Compare And Contrast John Stuart Mill And Karl Marx

Compare And Contrast John Stuart Mill And Karl Marx
In the conceptualization of the predominant 19th century political thought process, none– if any–
were more influential than John Stuart Mill and Karl Marx. Both were philosophers, sociologists,
economists and political thinkers, but each held unique views towards the ideal government, to
freedom, and to the impact of the industrial revolution. Each discussed some of the ramifications of
the industrial revolution, and the ways in which the government can be re–aligned for greater social
prosperity. John Stuart Mill (1806–1873) advocated for Liberalism, a system in which liberty and
equality would remain at the forefront of all political proposals, and representative interests. Mill
celebrated individuality, and the ability to not conform to a higher power. In contrast to Mill, Karl
Marx (1818–1883) was a revolutionary socialist who advocated for a complete social revolution
throughout society, in an effort to counter the ill perceived effects of capitalism. Marx's central tenet
relied upon the fact that he sought to abolish private property, and monopolies, so as to enable all
individuals to acquire an equitable means of living. Marx's belief was that capitalism forces the
economy into constantly being exploited, which in turn leads to recessions. Mill believed that all
power should be allocated to the individual; whereas Marx believed that bestowing such power
within a socialist regime would allow for the creation of a truly egalitarian society. This paper will
analyze how
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Essay about Realism, Liberalism and Feminism
Realism, Liberalism and Feminism
In our modern world we can communicate instantly worldwide, cook a full meal in under a minute,
and have enough weapons to destroy not only our planet but just about any planet that gives us a
funny look. Of course while technology progresses at its incredible rate, we squabble and argue over
who gets what, and what they can or cannot do with it, whether or not that is what it is or if it is
something that it truly isn't and frankly it's all very confusing. Luckily all of the crazy talk is
sorted into convenient theories from which we can pick and choose. In this paper liberalism, realism
and feminism will be examined and compared. One of the more predominant theories, realism,
gained a lot of support ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Many of the players who helped make the decision had personal goals tied into the outcome; thusly
it is hard to distinguish if certain players were acting in the best interest of the state as a whole, or if
they were trying to accrue their own personal rewards. The states themselves as a whole do not in
fact make decisions, the leaders of each country do and while it is easy to say that we hope they act
rationally many times this is untrue. An example of irrational behavior is found in the actions of
both Lyndon B. Johnson and George W. Bush. Both of these men were president of the United
States during a period of war, Johnson had the Vietnam War and Bush has Iraq. What the two have
in common is their attitude towards negative information, specifically ignorance. Two men who both
were given the task of bringing peace to a small ‘defenseless' country which were ruled by new
forces of ‘evil' and neither of them wanted to hear anything to the contrary. As both operations
seemed to require far more resources then the United States was willing to commit, warnings from
several sources were ignored clearly illustrating irrational behavior. The state then pursued courses
of action based on irrational decisions with one–sided facts and clearly was doomed from the start.
At the other end of the spectrum is liberalism. Liberalism takes the

The Pros And Cons Of Classic Liberalism
Within today's society we are commonly faced with the moral question, what seems logically correct
vs what seems ethically correct. It is an inquiry that goes hand in hand with if people are born
naturally evil, or if that trait itself is developed over time. However, as a whole the overriding debate
is not directed towards human nature itself, but rather to what degree should the government really
be involved in our economic system in order to create an accommodating society. Over time human
nature has drastically evolved to what it is today, but what is still undeniable is that there has, and
likely always will be a division among individuals. Those divisions being based upon class
structure. The source given states, "Individuals are, by nature, unique and unequal. Efforts by the
state to interfere with the lives of individuals will result in a restrictive and inefficient society." This
is a direct link to the perspectives and ideologies presented with the idea of Classic Liberalism. By
definition classic liberalism is an ideology that values individual freedoms in the sense of religion,
speech, press, etc, as well as supporting limited government involvement economically. This idea
has been supported by many in the past, including philosophers such as John Stuart Mill and Adam
Smith. The author of the source is clearly a supporter of right wing economics. They believe in
individualism over collectivism, and like many philosophers, they also believe that government is
only

Comparing Canadian Federal Political Parties
The social media campaigns of the Canadian Federal Political Parties (Liberal, Conservative, and
NDP) have been compared to one another in an attempt to understand their choices made to
persuade audiences to take part in actively addressing and supporting their campaigns. Concepts
discussed throughout this course have been applied to the three varying campaigns, including
attention, earned media, branding, spreadability, intended audience, tone, navigation, and
participation. These aspects have been prominent in all three social media campaigns and thus, have
been chosen for this case analysis. Repurposing All three Political Parties post statuses and
advertisements in English and French. This dualism that they demonstrate is done to target both,
Anglophones and Francophones and reach a wider audience. This choice of theirs plays on the
concept of repurposing for different cultures. Another aspect of repurposing focuses on altering the
campaign to match different seasons, time periods as holidays and events differ. Keeping this
element of repurposing in mind, the Liberal party posted an image in the celebration of International
Women's Day. The image consists of many women holding their hands and giving the Liberals a
thumbs up to support this cause and a quote saying, " Canada needs more women from diverse
backgrounds making decisions in Ottawa. Because when women succeed, we all succeed." The
Conservatives did not use repurposing in any way to support this event.

Are the Values of Liberalism Universal Essay
This is an immensely complex questions which deserves much more time and space than can be
devoted in this essay. However I will endeavor to apply the theories of a number of authors to the
problem and arrive at a reasonable conclusion based upon my analysis of them.
Throughout the course of the essay I will make reference to a number of authors, writing on subjects
of Ethics, Philosophy and Feminism, with the intention of attempting to divine the validity to the
claim of liberalism's universality. To start of with there will be an examination of the theory of
liberalism itself, with particular focus upon the notion of individuality and its conception of rights in
accordance with it. Using the work of George Beiswanger and Bhikhu Parekh I ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is but one theory among a seas of others. Its enforcement is a point of much debate among
contemporary scholars and policy makers. This is however how the current generation of liberals
seem to view their mission. Not least the Neo–liberals of the United States. Effectively typified by
George W. Bush. Throughout the course of this essay I hope to challenge these viewpoints and
perhaps see them change when faced with the arguments against them.
To begin, lets looks at the conception of individualism in liberalism. A central part of the theory of
liberalism is the acceptance of the theory of individualism. This is not however present in a number
of varying culture and represent a unique quality that is possessed by liberalism. In the debate
among liberals a large part of the discussions on individuals if the definition of rights. Often there is
a comparison between the 'right' and the 'good'. There are different conceptions of the meaning of
the words 'right' and 'good'. While adhering to the principle of individuality it is possible for each
persons notion of the 'good' to be different. Individuals can thus be affected adversely by what
another individual considers to be good. "An individual can be wronged quite adequately in the
name of "right" and to the applause of "moral" men." (George Beiswanger, p. 114, 1950) So using
this adversity, how is it possible for liberal governments to ensure that the good has been maximised

