Pros and Cons of Alt Energy and Human Dependence on Oil

What Are The Pros And Cons Of Alternative Energy
Alternative Energy Resources and Human Dependence on Oil
Introduction
The modern world is fuelled by oil (Youngquest, 1998). This reality has brought tremendous
changes and developments that is continuously transforming the modern period, changing its
lifestyles and economies in the last 200 years. However, these changes do not only paved for
modernization and development, but it has also paved for the environmental crisis that the world is
now facing (Bodley, 2008). Environmental crisis refers to the degradation of the environmental
quality due to human intervention in natural processes. In other words, as human beings consume
and deplete the resources of the world, our industrial by–products are piling up (Bodley, 2008). As
such, it ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In this condition, the researcher holds a cautious position – yes, there is a probability that alternative
energy sources can possibly provide means in which human dependence to oil may end.
The Debate
Everybody, in one way or another, is concern with global warming and in finding the solution on
how consumption of fossil fuels may be reduced. Alternative sources such as oil sands, heavy oil,
and wood/other biomass, coal hydropower, shale oil, solar energy, gas hydrates, wind energy,
nuclear fission, wave energy, geothermal tidal power, fusion, ocean thermal energy and conversion
are all considered as alternative sources of energy. However, can they end human dependence in oil?
The Pros Those who support that supposition that alternative energy sources can end human
dependence to oil claims that
First, as mentioned oil is finite. There is a need to come up with alternative sources of energy
because the reality of diminishing fossil fuel supplies is a fact. In order, to avoid the situation
wherein energy insecurity is experienced, alternative energy sources should be used.
Second, alternative energy sources are renewable. This means that it has minimal CO2 emissions
and other pollutants that can further damage the environment. In this way, alternative energy sources
are sustainable and at the same time, help in creating means wherein the environment may be
protected while opening the possibility of having cleaner air, water and
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Dana Light Car
The Earth is slowly being assassinated, rotted from the inside out and suffocating by the hand of our
own creations. This isn't exactly new information. With Global Warming reaching headline
popularity, and being almost universally accepted, one would think drastic measures are being taken
to help stop the progress or even conceivably revert them. Regrettably, this isn't always the case.
Many people push against the reforms currently needed for considerable, painstaking development.
But not everyone! Dana Light Vehicle, among others, are hard at work producing cars that reduce
the amount of waste heat. Waste heat is the fuel energy that is lost in heat through the exhaust pipe.
The main focus of reducing heat waste is the emissions of CO2. ... Show more content on
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Fuel is usually consistent of octane, ethyl benzene, Trimethylpentane, toluene, and brutane. The
reactions of 3.51kg of oxygen to one kilogram of fuel causes the production of 1.42kg pf water and
3.09kg of carbon dioxide. Simply written out, it would form an equation similar to
C8H18+O2+CO2+H2O –> CO2+H2O. Dismally, this doesn't work as a proper equation, as one
would find it impossible to balance out. The balanced equation would be closer to C8H18+O2 –>
CO2+H2O. Now that one is able to balance the equation, we'll multiply the carbon dioxide and
water by eight and nine respectively. Now there are too many oxygen on the right side of the
equation (product). We move to the left side of the equation (reactant) and change the O2 to 25/2O2.
Balanced, the equation is C8H18+25/2O2 –> 8CO2+9H2O. In terms of heat through energy, this
equation can be converted to [(8 x –393.5) + 9 x –241.8)] – 250.1. What this means is for each time
the reactant produces the CO2+H2O mixture, –5270kj of energy are produced. Surprisingly enough,
thermoelectric EHRS thrive on this! Thermoelectric generators are made up by thermoelectric
couples. These thermoelectric couples are a pair of p–type and n–type elements. Thermally, they
connect in parallel groups, while electrically that connect in series. Voltage drives a current, when
placed between a heat sink and a heat source, through an electrical circuit. Car manufacturers can
use this technique to stop producing CO2, while still producing the electricity

