Nursing In The 19Th Century And The 20Th Century

Nursing In The 19th Century And The 20th Century
Nursing in the 19th century compared to the 20th century
The history of nursing is an important factor that was in high demand, as it had support and major
influence during both World War 1 and 2, due to the excellent healthcare providers. In the 19th
century, women did not require a college degree to practice nursing compared to today's education
system requirements. Due to the women volunteering during the World War, as a healthcare
provider, their work was highly appreciated. In which the government made nursing a profession
within the healthcare system, as nurses were volunteer work. Dock and Stewart (1938) explain how
within the U.S and other nations, the second World War was more helpful in regard to how it pushed
each countries' respective government to provide support for nursing. In 2002, the World Health
Organization explains about the declining numbers of nurses around the world, and they also explain
how this issue needed to be fixed to prevent more negative outcomes in which can later cause more
problem like affecting patients. "Later that year, the WHO went on to publish strategic directions for
strengthening nursing and midwifery services, which provided a framework of five key result areas
to guide member states in enhancing their support of nurses and midwives" (World Health
Organization, 2010). The world health organization explains the issues regarding the declining of
nurses at the beginning of the century and how it is still declined as time passes.
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Using Microsoft Excel 2010 On The Heart Disease Mortality...
3.0 Statistics
Microsoft Excel 2010 was used to create a scatter plot of the heart disease mortality data rates
versus the total hardness of WTPs listed in Table 2.3.1. A linear regression using Microsoft Excel
Data Analysis Package, 2010 was used to find the correlation along with the R2 value and adjusted
R2 value. The R2 values represent the percent of the variance of the data explained by the fitted line.
In this case, the R2 values represent the variance in heart disease rates that can be explained by the
change in drinking water hardness. The adjusted R2 value is dependent on the number of points
within the data. The significance of the R2 value was determined by the resulting p–values. The test
was considered significant if the p–value was less than 0.05. WTPs were further divided by levels of
hardness into moderately hard, hard, and very hard classifications to check for correlations within
classifications. Linear regressions were then run on each classification. The entire statistical analysis
is shown in the Appendix.
4.0 Results
The range of water hardness of the 31 WTPs varied from 93 mg/l to 448 mg/l of total hardness with
an average value of 180 mg/l. Of the 31 plants 17 had a total hardness between 120mg/l and
160mg/l, accounting for 58% of the study area.
The total population heart disease mortality rate versus water hardness was first analyzed and a
positive correlation of 0.427 was obtained. The R2 value was found to be 0.183 indicating that
18.3% of

Child Mortality And Its Effects On Children Mortality
Child mortality is a huge issue in many parts of the world, but we mainly see higher rates of child
mortality in impoverished countries. One country in Africa that has high child mortality rates is
Somalia. Although Somalia's child mortality rates are decreasing throughout the years, Somalia still
has extremely high rates of child mortality.
According to the World Health Organization, there are numerous factors that contribute to such high
rates of child mortality and some of these contributing factors are things such as children who are
born in rural areas, poor households, or to a mother denied basic education. Along with these
factors, disease also comes into play. Some preventable and treatable diseases that are contributing
to high rates of child mortality include pneumonia which accounts for 25% of all deaths, followed
by diarrhea, pre–term birth complications and malaria (Wardheer News, 2013). Even though child
mortality rates are high, there are efforts being made in order to reduce child mortality rates and we
will explore these efforts in this paper.
To begin, we need to define child mortality so we better understand the huge impact of this issue.
Child mortality and under–5 mortality are interchangeable terms. They both refer to the death of
infants and children under the age of 5. In the U.S. this is not a major problem like we see in sub–
Saharan Africa. "Children in Sub–Saharan Africa are more than 15 times more likely to die before
the age of 5 than children

Essay on Newborn Mortality Rates In Ghana And The United...
Newborn Mortality Rates in Ghana and the United States Today
Introduction
It is frequently been suggested that the infant mortality rate (IMR) is a reliable indicator of a
country's civilization and focus on the welfare of its citizens (Berger 2001). Although global infant
mortality rates has shown steady improvement over the past century, many developing countries
continue to experience inordinately high rates compared to the world levels; surprisingly, though,
even the United States which claims to have one of the best healthcare systems in the world
continues to experience relatively high infant mortality rates, higher even than many developing
nations (Berger 2001). This paper will provide an overview of the problem, followed by ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This has translated into an overall decline of almost 90 percent (Berger 2001). The majority of this
decline in the IMR has been attributed to improvements related to urban living (for example,
sanitation, pasteurization, improved water and sewage, reduced fertility rates, and improved
economic and educational levels), followed by improved technological and public health strategies
(Berger 2001). Infant mortality rates have declined sharply in most developing countries in the past
several decades, just as they did earlier in the developed countries. The reductions in the IMR also
resulted from improvements in the prevention and treatment of diarrhea, which is a major killer of
infants in poor socioeconomic conditions (Zopf 1992). Infant Mortality in Ghana. While Ghana is
relatively small in area and population, the nation is one of the leading countries of Africa, due in
part because of its considerable natural wealth, and because it was the first black African country
south of the Sahara to achieve independence from colonial rule and to embark on its own extensive
educational and industrialization programs. Ghana became independent on March 6, 1957, and is
comprised of the former British colony of the Gold Coast and that part of Togoland which was
formerly a UN Trust Territory under British administration (Fage 2004). The current infant mortality
rates for Ghana are

Anorexia Nervos Is It Necessary?
The Problem
Insurance companies most often do not initially cover eating disorder treatment; however, there is a
higher recognition of the implications by insurance companies of anorexia nervosa than any other
eating disorder. Anorexia nervosa has been consistently associated with increased mortality, but
mortality rates of other types of eating disorders are more ambiguous. It is important to recognize
that EVERY eating disorder is a serious mental and physical illness that attributes to severe health
implications and death–not just those eating disorders classified as anorexia nervosa. Our health
system and insurance companies need to understand the seriousness of this disorder to provide better
and more comprehensive coverage for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The mortality from eating disorders is known to be elevated–this is true for all–cause mortality and
suicide, with evidence pointing to suicide mortality being higher in eating disorders than in any
other psychiatric illness. However, most mortality research concerning eating disorders directs
attention to anorexia nervosa. Limited evidence to date suggests that the mortality risk is low for
bulimia nervosa and 'eating disorder not otherwise specified' in comparison to anorexia nervosa. I
was surprised given the medical problems related with laxative abuse and purging behaviors such as
vomiting. Additionally, given the association with impulsivity, the intense mood swings, and the
anxiety seen in bulimia nervosa patients, it is bewildering that the detected suicide rates in bulimia
nervosa have not been higher. Furthermore, EDNOS, which is a catch–all diagnose for patients with
significant features of eating disorders not meeting the criteria for just AN or BN, is the most
common eating disorder diagnosis in nearly all community and clinic–based studies; and still,
virtually nothing is known about the complications associated with EDNOS, specifically mortality.
The literature on mortality in eating disorders has some limitations, including restricted numbers of
study participants with bulimia nervosa or EDNOS, the use of clinical follow–up to ascertain vital
status,

