other usual OOPs concepts.
• Python is a cross-platform language, i.e., a Python program written
on a Windows system will also run on a Linux system with little or no
modifications at all.
• Python is literally a general-purpose language, i.e., Python finds its
way in various domains such as web application development,
automation, Data Science, Machine Learning, and more.
What is PYTHONPATH?
PYTHONPATH has a role similar to PATH. This variable tells Python Interpreter
where to locate the module files imported into a program. It should include the
Python source library directory and the directories containing Python source
code. PYTHONPATH is sometimes preset by Python Installer.
12. What is a dictionary in Python?
Python dictionary is one of the supported data types in Python. It is an unordered
collection of elements. The elements in dictionaries are stored as key-value pairs.
Dictionaries are indexed by keys.
For example, below we have a dictionary named ‘dict’. It contains two keys,
Country and Capital, along with their corresponding values, India and New Delhi.
Syntax:
dict={‘Country’:’India’,’Capital’:’New Delhi’, }
13. What are functions in Python?
A function is a block of code which is executed only when a call is made to the
function. def keyword is used to define a particular function as shown below:
def function():

11. print("Hi, Welcome to Intellipaat")
function(); # call to the function
Output:
Hi, Welcome to Intellipaat
15. What are the common built-in data types in Python?
Python supports the below-mentioned built-in data types:
Immutable data types:
• Number
• String
• Tuple
Mutable data types:
• List
• Dictionary
• set
How does break, continue, and pass work?
These statements help to change the phase of execution from the normal flow
that is why they are termed loop control statements.
Python break: This statement helps terminate the loop or the statement and
pass the control to the next statement.
Python continue: This statement helps force the execution of the next iteration
when a specific condition meets, instead of terminating it.
Python pass: This statement helps write the code syntactically and wants to skip
the execution. It is also considered a null operation as nothing happens when you
execute the pass statement.

12. How can you randomize the items of a list in place in
Python?
This can be easily achieved by using the Shuffle() function from
the random library as shown below:
from random import shuffle
List = ['He', 'Loves', 'To', 'Code', 'In', 'Python']
shuffle(List)
print(List)
What are negative indexes and why are they used?
To access an element from ordered sequences, we simply use the index of the
element, which is the position number of that particular element. The index
usually starts from 0, i.e., the first element has index 0, the second has 1, and so
on.

13. --------------MACHINE LEARNING------------
What do you understand by Machine learning?
Machine learning is the form of Artificial Intelligence that deals with system
programming and automates data analysis to enable computers to learn and act
through experiences without being explicitly programmed.
For example, Robots are coded in such a way that they can perform the tasks based
on data they collect from sensors. They automatically learn programs from data and
improve with experiences
What is the difference between Data Mining and Machine
Learning?
Data mining can be described as the process in which the structured data tries to
abstract knowledge or interesting unknown patterns. During this process, machine
learning algorithms are used.
Machine learning represents the study, design, and development of the algorithms
which provide the ability to the processors to learn without being explicitly
programmed.
What is the meaning of Overfitting in Machine learning?
Overfitting can be seen in machine learning when a statistical model describes random
error or noise instead of the underlying relationship. Overfitting is usually observed
when a model is excessively complex. It happens because of having too many
parameters concerning the number of training data types. The model displays poor
performance, which has been overfitted.
What is the method to avoid overfitting?
Overfitting occurs when we have a small dataset, and a model is trying to learn from
it. By using a large amount of data, overfitting can be avoided. But if we have a small
database and are forced to build a model based on that, then we can use a technique
known as cross-validation. In this method, a model is usually given a dataset of a
known data on which training data set is run and dataset of unknown data against
which the model is tested. The primary aim of cross-validation is to define a dataset to
"test" the model in the training phase. If there is sufficient data, 'Isotonic Regression'
is used to prevent overfitting.

14. Differentiate supervised and unsupervised machine
learning.
o In supervised machine learning, the machine is trained using labeled data. Then
a new dataset is given into the learning model so that the algorithm provides a
positive outcome by analyzing the labeled data. For example, we first require to
label the data which is necessary to train the model while performing
classification.
o In the unsupervised machine learning, the machine is not trained using labeled
data and let the algorithms make the decisions without any corresponding
output variables.
What are the different types of Algorithm methods in
Machine Learning?
The different types of algorithm methods in machine earning are:
o Supervised Learning
o Semi-supervised Learning
o Unsupervised Learning
o Transduction
o Reinforcement Learning
How do classification and regression differ?
Classification Regression
o Classification is the task to predict a
discrete class label.
o Regression is the task to
predict a continuous quantity.
o A classification having problem with two
classes is called binary classification, and
more than two classes is called multi-
class classification
o A regression problem
containing multiple input
variables is called a
multivariate regression
problem.