Renewable Energy Sources And The Global Warming
Renewable energy sources
Let's ask ourselves that when the erosion able elements of the earth is not achievable anymore and
the glob is getting warmer day by day, what we are going to do to satisfy our requirements, and
wants? How we can reduce global warming, decrease the negative impacts of greenhouse gas
emission? What are some other natural origins by which we can continue our lives without hurting
other existences in the earth? All these problems can be solved if we use renewable energy sources
and recycle things again. That is why human is searching to discover and figure out many other
natural ways to use the resources positively and act logically.
First, let's define what Renewable energy sources is and how we can benefit from ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
So, the greatest way is to recycle the used items, use alternative energy sources instead of non–
renewable sources, they should be kind to their nature and avoid the probable dieses that may
influence our nature.
One of the cleanest and basic energy sources is the solar power by which people can come out with
many of their problems. Solar energy power, which is the energy taken from the sun, have a big
usage in today's world. People in all the countries use this energy source for different cases. It can be
used for producing electricity, heating, cooking, charging, and much more usages. For example,
people in the cities and rural areas of Afghanistan use the solar energy for electricity purposes, and
in countries like japan and U.S it has a vast usage in industrial factories. This energy is the power
that can be converted in to electrical energy and is the most abundant renewable source available.
We can invert this power by modern technologies for different uses like, generating energy,
providing light, heating water, and many manufacturing uses. Furthermore, the companies that
provide solar shingles can make available many job opportunities. Solar energy technology is a
common type of renewable sources that everyone in Afghanistan knows that and

Sources Of Renewable Energy Sources
The continued reliance on fossil fuels over the centuries has led to these resources being almost
completely exhausted. Furthermore, their use has had extremely negative effects on the
environment, namely pollution and global warming as a result of the build–up of greenhouse gases.
It is therefore essential to consider alternative, cleaner energy sources. It was decided that six
renewable energy sources should be researched in order to determine which are most suitable for use
in the West of Scotland.
Biomass Energy
Biomass is biological matter originating from living or recently living organisms, and it is the oldest
source of renewable energy. The biomass used for energy normally comes from plant–based
material.1 During photosynthesis, the chlorophyll in plants captures the sun's energy, in order to
convert carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates. Subsequently, combusting these carbohydrates
produces water and carbon dioxide, hence releasing the energy initially captured from the sun.2
The most widely used method of converting biomass to electricity involves burning it to produce
steam, this then causes rotation in a turbine, and this kinetic energy produces electicity.2 This
process is shown below:
Biomass is a completely renewable source of energy: in addition to the energy it stores being from
the sun, biomass can re–grow over a reasonably short time period.2 It is widely available and can be
sourced from within the UK, and in fact every

Development Of Off Shore Wave Generator Systems And...
Development of off shore wave generator systems and integrating into Disaster Management
systems.
Rahul Basu, raulbasu@gmail.com
Visiting Professor
Alpha Institute of Technology
Kannur PO
Bangalore 56077, Ka, India
Paul T. Wegener
Waveberg Development www.waveberg.com
4016 Lark Street
San Diego, Ca 92013, USA
Abstract
The SAARC region with over a billion populations is contiguous to the Indian Ocean, Bay of
Bengal and the Arabian Sea. Utilization of ocean resources for power generation such as tidal,
thermal solar and wind for energy, along with other green technologies like seaweed farming and
sustainable fisheries for food would need to be incorporated in a broad framework for the region.
Development of ocean–based energy systems can be integrated with early warning networks linked
by satellite which can give a few hours to days warning to help mitigate the severity of natural
disasters on human life. . Some of the calamities of note have been the Tsunami of 2004,
Bangladesh and Orissa floods, earthquakes in Nepal and Pakistan, and recent inundation of Chennai
due to weather and bad flood management. A SAARC comprehensive Framework on disaster
management was formulated in alignment with the Hyogo Framework (2005–2015). In addition to
the broad objectives of disaster management and cooperation in the Indian Ocean and surrounding
regions, impeding disasters due to climate change need to be anticipated. Ocean energy systems are
still in their infancy, while ocean