The Mortality Rate Of Ebola
Ebola is one of the most deadly diseases known to man. The mortality rate of Ebola ranges from
25% to 90% (World Health Organization [WHO], 2014; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
[CDC], 2010; Cowart, 2014). There is no cure for Ebola and no vaccine to prevent its spread (WHO,
2014; CDC, 2010; Cowart, 2014). The virus itself is spreads between organisms through bodily
fluids, such as blood and vomit, which are shed by an infected individual (WHO, 2014; CDC,
2010). These fluids typically carry a large viral load, or number of cells that harbor the virus (WHO,
2014; CDC, 2010). The virus is spread when infectious bodily fluids come into contact with mucous
membranes (WHO, 2014; CDC, 2010). As such, infection can occur when infectious fluids enter a
cut, enter intravenously, or encounter mucous membranes, such as the eyes, nose, or mouth (WHO,
2014; CDC, 2010).
Ebola is so deadly, because it basically takes control over the body's immune system (Cowart, 2014;
Sullivan, Yan, and Nabel, 2003). Since Ebola targets the immune and vascular system, it pretty
much targets all organs within the body (Cowart, 2014; Chan, 2014; Sullivan, Yan, and Nabel,
2003). According to Sullivan, Yan, and Nabel (2003), once the virus enters the body, it replicates at
an accelerated rate overwhelming the body's immune system. Upon infection with the virus, the
virus invades the body's monocytes and macrophages, which release cytokines that travel
throughout a person's vascular

The Infant Mortality Rate Is Very High And The Death Rate
oduction
There are concerns about the death rate in Zimbabwe. The infant mortality rate is very high and the
death rate is generally high compared to other developing nations within the African continent.
There are serious issues about the high death rate in the country. This has a lot to do with the
actualization of individual rights to health and medical attention by their government. The concern
also extends to the safety of the medical environment and facilities such as hospitals and research
and treatment centers. Indeed, there is a major problem concerning the availability of resources to
achieve all these as well as the intention to do so as well (Ndlovu, 2011). It is critical that at all
times, there be a situation of guaranteed standards in such institutions. The health of the community
is indeed affected by the policy decisions made by the government. While it may be difficult to
completely rule out external factors that lead to such issues in death rates and infant mortality rates;
the government ought to make steps to end such a trend.
Location and Geography of Zimbabwe Zimbabwe is located on the Southern part of Africa;
landlocked between Zambia, South Africa, Botswana and Mozambique. The country is
approximately 150,871 square miles and ranks among the largest countries in the world as number
sixty out of the one hundred and ninety six globally recognized countries. It is thus a fairly large
country but quite average in size among African nations. The country

Infant Mortality Rate ( Imr )
Infant mortality rate (IMR) in the US has been much higher than many industrialized countries as
well as some of the underdeveloped countries. Some of the differences (about 40%) in the IMR can
be explained by variations in reporting of fetal and infant death, measurement techniques and so on
(Chen, A., Oster, E., Williams, H., 2015). Moreover, high rate of premature birth (births in less than
37 weeks of gestation) in the US, is also a major contributor to high IMR. However, according to the
research by Chen and Williams found that the 60% cannot be explained by those differences. Infant
Mortality Rate is an important indicator of the effectiveness of overall health system. In developed
countries, birth defects, prematurity and other conditions of the pregnancy are the main factors
contributing to levels of IMR. Due to the current trend of deferring the pregnancy as well as an
upsurge of fertility treatments (IVF) raised the chance of having a multiple birth. Moreover, the
chance of premature birth is significantly increased with IVF treatment. In the US, IMR differs
among some segments of the population, with the highest IMR among unmarried, African–
American and low educated women (Chen, A., Oster, E., Williams, H., 2015). Although, multiple
analysis supports negative a relationship between IMR and health spending, many of the low health
spending nations have much better outcomes when it comes to IMR than countries with high level
of health care expenditures. Therefore,

Factors Affecting Population Growth
According to the book, there are three main factors that influence population growth. The first factor
the book addresses is childhood mortality. Childhood mortality refers to the amount of children who
die before age five. According to a website called ourworldindata.com, the child mortality rate in
2015 was around 4.3 percent. Childhood mortality can impact population growth because if the
mortality rate is high, the amount of childhood deaths would cause less population growth. A
decrease in childhood mortality could cause families to have smaller families since there is a higher
likelihood of their children surviving. Education is the second factor that impacts population growth.
According to the book, people who are educated tend to wait to have children or get married due to
their occupation or due to them working towards their occupation. This can impact population
growth by reducing the number of children a women has due to her getting married older, having
children when she is older, and dedicating time to work and children. Women who live in
uneducated areas tend to marry and have children around their teens, increases the population yet
also increasing poverty and lack of hygiene. The third and last factor is the lack of access to
contraceptives. According to the book, contraceptives tend to decrease the amount of children a
women has, allows more women to have children who survive the birthing process, and reduces the
amount of women who die in childbirth. This

The Pros And Cons Of Global Inequality
Global inequality is the state that the world's circumstances are unequal. Many people around the
world are facing this global issue happening. Throughout history, it is seen that ,all the provinces in
the world, have varying degrees of poverty. For my report, I will be focusing on Nepal (Asia) .
Nepal is a landlocked country in South Asia. It is home to Mt. Everest, the tallest mountain in the
world, and another 7 mountains which are among the ten tallest mountains. Nepal's capital city is
Katmandu. I will be comparing Nepal to Australia. Australia (Commonwealth of Australia) is an
island country (Oceania). Surrounded by the Pacific and Indian oceans, it is the largest country in
Oceania and 7th largest country in the world. Australia's capital is Canberra but its economical
capital is Sydney. There are many essential aspects of life which include; income, education, food
and water, health and shelter. Income is money received, especially on a regular basis, for work or
through investments. The weekly income of a laborer in Australia is $622.20 ($476.11 USD)
whereas a Nepalese laborer would make 2000 NPR ($19.31 USD) . Education is the process of
receiving or giving systematic instruction, especially at a school or university. The expected amount
of schooling years in Nepal is 12.2 years. Now, compare that to 20.4 years in Australia. The average
cost of living in Australia is $2835 ($2169.31 USD) while the cost of living in Nepal is 500 – 1100
NRs ($4.83 – $10.62