15. o Classifying an email as spam or non-
spam is an example of a classification
problem.
o Predicting the price of a stock
over a period of time is a
regression problem.
What are the five popular algorithms we use in Machine
Learning?
Five popular algorithms are:
o Decision Trees
o Probabilistic Networks
o Neural Networks
o Support Vector Machines
o Nearest Neighbor
What are the common ways to handle missing data in a
dataset?
Missing data is one of the standard factors while working with data and handling. It is
considered as one of the greatest challenges faced by the data analysts. There are
many ways one can impute the missing values. Some of the common methods to
handle missing data in datasets can be defined as deleting the rows, replacing with
mean/median/mode, predicting the missing values, assigning a unique category,
using algorithms that support missing values, etc.
What do you understand by Decision Tree in Machine
Learning?
Decision Trees can be defined as the Supervised Machine Learning, where the data is
continuously split according to a certain parameter. It builds classification or regression
models as similar as a tree structure, with datasets broken up into ever smaller subsets
while developing the decision tree. The tree can be defined by two entities,
namely decision nodes, and leaves. The leaves are the decisions or the outcomes, and
the decision nodes are where the data is split. Decision trees can manage both
categorical and numerical data.

16. What do you know about Bayesian Networks?
Bayesian Networks also referred to as 'belief networks' or 'casual networks', are used
to represent the graphical model for probability relationship among a set of variables.
For example, a Bayesian network can be used to represent the probabilistic
relationships between diseases and symptoms. As per the symptoms, the network can
also compute the probabilities of the presence of various diseases.
Efficient algorithms can perform inference or learning in Bayesian networks. Bayesian
networks which relate the variables (e.g., speech signals or protein sequences) are
called dynamic Bayesian networks.
----------------DATA ANALYTICS--------------
-
What is Data Analysis?
Data analysis is basically a process of analyzing, modeling, and interpreting data to
draw insights or conclusions. With the insights gained, informed decisions can be
made. It is used by every industry, which is why data analysts are in high demand. A
Data Analyst's sole responsibility is to play around with large amounts of data and
search for hidden insights. By interpreting a wide range of data, data analysts assist
organizations in understanding the business's current state.
1. What are the responsibilities of a Data Analyst?
Some of the responsibilities of a data analyst include:
• Collects and analyzes data using statistical techniques and reports the results
accordingly.
• Interpret and analyze trends or patterns in complex data sets.
• Establishing business needs together with business teams or management teams.
• Find opportunities for improvement in existing processes or areas.
• Data set commissioning and decommissioning.
• Follow guidelines when processing confidential data or information.
• Examine the changes and updates that have been made to the source production
systems.
• Provide end-users with training on new reports and dashboards.
• Assist in the data storage structure, data mining, and data cleansing.

17. Write some key skills usually required for a data analyst.
Some of the key skills required for a data analyst include:
• Knowledge of reporting packages (Business Objects), coding languages (e.g., XML,
JavaScript, ETL), and databases (SQL, SQLite, etc.) is a must.
• Ability to analyze, organize, collect, and disseminate big data accurately and
efficiently.
• The ability to design databases, construct data models, perform data mining, and
segment data.
• Good understanding of statistical packages for analyzing large datasets (SAS, SPSS,
Microsoft Excel, etc.).
• Effective Problem-Solving, Teamwork, and Written and Verbal Communication
Skills.
• Excellent at writing queries, reports, and presentations.
• Understanding of data visualization software including Tableau and Qlik.

18. • The ability to create and apply the most accurate algorithms to datasets for finding
solutions.
3. What is the data analysis process?
Data analysis generally refers to the process of assembling, cleaning, interpreting,
transforming, and modeling data to gain insights or conclusions and generate
reports to help businesses become more profitable. The following diagram
illustrates the various steps involved in the process:
• Collect Data: The data is collected from a variety of sources and is then
stored to be cleaned and prepared. This step involves removing all missing
values and outliers.
• Analyse Data: As soon as the data is prepared, the next step is to analyze it.
Improvements are made by running a model repeatedly. Following that, the
model is validated to ensure that it is meeting the requirements.
• Create Reports: In the end, the model is implemented, and reports are
generated as well as distributed to stakeholders.
6. What are the tools useful for data analysis?
Some of the tools useful for data analysis include:
• RapidMiner
• KNIME
• Google Search Operators
• Google Fusion Tables
• Solver
• NodeXL