Nuclear Energy Is Not the Answer
In our modern world of today, we use increasingly more energy every day. According to the most
recent study done by the US Energy Information Administration in 2008, the world uses 493
quadrillion BTUs or energy a year, and 82% of the energy is generated from fossil fuels. This source
makes clear, that fossil fuels are a big part of life, and as they run out, it is more and more important
to find a solution. In the midst of a polluted world, what we need is a powerful, sustainable, and
clean energy source. Solar power, wind power, geothermal heating/cooling, biomass burning, and
hydro–electric turbines all seem like good solutions. At first glance, nuclear power does too. Its
powerful, sustainable, and will last a long time right? However, if you take a closer look, and you
can see that nuclear energy is not the answer. Nuclear power is not safe. An accident is likely to
occur every 10–20 years. For example, a European study from Science Daily stated that, "Based on
the operating hours of all civil nuclear reactors and the number of nuclear meltdowns that have
occurred, scientists at the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry in Mainz have calculated that such
events may occur once every 10 to 20 years." This evidence demonstrates that, nuclear accidents
happen more often than we think they do. The dangerous aspect of a nuclear accident is the amount
of radiation that is spewed into the atmosphere and the surrounding environment. Radiation causes
sickness, cancer, mutations,

Essay on Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) utilizes the natural
temperature difference in tropical regions to generate electricity. The idea of using the ocean to
generate electricity was proposed by a French physicist by the name of Jacques Arsene d'Arsonval
in 1881. Georges Cluade who was one of d'Arsonval students, built the first OTEC power plant in
Cuba. Cluade also built a second power plant in 1935 on a 10,000 ton cargo ship which was moored
off the coast of Brazil. Unfortunate events with weather and waves caused both facilities to be
destroyed before either could be net generators. The United States became interested in OTEC
technology in 1974 and built the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority ... Show more
The steam then boils the low–point boiling fluid, which drives the turbine to produce electricity. The
hybrid combined the vacuum portion of the open cycle system and uses the low point boiling fluid
like the closed cycle system. Unfortunately, there is no mass energy production for the Ocean
Thermal Energy Conversion but there has been a successful attempt in 1979, when Lockheed–
Martin successfully built and operated over a three month period a net power mini–OTEC system
which generated 50 kilowatts of net power off the Big Island of Hawaii. But the United States is not
the only country who is invested into OTEC systems, Japan has currently a closed–system OTEC
plant that has generated 31.5 kilowatts of power during tests. The positives of the OTEC system is
monumental. Even if one–tenth of one percent of the solar energy trapped by the oceans could be
converted into electricity, It would generate twenty times the amount of electricity the United States
use everyday. "It could easily supply all the energy we wanted," said Terry Penney, a lab program
manager at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory in Golden, Colo. "The process is very low
efficiency, just 2 or 3 or 4 percent, but all that energy's free."(qtd. in charles. "The Energy Debates:
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion." LiveScience. TechMedia Network, 12 Dec. 2008. Web. 03
Feb. 2014.) Unlike Solar and Wind alternative energy, OTEC can work during the day and night,
which means that OTEC can create

The Laws Of Thermodynamics Will Be Explained
In this paper the three laws of thermodynamics will be explained and how these laws apply to
energy use, energy conversions, and the need for energy efficiency. In addition, the advantages and
disadvantages of energy types including fossil fuels, nuclear energy, solar energy, wind power, water
(hydro) power, and biofuel will be described. In order to combat our growing energy problems the
Energy Policy Act of 2005 was signed into law to help create tax incentives and loans for
conservation and use of alternative fuels. Two provisions of the Act, promotion of US nuclear
construction and the addition of ocean energy sources will be described and how these provisions
can help the United States meet energy use goals.
Thermodynamics is a large scale study of energy and how heat and temperature behavior together.
Heat is quantity of thermal energy stored or transferred from a hot and cool system that come into
contact, whereas temperature is the measurement of kinetic energy of all the molecules within a
system (Khan Academy, n.d.). Energy exists in various forms such as electrical energy, light, heat
and chemical energy and cannot be created or destroyed; but can be changed from one form to
another and its energy remains a constant. This is the first law of thermodynamics (conservation). It
means that all energy has to go somewhere and this amount can determine the efficiency of a system
or what is lost as waste heat. The second law of thermodynamics states disorder in the