The Mortality Rate Of Humans
People recognize that death is the terminal point in the life of a physical body. In a moment, a
person 's memory, personality, and experiences all seem to disappear. It is foolish for people to live a
life unprepared for the inevitable where one 's existence ceases to exist. In fact, the mortality rate of
humans is 100 percent. Perhaps some essential part of people survive death and lives forever beyond
the grave. The truth can come from two choices– speculation or revelation. Many people believe in
the afterlife because the various religions they practice. Several religions teach that life after death
does exist. Religious belief, however, does not entirely account for all the people who believe.
Though, in a modern world, scientific ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Whether it 's heaven or hell, one's soul may be judged or evaluated on where they will arrive in the
afterlife. The way a person has conducted themselves will influence their soul's destiny after death.
What survives after the death of the body? Prominent world religions view this part of afterlife
differently. For example, Christianity has dualistic conceptions. A non–physical soul that separates
the body at death, but there are also contrasting views. For instance, many Christians believe that a
spiritual body resurrects after death. It can be physical and three–dimensional. However, but that
spiritual body is distinct from a person's current physical body. Now, Buddhists do not believe that a
body contains a soul. However, they do believe a person's karma survives death, prior sensations,
perceptions, and consciousness transmit to another physical body. The moment death occurs, it sets
in motion of an immediate retribution for the consequences of these desires or actions. Then forcing
the individual to be reborn once again into the unceasing cycle of karma and samsara. (Sumegi
2013). Religion can date back as far as homo sapiens existence (100,000 B.C.E.). People of this time
conducted burial rituals and handled the dead with care and consideration. However, it is known
they buried their dead with food, weapons, stone implements, decorative shells, and bones in the
graves with the deceased. One must presume the

Does Childhood Personality Affect Longevity Essay example
Psychology of Aging
Research Paper
Say you're the teacher of a fourth grade elementary class. The class consists of about forty kids, each
with different personalities and characteristics that make them extremely unique. Throughout the
school year you learn more about each kid. How they do in social situations? Who is the hard
worker, or leader? Through observation you identify the more optimistic students compared to the
pessimistic ones. Or introverted compared to extroverted. These are all different dispositional traits
that you have noticed through the students in your class. Now, what if I were to tell you that these
dispositional traits could play a huge role on your student's longevity? This is a question that
psychologists ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Gender differences also had to be dealt with accordingly also. Reason being, females average life
expectancy is roughly 6–10 more years (Data ranges over different countries) than males. Beginning
the experiment, one of the subject's parents was asked to sit down with the subject's teacher at that
time and together rate the subjects personality with a given 25–trait dimension. Now that all of the
participant's dispositions were categorized accordingly, the next step was to create equations that
would evaluate a person's life expectancy at different points in their lives. Although several analyses
were made during this experiment, the focal one was the hazard regression analysis. This analysis
calculated mortality rate at all different ages by closely relating it to the personality dimension of the
participant (Friedman, Tucker, Tomlinson–Keasey, Schwartz & Wingard, 1993). After running
through all the data and placing it in the appropriate equations, astounding results were revealed. As
expected woman had a greater life expectancy then men, along with showing a mortality hazard rate
that was two–thirds the rate of men. Out of the six different personalities that a subject could have
been, two tested positive to being strong predictors on influencing longevity, whether it be longer or
shorter life expectancy. These dispositions were Conscientiousness and Cheerfulness.
Conscientiousness predicted longer longevity and cheerfulness predicted a

The Infant Mortality Rate For African Americans
Literature review "Compared with European Americans, African American infants experience
disproportionately high rates of low birth weight (LBW) and preterm delivery and are more than
twice as likely to die during their 1st year of life"(Giscombé, C. L., & Lobel, M., 2005). The infant
mortality rate for African Americans is 13.7 deaths per 1000 live births, more than twice the rate
(5.7) for White Americans in the U.S. (Kung, Hoyert, Xu, & Murphy, 2008). A lot of the racial
disparity in infant mortality can be explained by low birthweight and preterm delivery, which are
also disproportionately and often experienced by African Americans (Martin et al., 2007). In
addition to infant mortality, infant survivors of LBW and preterm delivery, often experience greater
problems in childhood and adulthood. Some of these experiences include higher rates of respiratory
illness, impaired growth, cognitive and emotional deficiencies, lower academic achievement and
risk of hypertension, diabetes and mental health issues (Behrman and Butler, 2007, Conley and
Bennett, 2000 and Raikkonen et al., 2007). The Center for Disease Control (CDC) report that
African American pregnancies are at an elevated risk for poor birth outcomes. Figure 1. shows
national birth outcomes for African American, Hispanic, and Caucasian pregnancies, as reported by
the CDC in 2013:
Figure 1. Why do African Americans have a higher rate of infant mortality, low birth weights and
preterm delivery? Evidence

Premature Deaths
Background
Premature deaths are deaths that typically occur before an expected age, however many of these
deaths are deemed to be easily preventable. Premature Deaths for children tend to be of long
duration as they result in genetic and environmental factors. Specifically for children, premature
deaths range from as early as 2 months to 5 years old. Premature death started to truly became an
issue to the international community in the year of 1990. In 1990, nearly 7.6 million children died
before they were five years old, as now the number of deaths for children under the age of five has
been reduced to down to 3.7 million. Around the 18th century, nations such as India, Yemen, and
further lower developed nations (LDCs), had a child ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Approximately 5.6 million children under 5 died in the year of 2016 alone, having 2.6 children die
in their first month of birth. The primary causes of premature death among children are common
preventable symptoms such as malaria, pneumonia, birth asphyxia, diarrhoea, and preterm birth
complications. Now, the child mortality rate is 29 times greater in unindustrialized countries,
compared to industrialized nations. This result is 175 per 1000 children, compared to the number of
deaths in developing developed nations which is 6 per 1000 deaths per year. 80% of the global
number of deaths come from the regions of Sub–Saharan Africa, as well as South Asia. It is
necessary to address the fact that not only are children affected by this issue, however mothers also
play a vital aspect in this issue. Due to the chronic obstructive diseases, high consumption of
alcohol, hyperlipidemia (high levels of fat in the blood), etc. being the main causes of illness for
women, pregnant women often are not in the best condition when having a child. Both mothers, and
children, play a vital aspect in this issue, as the importance of care must be addressed to pregnant
women. The survival chances for a newborn child is not significantly high. A child's risk of dying is
most prominent is their neonatal period, which is the first 28 days of birth. As mentioned before, 2.6
million babies die every year in their

Childhood Mortality Rates in Sub-Saharan Africa Essay
Since World War II, Sub–Saharan Africa has seen notable improvements in child survival; however,
childhood mortality conditions continue to lag behind. Ghana is said to be "an island of peace and
stability" in the volatile landscape of Sub–Saharan West Africa; a success story of the World Bank
and International Monetary Fund (Atakpu, 2004). Its success has put Ghana as the leader in human
development among the countries in that region. Although, the infant mortality rate and mortality
rate of children under the age of five is still rather high compared to the rest of the world. This
problem has ranked the country as 135th out of 177countries studied for human development by
2007–2008 United Nations Human Development Report. Since child ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The World Bank has been a major contributor financially in aiding Ghana (Goldsmith, 2001) and the
country has received 37 million dollars per year from 2004 to 2007 from U.S. Agency for
international development alone (USAID, 2008). Even though the country has received large
amounts of money, the external debt that the country has acquired has kept money being spent on
social services and instead is going towards paying off the debt. The International Monetary Fund
and World Bank have allowed heavily indebted countries some debt relief which Ghana is one of
them provided that they meet certain conditions (International Monetary Fund, 2008). This should
have freed up resources to be spent on health, education and other social services but that is not
evident in the reduction of the rate of infant and child mortality rate. Disparities do exist between
regions and social classes, the richest which is comprised of 20 percent of the population have a 46
percent share of the overall consumption and income in the country (Human Development Report,
2007/2008). Ghana despite somewhat lower corruption levels, the elite class still controls the
disbursement of funds. Women, especially among the poor in rural areas remain the most
disadvantaged group with limited or little

