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Principles of Anatomy & Physiology 14th edition [Gerard J Tortora/ Bryan Derrickson]
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12 [chapter 12 nervous tissue]
1.
CHAPTER 12 Nervous Tissue Copyright
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Principles of Anatomy and Physiology 14th Edition
2.
The purpose of
the chapter is to: 1. Understand how the nervous system helps to keep controlled conditions within limits that maintain health and homeostasis 2. Learn about the different branches of the nervous system 3. Identify and describe the various types of cells that are found in nervous tissue Introduction Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
3.
Nervous System Overview Copyright
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Introduction to Structure and Function of the Nervous System Interactions Animation: You must be connected to the Internet and in Slideshow Mode to run this animation.
4.
Layout of the
Nervous System Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
5.
Organization of the
Nervous System Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
6.
Sensory Sense changes
through sensory receptors Motor Respond to stimuli Integrative Analyze incoming sensory information, store some aspects, and make decisions regarding appropriate behaviors Functions of the Nervous System Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
7.
Histology of the
Nervous System: Neurons vs. Neuroglia Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
8.
Nervous Tissue Copyright ©
2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Nervous Tissue Anatomy Overview: You must be connected to the Internet and in Slideshow Mode to run this animation.
9.
Neurons Electrically excitable Cellular structures Neurons Copyright
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
10.
Structural Classification of
Neurons Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
11.
Examples of Dendritic
Branching Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
12.
Sensory/afferent neurons
Motor/efferent neurons Inter/association neurons Functional Classification of Neurons Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
13.
Examples of Sensory
Receptors Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
14.
Neuroglia Not electrically
excitable Make up about half the volume of the nervous system Can multiply and divide 6 kinds total (4 in CNS, 2 in PNS) Neuroglia Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
15.
Neuroglia of the
CNS Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
16.
Neuroglia of the
PNS Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
17.
The myelin sheath
is produced by Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes and it surrounds the axons of most neurons Myelination of Neurons Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
18.
Gray Matter vs.
White Matter Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
19.
Excitable cells
communicate with each other via action potentials or graded potentials Action potentials (AP) allow communication over short and long distances whereas graded potentials (GP) allow communication over short distances only Production of an AP or a GP depends upon the existence of a resting membrane potential and the existence of certain ion channels Electrical Signals in Neurons Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
20.
Graded Potentials &
Action Potentials Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
21.
Leakage channels
alternate between open and closed K+ channels are more numerous than Na+ channels Ion Channels in Neurons Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
22.
Ligand-gated channels respond
to chemical stimuli (ligand binds to receptor) Ion Channels in Neurons Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
23.
Mechanically-gated channels respond
to mechanical vibration or pressure stimuli Ion Channels in Neurons Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
24.
Voltage-gated channels respond
to direct changes in membrane potential Ion Channels in Neurons Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
25.
Ion Channels in
Neurons Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
26.
Membrane Potentials Copyright ©
2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Membrane Potentials Interactions Animation: You must be connected to the Internet and in Slideshow Mode to run this animation.
27.
The membrane of
a non-conducting neuron is positive outside and negative inside. This is determined by: 1. Unequal distribution of ions across the plasma membrane and the selective permeability of the neuron’s membrane to Na+ and K+ 2. Most anions cannot leave the cell 3. Na+/K+ pumps Resting Membrane Potential Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
28.
Resting Membrane Potential:
Voltage Difference Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
29.
Factors Contributing to
Resting Membrane Potential Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
30.
Small deviations in resting
membrane potential Graded Potentials Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
31.
A graded potential
occurs in response to the opening of a mechanically-gated or ligand- gated ion channel Graded Potentials Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
32.
The amplitude of
a graded potential depends on the stimulus strength Graded Potentials: Stimulus Strength Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
33.
Graded potentials can
be add together to become larger in amplitude Graded Potentials: Summation Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
34.
An action potential
is a sequence of rapidly occurring events that decrease and eventually reverse the membrane potential (depolarization) and eventually restore it to the resting state (repolarization) Action Potentials Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
35.