Strengths And Weaknesses Of Realism
When trying to comprehend international politics, current events, or historical context, having a firm
grasp on the various international relations theories is essential to understanding patterns when
looking at interstate affairs. Realism, liberalism, constructivism, and marxist radical theory are used
to provide a framework by which we can dissect international relations.
Classical realist theory is based upon the idea that human nature is inherently bad and selfish, the
international system is anarchic, and the state is the most important actor in international affairs.
Basing policy decisions on human nature, the state looks to maximize it's power and security within
its geographic location. Realist theory sees all conflict deriving from power struggles between
states, though it is not about fostering wars; rather the opposite.
One of the stronger points that classical realist theory made is the idea that war is inevitable. For the
time period upon which classical realism was thriving, it was much more likely for interstate
conflict to arise as there was no strong central system of collective security like the United Nations.
A state and a neighboring state could and would co–exist with each other, but realist theory assumes
that eventually conflict will arise from power conflicts between them. The real achilles heel of this
theory shows here; this just is not the case in the world anymore with worldwide collective security.
Structural realist thought compensates for

In 1989, Francis Fukuyama published "the End of History?"...
In 1989, Francis Fukuyama published "the End of History?" on the National Interest. Throughout
the article, he attempted to account for the global changes in the post–Cold War era including the
ideological transformation of the Soviet Union by introducing a new idea of 'the end of history'. To
Fukuyama, this idea signified the main ground for the turbulence and the systematic reformation.
His argument that the history will no longer evolve has two main significations. First, the ideas or
ideologies humans developed throughout the history reached their end points. The victory of the
west meant that there was no other alternative ideology to substitute for liberal democracy. Second,
the western liberal democracy will be universalised as it ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, Fukuyama tries to answer this question by introducing the "search for recognition."
(Fukuyama, 1993) Fukuyama utilises concepts such as 'megalothymia' and 'isothymia' which root
from a Greek word, 'thymos.' (1993, p. 182) The former refers to a desire to be recognised by having
a superior power or ability whereas the latter refers to the same but by maintaining the equal power
or status as others. He states that other than the basic needs of human, there is the quest for
recognition that work as a source of motivation. The reason why the desire for domination arises is
because the mankind wants to satisfy the desire for recognition. Thus, the modern society is a by–
product of history driven by the search for recognition, and that is how modern capitalism came into
existence. (Fukuyama, 1993) If so, the question of why capitalist society must conclude into liberal
democratic political system remains, and this is the core of Fukuyama's thesis. The rationale behind
this is that liberal democracy is the only ideology that satisfies the desire to be recognised. The
history of mankind started off from the desire to dominate of 'megalothymia', and ended in the state
of 'isothymia' when liberal democracy finally arrived. Hence, by satisfying the humanity's most
crucial desire, the chance of progress of social ideology will be seized, and the

Compare And Contrast The End Of History And Fukuyama
The end of the Cold War was not just a politically significant event but also an important intellectual
milestone, where academics, researchers and intellectuals examined the consequences that its end
would concur. Fukuyama's The End of History and Huntington's Clash of Civilizations are two of
such explorations but contrast each other significantly. Fukuyama predicts a future of peace, or
minimal conflict, amidst the spread of Western liberal democracy, a system of government he
believes has been actualized as perfect in Hegel's realm of consciousness whereas Huntington
argues that conflict will stem from civilizational differences, owing to the rise in civilization–
consciousness. I will start my essay by briefly summarizing the main arguments of each article, after
which I will attempt to critique each one before drawing comparisons between the two.
Francis Fukuyama, in his article, "The End of History?" talks about the rise and fall of major
ideologies ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They can essentially both be viewed as imperialists in the disguise of academia. In trying to argue
that fascism and communism were imperialist forces that the West defeated, Fukuyama forgot to
consider that the capitalism itself is one of those forces, guided by capital gain, and exploitation. In
that sense, when he argues about the appreciation of American culture in other countries, it becomes
a new–imperialism of culture where there is a new global proletariat of weaker countries who can't
afford to have protectionist economies to safeguard their values because then the West wont help
them. Nonetheless, neither Huntington nor Fukuyama tells us what we need to know in order to
synthesize their perspectives, or to ultimately decide between

How Did The Liberal Government Act Of Social Reform...
The Introduction of Social Reforms by the Liberal Government in 1906–1914
There are multiple reasons why the Liberal government introduced acts of social reform between
1906 and 1914. The obvious reason is that there was a great need for reform(change) but there are
also many other factors that played a part in the decision for a reform. This change was really
required to help and improve Britain. The reason for this need for change was the poor conditions
that all parts of Britain had been left in after the conservatives had been in power.
It is often said that the Liberals had to introduce in social reforms due to pressure from the Labour
party. This new party was formed in 1903 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Because of this there were committees set up to evaluate and analyze this to show that the physical
condition males was very poor, as this was the group of people who would be defending Britain for
years to come something needed to be done. If Britain would always struggle to defeat.
The other factor that made the need seem realistically more desperate was from surveys carried out
indifferent places by two very different men Seebohm Rowntree and Charles Booth. The carried
surveys out on all classes but were very concerned about the poor. After many years of analyzing
and evaluating they calculated that a family of fives minimum necessary income per week for a
family to exist at' mere physical efficiency' was 21s 8d. this minimum amount was called the
poverty line. Over a third of the population of Britain were earning under this poverty line whilst
another third were just meeting it. Nearly all of the unemployment was caused by ill health or just
lack of work available. If the man lost his job the whole family would struggle to survive. This is
when sometimes the children were sent out to work. The liberals needed to change this and New
Liberalism was the way.
People were questioning the cost of the Boer war 250 million pounds was spent on a so called
'questionable conflict' whe it could have been spent on