Development Of A Forest That Is Dominated By Sugar Maple
Abstract
Students conducted research relating to mechanisms of coexistence within a forest that is dominated
by sugar maple (Acer saccharum) compared to beech (Fagus grandifolia). The objective of the study
was to test three hypotheses relating to competition within trees, maintenance along with
regeneration of sugar maple and beech within Warren Woods, located in Michigan, IL. The first
evaluated whether or not highly despotic forms of lottery completion was present, in which a few
trees ever achieve canopy. Second, in response to competition, canopy trees were evaluated in terms
of being uniformly or randomly distributed within their unique environment. Third, evidence of
tradeoffs as both types of trees make their way up to a canopy was assessed. From the plots
established and analyzing through density and frequency, students examined that sugar maple was
more abundant, viewed in large fractions among the sub–canopy classes. Beech may have had a
lower frequency, yet it had a higher density in Warren Woods. Evidence suggested that there was a
lottery competition taking place in the forest, as seen by the number of seedlings being higher than
saplings, which are greater than sub–canopies, which are greater than canopies. The evaluation of
the understory environment determined that a mechanism of coexistence, between both species, was
evident since the number of canopies was higher than that of sub–canopies. Each class appears to
coexist well with one another while

Life Span And Mortality From Physical Ailments
Life Span and Mortality from Physical Ailments in
Patients with Bipolar Disorder or Schizophrenia in Scandinavia
Chanathip Mason
Emotional & Behavioral Disorders Mental Health Theory
November 15, 2016
Fresno city College
Abstract
People who were hospitalized with mental illness had a high risk of death and short life span from
physical disorders even in Nordic or Scandinavian countries that have most socially progressive
healthcare. This research study were compared the number of deaths from circulatory system
diseases in patients with bipolar and schizophrenia and reviewed the life expectancy in these
patients. The results showed a huge decline in life expectancy of ten to twenty years in patients with
schizophrenia and slightly smaller in bipolar patients, both when compared to the general
population.
Life Span and Mortality from Physical Ailments in
Patients with Bipolar Disorder or Schizophrenia in Scandinavia The higher number of deaths from
physical disorders in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder has been well established
(Bushe et al., 2010; Manderbaka et al. , 2012). The most common cause of death such as
cardiovascular diseases in the Nordic or Scandinavian countries, that have the most socially
progressive healthcare, has dropped recently but not for men and women in the same region who
had been hospitalized due to bipolar disorder or schizophrenia. The number of deaths from
cardiovascular diseases is excessive (Osby et al.,

The Demographics Of Mclennan County
Overview PURPOSE METHOD SUMMARY HEALTH RANKING SUMMARY Community
Profile DEMOGRAPHICS The demographics of McLennan County can be found in Table 1. This
information shows the change in the demographics from 2010 to 2014. As can be seen by the chart,
there is not a huge amount of growth, but growth nonetheless. Growth and change is expected in this
county in the coming years due to new developments in the downtown area including a new
stadium, which provide opportunities to live and work closer in to downtown and property values
are also on the rise. The county values when compared with the state values are very similar. Table
1: Demographics McLennan County State Year 2014 2010 2014 Population 238,707 234,906
26,059,203 Below 18 years of age 25.1% 25.4% 26.8% 65 and older 12.9% 12.5% 10.9% Non–
Hispanic African America 14.4% 14.8% 11.6% American Indian and Alaskan Native 1.1% 0.6%
1.0% Asian 1.5% 1.4% 4.1% Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander 0.1% <18 years DSU DSU 2.5
Aged 18–44 years 12.7 16.3 17.3 Aged 45–64 years 241.8 239.2 220.5 Aged 65 years and over
1063.9 1046.7 1039.1 By Race/Ethnicity McLennan Peer Median US Median American Indian or
Alaska Native DSU 194.5 181.7 Asian or Pacific Islander DSU 137.4 99.7 Black or African
American 256.0 223.0 219.7 White 184.1 188.7 182.8 Hispanic or Latino 126.6 137.3 119.3 Not
Hispanic or Latino 199.3 195.3 187.1 By Sex McLennan Peer Median US Median Male 237.7 245.0
228.1 Female 158.8 157.9 154.7 *DSU indicates that data do

Clinical Signs, Morbidity And Mortality Rates Of Ibd
2.12. Diagnosis of IBDV 2.12.1. Field diagnosis: 2.12.1.1. Clinical signs, morbidity and mortality
rates of "IBD" infection: The incubation period of IBD varies from 2 to 4 days and the infected
chicks characterized by acute onset of depression, disinclined to move and peck at their vents
(Cosgrove., 1962). The feed intake is depressed while water consumption may be elevated at IBD
infection. And at the end of the course of the disease, birds may show sternal or later at recumbency
with coarse tremor (Hitchner., 1963). The short duration of the chemical signs, morbidity and
morbidity rates are considered a diagnostic for IBD, therefore, the affected flocks show depression
for 5–7 days during which mortality rises rapidly for the first two days then declines sharply as
clinical normally returns(Parkhurst., 1964). The pericoloacal feathers are stained with urates
(Landgraf et al., 1967). The variety of field infections especially of the respiratory system may
follow immunosppression caused by IBD (Faragher et al., 1974). Clinical IBD has been described in
15 weeks old leghorn strain pullets which showed high morbidity and moderate mortality(Ley et al.,
1979). The variants of IBD type I identified from the Delmarva Peninsula do not produce any
characteristic clinical changes during the 7 days period following exposure (Rosenberger and
Cloud., 1986). Very virulent IBDV strains have been isolated in the late 1980 's that became a
problem in Europe, several of these isolates