19. • OpenRefine
• Wolfram Alpha
• io
• Tableau, etc.
Data Mining Data Profiling
It involves analyzing a pre-built database to
identify patterns.
It involves analyses of raw data from
existing datasets.
It also analyzes existing databases and large
datasets to convert raw data into useful
information.
In this, statistical or informative
summaries of the data are collected.
It usually involves finding hidden patterns
and seeking out new, useful, and non-trivial
data to generate useful information.
It usually involves the evaluation of
data sets to ensure consistency,
uniqueness, and logic.
------------------ANGULAR JS----------------
-
1) What is AngularJS?
AngularJS is an open-source JavaScript framework used to build rich and extensible
web applications. It is developed by Google and follows the MVC (Model View
Controller) pattern. It supports HTML as the template language and enables the
developers to create extended HTML tags which will help to represent the application's
content more clearly. It is easy to update and receive information from an HTML
document. It also helps in writing a proper maintainable architecture which can be
tested at a client-side.
2) What are the main advantages of AngularJS?
Some of the main advantages of AngularJS are given below:
o Allows us to create a single page application.
o Follows MVC design pattern.
o Predefined form validations.
o Supports animations.
o Open-source.

20. o Cross-browser compliant.
o Supports two-way data binding.
o Its code is unit testable.
3) What are the disadvantages of AngularJS?
There are some drawbacks of AngularJS which are given below:
o JavaScript Dependent
If end-user disables JavaScript, AngularJS will not work.
o Not Secured
It is a JavaScript-based framework, so it is not safe to authenticate the user through
AngularJS only.
o Time Consumption in Old Devices
The browsers on old computers and mobiles are not capable or take a little more
time to render pages of application and websites designed using the framework. It
happens because the browser performs some supplementary tasks like DOM
(Document Object Model) manipulation.
o Difficult to Learn
If you are new in AngularJS, then it will not be easy for you to deal with complex
entities such as Quite layered, hierarchically and scopes. Debugging the scope is
believed a tough task for many programmers.
4) Describe MVC in reference to angular.
AngularJS is based on MVC framework, where MVC stands for Model-View-
Controller. MVCperforms the following operations:
o A model is the lowest level of the pattern responsible for maintaining data.
o A controller is responsible for a view that contains the logic to manipulate that data. It
is basically a software code which is used for taking control of the interactions between
the Model and View.
o A view is the HTML which is responsible for displaying the data.
For example, a $scope can be defined as a model, whereas the functions written in
angular controller modifies the $scope and HTML displays the value of scope variable.

21. 5) Is AngularJS dependent on JQuery?
AngularJS is a JavaScript framework with key features like models, two-way binding,
directives, routing, dependency injections, unit tests, etc. On the other hand, JQuery is
a JavaScript library used for DOM manipulation with no two-way binding features.
6) What IDE's are currently used for the development of
AngularJS?
A term IDE stands for Integrated Development Environment. There are some IDE's
given below which are used for the development of AngularJS:
o Eclipse
It is one of the most popular IDE. It supports AngularJS plugins.
o Visual Studio
It is an IDE from Microsoft that provides a platform to develop web apps easily and
instantly.
7) What are the features of AngularJS?
Some important features of AngularJS are given below:
o MVC- In AngularJS, you just have to split your application code into MVC components,
i.e., Model, View, and the Controller.
o Validation- It performs client-side form validation.
o Module- It defines an application.
o Directive- It specifies behavior on the DOM element.
o Template- It renders the dynamic view.
o Scope- It joins the controller with the views.
o Expression- It binds application data to HTML.
o Data Binding- It creates a two-way data-binding between the selected element and
the $ctrl.orderProp model.
o Filter- It provides the filter to format data.
o Service- It stores and shares data across the application.
o Routing- It is used to build a single page application.
o Dependency Injection- It specifies a design pattern in which components are given
their dependencies instead of hard-coding them within the component.

22. o Testing- It is easy to test any of the AngularJS components through unit testing and
end-to-end testing.
-----------------------JAVA--------------------
--
List the features of Java Programming language.
There are the following features in Java Programming Language.
o Simple: Java is easy to learn. The syntax of Java is based on C++ which makes easier
to write the program in it.
o Object-Oriented: Java follows the object-oriented paradigm which allows us to
maintain our code as the combination of different type of objects that incorporates
both data and behavior.
o Portable: Java supports read-once-write-anywhere approach. We can execute the Java
program on every machine. Java program (.java) is converted to bytecode (.class) which
can be easily run on every machine.
o Platform Independent: Java is a platform independent programming language. It is
different from other programming languages like C and C++ which needs a platform
to be executed. Java comes with its platform on which its code is executed. Java doesn't
depend upon the operating system to be executed.
o Secured: Java is secured because it doesn't use explicit pointers. Java also provides the
concept of ByteCode and Exception handling which makes it more secured.