What Are The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Point Absorber
The advantages and disadvantages of point absorbers can be seen in table 1.
Advantages Disadvantages
Could Supply energy in secluded regions
Potential Navigation Hazard for ships
The demand for electricity during seasons coincides with the availability of wave power.
The structural loading due extreme weather conditions may be 100 times the average loading.
Resulting in the structural design being more expensive.
Land allocation to point absorbers are negligible
High Construction costs to produce high power generation, making the technology uncompetitive.
Could become a significant source of renewable energy not involving CO2 emissions Will have a
visual impact (affect the scenery)
Large scale implementation could stimulate declining industries such as shipbuilding Various
hobbies may be affected
Table 1: Advantages and disadvantages of Point Absorbers (Drew ... Show more content on
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The Benefits of harnessing Wave Energy
There are many benefits to using waves as a source to produce electricity (Plummer et al., 2009):
Sea waves offer the highest energy density among other renewable energy sources
There are limited negative impacts on the environment; wave energy harnessing devices have the
lowest potential impact
Waves travel long distances with little energy loss
Wave power devices can generate power 90% of the time whereas other sources of renewable
energy, such as wind and solar power, can only generate power 20 – 30% of the time
3. Final Concept: Point absorber coupled with a piston–crank concept
The point absorber was selected as the device used to harness energy from the wave, due to the
benefits the device yields.

The piston–crank concept would be a one solution of converting the heaving motion, absorbed by
the buoy from the sea, and converting it to mechanical energy. The mechanical energy would then
be converted to electrical energy via a

Investigating Your Community 's Source Of Energy
Abstract
U5: M5– A1: Examining Your Community's Source of Energy
The transition from fossil fuel to renewable resources would take a lot of time, money, and politics.
However if we use a multi–source energy network and add in the renewable resources as we slowly
take out the fossil fuel ones then it will help the transition better. "Powerful political skirmishes over
energy sources and increasing awareness of the environmental impact of pollution are necessitating
a transition to a renewable energy network." Western States being large in population and using the
most resources should be first to start this transitioning stage.
"In fact, 60% of U.S. electricity is generated by coal, 20% by nuclear power, and 10% by natural
gas. The U.S. transportation sector is nearly 97% dependent on oil. More importantly, our country
imports about 59% of its gross total oi1, 8 and 23% of our oil comes from Persian Gulf countries."
Kimberling City, MO is currently powered by White River Valley Electric Cooperative in Stone
County. Being a Cooperation they get their electric from solar panels projects, Hydro–electric
facilities, coal from Arkansas, and are working on going green in the future. White River Valley
Electric has a green program where you pay so much a month and they will use that money to go
green. Coal would be the only one that really produces pollution and damage to the earth. Propane
Tanks are found all over the area I live in. Septic Tank and Effluent Pump (STEP) systems are

Advantage And Disadvantages Of Renewable Energy Sources
1. Introduction
As fossil fuel runs out, the world is in search of an alternative means of generating electricity. This
dilemma is a worldwide concern and in the past few decades scientist have discovered many new,
renewable means of generating electricity. Examples of these renewable sources are hydro energy,
ocean energy, wind energy and solar energy. In order to fulfil in the worlds and South Africa's
excessive energy needs these renewable energy sources need to be implemented.
The purpose of this report is to introduce different types of renewable energy sources by giving a
short summary of each of the above mentioned sources and give a more detailed overview of solar
energy that is a source option for South Africa.
This report firstly gives an overview on renewable energy. Then it looks at four different sources as
options. Finally solar energy is discussed in more detail with advantages and disadvantages.
2. Renewable Energy Overview
Many countries rely greatly on energy producing sources like oil, coal and natural gas, including
South Africa. However fossil fuels like the above mentioned, are non–renewable and will eventually
run out, become more expensive or too environmentally dangerous to continue using. In contrast to
theses scares energy sources, renewable energy sources such as wind, water, hydro and solar energy
are constantly ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Wind and hydro electrical power are the direct result of differential heating of the Earth surface
which leads to air moving about and precipitation forming as the air is lifted. Solar energy is the
direct conversion of sunlight using panels or collectors. Having this in mind it only makes sense to
implement solar energy as a basis in South Africa and to thereafter build upon that to apply other
renewable energies to South Africa.

