8. Spermatogenesis Stem cells Mitosis Spermatogonia First spermatocyte First miosis Second spermatocyte Second miosis Spermatid sperm
9.
10. Spermatogenesis Spermatogenesis: The production of spermatozoa in the sertoli cells Spermiogenesis: Conversion of the spermatids into spermatozoa Spermiation: Release of the spermatazoon into the lumen Capacitation: Final maturation of the spermatazoon in the female genital tract
27. Functions of leydig cells Steroidogenesis …8-18th week of gest. LH receptor/PRL(potentiate LH function) Testosteron ..5-7mg/day Androstenedione Relaxin-like factor A good marker for fully differentiated adult-type Leydig cells Weakly expressed in prepubertal Immature Leydig cells By insulin-like factor 3 gene
28. Relaxin-like factor 3(RLF) In estrogen-induced cryptorchidism, RLF levels in the testis are significantly reduced RLF secreted by theca cells of small antral follicles RLF secreted by the corpus luteum of the cycle and pregnancy
30. 28 MALE REPRODUCTION: HORMONAL REGULATION HYPOTHALAMUS - ve feedback GONADOTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE ANTERIOR PITUITARY - ve feedback FSH LH TESTES S E R T O L I CELL LEYDIG CELL TESTOSTERONE REP.TRACT & OTHER ORGANS SPERMATOGENESIS INHIBIN
31. 29 SEMEN ANALYSIS A test for infertility Semen contain: Sperms Secretions: Seminal vesicles Prostate Cowper’s glands Bulbo-urethral glands
32. 30 SEMEN ANALYSIS Volume: 2.5 to 3.5 ml/ejaculate Sperm count: 100 M/ml. <20% abnormal. <20 M/ml, sterile Sperm speed: 3mm/min. Reach fallopian tube 30- 40 min after coitus.
53. 51 PENILE ERECTION: REFLEX PATHWAYS INPUT FROM MECHANORECEPTORS OF PENIS THOUGHTS EMOTIONS SIGHT, SMELL NEURONS TO PENIS NEURONS RELEASE nonCholinergic NEUROTRANSMITTER (NO) INHIBITION ON SYMPATHETIC NEURONS PENIS ARTERIAL DILATATION + VENOCOMPRESSION = ERECTION
54. 52 EJACULATION Sympathetic facilitation Skeletal muscles contract Two events: EMISSION: Smooth muscles contract & semen sent into urethra EXPULSION: Rapid contraction of urethral smooth muscles.
55. 53 MALE REPRODUCTIVE ABNORMALITIES CRYPTORCHIDISM (UNDESCENDED TESTES) THE DESCENT OF TESTES IS INCOMPLETE IN 10% OF NEONATES SPONTANEOUS DESCENT OCCURS LATER INCIDENCE: 2% AT INFANCY & 0.3% AFTER PUBERTY COMPLICATIONS: INCREASED INCIDENCE OF TESTICULAR MALIGNANCIES & INFERTILITY.
59. Synthesis of the male sex hormones in Leydig cells of the testis. P450SSC, 3b-DH, and P450c17 are the same enzymes as those needed for adrenal steroid hormone synthesis. 17,20-desmolase is the same as 17,20-lyase of adrenal hormone synthesis..
71. Estrogen in proliferation phase Cell proliferation in endometrium Growth of ER & mitochondria in endometrium Increase glycogen storage Endometrial glands Dilation of arteries and coiled Increase in progesterone receptors Increase sensitivity & contractility of myometrium
72.
73. Secretory phase Secretion of mucus Continue to proliferation Edema of endometrium Decrease contraction of myometrium
78. Follicle graaf Theca interna is rich in Scc450(desmolase) Theca interna cells have LH receptors Granulosa cells are rich in aromatase Granulosa cells have LH & FSH receptors
79.
80. Synthesis of the major female sex hormones in the ovary. Synthesis of testosterone and androstenedione from cholesterol occurs by the same pathways as indicated for synthesis of the male sex hormones.
81.
82.
83. Hohlweg effect Critical plasma concentration for estrogen 200pg/ml For 36 hrs No response to 100pg/ml Increase GnRH receptor on gonadotrops (est & PGE2) Increase the enzymatic activity of gonadotrops(est) Increase amplitude & frequency of GnRH(est & PGE2)
87. Ovulation Androgen to estrogen microenvironment More FSH receptors Hohlweg effect Less OMI concentration Plasminogen activator Plasmin Fibrinolysin Collagenase Inhibin FSH & LH…..increase in cAMP Prostaglandin F2α( 2-5 hrs before ovulation) Completion of first miosis Contraction of ovarian smooth muscles Oxytocin
89. Luteal phase Progesterone secretion Negative Fern test LH support Maximum activity: 6-8 days after ovulation
90. Luteolysis PGF2α: Reduction in blood flow of corpus luteum Increase estrogen secretion Reduce response of corpus luteum to LH Increase OT secretion from CL
94. Capacitation Remove of HMW glycoprotein (polylactoseamine) & peptides Whiplash-like pattern of hyperactivation of sperm Removing sterol & cholesterol from the surface Rearrangement of surface molecules Increase permeability to calcium Hyaloronidase activity Galactosyl-transferase activity
95.
96. Acrosome reaction Calcium entrance- Ca-cal Increase cAMP Activation of phospholipaseA2 Increasing lysophospholipids Adhesion pH: 5.2 to 7:00 Segmentation of acrosome
97.
98.
99.
100. Syngamy After enter the sperm, 2nd polar body After 30 min, disperse of sperm nucleus After 6-8 hrs, pronucleus & syngamy After 27-43 hrs, first division
110. Aromatase activity in Muscle (25-30% in normal conditions) Adipose tissue Skin fibroblasts Hair follicles Brain Aromatase has more affinity to androstenedione than testosterone