Cancer Deaths And Mortality Rates
Abstract
Cancer is currently considered as the primary cause of death in Canada. In 2014, cancer deaths
among female accounted for about 48% of all cancer deaths and 52% among males. (Canadian
Cancer Society, 2014). Based on the statistics, we can simply infer that generally cancer deaths in
Canada are more likely to occur in males than in females. However, will the mortality rates still
higher in male than in female by different age groups? Will the gap between cancer mortality in
male and female narrow down in younger age groups? Based on the questions above, this report
compares and examines cancer deaths and mortality rates between males and females by three
different age groups (0–19, 20–29, 30–39) to investigate one primary research ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Health Canada is the major Federal department that gathers and reports statistical information with
regard to the health care system, covering issues such as the incidence and mortality of different
kinds of diseases (Health Canada, 2014).
Further research and mortality data collection (Table 1.3–1.6) are from Canadian Cancer Statistics.
Canadian Cancer Statistics is an annual publication that started in 1987. It is established and
supported by the Canadian Cancer Society, the Public Health Agency of Canada and Statistics
Canada. The primary purpose of Canadian Cancer Statistics is to present valid statistics of mortality,
incidence and other statistical information regarding cancer to researchers, health professionals and
members of the public (Canadian Cancer Society, 2014). The data presented in Canadian Cancer
Statistics were primarily obtained from the Canadian Cancer Registry, Canadian Vital Statistics
Death database, Census and Demographics Branch at Statistics Canada (Canadian Cancer Society,
2014). The estimated cancer mortality data and tables in this report are primarily obtained from The
Canadian Vital Statistics–Death database. The Canadian Vital Statistics–Death database is generally
responsible for gathering and reporting demographic, medical and other statistical information
regarding deaths annually from all regions in Canada (Statistics

Florence Nightingale : The Joan Of Arc Of Nursing
Florence Nightingale: The Joan of Arc of Nursing Florence Nightingale is known as a pioneer of
public health. Not only was she a fantastic nurse, but aside from working directly with individuals
she also affected populations. She worked hard addressing matters of epidemiology, such as
breaking the chain of infection as well as meticulously measuring health outcomes. She utilized
mortality rates and surveillance in her research methods. Her accomplishments affected thousands of
people. Florence Nightingale was truly a hero towards public health and can be considered the "Joan
of Arc of Nursing".
Direct Care and Towards a Population
Florence Nightingale contributed to society both on a direct level with individuals but also towards
the population as a whole. Along with her efforts as a pioneer researcher, she was known as a
"military nurse" (McDonald, 2003). In 1854, British soldiers began to invade Crimea to support
Turkey. Many sick and wounded soldiers were dying without appropriate medical attention.
Nightingale and thirty–eight other nurses quickly arrived and worked in a British military hospital to
care for these soldiers. Though she put great effort into improving the conditions there, such as
adding water boilers to contribute to laundry sanitation, she spent her nights tending to the sick and
wounded soldiers. She banned other women from the ward at night and delivered all care by herself
(Cohen, 1984). Here, Florence Nightingale's nursing care was individual as it

Research Report On Neonatal Mortality
Introduction: World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that neonatal mortality contributed to
38% of under–5–mortality (1). Therefore reduction in neonatal mortality is an important target of
WHO (Millennium Development Goal 4 aimed at reduction under–5–mortality by two thirds by the
year 2015). This can be achieved by provision of high quality neonatal care units equipped to offer
continuous observation, monitoring and intensive treatment to sick neonates. In order to give the
best available services, these neonatal units need continuous evaluation. Studying outcome of
neonates admitted to neonatal units is an important parameter of evaluation. Worldwide, many
published studies reported very different outcomes in terms of mortality and morbidity rates (2, 3, 4,
5). This can be explained by different nature of population, different environmental conditions,
different study designs, variability in available resources and different patterns of neonatal problems
from country to another. Therefore mortality and morbidity figures can not be applied globally and
each neonatal unit needs to have its own figures. This helps strategic management planning and
redirection of available resources especially in developing countries where resources are very
limited. Aim: To study Outcome of neonates admitted to a neonatal unit in Upper Egypt Patients and
methods: Place of study: Neonatal Unit at Sohag University hospital in Upper Egypt. Sohag
Governorate is located in the

Vaccination Issues
Introduction
Vaccination and health issues are a very broad and controversial topic for any culture. Due to lack of
healthcare, access to vaccinations, and malnutrition the mortality rate among children under the age
of five in India is increasing. Compared to the United States the numbers are very different since the
death rate of children under five has been decreasing. The purpose of this paper is to explain the
Indian culture and their situation with the lack of vaccinations, malnutrition, and healthcare.
Vaccination and Health Issues: Indian Culture There are over one billion people who reside in India.
To talk about health issues involving children in India, there is some background of the culture that
should be shared. There are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Due to certain beliefs, lack of education, socioeconomic status, the environment in which people
live, and even gender gaps, all have a significant impact on the lives of children and everyone
surrounding them. Many children are dying due to infections that are out of their control and their
families need to be more educated on signs and symptoms, along with the benefits of vaccinations
and getting the proper care for their sick children. These problems occur in other places around the
world but are more common in

Educating Afghan Girls ' Education
Educating Afghan Girls'
Education is one of the most important contributors to having a successful future. In developed
countries such as North America boys and girls are fortunate enough to have access to an unbiased
education system. Therefore, allowing children to have countless opportunities. However, in
countries like Afghanistan girls are marginalized and neglected the right to learn. Afghanistan is a
country of war, where women and girls are often the worst victims. In 2011, Afghanistan was known
as the most dangerous place in the world for a girl to be born (Kissane). Malala Yousufzai, a female
education activist was also a victim of war. Yousufazi was shot in the head and neck for advocating
for girls and their rights to have access to education. Similarly, to Yousufzai many women in
Afghanistan stand up for their entitlement to having equality. Those courageous women often
become victims of abuse and are often killed. Investing in girls' education is critical, not only is it
life–altering for a girl's future, but it's also poses benefits to society. By allowing Afghan girls access
to educating we are also promoting better socioeconomic s, a reduction in child marriages, and an
improvement in mortality rates.
Afghanistan is one of the poorest countries in the world. Three decades of war has subjected
Afghans to harsh living conditions. Leaving most with insufficient resources to survive. Many
women are left widowed, and are obligated to provide for their families,

Sudden Infant Mortality Rates
High Infant Mortality rates can be reduced through proper education and routine health care checks.
Infant Mortality is the death of children under the age of one. Infant Mortality can affect anyone
who is not properly educated on being a new mother. Ohio Infant Mortality rates are ranked eighth
worst amongst the 50 states (Ohio Department of Health). Within Ohio, African American rates are
the highest at 14.8%.That's double any other race (NIH). Sudden Infant Death can also play role in
Infant Mortality rates. Not being properly educated on being a new mother before and after birth can
playa role because during pregnancy a mother's health, experiences and environment can affect how
her fetus develops and the course of the pregnancy. By ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
SIDS is sometimes known as crib death because the infants often die in their cribs. It is the
diagnosis given the sudden death of an infant under 1 year of age that remains unexplained after the
performance of a complete investigation an autopsy. An examination of the scene of is also done to
make sure nothing else happened. According to the National Institute of Child Health and Human
Development, SIDS is the leading cause of death in infants between 1 month and 1 year of age.
Infants sleep environments are very important because you can't lay your child anywhere. Having
your baby there own crib or bassinet is very important. You wouldn't want you baby to sleep with
you because anything could happen. You could roll over them and or they get smothered in the
covers.Bed Sharing can put babies at greater risk for suffocation. Adult beds are not safe for babies.
Good sleeping habits are important for your baby's physical and emotional well–being.Creating a
safe sleep environment will also reduce the risk of sudden infant death