The Energy Of Solar Energy
The U.S. Energy Future is one of the most talked about subjects in science. There are many different
types of alternative energy to using fossil fuels. Scientists have warned the population that the fossil
fuels that we current use for our main fuel source may run out in less than 100 years (James Trefil &
Robert Hazen, 2013). While the fossil fuels are readily available to our current generations, we need
to start making great results in switching our main energy source to more renewable energy for our
future generations. I have researched a few of the most popular alternative energy sources for the
U.S. future.
One area of US Energy Future that has been in place for some time now is Solar Energy. Solar
energy was first developed in 1954 by Daryle Chapin, Gerald Pearson and Calvin Fuller in the form
of silicon photovoltaic cells. In 1958 the solar energy field took off. The Vanguard 1 weather
satellite used solar power to power the radios and other equipment on the spacecraft. After the
successful 1 year mission using the solar power, the Lunar Lander, Mars Viking Mission, Hubble
Telescope and the Space Shuttle all used solar power on their crafts (OSU Test Report, 2015). Some
of the problems with solar energy were the high cost of development and the amount of land that
was needed for the solar fields to be used and where to store the energy. One another problem was
the weather being unpredictable. The lack of sunlight would lower the amount of solar

Sustainable Housing
Current trends of making houses sustainable and use zero–net energy will take time and research to
be implemented most effectively and used on a large scale, but it is the drastic change that is needed
to solve the issue. There are many different combinations and approaches to a sustainable zero
energy building. In order to describe the current trends I will look at two different buildings, the
ZOE building located at Discovery Park and America's most efficient home built in Salt Lake City,
Utah. I will also explain LEED certification, HERS and ENERGY STAR in order to explain how the
efficiency of sustainable buildings and appliance are nationally measured.
The ZOE lab or the Zero energy research lab at Discovery Park was built in order to ... Show more
Advantages and disadvantages of alternative energy sources and engineering challenges for the
harnessing of such forms of energy will also be addressed along with energy storage and fuel cells.
The pre–requisites for the Alternative Energy elective are Thermodynamics II, Fluid Mechanics, and
Heat Transfer.
In LEED for residential buildings knowledge on residential building science will be gained. The
class will involve learning about performance testing, visual verification, RESNET standards,
ENERGY STAR for new homes, LEED for homes and energy audits of existing buildings. The pre–
requisites for this elective are fluid mechanics and heat transfer.
In the elective Energy harvesting systems I will study the conversion of ambient energy present in
the environment into electrical energy. I will learn about the wide range of applications that Energy
harvesting system has, including energy efficiency enhancement for a system, embedded power
source for wireless sensor networks, embedded power for biomedical devices. The course will
introduce the design of energy conversion and storage systems from mechanical energy, including
mechanical vibrations, thermal energy, and other energy sources. The prerequisites for this class

Renewable Energy Sources Of Energy
The worldwide demand of energy has been increasing considerably. Up to 2030, it is supposed to be
60% higher than today (B. SCHMITZ, 2013). Currently, non–renewable energy sources, like coal
and oil, are more commonly used, since they are cheaper than renewable energies. In the European
Union, 80% of the energy consumption demands are covered by fossil sources (B. SCHMITZ,
2013). But, non–renewable energy sources are running out and they are also very harmful for the
environment, since they generate greenhouse gases. So, it is very important to discover more
renewable ways to generate energy.
For a very long time, the only energy source that mankind had was the human muscle. After that
they discovered the fire and the animal domestication providing them a source of heat and help from
horses to plough their fields. The only other accessible sources of energy that they could explore
were wind and water. Sails were used on ships allowing people to move across water, windmills and
water–wheels were used to grind grains and pump water. At the end the 18th century Europeans
discovered the power of non–renewable energy sources and started to use fossil fuels, first coal then
oil and natural gas. With these new energy sources, a lot of new technologies were invented over the
years until in 1700 and 1800 when the industrial revolution occurred. These new technologies based
in fossil fuels allowed an exponential increase in the population and living standards. But, this
increase in