Action Potentials Copyright ©
2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
36.
Action potentials can
only occur if the membrane potential reaches threshold Action Potentials: Stimulus Strength Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
37.
Action Potentials: the Status of Na+ and
K+ Voltage- Gated Channels Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
38.
Comparison of Graded
& Action Potentials Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
39.
Propagation of Action
Potentials Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Propagation of Nerve Impulses Interactions Animation: You must be connected to the Internet and in Slideshow Mode to run this animation.
40.
Continuous vs. Saltatory
Conduction Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
41.
Axon diameter
Amount of myelination Temperature Factors that Affect Propagation Speed Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
42.
A synapse is
the junction between neurons or between a neuron and an effector Electrical Synapse Gap junctions connect cells and allow the transfer of information to synchronize the activity of a group of cells Chemical Synapse One-way transfer of information from a presynaptic neuron to a postsynaptic neuron Signal Transmission at Synapses Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
43.
Synapses Between Neurons Copyright
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
44.
Events at the
Synapse Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Events at the Synapse Interactions Animation: You must be connected to the Internet and in Slideshow Mode to run this animation.
45.
Signal Transmission at
a Chemical Synapse Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
46.
Excitatory postsynaptic potentials
A depolarizing postsynaptic potential Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials A hyperpolarizing postsynaptic potential A postsynaptic neuron can receive many signals at once Postsynaptic Potentials Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
47.
Neurotransmitters at
chemical synapses cause either an excitatory or inhibitory graded potential Neurotransmitter receptors have two structures Ionotropic receptors Metabotropic receptors Structure of Neurotransmitter Receptors Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
48.
Ionotropic & Metabotropic
Receptors Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
49.
Neurotransmitter can be
removed from the synaptic cleft by: 1. Diffusion 2. Enzymatic degradation 3. Uptake into cells Removal of Neurotransmitter Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
50.
If several presynaptic
end bulbs release their neurotransmitter at about the same time, the combined effect may generate a nerve impulse due to summation Summation may be spatial or temporal Summation Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
51.
Spatial Summation Copyright ©
2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
52.
Temporal Summation Copyright ©
2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
53.
Summation of Postsynaptic
Potentials Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
54.
Small molecule neurotransmitters
Acetylcholine Amino acids Biogenic amines ATP and other purines Nitric oxide Carbon monoxide Neurotransmitters Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
55.
Neurotransmitters Copyright © 2014
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
56.
Neuropeptides Substance P
Enkephalins Endorphins Dynorphins Hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones Angiotensin II Cholecystokinin Neuropeptides Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
57.
Neuropeptides Copyright © 2014
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
58.
A neural circuit
is a functional group of neurons that process specific types of information Types of circuits Simple series Diverging Converging Reverberating Parallel after-discharge Neural Circuits Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
59.
Neural Circuits: Diverging
& Converging Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
60.
Neural Circuits: Reverberating
& Parallel After-Discharge Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
61.
Although the nervous
system exhibits plasticity, neurons have a limited ability to regenerate themselves Plasticity – the capability to change based on experience Regenerate – the capability to replicate or repair Regeneration & Repair of Nervous Tissue Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
62.
In the CNS,
there is little or no repair due to: Inhibitory influences from neuroglia, particularly oligodendrocytes Absence of growth-stimulating cues that were present during fetal development Rapid formation of scar tissue Neurogenesis in the CNS Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
63.
In the PNS
repair is possible if the cell body is intact, Schwann cells are functional, and scar tissue formation does not occur too rapidly Steps involved in the repair process are: Chromatolysis Wallerian degeneration Formation of a regeneration tube Damage and Repair in the CNS Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
64.
Damage and Repair in
the CNS Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
65.
End of Chapter
12 Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted in section 117 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without express permission of the copyright owner is unlawful. Request for further information should be addressed to the Permission Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The purchaser may make back-up copies for his/her own use only and not for distribution or resale. The Publisher assumes no responsibility for errors, omissions, or damages caused by the use of these programs or from the use of the information herein.
Editor's Notes
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