23. o Robust: Java is a strong programming language as it uses strong memory
management. The concepts like Automatic garbage collection, Exception handling, etc.
make it more robust.
o Architecture Neutral: Java is architectural neutral as it is not dependent on the
architecture. In C, the size of data types may vary according to the architecture (32 bit
or 64 bit) which doesn't exist in Java.
o Interpreted: Java uses the Just-in-time (JIT) interpreter along with the compiler for the
program execution.
Explain the step-by-step execution of Java code.
• Whenever, a program is written in JAVA, the javac
compiles it.
• The result of the JAVA compiler is the .class file or the byte
code and not the machine native code (unlike a C compiler,
for example).
• The byte code generated is a non-executable code and
needs an interpreter to execute on a machine. This
interpreter is the JVM and thus the byte code is executed by
the JVM.
• And finally, the program runs to give the desired output.

24. 7. Why is Java not considered to be 100% Object-Oriented?
Java is not 100% Object-Oriented because it makes use of 8
primitive data types. The 8 primitive data types it utilizes are:
• boolean
• byte
• char
• int
• float
• double
• long
• short
These data types are not objects.
8. What are Java wrapper classes?
Wrapper classes provide a way to use primitive data types
(like int, boolean, etc..) as objects.
Sometimes you must use wrapper classes, for example when
working with Collection objects, such as ArrayList, where primitive
types cannot be used (the list can only store objects).

25. To create a wrapper object, use the wrapper class instead of the
primitive type. To get the value, you can just print the object.
Integer sampleInt = 10;
Double sampleDouble = 10.00;
Character sampleChar = 'M';
System.out.println(sampleInt);
System.out.println(sampleDouble);
System.out.println(sampleChar);
Table of the primitive types & their associated wrapper class
9. What are constructors in Java?
Constructors refer to a block of code which is used to initialize an
object. It must have the same name as that of the class. It also has no
return type and is automatically called when an object is created.
There are 2 types of constructors: default and parameterized.

26. Default Constructors
• A default constructor is the one which does not take any
inputs.
• Default constructors are the no-argument constructors
which will be created by default in case no other
constructor is defined by the coder.
• Its main purpose is to initialize the instance variables with
the default values.
• It is majorly used for object creation.
Below is an example of a default constructor.
class NoteBook{
NoteBook(){
System.out.println("Default constructor");
} public void mymethod()
{
System.out.println("Void method of the class");
} public static void main(String args[]){
NoteBook obj = new NoteBook();
obj.mymethod();
}
}// Outputs:
// Default constructor
// Void method of the class
Parameterized Constructors
• A parameterized constructor in Java is the constructor
which is capable of initializing the instance variables with
the provided values.
• It takes arguments (parameters).
Below is an example of a parameterized constructor.

27. public class C {
int modelYear;
String modelName; public Car(int year, String name) {
modelYear = year;
modelName = name;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Car myCar = new Car(1969, "Mustang");
System.out.println(myCar.modelYear + " " + myCar.modelName);
}
}
// Outputs: 1969 Mustang
10. Explain what a Singleton class is and how to create one.
A Singleton class is a class that can only have one object (one
instance of the class) at a time.
When it’s Used
Singletons often control access to resources, such as database
connections or sockets. For example, if you have a license for only
one connection for your database or your JDBC driver has trouble
with multi-threading, the Singleton makes sure that only one
connection is made or that only one thread can access the
connection at a time.
There are 2 ways a Singleton can be created:
1. Making the constructor private.
2. Write a static method that has return type object of this
singleton class. Here, the concept of lazy initialization is
used to write this static method.