Essay about The Rising Cost of Fossil Fuels
Currently, Americans are becoming more aware of the changes to the environment that have been
taken place over the past 200 years. Storms are becoming stronger, seasons are being coming harder
to compare in the similarities of the past and the many aspects of different eco–structures are
starting to die off with direct relations from use of burning fossil fuels. Americans are also looking
for new ways to save move. Over the past 30 years, rising cost of fuel as forced many people to
reconsider current and future financial plans. What type of vehicle to drive, possible carpooling
plans, even acceptance of new jobs based on the logistics of their current home and as well as the
finding of a new home based on current employment. With these ... Show more content on
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Two highly competing possible replacement are solar energy for consumer household use Red
(2012) and hydrogen fuel cells for automotive applications Efficient Mileage (2009). These two are
held high due to the fact of its energy input vs output and its effect on the environment. Both offer
several different methods of energy farming and as well as performance its usage. When we take a
look at fossil fuels, there are many other drawbacks to its usage other than the fact it is a depleting
substance, there are also the environmental damages that result from the consumption of fossil fuels.
One byproduct of burning fossil fuels is the release of efficient gasses that creates the greenhouse
effect. In Bernard L Cohen's book "The Nuclear Energy Option" The greenhouse effect is caused by
molecules in the earth's atmosphere absorbing and reemitting infrared radiation. The more fuel
burned by fossil fuels causes more carbon dioxide (CO2) to be released into the atmosphere which
in turn allows for more radiation to be absorbed and redirected back towards the earth. These
changes to temperature cause our ice caps to melt, ocean temperatures to rise and decreased
agricultural output to be diminished. The outcome of these results affects the countries people
directly. According to Cohen (2012), when the ice caps

Green Energy and the Carbon Footprint
1. What is "green energy?"
According to Cambridge Dictionaries Online, green energy is "energy that can be produced in a way
that protects the natural environment, for example by using wind, water, or the sun". Solar energy is
the conversion of the rays from the sun into a useful form of energy, such as heat or electricity. Solar
energy when converted to thermal/heat energy can be used to both heat water and heat spaces in
buildings and homes. Wind energy is another example of green energy. Wind power is the
conversion of wind energy into a form of energy by means of wind turbines and windmills.
Hydroelectricity refers to using hydro power, the power that comes from the energy of either falling
or running water, to produce electricity. This is the most widely used form of green or renewable
energy. Another example, geothermal energy, is a form of thermal energy that is generated in the
earth. Hot springs are an example geothermal energy that has been used for bathing, space heating,
and the generation of electricity. Ocean thermal energy uses the temperature difference between the
warmer surface ocean water and cooler deep water to produce electricity.
2. What is "carbon footprint?"
According to Wikipedia, a carbon footprint is the amount of carbon dioxide that a person emits
during their day to day activities. It measures the quantity of resources you use and how your actions
contribute to the greenhouse gas emissions. These emissions are what

Essay about Thermal and Tidal Ocean Energy
The Oncoming Age of Ocean Energy: Thermal and Tidal
With oil being depleted and people crying out in horror at the prices of energy society needs a new
source of energy, the ocean. The ocean provides so much energy it can power up the world's
consumption of oil by ten fold by one day's worth of storing. Currently there are two ways that are
in practice: tidal and ocean thermal. But these two practices are in their infant stages and are in need
of much funding. Isn't the initial cost of sustaining such a project worth the bearing if one is learning
that their source of energy is becoming bankrupt?
Society and people now are feeling the addiction to oil as gas prices are going up. As gas prices in
the US are now rising to the four–dollar ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If less than one–tenth of one percent of this stored solar energy could be converted into electric
power, it would supply more than 20 times the total amount of electricity consumed in the United
States on any given day ("Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion"). Imagine just a fraction of the
oceans energy found just in temperature can be used to power the world. Some already have and
such technologies have been created to suit the need to obtain this elusive power. However, huge
turbines are needed to take and create the power from the temperature. These huge turbines can be
used in different methods to
Ocean Energy 3 collect the steam to power it such as these cycles: closed–cycle, open–cycle, and
hybrid. The closed–cycle uses the sun's rays on the open water to heat up a low boiling point
mineral or element, such as ammonia. The ammonia, a working fluid, is then transformed into a
gaseous state turning a turbine in a generator to provide the electricity to power up homes. Open–
cycle systems actually boil the seawater by operating at low pressures. This produces steam that
passes through a turbine/generator. And hybrid systems combine both closed–cycle and open–cycle
systems ("Ocean Energy Basics.", 2006). These plants can be placed on inshore, off shore, and also
out in the ocean.
With this innovative dream such companies as OTEC have started to build a dream to build a ship
with a large tube that extends deep into the ocean. This ship will have an