Effective Customer Relationship Management
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University School of Hotel and Tourism Management HTM3129
Lodging Management Lecturer & Tutor: Dr. Deniz KUCUKUSTA
Group Project Title: Effective Customer Relationship Management–Customer Loyalty Program
Class Group: Thursday, SEM004 16:30–17:30 Group Member: Leung Mei Wun, May (10626919D)
Ngan Ho Shan, Iris (10571756D) Poon Wing Lam, Yvonne (10627025D) Wan Wing Tung, Yuki
(10542306D) Wu Kit Wing Ophelia (10504166D)
Date of submission: Total no. of words:
2nd December, 2010 3,491 words
1
Content Introduction & Background Objectives Importance of Effective Customer Relationship
Management Why Hilton? Criteria of Effective Customer Relationship Program Case Study–Hilton
Hotels    About HHonours ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Successful CRM is crucial in maintaining the business so that partner companies would keep the
strong cooperation bond and alliance. For instance, hotel reward points for air ticket programme
would require both hotel and air company to work together for planning and development. Thirdly,
effective customer relationship management smoothens daily operation. The speed of transaction
with linkage to loyalty reward schemes will be fastened if an effective system is developed. This
could easily track customers' data, preferences, any record that is needed once loyal guests return.
Entire staff would be able to know the way to serve particular guests without further question. This
enhances customer satisfaction and establishes a stronger commitment between the company and
customers.
4
Why Hilton? Unlike hotels which usually adopt either Points and Rewards system, the loyalty
programme in Hilton is more comprehensive and personalized. It launches the programme –
MyWay Specials, which covers most of the loyalty system discovered in hotel industry, and offer the
most flexible choices to their members. Hilton strives to be the best role model of the industry by
offering HHonour guests with programmes for various brands, targeting different types of travelers

with their own interests. Within these programmes, travellers can make their own choice and select
their preferences, which ultimately attracts. Hilton HHonours programme is available within the 10
Hilton

The Role Of Liberal Values At The International Level
4. By using its influence to diminish the role of liberal values at the international level
As China is becoming a global power today, China's views on liberal values are gaining a greater
share in the global marketplace of ideas negatively affects America's national interests, since its
growing power and the example of its development could have considerable ideological influence
upon other countries.
China's economic rising power has deflected international criticism of its records of democratization
and human rights. Human rights issues have indeed been given less importance during high level
official visits. Today, the U.S. president seldom directly demands the release of Chinese political and
religious dissidents. Under such circumstance, the United States and China are competing directly
for impact upon shaping the international rules and norms. China has been highly supporting recent
initiatives such as the G20, the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, the New Development Bank
of the BRICS countries, and Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership, in which Western
governments play a significantly smaller role than in longer–existing institutions, such as WTO,
NATO, etc.
In addition to that, as I have argued before, although China does not fight against liberal democracy
with a counter–ideology, it does approach the potential norm of promoting liberal democratic values
with the norm of international diversity.
The concept of international diversity is that

Neoconservatism In The United Sate
Together with understanding the beliefs of neoconservatism and the importance, the attractiveness
presents itself. With the disorder that can come from liberalism, conservatism proves to be a more
secure, orderly option. A mother with children would no longer have to worry about the barrage of
obscenity. In order for people to live in healthy society, while cultivating happiness, consideration is
key. By human nature, stepping on the toes of others is a popular outcome. With order being
provided by neoconservatism, the possibility of widespread would be a higher probability.
Neoconservatism doesn't make its name by radical force, but a more middle of the road option.
Neoconservatism is only interested in providing what is best for society. In the bounds of the United
Sates, the objective is not to eliminate individual freedom, but to limit it. These limitations are
healthy medium for those concerned with individual freedom and order. Equally important is that it
provides a middle ground for those who are sided with individual and classical conservatism. There
is a substantial distrust of the government while maintaining a care for the fabric of society. In like
manner, the common good can be lost when individual freedom is left to run rampant, and
neoconservatism works to maintain it. Each person living in society should be pleased on reasonable
scale. That's not to say that everyone should get what they want, but there should be a shared
satisfaction. One of the most important goals in neoconservatism is to look after other people.
Neoconservatism is especially attractive for those who feel modern liberalism is steering the country
into a hole. Those who feel forgotten and not cared about are likely to find a home in a
neoconservative driven society.
Predicted Outcome A world dominated by neoconservatism would be drastically different than what
can be seen today. Today, the United States prides itself on the progression of its democratic system
and inclusion of all citizens. Outcomes of such emphasis on progression and inclusion include
programs put into place to support citizens. Some of these programs include welfare and social
security. Topics along the lines of protest, and other policy are also

Human Rights And The International System
Understanding Human Rights in the International System Through a Liberal Perspective
Human rights as a topic of study may have a simple, incontestable sound to it, but this is far from
the case. Yes, most people will recognize that human beings deserve certain rights, but past that
point all opinions begin to split and scatter. As it stands, human rights are an ever changing and
complex category of issues. In order to try and make sense of these complex topics, scholars employ
a range of theories. Theories act like a lens, helping to organize the analytical process and point
people in the appropriate direction. Without the foundation that theory lays out, the thought process,
as well as arguments, can quickly become a mess of smaller thoughts, often with contradicting
outcomes. In this paper, I will utilize Liberalism to try and understand the nature of human rights as
a political issue within the international system.
Human rights and the discussion thereof are complex and dynamic. Human history is filled with the
sluggish progression of human rights. The rapid process of ever increasing globalization has helped
to speed up the fight for human rights over the last century. However, many obstacles still exist, the
most notable being the debate over Universalism and Cultural Relativism. Put simply, Universalism
asserts that all rights should be universal (everyone deserves the same rights regardless of sex, race,
religion, geographic location, age, etc.). On the

How Did The French Revolution Change The World System
Wallerstein (1989) argues that the French Revolution was an impactful historical event that
ideologically changed the world system and supports this claim by identifying three significant
cultural institutions – the movements, ideologies, and the social sciences. As quoted:
"All in all, it added up to a political whirlwind of a kind that had never been known before in the
modern world." (pg 42)
For Wallerstein, the ultimate culmination of the French Revolution was that it served as a catalyst in
upbringing a capitalist world economy. The argument raises the significant effects of the French
Revolution however; to broadly ascribe the historical establishment of a world–system towards the
event is implausible to an extent as the cultural factors and effect of social sciences were of greater
consequence in importantly shaping the history of the world–system.
According to Wallerstein, the world–system refers to a social system of a state ... Show more
The Haitian revolution had recurring food riots and peasant rebellions for centuries, which was a
contributing factor towards the impetus of their demonstrations. Hence, the cataclysmic effect of the
political development in St. Domingue was due to the initiative by the people of the lower classes
who were seeking change and demanded autonomy themselves. The French Revolution did not
inspire the bourgeois for a capitalist world economy and instead evoked a sense of threat. Instead,
the actions of the masses became the change in the capitalist world–system. To argue that the French
Revolution instituted cultural change in this context is implausible as the political development in
acquisition of state power was because of the anti–systemic insurgents and relentless uprisings in the
past, which was not immediate but a long–term social

