Pp. 102-114 in Brinkley text

1. Loosening TiesLoosening Ties
PP. 102-103PP. 102-103

4. A Tradition ofA Tradition of
NeglectNeglect
• Salutary NeglectSalutary Neglect
• Did not strictly enforce Navigation ActsDid not strictly enforce Navigation Acts
• No colonial office in LondonNo colonial office in London
• More power for Parliament, less for KingMore power for Parliament, less for King
• Few of the London officials had visited AmericanFew of the London officials had visited American
coloniescolonies
• Led to increased powers for the colonial govLed to increased powers for the colonial gov’ts’ts

5. Divided ColoniesDivided Colonies
• Stronger ties to England than fellow colonistsStronger ties to England than fellow colonists
• Other colonies were viewed as foreign countriesOther colonies were viewed as foreign countries
• Only united in geographyOnly united in geography

6. Albany Plan (1754)Albany Plan (1754)
• Ben Franklin created a plan to unite all colonies (not GA) inBen Franklin created a plan to unite all colonies (not GA) in
“one general gov’t”“one general gov’t”
• Would provide protection against IndiansWould provide protection against Indians
• Albany Congress met during initial stages of F & I WarAlbany Congress met during initial stages of F & I War
• All colonial assemblies denied the planAll colonial assemblies denied the plan
• Why would the colonies reject this plan?Why would the colonies reject this plan?
• Prototype to Continental Congress/Articles of ConfederationPrototype to Continental Congress/Articles of Confederation

7. Albany PlanAlbany Plan
• What did the rejection of the Albany Plan in 1754 sayWhat did the rejection of the Albany Plan in 1754 say
about the colonists at that time?about the colonists at that time?
Cartoon that
appeared in Franklin’s
Pennsylvania Gazette

8. The struggle for thEThe struggle for thE
ContinentContinent
PP. 103-108PP. 103-108

9. New FranceNew France
• French land claims expanded in late 17French land claims expanded in late 17thth
c.c.
• Louis Joliet & Fr. Jacques Marquette—junction ofLouis Joliet & Fr. Jacques Marquette—junction of
Arkansas & Mississippi RiversArkansas & Mississippi Rivers
• La Salle—Mississippi River, claimed LouisianaLa Salle—Mississippi River, claimed Louisiana
• Attempted to protect claims by building forts & tradeAttempted to protect claims by building forts & trade
postsposts
• But small population; roughly 60KBut small population; roughly 60K
• English had 2 million in North AmericaEnglish had 2 million in North America

11. New FranceNew France
• Both French & English were competing for alliancesBoth French & English were competing for alliances
w/ Native Americansw/ Native Americans
• French accepted Native culture, even adopted itFrench accepted Native culture, even adopted it
• English were less likely to do soEnglish were less likely to do so

12. IroquoisIroquois
• Confederacy=5 tribesConfederacy=5 tribes
• Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, SenecaMohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca
• Est. as early as 1590Est. as early as 1590
• Bicameral legislatureBicameral legislature
• Unwritten constitutionUnwritten constitution
• Attempted to maintain peaceful relations w/ bothAttempted to maintain peaceful relations w/ both
English & FrenchEnglish & French
• Heated competition between the 3 groups to controlHeated competition between the 3 groups to control
the Ohio River Valleythe Ohio River Valley
• Ohio Land Company claimed 500,000 acresOhio Land Company claimed 500,000 acres

13. Angl0-French conflictsAngl0-French conflicts
• King WilliamKing William’s War, 1697-1697’s War, 1697-1697
• Queen AnneQueen Anne’s War, 1702-1713’s War, 1702-1713
• King GeorgeKing George’s War, 1744-1748’s War, 1744-1748

14. Fort NecessityFort Necessity
• French feared English settlement in Ohio River ValleyFrench feared English settlement in Ohio River Valley
• Started to build forts in area in 1749Started to build forts in area in 1749
• British responded by building fortsBritish responded by building forts
• Iroquois sided w/ Brits; Algonquin w/ FrenchIroquois sided w/ Brits; Algonquin w/ French
• Few Iroquois warriors foughtFew Iroquois warriors fought
• War would divide the IroquoisWar would divide the Iroquois
• Most other tribes sided w/ FrenchMost other tribes sided w/ French
• George Washington sent to build Ft. Necessity, next to Ft.George Washington sent to build Ft. Necessity, next to Ft.
Duquesne (Pittsburgh today)Duquesne (Pittsburgh today)
• 11stst
conflict of warconflict of war
• GW lost 1/3 of his men & had to surrenderGW lost 1/3 of his men & had to surrender
• He was only 22 y.o.He was only 22 y.o.
• French & Indian War (7 YearsFrench & Indian War (7 Years’ War) begins, 1754’ War) begins, 1754