Infant Mortality Rates In Monrovia
Liberia is a tropical nation located in Western Africa. A name that means "land of the free," it is an
ironic example of American colonization in Africa. Founded with a government modeled after that
of the U.S., the country is also represented by a flag carrying a striking resemblance to that of the
American. Originally named Monrovia, now the capital, the country was founded in 1822 by free
slaves, as a response to the economic dependency on slavery that made comfortable life in the U.S.
impossible to achieve. Yet, the descendants of American slaves only comprise about 5% of the
current population while 16 indigenous ethnic groups make up the rest. ("About Liberia," n.d.). The
country is mostly Christian and even though there are various ethnic ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
According to the CIA World Fact Book the average age of a first time mother is 19 and the maternal
mortality rate stands at 725 deaths per 100,000 live births ("The World Fact Book" n.d.). The World
Bank lists the infant mortality rate for Liberia at 53 deaths per 1,000 live births. While still a high
number it is an improvement from 2011 when it stood at 62 deaths per 1,000 live births ("Mortality
Rate, Infant (per 1,000 live births)" n.d.). According to the latest data provided by the CIA, the life
expectancy at birth was estimated to be 56.94 years for males and 60.32 years for females. It is a
pretty low number compared to the world but average among African nations.
The fertility rate of a country measures the average number of children capable of being born per
woman. The rate gives an idea of the future growing or declining population trend. For Liberia the
number stands at 4.7 children born per woman. The number is an indication that the population is
growing and increasingly becoming younger. As stated earlier, people under the age of 14 comprises
over 40% of the total population, which coincides with the younger growing trend predicted by the
fertility

Florence Nightingale Essay
Florence Nightingale Florence Nightingale was born in Florence, Italy. Her parents named her after
the city she was born in. She was born on May 12,1980, she was raised mostly in Derbyshire
England. Many people when they hear Florence Nightingale think about her as a nurse and for her
fight for better hospital care. Florence did a lot more in her life than achieve better hospital
conditions, and become a nurse. She was a brilliant mathematician, and used statistics to apply them
to achieve her reforms. Florence was a well–educated woman in a number of fields other than math;
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Using her calculations she determined that an improvement in sanitary conditions would lead to a
decrease in deaths. During her time this was the first time a woman had came up with such a
productive theory to reduce the mortality rate. Florence was dedicated to improving the health and
living conditions of the British army, the sanitary and administration of hospitals, and the way
women were looked at if they wanted to pursue a profession in nursing. Florence Nightingale also
raised the educational status of women by opening up the Nightingale School Home for Nurses in
Saint Thomas's Hospital in England. This was the first educational facility dedicated towards
nursing for women. The women of the 19th century didn't usually get an education equal to the
education of a man. Florence's family didn't think that way though. Florence also raised women's
educational status by being educated by her father who gave Florence and her sister a vast classical
education. One person that definitely needs to be mentioned is James Sylvestor, he was Florence's
math tutor. He is the man who is responsible for teaching Florence mathematics that she used in so
many different ways to achieve different

Reasons Women Live Longer Than Men
Reasons why women live longer then men
It is an accepted fact of life that men enjoy certain physical advantages over women. Men are
stronger, taller, faster and less likely to be overweight, but they have then tendency to die before
their female counterparts. Their date rate is higher than women in many different societies. Women,
as a group, live longer than men. In all developed countries and most undeveloped ones, women
outlive men, sometimes by a margin of as much as 10 years. In the U.S., life expectancy at birth is
about 79 years for women and about 72 years for men. The gender discrepancy is most pronounced
in the very old: among centenarians worldwide, women outnumber men nine to one. The gender gap
has widened in this century as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Chromosomal differences between men and women may also affect their mortality rates due to
diseases. Chromosomes carry genetic mutations that cause a number of life–threatening diseases,
including muscular dystrophy and hemophilia. Because women have two X chromosomes, a female
with an abnormal gene on one of her X chromosomes can use the normal gene on the other and
thereby avoid the expression of disease even though she is still a carrier of the defect. Men, in
contrast, have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome, and so they cannot rely on an alternative
chromosome if a gene on one of the sex chromosomes is defective. If a man has a defect in this
gene, his body's ability to repair the mutations that arise during cell division could be severely
compromised. The accumulation of such mutations is thought to contribute to aging and disease.
The second X chromosome as a longevity factor in and of itself. Although one of the two Xs is
randomly inactivated early in life, the second X seems to become more active with increasing age. It
may be that genes on the second X activates and compensate for genes on the first X that have been
lost or damaged with age.
A third reason for the mortality rate be higher for males is the fact that men are more likely to
engage in risky life–threatening behavior thus raising the mortality rate among them. While this is a
more social reasoning it can be explained using biological terms. The male specie

Rhetorical Analysis Of Pharmaceutical Innovation Can We...
Rhetorical Analysis: Pharmaceutical Innovation In Joel Lexchin's article "Pharmaceutical
innovation: Can we live forever? A commentary on Schnittker and Karandinos" he addresses the
article made by Schnittker and Karandinos about the progression of pharmaceuticals and whether or
not we have advanced enough to significantly increase our life expectancy. Lexchin uses a plethora
of rhetoric to persuade the reader into believing his argument, mostly relying upon logos, chiefly
facts, to appeal to the logical and sensible side of the readers. His argument is not limited to logos
though, as there are faint traces of pathos, the longing to live forever, as well as ethos, society's
needs for further advances, to further convince the reader. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
This is an extremely powerful tool, as when one sees numbers such as the ones previously stated,
that look very logical, it is hard not to believe them. Unconvinced that we really will "be saved by
innovation", Lexchin continues to describe the results of an experiment done involving the
treatments of patients with similar underlying conditions by both Canada and the United States. The
results of which, favoured Canada, which leads to some very difficult questions; if the US has
considerably greater care units than Canada, as well as a higher NME approval rate, why is the life
expectancy higher? While throwing logic at us from every angle, Lexchin also manages to appeal to
our deeper desires. He plays on humans yearning for eternal youth and immortality, as well as our
fear of death. Immortality is a common goal of society and Lexchin uses is as a tool to get the reader
to listen to his argument. With a respectable argument against the idea of pharmaceutical advances
eventually leading to immortality, Lexchin uses multiple forms of rhetoric, mostly logos, to sway
the readers. He sets our deep fantasies of someday being able to live forever against our rational
minds and backs up his case with sound logic and viable examples that leave us no doubts about
human limitation.

