Therapeutics in aquaculture

1. SUBJECT:- TERAPEUTICS IN AQUACULTURE(AAHM)
TOPIC:- CHEMOTHERAPY: HISTORY,DEFINITION,TERM USED
AND CLASSIFICATION OF AMA
SUBMITTED TO:
DR. S.K. MAHAJAN
DR. SONA DUBEY
SUBMITTED BY:
KHEERSAGAR PRAJAPATI
J/F/B/15/2016
2ND YEAR 2ND SEM
2018-019

2. Objectives
• DEFINITION
• Chemotherapy
• Historyof chemotherapy
• Antimicrobial agents
• Classification of antimicrobial
agents

3. Chemotherapy is the drug treatment for the
diseases caused by pathologic microorganisms,
parasites,and tumourcell.
“Chemicalsubstanceused to kill the
microorganismandcancercell”
The objectiveof chemotherapy is tostudyandto
apply the drugsthat havehighlyselective toxicity to
the pathogenic microorganisms and have noor less
toxicity to the host.
DEFINITION

4. Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy: chemo+therapy
The use of drug (chemical entity/ substance derived form
microorganisms) with selective toxicity against infections/
viruses, bacteria, protozoa, fungi and helminthes is called as
chemotherapy.

5. Chemotherapy
•Chemotherapy (chemo) is a type of treatment
that includes a medication or combination of
medications to treat cancer.
•The goal of chemo is to stop or slow the growth
of cancer cells. Chemo is considered a systemic
therapy (this means it may affect your entire body).
•Chemo medications attack rapidly growing
cancer cells, but they can also affect healthy cells
that grow rapidly. The effect of these medications
on normal cells often causes chemo side effects.

6. Historyof chemotherapy
BeforeEhrlich’speriod(till 1900)
• Chaulmoogra oil by Hindus inleprosy
• Cinchona bark for fever
• ‘Mouldy curd’ by chines onboils
• Mercury by Paracelsusforsyphilis
Ehrlich’speriod(1900to 1930)
• Organometallic dye for treatment forcane
AfterEhrlich’speriod(1930totill date)
• discoveryof sulfonamide(Prontosil)

7. Antimicrobials: (chemotherapeutic agent + Antibiotics)
Any substance of natural, synthetic or semisynthetic
origin which at low concentrations kill or inhibits the
growth of microorganisms but causes little or no host
damage.

8. Antimicrobial agents
• An antimicrobialis an agent that kills micro
organisms or stops their growth.
• The use of antimicrobial medicines to treat
infection is known as antimicrobial
chemotherapy.
• while the use of antimicrobial medicines to
prevent infection is known as antimicrobial
prophylaxis.

9. Classification of antimicrobial agents
• Antimicrobial medicines can be grouped
according to the micro organisms they act
primarily against. For example antibiotics are
used against bacteria and antifungals are used
against fungi.
• They can also be classified according to their
function. Agents that kill microbes are called
microbicidal, while those that merely inhibit
their growth are called biostatic.

10. Classification of antimicrobial agents
1.Anti-bacterial
2.Anti-fungal
3.Anti-viral
4.Anti-parasitic

11. Classification of antimicrobial agents
•1. Antibacterial:- is a type of
antimicrobial substance active against
bacteria; Prolonged use of certain
antibacterials can decrease the number of
gut flora, which may have a negative
impact on health.
• Also called antibiotics and have two
types Bactericidal & Bacteriostatic .

12.  Bactericidal: antibiotics kill bacteria directly .
• The antibiotic polymyxin B injures the plasma
membrane of bacteria, allowing their contents to
leak out.
• Under normal circumstances, bacteria and other
cells have to keep a perfect balance of ions on both
sides of the plasma membrane because of osmosis.
Polymyxin B disrupts this balance, and also lets other
important molecules, like DNA and RNA, leak out, so
the bacterium is a goner.

13.  Bacteriostatic: bacteriostatic antibiotics stop bacteria from
growing.
• how do bacteriostatic antibiotics help clear up an
infection, if they don't actually kill bacteria? Well,
bacteria normally divide really quickly in our bodies, and
their numbers can get totally out of control.
• But if an antibiotic stops them from growing and
dividing, the host's immune system will be able to get rid
of the bacteria. E.g Tetracycline

14. •2. Anti-fungal : are used to kill or prevent further
growth of fungi.
• In medicine, they are used as a treatment for infections such as
athlete's foot, ringworm and thrush and work by exploiting
differences between mammalian and fungal cells.
•They kill off the fungal organism without dangerous effects on
the host.
• Unlike bacteria, both fungi and humans are eukaryotes.
• Thus, fungal and human cells are similar at the molecular level,
making it more difficult to find a target for an antifungal drug to
attack that does not also exist in the infected organism.
Consequently, there are often side effects to some of these drugs.

15. •3. Antivirals:- Antiviral drugs are a class of
medication used specifically for treating viral
infections.
• Like antibiotics, specific antiviral are used for
specific viruses.
• They are relatively harmless to the host and
therefore can be used to treat infections.
•They should be distinguished from viricides,
which actively deactivate virus particles outside
the body.
• Many antiviral drugs are designed to treat
infections by retroviruses, mostly HIV.

16. •4. Antiparasitics:- Antiparasitics are a
class of medications indicated for the
treatment of infection by parasites, such as
nematodes, cestodes, trematodes, infectious
protozoa, and amoebae.
• Like all antimicrobials against intracellular
microbes, they must kill the infecting pest
without serious damage to the host. Have two
types Antiprotozoal agent & Anti-helminthic
agents/ Anthelmintics.

17. THANKYOU