Are Democracies More Than Other Kinds Of Political...
Are democracies less likely to go to war than other kinds of political regimes?
Democracy is considered as a peaceful entity and the world without war. American president
Woodrow Wilson, for example, believes that democracy is inherently peace desiring and
consequently contributes to the world peace, replacing war–like political regime (Gat, 2006).
Democracy is a system of government, consisted of four key elements. Firstly, it is a means of
choosing the leaders of the citizens and replacing the government, if they do not achieve their
commitments, through free and fair election. Secondly, people actively participate in the public and
civic life in democracy. Democracy depends on the participation of the citizens, and it must be
peaceful, respectful of the law, and tolerant of the different views of other groups and individuals.
Thirdly, every individual has the certain rights, which the state cannot take away from him or herself
in democracy. In other words, the human rights of all citizens is protected by the democracy. Finally,
democracy is a system of rule by laws, not by individuals, and the rule of law protects the rights of
citizens, maintains order, and limits the power of government. Every person is equal under the law
(Barkawi and Laffey, 2001). Further, Democracy is largely supported by liberal thinkers such as
John Locke and Immanuel Kant, and liberalism is the main theory, which supports democracy and
identifies the crucial aspects of democracy.
Liberalism

The Third And Final Constant Factor Essay
The third and final constant factor originates directly as a result of the anarchic international
environment. As stated, a state acts largely in its own best interest. However, given more than one
state exists, multiple interests oftentimes intersect. Competition, the final constant, results from this
intersection. Rarely, this competition spins out of control into armed conflict. Prior to engaging in
war, a state must carefully weigh any potential benefits against likely costs. Mearsheimer defines
this as calculated aggression. Most likely, state–level competition remains at a level lower than war.
Over time, state power balances develop and eventually solidify. Most importantly, state
competition, a state's prevailing interest to secure an improved chance for its continued survival,
remains firmly in place. Seen in this light, both Waltz and Gilpin's arguments for modifying or
upending this balance make better sense. Waltz argues that the international structure limits state
behavior. A state can pursue its interest only so far as to not upset the international balance. Gilpin
steps past Waltz concluding a state can choose to remake the balance if it decides its benefits
outweigh expected costs. One could view Gilpin as a balanced (no pun intended) medium between
Mearsheimer's aggression and Waltz's caution. Despite their respective differences, in prescribing to
a realist philosophy, Mearsheimer, Walz, and Gilpin would each conclude persistent state

Democracy : A Peaceful Entity And The World Without War
Democracy is considered as a peaceful entity and the world without war. American President
Woodrow Wilson, for example, believes that "democracy is inherently peace desiring and
consequently contributes to the world peace, replacing war–like political regime (Gat, 2006)".
Democracy is a system of government, consisted of four key elements. Firstly, it is a means of
choosing the leaders of the citizens and replacing the government through an election. It is also
called a representative democracy as people vote for their representatives to deal with problems and
issues in their societies as well as in their states to improve the lives of citizens. Secondly, people
actively participate in the public in a democracy. Democracy depends on the participation of the
citizens, and it must be peaceful and open–minded of the various views of other groups and
individuals. Thirdly, every individual has the rights, which the state cannot take away from him or
her in a democracy. In other words, the human rights of all citizens are protected by the democracy.
Finally, democracy is a system of rule by laws of people, not by individuals, and it maintains an
order of the government and limits their power as well as protecting the rights of citizens. Every
person is equal under the law (Barkawi and Laffey, 2001). Further, Democracy is widely supported
by liberal thinkers such as John Locke and Immanuel Kant, and liberalism is the leading theory,
which supports democracy and identifies the

Political Feminism And Marx 's Theory Versus Liberalism
What role does liberalism play in socio–legal theory? How do the theories you've chosen address
law's liberalism?
Natural law, Legal Feminism and Marx's theory versus Liberalism.
What role does liberalism play in socio–legal theory?
Liberalism is a theory where the rule of law is based on principles of equality and freedom. The first
principles for this theory came from the classical liberalism while the latter principles known are
more obvious in social liberalism. The first liberals embraced a wide range of practices depending
on their point of views of these philosophies, but in general, they supported ideas and behaviors
such as freedom of speech, of the press, of religion, civil rights, secular governments and democratic
societies. Of course this is very easy to understand and explain nowadays, after so many authors
have struggled to defined what liberalism really is and seeks. Using theories of Natural law, Legal
Feminism and Marx's theory versus Liberalism, this paper will analyze the implication of rights for
each theory and how they can be used in a negative and/or positive way within the socio–legal
framework.
Indeed, for many years, philosophers have sought to encounter a definition to liberalism, though
their attempts have revolved around abstract and philosophical arguments to come to a 'neutral'
definition, which accordingly to Suda (2000, p. 140) can be:
"Liberalism is above all a system of thought which puts at the center of its preoccupations

The Significance of Liberal Reforms between 1906-1910 Essay
The Significance of Liberal Reforms between 1906–1910 After the Liberal government came into
power due to a landslide victory. When they came to power the Liberals knew there was great need
for reform. They knew this change was really required to help and improve Britain and as a whole,
make it a better country. There were many parts of Britain that were in very poor condition (in
poverty). To eliminate this factor that had plagued Britain the Liberals introduced many reforms
between 1906–1910. Each of these had specific aims. They were mainly directing these towards the
working class people. One of the crucial targets of the reforms was the children of Britain. They
knew that the children ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This meant that they were coming out harder criminals than when they went in. As the liberals had
become aware of this they set up Borstals where only children were allowed to be imprisoned.
Within these Borstals the children were educated. The intention of this was that these children would
grow up as respectable adults with high morals. Out of the reforms introduced for children this
seemed to deem the most successful, even though children were still put into adult prisons when the
Borstals become to full (again the government didn't have enough money to introduced many of
these Borstals). The Liberals knew it was not just the children who needed aid in Britain. It was also
people too old to work. The elderly. Booth and Rowntree's survey into poverty revealed that the
majority of the elderly were being forced to work in workhouses when it was no longer possible for
them to work for any one else. In 1908 the 'Old Age Pensions Act' was introduced. This had great
significance as it freed the pensioners from the fear of the workhouse. Once more as the government
were struggling to find enough money to properly fund this, it was a mere 5 shillings that was
supplied to only pensioners over 70. These five shillings were only just enough to survive and as
pensioners were only given to people over 70, there were be many pensioners that had to work when
almost physically

Political Identity: The Conservative Party And The...
Political Identity can be referred to the collective aspect of the set of characteristics by which a
political party of your choice is recognizable or known. Politics exists all around the world whether
it involves the government, religion, debates, events, or individuals in general. It can be quite
difficult to determine one's Political Identity as this consists of various concepts. I am a follower of
the Liberal Party of Ontario which is aligned with the Canadian Liberal Party. The following essay
will be discussing the influences that have impacted me in order to create my own Political Identity.
Politics consists of three distinctive categories such as, the Conservative Party, the Liberal Party and
the New Democratic Party. The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While attending school, I am exposed to a variety of races. Therefore schools tend to enforce
Liberalism as well. Due to this, many students choose to follow the Liberal Party. Not only do I
follow the Liberals because I such a society, but also because the Liberals have given individuals the
freedom of their choice. During the past, the women of Ontario were not granted the permission to
abort