Comorbidity In ICU
Introduction: Infections are the major causes of mortality and morbidity in the intensive care unit
(ICU). More than 50% of patients admitted to ICU were infected, 71% of these patients received
antibiotic Infections increase with long stays in the ICU. The infection rates more than 70% in
patients stay more than 7 days. (1)
ICU patients have high risks Nosocomial gram negative bacterial infections, which associated with
high mortality and morbidity rates. The most common bacteria isolated from ICU are Pseudomonas
aeruginosa, Entreobacter spp, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and
Acinetobacter spp. (1–3) S. Maltophilia classified as Pseudomonas (previously or Xanthomonas
maltophilia) is an aerobic, glucose ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
maltophilia infections, exhibiting high susceptibility in vitro study. In this study, we described the
response of different doses of TMP/SXZ against S. maltophilia in 209 patient. Our findings
demonstrate that high dose of TMP/SMX associated with a significant reduction in 30 day mortality
with increase in cure rate. Although the study reported high susceptibility of TMP/SXZ against S.
maltophilia. Consistent with previous recommendation of dose (15–20 mg/kg/day) of TMP/SXZ in
treatment of S. maltophilia for prevent the resistance.(21) we observed improvement of all clinical
and microbiological response with increase the dose of TMP/SMX. This outcome is contrary to that
of Dao et al who found no difference in attainment serum peak SMX concentration range between
Patients receiving low–dose TMP/SMX therapy (TMP 15 mg/kg/day).(22) It's the first study to
evaluate the clinical outcome of TMP/SMX against S. maltophilia at different dose. These results
are consistent with data obtained in previous study which evaluate efficacy of treatment options
used average dose of TMP lower than the normally recommended dose of 15 mg/kg body weight per
day. The mortality rate in this study was 11% with No differences in outcomes were observed with
respect to the use of different TMP/SMX

Salt Water Reflection
My reflection to "BMJ Salt reduction in England from 2003 to 2011: its relationship to blood
pressure, stroke and ischemic heart disease mortality"
America, along with many other countries across the world, eat more salt than the body needs on a
day to day basis. This is often caused by greasy fast food, the intake of too many food items
containing salt, as well as the fact that on almost every table in a household has a salt shaker present.
Everyday citizens tend to not concern themselves with exactly how much salt they are really
ingesting. How many Americans do you know of that look at the nutritional value section on the
back of food to monitor their salt intake? This is an increasing concern especially in the United
States of America, and that is why this research report could be vital at saving lives and promoting
healthier life styles.
Research was performed by Feng J He and colleagues in England. Here they collected data to
conclude whether or not salt reduction had a relationship with blood pressure (BP), mortality from
stroke, and also mortality from ischemic heart disease (IHD). Their results, in my opinion, were not
the least bit surprising. With the 15% reduction rate of salt intake among the population, BP fell as
well as mortality rates from stroke and ischemic heart disease. The less amount of salt that was
ingested per day per person directly effected the chances of survival in people who suffered from
stroke and ischemic heart disease. Lower

Country With High Mortality Rates
Country with High Mortality Rates: Ghana
Kamala Sapkota
Florida International University
Country with High Mortality Rates: Ghana
Introduction
Ghana is one of the developing countries in the world. Even though now I am living in a developed
country, I was also born and raised in a developing country; therefore, I wanted to explore what are
the problems on the other part of the world especially African countries. Ghana is said be the
country that is doing much better in increasing the health status of people as well as decreasing the
mortality rates. I was interested on learning about what factors have affected the health status of this
country.
Location/Geography
Ghana is located in the west coast of Africa with a total area of 238,540 km2. It is bordered by
Burkina Faso on north, Tago on the east, Cote d 'Ivoire on the west and Gulf of Guinea to the south.
Ghana is close to the equator hence the climate is hot and tropical. Ghana mostly has low plains, low
hills and rivers. Lake Volta which is the world's largest artificial lake is present in Ghana. When
comparing the size it is slightly smaller than Oregon State of the United States. Accra is the capital
city of Ghana (The world factbook, 2016).
Population
According to World Health Organization (WHO) data from 2013, the total population of Ghana was
25905 thousand. The population aged less than 15 years, are 38% of the population whereas
population aged over 60 years are only 5% of total

Iceland And Gabon : Unique Countries With Different Statuses
Iceland and Gabon are very unique countries with different statuses. Iceland has a very small
population but is highly developed and a model of efficiency socially, politically, and economically.
Whereas Gabon has the potential to be one of most developed African countries, with their
discovery of oil and the associated profit, but the population trends of the transitional period of
development and the social and political endeavours attached to such a change have hindered the
countries progression. As a result of this, Iceland has a better economy, quality of life, and social
and political structure while Gabon is developing these benefits slowly but with success with signs
of development problems in population and infrastructure that ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Iceland and Gabon have different population sizes, but they are relatively close in comparison to all
countries of the world. The various people that make up their populations reflect each as developed
and developing (respectively). Iceland has a population of 317,351 and is ranked 180 in the world,
whereas Gabon has a population of 1,672,597 and is ranked 154 in the world . Iceland's population
is relatively small because the climate of Iceland does not promote a large amount of human life as
it is consistently cold and its already developed systems keep its population small with a growth rate
of .65%. However, such a small population facilitates more effective government programs to
support health care and insure good quality of life for more individuals. Gabon's population, on the
other hand, is small because it recently began its demographic transition. This illustrates its status as
a developing country along with its growth rate of 1.94% kept low by the smaller population but still
growing steadily along with its developing industry, healthcare, and food production, where Iceland
has the advantage of this infrastructure, Gabon has not yet fully developed this infrastructure and
can not deal as easily with the growth in population or support individuals or communities quality of
life. The age structure of each country also affects their growth rate. In Iceland, 19.7% of

Essay about C229
Running head: COMMUNITY HEALTH ASSESSMENT OF MACON–BIBB COUNTY
Community Health Assessment of Macon–Bibb County, Georgia
Western Governors University
Community Health and Population–Focused Nursing
C–228
Gail Abraham
August 20, 2015
1
COMMUNITY HEALTH ASSESSMENT OF MACON–BIBB COUNTY
2
Community Health Assessment of Macon–Bibb County, Georgia
Identification of community
Founded in 1882, approximately 85 miles south of the state capital, Macon–Bibb County lies in the
heart of central Georgia nestled along the banks of the Ocmulgee River. It is the 4th largest
municipality in the state, encompassing 255 square miles of gently rolling hills and plains with a
population of 155,547, population density of 626 people ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
From 2007–2011 the overall mortality rate for cardiovascular disease in Macon–Bibb County was
129.3 per 100,000 and was higher than the state rate of 77.4 per 100,000 (Georgia Department of
Public Health:
North Central Health District website, 2013). The cancer mortality rate has been on the decline in
Georgia (169.6 per 100,000) since 2007 but on the rise in Macon–Bibb County since 2010; the
leading cause of cancer related mortality within the community for both men and women was lung
cancer with 120.6 per 100,000, which is lower than the state rate of 169 per 100,000
(Georgia Department of Public Health: North Central Health District website, 2013).
Assessments of needs and risks
Population economic status assessment
In order to obtain the population's economic status, the Population Economic Status
Assessment tool was utilized to complete the evaluation. The population of 155,547 had a median

household income of $36,327 and showed 29.2% of them living in poverty in 2013
("Profile: Bibb County," 2015). Of the 29.2% of the population living in poverty, they were divided
racially as