15. Modern replica of Ft. Necessity

16. By Charles Wilson Peale,
1772

17. French & Indian WarFrench & Indian War
• Phase 1-----1754-1756Phase 1-----1754-1756
• Focused in North AmericaFocused in North America
• Colonists managed the warColonists managed the war
• Few British reinforcementsFew British reinforcements
• Focused on stopping Indian raidsFocused on stopping Indian raids
• Colonists had few Indian alliesColonists had few Indian allies
• Settlers moved east to avoid fightingSettlers moved east to avoid fighting

18. French & Indian WarFrench & Indian War
• Phase 2---1756-1758Phase 2---1756-1758
• Becomes a global conflictBecomes a global conflict
• France allied w/ Austria, Russia, Sweden (later Spain)France allied w/ Austria, Russia, Sweden (later Spain)
• England allied w/ PrussiaEngland allied w/ Prussia
• Fighting in West Indies, India, & EuropeFighting in West Indies, India, & Europe
• Main focus of war still in North AmericaMain focus of war still in North America
• War put under British control (Sec. of State William Pitt), angeredWar put under British control (Sec. of State William Pitt), angered
colonistscolonists
• ““impressement” of colonistsimpressement” of colonists
• Taking equipment, forceful use of shelterTaking equipment, forceful use of shelter
• Increased resentment between colonists & British authorityIncreased resentment between colonists & British authority
• Pitt was able to raise huge sums of money & poured more men & naval forcesPitt was able to raise huge sums of money & poured more men & naval forces
in to the warin to the war
• Turned the tideTurned the tide

19. French & Indian WarFrench & Indian War
• Phase 3---1758-1760Phase 3---1758-1760
• British control of war loosenedBritish control of war loosened
• Colonists reimbursedColonists reimbursed
• Recruitment left to colonial assembliesRecruitment left to colonial assemblies
• Much more colonial supportMuch more colonial support
• British/colonial troops take control of the warBritish/colonial troops take control of the war
• Quebec falls, 1759—supposedly impenetrable, surprise attackQuebec falls, 1759—supposedly impenetrable, surprise attack
after sieging the cityafter sieging the city
• Capital city fell in less than an hourCapital city fell in less than an hour
• French army surrenders in Montreal, 1760French army surrenders in Montreal, 1760
• Victory was aided by successful blockades of French coastlineVictory was aided by successful blockades of French coastline
& St. Lawrence River& St. Lawrence River
• Britain also took control of India & France’s Caribbean islandsBritain also took control of India & France’s Caribbean islands

20. Battle of Quebec, 1759

23. Peace of Paris, 1763Peace of Paris, 1763
• Canada & territory east of Mississippi given from France toCanada & territory east of Mississippi given from France to
EnglandEngland
• New Orleans & land west of Mississippi given from FranceNew Orleans & land west of Mississippi given from France
to Spainto Spain
• England expanded empire, but left in debtEngland expanded empire, but left in debt
• England unhappy w/ American colonists & vice versaEngland unhappy w/ American colonists & vice versa
• American military ineptitude, even resistanceAmerican military ineptitude, even resistance
• Some merchants continued trade w/ FranceSome merchants continued trade w/ France
• Tightened regulations, increased authorityTightened regulations, increased authority
• United colonists, common foeUnited colonists, common foe

24. Other resultsOther results
• English alliance w/ Iroquois falls apartEnglish alliance w/ Iroquois falls apart
• Iroquois left to battle for land in Ohio River ValleyIroquois left to battle for land in Ohio River Valley
• Continuing struggle, but Iroquois were out-mannedContinuing struggle, but Iroquois were out-manned
• Native allies of France doomedNative allies of France doomed
• ““scalp bounties”scalp bounties”
• On-going tension/conflictOn-going tension/conflict