John Stuart Mill Vs Marx Essay
John Stuart Mill and Marx can both be classified as the most important thinkers of the
Enlightenment era in their analyses of human freedom and progress and their differing views of how
humans could achieve this progress and ultimately how the modern government should be run. Both
men were unique in that they addressed the effects of the Industrial Revolution and Globalization on
the socioeconomic, religious and governing policies of their time. Marx's importance rested on his
focus on how progress affected economics. The Industrial Revolution replaced feudalism and
serfdom with capitalism and the bourgeois; thus, Marx points out that drastic changes in economic
structure are possible. Marx's primary opposition with Capitalism regards the ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Women are mostly considered 2nd class citizens, cannot work in many jobs or interact extensively
in public life– Mills notes how they are rendered as subservient beings to their male counterparts.
Because nearly half of society are affected by this, Mills works in exposing and bringing
discrimination to the forefront and makes him very important especially when we look at the
modern debate regarding gender inequality. The treatment of women also goes against another
central tenet of Mills: Utilitarianism. Everyone should be entitled to be free and experience
pleasures whether it be the high pleasures of the mind or the lower physical pleasures of the body.
Mills wants freedom for the individual to achieve what they want as opposed to a classless,
conformed society that Marx

Liberal Election Victory Of 1906 Essay
The Reasons for the Liberal Election Victory of 1906
The Liberal election victory of 1906 was due to key issues that the Liberals manipulated to their
favour whereas the exhausted Conservatives barely defended their actions. This election victory was
on the back of Unionist dominance that had spanned a decade driven by three key issues: "the
crown, the church and the constitution." After the Second Boer War in South Africa, everything
began to go wrong for the Unionists who then found their own leader, Balfour, losing his seat in his
own constituency of Blackpool.
The key areas of victory are the Tory blunders and the Liberal successes. The decline of the
Unionists seemed to begin after the 1900 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The public would now see the Unionist government as not being able to cope with the situation in
South Africa and therefore they would think that they wouldn't be able to cope with the situation at
home.
Combined with this was the strength of the Liberal party. In these 'difficult' times, the Liberals
readily attacked the Unionists and it appeared to the British public that they had the moral high
ground. It was Campbell Bannerman and Lloyd George especially who attacked the Unionists on
every issue that they were weak on and the Boer War was a good example of this. They were
excellent campaigners and orators. Lloyd George, as it can be seen on the video, was good at
rallying crowds and was good at gaining supports in key areas such as Lincolnshire and London,
where their votes increased dramatically up to 15%. The Liberals were very well organized. Instead
of trying to get a huge majority in already Liberal strongholds they expanded out to areas where
they were weaker. The British public would be able to see the strength of the Liberal candidates
compared to the lackluster Unionist candidates and this would perhaps persuade them to vote for the
Liberals ahead of the Unionists. This upped their overall average and this was therefore a major
factor for their victory.
Another key area where the Tories were weak was the economy.

The International Relations And Foreign Policies Decisions...
The importance of Ethic in the study of the international relations and in foreign policies decisions
by governments and others non–states.
The structure of individual estates and how they behave has been influenced by the constitution of
the international system. In others words, due to the fact that states behave in an anarchy system, in
which is not a high authority that protects them in case that they found themselves into international
affairs with others states, it makes that states persuade the seeking of power, trough security
competition, to ensure its survival.
Due to the fact, that states are the major actors worldwide, to guarantee that the competition between
them is not aggressively, for example, after Wars, in the settling of peace. Also, in cases of outlaw
societies, that refuse to comply with the law of peoples (Rawuls, 1999, pp.4,90). At this point, it is
when, the solutions of these conflicts must have a universal ethical basis and be directed by entities
as non–actors that have the political, economic, and most important, the moral power, to persuade
states to change or modified their political policies. Also, implement regulations and norms basis in
moral ethic to preserve the protection of human rights. (Bell, 2010) without other interest, then
peace, and global order, for the wellbeing of the worldwide population.
Differences between Liberalism, Realism and its three varieties.
Simplicity is an important difference between two theories that explains

Age Of Enlightenment Vs Life Today
Age of enlightenment vs life today
Introduction
There are various eras that have been in existence since the beginning of the world. One of these
famous eras is the age of enlightenment also referred to as the age of reason or simply the
enlightenment. Age of enlightenment refers to the time that guided intellectual movements known as
The Enlightenment. We can say that in the world today, there still exists some form of enlightenment
that is going on. The enlightenment today comes from a new practices and understandings that have
been embraced in the social sector. There are some similarities and differences between the age of
enlightenment and the life today. The paper will look at how these two compare in terms of their
similarities and differences. From the comparison, there can be conclusions made on the relevance
of the enlightenment age and the life today.
Thesis
How the age of enlightenment compares to life today.
The age of enlightenment; definition and time frame The term enlightenment in English fully came
out in the 19th– century later parts. There has been little consensus on the exact beginning of this
age of enlightenment whether it is at the beginning of the 18th century which is 1701 or at the
middle of the 17th century which is 1650. Therefore, it is approximated that the age of
enlightenment started in 1650s and went through 1780s (Wellesz, and Frederick 489). It is during
this age that the intellectual and cultural forces within Western Europe put an

Does Ideology Matter in Politics Anymore? Essay
Does ideology matter in politics anymore?
Political ideology has been an intrinsic part of world history for over two hundred years (Heywood
1998). The modern world was moulded by ideology resulting in political, economic and social
upheavals. It has been argued in the 20th century that the importance of ideology in the political
world has been declining and the question set requires an analysis of the arguments put forward by
those who believe that ideology influence has come to an end.
This essay will challenge the view that ideology is no longer relevant in modern politics and argue
that ideology is rife around the world. It will start with a definition of ideology followed with the
theoretical basis required to support the claim ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In addition, Marxists argue that exploitation occurs even when the exploited consents since
exploitation is independent of consent. Simply put: workers must allow their labour to be exploited
or face starvation (Marx 1967). Since some degree of unemployment is typical in modern
economies, Marxists argue that wages are naturally driven down in free market systems. Hence,
even if a worker contests their wages, capitalists are able to find someone from the reserve army of
labour who is more desperate (Engels 2010). Therefore it can be argued that a liberal society will
never be regarded as equitable by most of its members and even if most members consent to the
status quo.
The Occupy movement, seen and replicated around the world may be the symptoms of cracks in
liberal ideology. The movement could be understood as citizens, many of whom may have
previously been liberals, have been demoralised by liberalism after the worst global economic crisis
since the Depression (Marshall 2011). Although Occupy is not overtly promoting any specific
ideology, in fact "occupiers" seem to come from a range of the political spectrum, it is a sign that
even in areas where liberalism is rife, it is now facing challenges and therefore ideological conflict
and debate is unlikely to end with a global domination of