Child Mortality : An Important Indicator Of The Health Of...
Life expectancy is a summary of people's health conditions, but it is also a dimension of individual
welfare, independent of income, and easier to evaluate than other non–income dimensions such as
safety, freedom, or access to justice or education (Bourguignon & Morrisson, 2002). Mortality is an
important indicator of the health of a nation, particularly infant mortality which is associated with a
variety of factors such as maternal health, quality and access to medical care, socioeconomic
conditions, and public health practices (MacDorman & Matthews, 2009). This study will use
Canadian data to compare life expectancy in 1881, 1901, 1921, and 1941. It will also examine infant
mortality, maternal mortality, and age–specific death rates by leading causes of death in the year
1921. The data for this study comes from Départment de démographie, Université de Montréal
(2014) Collection of Canadian Life Tables, 1801–2011; and Canada Dominion Bureau of Statistics
(1923) Vital Statistics 1921: First Annual Report. Life Expectancy The United Nations Development
Programme (2013) defines life expectancy as "[the] number of years a newborn infant could expect
to live if prevailing patterns of age–specific mortality rates at the time of birth stay the same
throughout the infant's life" (para. 1). Referring to Figures 1 and 2, life expectancy increased for
both males and females in the researched years of 1881, 1901, 1921, and 1941. Life expectancy at
birth increased by 27 years from

Health and Social Care Level 3 Assign3 Essay
3.1 Analyse why life expectancy has increase over the last century. Life expectancy in the human
race has risen dramatically in the past century reaching its highest level for both male and female on
record. Between 1981 and 2002 life expectancy at age 50 increases by four and a half years for men
and three years for women and two years respectively. By 2002 women who were age of 65 could
expect to live to the age of 84 while men could expect to live to the age of 81. The primary reason
for the vast increase in life expectancy in developed countries in the 20th century is universal clean
drinking water and very high level of public and personal hygiene. These two improvements account
for probably 80%of the life expectancy. Overall life ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
* Cerebrovascular Disease: More commonly known as stroke cerebrovascular disease can be cause
by either a colt or blockage that cuts off blood flow to a part of the brain or by haemorrhage. In both
cases there is damage or death of the brain tissue that can cause paralysis, speech disorder,
swallowing problems and immobility. People with diabetes and high blood pressure are at higher
risk of stroke. * COPD: Chronic obstructive lung disease decreases the lungs ability to exchange
carbon dioxide for oxygen. As the disease progress the patient has to work harder and harder to
breathe often feeling as if they are suffocating. These disease are often link to a lifetime of smoking
but be due to environmental factors. * Pneumonia: Pneumonia is the fifth highest killer of older
adults, especially during the winter months of flu season. At high risk are seniors with chronic
disease such as diabetes heart disease and reparatory conditions. The flu and pneumonia shot are
recommended for all adults over the age 55 to help prevent this killer. Diabetes: Type two diabetes,
also known as adult onset diabetes is a chronic that lowers the immune system and can increase risk
of stroke, heart disease and other circulatory problems. Wounds take longer to heal and respiratory
infections like pneumonia often are more severe. 3.3 Analyse

Mortality Rate In Early Jamestown
Imagine being a settler in an unknown land. No food, a lack of water, and disease spreading like
wildfire. Fear of death was great. When English settlers began arriving on the James River in the
Chesapeake Bay region of Virginia in the Spring of 1607, no one had a clue of the terrible future
that awaited for most of them. The background of early Jamestown leads me to ask the question,
why was mortality rate so high in early Jamestown between the years of 1607 and 1611? The
conclusion for this is quite simple and can be answered in three parts, the mortality rate in early
Jamestown was so high because of Jamestown's environment, the colonists' relations with the
Powhatan Indians, and the settler's skills and backgrounds. The environment in early

Symptoms And Symptoms Of The Valley Fever
After transmission, there are many different symptoms Rift Valley fever can cause when infecting its
host. Not only can they differ between humans and animals, but within those units individuals can
experience a wide variety of symptoms ranging from those as mild as headaches and nausea to those
more extreme such as meningitis and death. Although throughout history only about 2% of humans
infected happened to be fatal, the other 98% suffered through a wide variation of symptoms that
focused on different aspects of the body1. In humans, Rift Valley fever can have an incubation
period of 2 to 6 days with some patients showing no signs and a majority of the others suffering
from flu–like symptoms, such as vomiting, headaches, limb pains, and diarrhea2. These minor
symptoms can last from 2 to 7 days before the patient's adaptive immune response is implemented
and begins its fight against the virus, followed by a complete, or nearly complete, recovery2,3.
Though these symptoms seem like common ailments that exist everywhere today and are practically
harmless in the long run, Rift Valley fever has the potential to turn them into a lifelong nuisance.
After the onset of the first symptoms, infected patients can progressively suffer from ocular damage,
both temporary and permanent. Most cases can involve the inflammation of the retina and uvea or
can have complications with retinal vasculitis, which in turn could lead to photophobia, a sever
sensitivity to light1,4. With

Registered Nurses Have The Responsibility
Registered Nurses have the responsibility to provide specialized and efficient patient care, such as
assessing, diagnosing, planning, implementing and evaluating care to every single patient under
their care. Recent changes in hospital regulations by regulatory bodies and agencies are forcing
hospitals to increase their amount of registered nurses without receiving any type of financial
reimbursement. In response hospital and healthcare organizations are terminating non–licensed staff
such as certified nurse assistants, medical technicians, health unit coordinators, transportation
assistants, and janitors to compensate for loss of revenue. Nurses are now forced to do these non–
nursing care tasks, such as taking garbage and laundry out, cleaning equipment, beds, stocking
shelves, and more. The increase in workload causes nurse to decrease nurse–patient relationship,
increased rate of patient mortality and morbidity, and a decrease work satisfaction.
Registered nurse workload directly related to patient outcomes and satisfaction
The registered nurse is a licensed practitioner that is responsible of multiple duties during each shift
assignment, all directed towards patient care. Such as following the "nursing method" assessing,
diagnosing, planning, implementing and evaluating care; As well of teaching health promotion
techniques, preparing a plan of care, patient monitoring, giving medications, following physician
orders and early recognition of potential

Nursing In The 19Th Century And The 20Th Century

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to Nursing In The 19Th Century And The 20Th Century

Similar to Nursing In The 19Th Century And The 20Th Century (9)

More from Kimberly Williams

More from Kimberly Williams (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Nursing In The 19Th Century And The 20Th Century