28. Singleton Using a Private Constructor
public class Singleton {
private static Singleton singleton = new Singleton( );
private Singleton() { } // so no other class can instantiate
// static instance method
public static Singleton getInstance( ) {
return singleton;
}
// Other methods protected by singleton-ness
protected static void demoMethod( ) {
System.out.println("demoMethod for singleton");
}
}
In another class:
public class SingletonDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Singleton tmp = Singleton.getInstance( );
tmp.demoMethod( );
}
}// Outputs: demoMethod for singleton
o High Performance: Java is faster than other traditional interpreted programming
languages because Java bytecode is "close" to native code. It is still a little bit slower
than a compiled language (e.g., C++).
o Multithreaded: We can write Java programs that deal with many tasks at once by
defining multiple threads. The main advantage of multi-threading is that it doesn't
occupy memory for each thread. It shares a common memory area. Threads are
important for multi-media, Web applications, etc.
o Distributed: Java is distributed because it facilitates users to create distributed
applications in Java. RMI and EJB are used for creating distributed applications. This

29. feature of Java makes us able to access files by calling the methods from any machine
on the internet.
o Dynamic: Java is a dynamic language. It supports dynamic loading of classes. It means
classes are loaded on demand. It also supports functions from its native languages, i.e.,
C and C++.
-------------WEB DEVELOPMENT--------------
It is generally expected that web developers will be able to perform the following
tasks:
• Build products using HTML, CSS, JavaScript, PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor), and other
relevant coding languages.
• Design, develop, test, debug, and deploy applications in a cross-platform, cross-
browser environment.
• Coordination with designers and programmers for the development of projects.
• Develop design specifications/patterns for optimizing web programs.
• Identifying and fixing bugs, troubleshooting, and resolving website issues.
• Taking care of the technical aspects of the site, such as its cache and performance
(which indicate how fast a site will run and how much traffic it can handle).
• Providing support and assistance with web management best practices.
• Keep up with the latest technology.
• Maintain and update websites to meet modern web standards.
• Monitor web traffic.
HTTP/2 over HTTP 1.1.
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is a set of standard protocols allowing internet
users to exchange website knowledge on WWW (World Wide Web). HTTP has gone
through four iterations since it was introduced in 1991 i.e., HTTP/0.9, HTTP/1.0,
HTTP/1.1, and HTTP/2.0. In 2015, HTTP/2 was released as a major revision to
HTTP/1.1. HTTP/2.0 has the following advantages over HTTP/1.1:

30. • ncreased performance: It was designed specifically to speed up page
loading and reduce round-trip time (RTT) for resource-intensive websites.
• Handle multiple resources: With HTTP 1.1, the web pages were
manageable simply by using HTML markups and images. But with HTTP 2.0,
there are now multiple resources available for web pages, including images,
fonts, scripts, and more. HTTP 1.1 was not designed to handle such a large
amount of resources today.
• Multiplexing: Multiplexing is fully implemented in HTTP/2. It means that
multiple requests are sent between browsers and servers simultaneously
over a single TCP connection. Consequently, several elements of a web page
can be delivered via a single TCP connection. As a result, the HTTP/1.1 head-
of-line blocking problem is resolved, in which a packet at the front of the line
blocks the transmission of other packets.
• Header Compression: HTTP 2.0 has the ability to compress HTTP headers to
reduce overhead. When HTML headers on web pages are compressed, they
can be sent between the browser and server in one trip, over a single TCP
connection.
• Server push: HTTP/2 servers are able to push resources into a browser's
cache even before they are requested. By doing this, browsers can display
content without requiring additional requests.
• Binary protocols: HTTP/2 use binary protocols, not textual. HTML/2's binary
protocols consume less bandwidth, can be parsed more efficiently, and are
less error-prone compared to HTTP/1.1's textual protocols.
HTML5 has many great features, including Web Storage, which is sometimes referred to as
DOM storage (Document Object Model Storage). Web applications can use Web Storage
to store data locally in the browser on the user/client’s side. Data is stored in the form of a
key/value pair in the user's browser. Using web storage to store data is similar to using
cookies, but web storage is faster and more convenient. Web Storage should never be
used to store sensitive data. It isn't "more secure" than cookies since it isn't transmitted
over the wire and isn't encrypted.

31. • ss. Local Storage: This storage uses Windows.localStorage object that stores
data with no expiration date. Once stored in local storage, the data will remain
available even after the user's browser is closed and reopened.
• Session Storage: This storage uses the Windows.sessionStorage object that
stores data for one or single session only. As soon as the user closes his
browser, data is lost or deleted from the browser, and the session would be
lost.
What is Type Coercion in JavaScript?
The term type coercion refers to the process of converting values from one data type
to another, either automatically or implicitly. For instance, you could convert a
number to a string, a string to a number, or a boolean to a number, etc.
Example: Number to String Conversion
<script>
// The Number 5 is converted to
// string '5' and then '+'
// concatenates both strings
const value1 = 5;
const value2 = '50';
var x = value1 + value2;
document.write(x);
</script>
Output:
550