Age Of Enlightenment
During the 18th century, a worldwide movement, more commonly recognized as the Age of
Enlightenment, encouraged the spread of philosophical thinking, science, communications, and
politics. This movement gradually branched out from Northern Europe and reached places such as
the United States of America and France, encouraging the American and French Revolutions. The
Enlightenment brought about a new age of philosophical and intellectual thinkers, such as John
Locke, which helped shape and influence modern government and politics. John Locke is
recognized as the father of classical liberalism, introducing the Two Treatises of Government, Social
Contract, and private property, which formed the basis for the constitutions in westernized ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
America's Declaration of Independence.) Natural rights became the staple of Locke's political
philosophy. Locke believed that an individual was born with the right and duty to their own life,
including their property. His idea based off of natural rights has become what he is most commonly
recognized for in politics. Much like Locke's belief in natural rights, he also believed in the social
contract theory. The social contract theory is the agreement among people in a society to cooperate
in order to receive social benefits. The government could only be a legitimate government with the
consent of the people that it governs, along with their agreement to obey its laws (Thompson, Bruce
E.R. "social contract theory.") If the citizens obey the rules of its government, then the government
should protect their natural rights such as their freedom of speech, equality, and property. Locke's
social contract theory became one of the ideas that capital punishment was founded off of, however,
he was not the only enlightened thinker to have this theory. Both John Locke and Thomas Hobbes
believed in the social contract theory, but they had conflicting ideas. Hobbes believed in an absolute
monarchy, a form of government in which Locke was greatly opposed to, and that the people must
obey the law, but trying to overthrow their king would be a violation of the contract. In contrast to
Locke, who believed that the citizens have the right to rebel against its government if they

Effective Methods Of Becoming A Paperless Organization
Being ecofriendly has become a target for most hospitality related fields. Increasingly, consumers
have become aware of the impact of unsustainable business practices that, many argue, contribute to
global warming and harm nature. It has even become a criterion that refines a search for hotels and
hence many hotels are trying to alter their business practices, by making them more ecofriendly.
Going "paperless" means that an organization decides to stop using so many printed items and
would rather opt for an electronic version. Whether that is a receipt you get from a restaurant or an
invoice from a hotel it is all sent via email. Some hotels and restaurants in the hospitality industry
have found alternative techniques, as opposed to using paper. This essay will examine different
methods used by certain organizations, which have been proven as effective methods of becoming a
paperless organization. These include The Hilton hotels and even more specifically, The Waldorf
Astoria. In terms of restaurants, El Monumento is a privately owned restaurant in Texas, that
employ's paperless services. Furthermore, the large franchise, Chilis offers some paperless services
as a way of improving their service. The reasons these companies decided to go paperless will be
highlighted within this essay. When it comes to leaving behind the old tradition of printing
everything, some owners may be skeptical. Go Paperless Solutions Inc. is an organization who's
motto is "hi–tech company

History And The Last Man Analysis
Although China does not regard itself as a values promoter like the United States, it has found its
own way to develop itself in the contemporary system where liberal values is playing an important
role, and at the same time keeps political liberties highly constrained at home. As long as the United
States remains committed to liberalism, they have an interest in maintaining and strengthening an
international order that is based on liberal values, just as China has an interest in limiting their
international role. China's counter–norm of diversity implies a rejection of promoting liberal
democratic values and a potential alternative to western liberal democracy. One of the most
discussed candidates would be the 'Beijing Consensus'. Joshua ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
China's 'peaceful rise' policy defined China's foreign relations strategy since Deng Xiaoping
promote the 'opening up' philosophy since 1979. China acknowledges the significance of
international cooperation and global governance to its economic development, as Barry Buzan
observed, 'China put its own economic development as top priority, and deduced from that the need
for stability in its international relations both regionally and globally'. What is more, in 2005, Zheng
Bijian wrote that 'China's peaceful rise will further open its economy so that its population can serve
as a growing market for the rest of the world, thus providing increased opportunities for – rather
than posing a threat to – the international

What Are The Influence Of The French Revolution
Global Influence of the French Revolution
The French Revolution is a significant event in human history. It began in 1789 and ended in the late
1790s with the triumph of Napoleon Bonaparte. During this time, the french population transformed
their country's political landscape, bringing an end to monarchy, and became a republic. Within
France itself, the revolution led to the redistribution of church property to the government and to the
people. The most major contribution of the revolution is the Declaration of Rights of Man and the
Citizen, which made all citizens equal under the law. But the revolution did not only changed
situations in France, it actually played a crucial part in changing the world to be as it is now. The
French Revolution, which ended with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Federalists, led by Alexander Hamilton, who were pro British. They supported a strong
centralized government, the development of commercial and economic interests, and the British
cause. They despise the violence of the Terror in France and feared the impacts the Revolution
would bring. They favored the cultivation of America's strong cultural and commercial ties to
England. The opposing party is the Republicans, led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, who
were pro France. This party favored a small government and establishing an egalitarian society.
They feared centralized power and perceived the French revolutionaries as fellow defenders of
liberty. They demanded that the United States support the French against the wealthy and corrupt
British. Besides creating internal separation within the United States, the french revolution also led
to conflicts regarding foreign policy. The French and British went to war, and the US was caught in
between with both countries preying on US shipping to the other country. This eventually led to
near–war with the French and finally to the War of 1812 with the

International Relations' Theories Realism vs. Liberalism
Introduction
Social humanitarian sciences focus on studying global political processes and the object of its
research are social phenomena, which are defined as "international relations" in the world we know.
International relations are comprised of many different categories, such as foreign policy,
international politics or world politics. However, the central issue of international politics is the
international relations. The term "international relations" has been first used by English philosopher
J. Bentham at the end of 18th century. It is important to note that it is not accidentally that the term
appeared at that particular time, as the border line of 18–19th centuries is marked by evolution of the
international relations' ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, the core of realism theory, with its understanding of world politics remains the same –
uncompromising struggle between states for power and influence, and not moral and legal principles
that define the foreign policy of a state. One of the baselines for political realism is the clause of the
anarchic nature of international relations. From this point of view, the anarchic nature of relations
~3~
differentiates between international and intrastate relations, which are built on principle of
hierarchy, subordination, supremacy and obedience, formalized legal norms, out of which the
monopoly of government on the abuse of power within its sovereign territory state prevails all other.
Anarchic nature of world relations, from the viewpoint of realism, is defined by two aspects: firstly,
lack of unitary ruling party in the world structure, where orders by such party are to be carried out
by governments of all the states implicitly. Secondly, the imminence of each state to rely on itself
only, when standing up for its interests creates the anarchy. The followers of the political realism
theory base its belief on the absence of the supreme power, legal and moral norms, capable on the
basis of mutual agreement effectively regulate interrelations of main actors, and thus, avert so
destructible for them and the world wars and conflicts. Moreover, realism is based on a very
negative and unchanging conception of human nature – bad