25. The New ImperialismThe New Imperialism
PP. 109-114PP. 109-114

26. Colonial defianceColonial defiance
• Refused to be taxed to help pay for warRefused to be taxed to help pay for war
• GB had enormous debtGB had enormous debt
• Ignored trade lawsIgnored trade laws
• Led to changes in British imperial policiesLed to changes in British imperial policies
• Focused more on acquiring land, less on tradeFocused more on acquiring land, less on trade
• Territorialists vs. commercial imperialistsTerritorialists vs. commercial imperialists
• Tightened restrictions on colonistsTightened restrictions on colonists

27. King George IIIKing George III
• Becomes King in 1760, only 22 at the time—replacedBecomes King in 1760, only 22 at the time—replaced
his grandfather, George IIhis grandfather, George II
• Mental health issues—insanityMental health issues—insanity
• Inexperienced, insecureInexperienced, insecure
• Yet, very hands-onYet, very hands-on
• George Grenville as prime minister, 1763George Grenville as prime minister, 1763
• New, tougher system of controlNew, tougher system of control
• Thought colonists should obey laws & help pay war debtsThought colonists should obey laws & help pay war debts

28. Proclamation of 1763Proclamation of 1763
• Who was in charge of western lands?Who was in charge of western lands?
• What should be done w/ western lands?What should be done w/ western lands?
• New colonies?New colonies?
• Prevented settlers from moving west of Appalachian Mtns.Prevented settlers from moving west of Appalachian Mtns.
(p. 113)—London would control westward expansion(p. 113)—London would control westward expansion
• Wanted westward growth to be orderlyWanted westward growth to be orderly
• Wanted to limit conflict w/ IndiansWanted to limit conflict w/ Indians
• PontiacPontiac’s Rebellion—8 forts destroyed, 100s killed’s Rebellion—8 forts destroyed, 100s killed
• Costly to protect settlers in this areaCostly to protect settlers in this area
• Often ignored by settlersOften ignored by settlers

30. Colonial ResponseColonial Response
• British troops were stationed permanently in AmericaBritish troops were stationed permanently in America
• Colonists had to assist in maintaining the armyColonists had to assist in maintaining the army
• British navy was put on the lookout for colonial smugglersBritish navy was put on the lookout for colonial smugglers
• Re-apply mercantilism—End of Salutary NeglectRe-apply mercantilism—End of Salutary Neglect
• Generated 10X the taxes from colonies—How????Generated 10X the taxes from colonies—How????
• Sugar Act, 1764Sugar Act, 1764
• Designed to stop illegal trading w/ France & SpainDesigned to stop illegal trading w/ France & Spain
• Currency Act, 1764Currency Act, 1764
• Took control of colonial currency away from assembliesTook control of colonial currency away from assemblies
• Stamp Act, 1765Stamp Act, 1765
• Put a tax on most printed documentsPut a tax on most printed documents

31. Paxton Boys &Paxton Boys &
RegulatorsRegulators
• Backcountry vs. established societies along the coastBackcountry vs. established societies along the coast
• Western Pennsylvania, 1763—Paxton BoysWestern Pennsylvania, 1763—Paxton Boys
• Protested colonial taxesProtested colonial taxes
• Killed 20 Native AmericansKilled 20 Native Americans
• Went to Philadelphia w/ demandsWent to Philadelphia w/ demands
• Met Ben Franklin & other leaders, no fightingMet Ben Franklin & other leaders, no fighting
• Regulators of NC—1771Regulators of NC—1771
• Western areas under-represented in colonial assemblyWestern areas under-represented in colonial assembly
• Resisted paying taxes by forceResisted paying taxes by force
• Stopped by governor & militia, 6 hanged for treasonStopped by governor & militia, 6 hanged for treason

32. Concerns w/ NewConcerns w/ New
policiespolicies
• Wanted to move west, land & fur tradeWanted to move west, land & fur trade
• Feared new taxesFeared new taxes
• Disliked abolition of paper moneyDisliked abolition of paper money
• Economic depression set in after French & Indian WarEconomic depression set in after French & Indian War
• Wanted to protect liberties they had enjoyedWanted to protect liberties they had enjoyed
previously; self-governmentpreviously; self-government
• Concerns w/ British rule counterbalanced internalConcerns w/ British rule counterbalanced internal
divisionsdivisions