Classical Liberalism And The Enlightenment
Paper #1: Classical Liberalism
Classical liberalism is the transition from focusing on government to focusing on the rights of
individuals. This transition came about during the time of the Enlightenment in the eighteenth
century. The Enlightenment period was when man started to have more faith in his own reasoning.
People began to look for evidence on their beliefs themselves and to find proof on these beliefs, so
that they could come up with their own opinions on things. One way that they did this was by going
back and rereading Roman and Greek texts and retranslating these texts. This new way of thinking
also caused the Protestant Reformation to occur. Some of the most influential Enlightenment writers
were John Locke, Thomas Paine, Thomas Jefferson, and the people of France's National Constituent
Assembly. John Locke was one of the most influential writers during the Enlightenment period, and
was the first "Enlightenment Thinker". Locke is the author of the "Two Treatises" and believed that
every person was born with "natural rights" such as: life, liberty, and property (Locke). These rights
were meant for everyone, and not just the nobility or wealthy. Locke uses references from the Bible
throughout the "Two Treatises" stating that "God created man without any state of inferiority"
(Locke). This disproves the idea of "Divine Right" given from God that many countries in Europe
had been participating in. John Locke also discussed the importance of "The Beginning of

Is The Deep Green Resistance?
In contemporary society, the Obama administration has been dealing with a mass amount of activists
groups protesting on various political and societal problems ranging from: racism and prejudice,
women's rights, poverty and welfare, capital punishment, violence, pollution, etc. Among these
activist groups, as mentioned in the introduction, is the Deep Green Resistance. According to the
Deep Green Resistances' principles, contemporary society needs to reinstitute a new type of living
style where nature and humans have a harmonious and humble relationship. Industrialized
civilization, in their view, is the reason why life on earth has become destructive. Their task is to
dismantle industrial civilization through resistance, that will create a better society for future
generations. The resistance works to end the abuse from those with power, and those that are
oppressed from social domination and subordination. They align themselves with radical feminists,
who seek to eradicate women's oppression and men's view of women as only sexual objects.
Through frontline activists, cultural workers, and the aboveground and belowground branches of
resistance, this organization is letting their principles and goals for change known to others. Initially,
the Deep Green Resistance will justify their actions from liberals as John Locke. This organization
sees problems that need to be addressed and change, and Locke would – to some extent – support
the resistance. Locke is a philosopher who

Positives And Cons Of Neo Liberalism
Neo–liberalism has its ruts in 1938 when it was firstly introduced by the German scholar Alexander
Rusto in a conference hold for intellectuals by Luis Rougier, at the time to be "neoliberal" meant to
encourage a modern economic policy with state intervention.
Although often used as a trend of globalization and studied mostly in economic, neo–liberalism is
very complex. The varieties of values, ideologies, and practices of neo–liberalism have a significant
affect in the economic, political, and cultural aspects of the society. Martinez and Garcia(2000)
define neo–liberalism as:
"A set of economic policies that have become widespread during the last 25 years or so. You can
clearly see the effects of neo–liberalism here as the rich grow richer and the poor grow poorer.
Around the world, neo–liberalism has been imposed by powerful financial institutions like the
International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank and the Inter American Development Bank.
The capitalist crisis over the last 25 years, with its shrinking profit rates, inspired the corporate elite
to revive economic liberalism. That's what makes it 'neo' or new."
The term neo–liberalism it references in the majority of the cases to the policies and processes
which influences the social life ("whereby a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The aim was that of the "global" adaption with the perspective of the western model of education
(F.Arnove 2013). Mostly of the post–socialist countries followed the goals implemented by the west,
which with the influence of external forces adopted neoliberal policies. The Western Balkan
Countries, aimed to transform the education system, from an old and antiquated one to a modern and
recognizable worldwide model. Moreover this model was presented as the embodiment of progress
and modernity and as the only way for these countries to be competitive with the western European

Adapting Neil's Development From Counselor To Children
I chose to follow the development of Neil; he grew up in Liverpool suburb in a middle class
household. At 7 years he was a funny and playful child who had aspirations of becoming an
astronaut or perhaps a bus driver. In a very interesting turn of events, we discover that by the time he
is 35 he was the complete opposite of that fun loving child, most likely due to a mental illness. He
had gone tough, very tough times in his life where he was homeless and lived off of the government.
By the time he was 56 he had once again turned his life around and become involved with the liberal
democratic party and served as a counselor to children.
Neil is a prime example of the extents to which nature and nurture can shape development. The
progression ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We can see the miltidirectionality in Neil's development when we think about how he couldn't be a
functioning member of society for a very long period in his life. His physical and cognitive
developments were normal throughout his life since he had normal physical qualities such as height
and weight as well as had substantial intelligence. However, from the point after his childhood all
the way up to middle adulthood he was noticeably behind in socioemotional development. For
instance, in early adulthood he had to stay in abandoned properties because he was homeless.
During this time, he moved from the hectic city of London to the country in Scotland where he
found himself and eventually found a vocation he loved. He said that his formal education never
prepared him for real life and that's why he was a failure for all those years until he was able to
actually experience life and grow as a social being. The multidimentionality of Neil's development
is also evident as different aspects of his development were at an all–time high at some point and at
others they were in decline. When he was 7 he was at a high point in his social development as he
was highly interactive with his environment, knew how to behave according to society's laws and
knew what he wanted out of his life even if at this point in life that was mare fantasy. He had
achieved this level of social development again by the time he was 56 as he felt fulfilled as an
individual and was full of purpose. In contrast his cognitive development was at its highest right
before he was rejected by Oxford university as this was the time when he was taking his education
the most serious and was earning good

The Study Of The Theory Of International Relations
The study of international relations takes a vast spectrum of theoretical approaches. A theory of
international relations is a collection of concepts that delineate how the international system
operates (SparkNote on International Politics, 2010). Contrary to an ideology, a theory of
international studies is endorsed with solid evidence. This essay will focus on two dominant theories
of International Relations (IR), namely realism and liberalism to decide for this matter on the more
pragmatic one for the study of IR. According to realism, states work only to gain more power
relative to that of other states (Donelan: 1990:23). Liberalism matured in the 1970s as some scholars
generated arguments that realism was defunct. With the rise of globalization, the immediate increase
in communications technology, and the expansion of international trade meant that states could no
longer be dependent on complete power politics to resolve matters (Lawson, 2015:96). ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Liberalism is contrary to realism, in a sense that it places confidence in the amount of power through
state economies, the prospects of peace and cooperation, rights and notions of political freedoms
(Burchill et al, 2005: 80). This essay delineates the reasons why liberal theory would be the suitable
theory for the study of IR, the position of the theory today and lastly the three variants of

Political And Political Effects Of The European...
The European Revolutions of 1848 were sequences of republican rebellions against the monarchs,
which were thought of as the height of a sequence of political, economic, and social disasters. The
revolutions began in large urban areas and its results, particularly in France, Germany, and the
Austrian Empire, were a shock to Europe with "the defeat of the European Revolutions" and cause
general disenchantment with liberals. Though the revolutions spread to small rural parts, the relative
strengths of leaders, as well as the conflict between liberal and nationalist and the role of the
working class, all contributed to its impact. The revolutions of 1848 caused the most brutal and
extensive political movements that affected the political, economic, social and cultural aspects of
European nations, while aiming for democracy.
France was where the revolutions first started, when its people sought suffrage worldwide. After the
King discharged François Guizot, aiming to "outlaw the banqueting campaign", it led to the radicals
protesting which caused violence as troops shot at the protesters. This brutality amplified the anger
of the French people. Refusing to release the protesters also just fueled the fight for reform even
more, which led to the organization of a second government after the King's resignation. In the end,
the disaster increased as the constitutional government experienced challenges. Later, the people
failed to assert a new government and eventually young workers

Gladstone Essay
Why did Gladstone describe his first ministry as an era of Liberation?
Gladstone first came into power in 1968 aged 59. He dominated British politics from 1868–1894.
Many people said that Gladstone was the Liberal party. Gladstone drove the Liberal party to success
therefore he was able to describe his first ministry an era of Liberation.
Gladstone's first ministry was a success. There was aspects to the Liberal that may have
helped/hindered the parties success. Gladstone's Liberal Party was sectioned into different groups.
These groups involved the whigs, Peelites, Radicals, and Liberals. In fact Gladstone also had a rival
within the party known as Joseph Chamberlain. Gladstone's came into power in a time when
technology was advancing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This act was no way as popular as the as the Irish Church Act. The reasons being that the Land
owners were very sensitive about their land and didn't anyone messing around with their property
rights. This was a hard act to choose if it's in favour of liberation or not. Overall it's fifty–fifty as the
party was a torn between pleasing the Lords or the lower working class men. An act that was less
popular than the Irish Act was the University Act. The liberals set up Roman Catholic University. In
the university Modern History, Philosophy and Theology wouldn't be taught in the. This act was
very unpopular and it was defeated in the House of common. Also it didn't please the catholic
Bishops. This was a step too far for the liberals and after it Gladstone offered to resign.
The University act wasn't liberating or popular. However that does not mean that all the unpopular
acts were unpopular. The army reform was very unpopular among the Aristocracy, the Senior
Officers and the Conservatives. The Army reform act was very liberating. There were two main
reasons for the reform in the army. One of the reasons was the Crimean War 1854–6 in which mare
soldiers were killed from disease than the ones that were killed in the war. The second reason was
the France–Prussian war 1870. In the war the German army was much disciplined and so do
extremely well in the war against France. These two reasons made Gladstone feel that change was
needed. So he introduced the reform act.

The Two Major Theories Of International Relations
Introduction
The study of international relations takes a wide range of theoretical approaches. Some emerge from
the discipline itself; others have been imported, in whole part from disciplines such as economics or
sociology. Many theories of international relations are internally and externally contested, and few
scholars believe only in one or another. A theory of international relations is a set of ideas that
explains how the international system works (SparkNote on International Politics, 2010). Unlike an
ideology, a theory of international studies is backed up with concrete evidence. This essay will focus
on two major theories of international relations (IR), namely realism and liberalism to determine
which one is more useful in the study ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Societal ideas, interests, and institutions influence state behaviour by shaping state preferences, that
is, the fundamental social purposes underlying the strategic calculations of governments. For
liberals, the configuration of state preferences matters most in world politics, not as realists argue ,
the configuration of capabilities and not as, institutionalists (that is functional regime theorists)
maintain, the configuration of information and institution. According to Donelan (1990: 24), the
central point in realism is then that sometimes we as persons and still more important as associations
are made moral, for we have a common power over us; the state. He goes on further to say that we
are not made moral, there is no common power, and that is international relations as the frontiers of
the state are the limits of morals which on one side we have security of the state, on the other the
bleak wastes of international relations, where the states and great associations confront each other in
cold

Liberalism and Realism Essay
Realism and Liberalism are two extremely prominent theories of international relations. These
doctrines exhibit sagacious perceptions about war, foreign affairs and domestic relations. The
fundamental principles of protocol in which we rely upon aren't always apprehensive (Karle,
Warren, 2003). By interpreting the data one could fathom these ideas. The assessment of these
faculties wield noteworthy dominance about the concepts of international affairs. In analyzing this
data, you will comprehend the variant relationship between Realism and Liberalism.
Realism is broadly defined as verisimilitude, meaning "the faithful representation of reality" (Donna
M. Campbell, 2011). Realism is the doctrine that universals exist outside the mind ... Show more
Realism has been very effective in helping scholars understand the international system through the
concepts of altruism, survival, and self–help. Realists believed that there are no codes of conduct in
which all states may guide their own actions. They believed that a state must be cognizant of the
events of the states evolved and that one must use a pragmatic approach to solve imminent issues.
They desired states to have supreme power over themselves in order to actively engage in the use
and expansion of military preeminence. George Evans and Jeffrey Newnham (Graham Evans and
Newnham, 1998) composed in their dictionary, that his fundamental outlying attainment of authority
is appropriate, lucid, and is a highly anticipated ambition of foreign policy. Realism is branded a
pessimistic view in that they argue that states will amass alliances to guarantee equal power giving
no state dictatorship (Rosenberg, Justin, 1990). The moral outlook of Realists was established by
parodies subsequently identifying their morality as a denunciation of polite mannerisms in fictional
stories; for example, Harper Lee's novel, "To Kill a Mockingbird". The highlights of the trial of this
book in the scene when Robinson was on trial for false accusations of raping Mayella displayed
elements of realism due to racism and the time period (Nelle Harper Lee, 1960). Realist, dislike the
liberals prioritize notional interest and security over ideology, morality, and social

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