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion ( Otec )
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) is an energy innovation that changes over sun based
radiation to electric energy. OTEC system utilizes the sea 's regular warm angle the way that the sea
's layers of water have diverse temperatures to drive a force creating cycle.Exploratory and
legitimate studies have been carried out to center the qualities of the temperature andwater and the
cool profound water varies by around 20°C (36°F) [1], an OTEC cycle can create a lot of force, with
little effect on the encompassing environment. The unmistakable highlight of OTEC energy system
is that the finished items incorporate energy as power, as well as a few othersynergistic items. Force
is changed over to high voltage DC, and is cabled to shore for ... Show more content on
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A land–based plant would have warm water intake, cold water intake and water discharge pipes
extending offshore to the desired depths and conditions. A tower–mounted plant would be built on a
platform much like an offshore oil rig. The cold water intake pipe would run down the tower to the
bottom, and then continue offshore to the desired depth. A moored plant would consist of a floating
platform which would be anchored in water deep enough for the cold water intake pipe to extend
down to the desired depth beneath the plant. All of these designs would be connected by cables to
the existing electric power grid. Open ocean plant ships, on the other hand, would be large ships on
which energy intensive industrial processes such as aluminum refining, ammonia production or
hydrogen production would be carried out. The energy for these processes would be supplied by an
onboard OTEC plant.
OTEC has several of the advantages common to other solar energy technologies. First, there are no
fuel costs, which should make the technology more attractive as the price of conventional and
nuclear fuels increases. Second, OTEC energy production would appear to be relatively non–
polluting. OTEC also has several unique advantages over other methods of electrical power
generation. Unlike most solar energy methods, OTEC plants could be used to supply power to the
existing electrical grid on a continuous basis. In addition,

The Reality Of The Gulf Of Mexico
An explosion that ruptures the ear drums of everyone within visible distance of it takes place. Five
seconds later, the sky is filled with an enormous black cloud of smoke. Breathing gets harder. The
water that was once blue is now dark black. Fish, birds, and other forms of life are fighting to
survive, pushing forward to stay afloat the darkened sea water. The mere fact that the once beautiful
creatures are now unidentifiable to the next. Not only is this taking place among the biodiversity
living in its natural habitat that is now foreign, but the blaze is strong. The fire burns stories high.
The fire burns powerful with no weakness. The fire burns. This is the reality of the Gulf of Mexico.
The reality of the possibilities not all ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is important looking at the current situation based on the problem of climate change. Ice caps
are melting. Sea levels and temperatures are rising. Due to this, tropical storms or storms in general
are worsening and becoming more destructive not only to man built structures but to natural
habitats. This devastation across the board can only go so far. Every step that the human race can
take should and always be taken in order to avoid any more dehumanization, degradation, and
disastrous causations. There is not one solution for this situation, but there is a starting place.
Starting with decreasing dependence of oil and increasing the use of green energy, or renewable
energy. The process is going to take more than just that statement. Renewable energy is new and still
haven't been developed to its full extent so there is hesitation due to the unknown risk. But because
the hesitation exists, it causes the stalling of development. Something rather than nothing is needed
to take place in order to accomplish full independence from fossil fuels and the destruction of the
future.
First, the reason why Fossil fuel dependence is such a horrible thing is because of global warming.
Global Warming is anthropogenic, or caused by humans, because of fossil fuels. Within the last four
decades we have seen drastic increase in energy usage with fossil fuels. This exponential use of
fuels

The And Its Effects On Human Beings
In today's world with all of the different forms of energy being utilized and accessible to us, the
debate has risen about which form is best for the world. It is widely known that the use of coal is
one of the power houses in society and it contributes towards the development of the world and also
contributes to the abuse aspect. Some issues and problems that are attached to burning a dirty
resource does not only include pollution of our air and attributes to global warm–ing, but also it has
a great impact on the negative health effects on human beings. There are only a couple of positive
things you can say about coal, and those two things are that it is very effi–cient and it is very cheap.
With coal's efficiency, it is highly sought ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
So the question becomes what alternative energy sources are available for us to use. Even though it
is not widely known there are hundreds of alternative sources avail–able such as electric, biofuel,
solar power, wind power, nuclear energy, solar water heating, steam turbine, geothermal energy,
water turbine, renewable energy, ethanol, wood gas, biodiesel, urani–um, zero–point energy,
compressed air energy storage and many more.
On paper it is very simple to just use alternative energy but it's more complicated than it seems and
there are a list of problems that go along with it. First, cost is a big factor in develop–ing new
technology because older forms of energy production such as coal and nuclear power has been
around for years and the structures of them are already in place and have gone through the trials and
we know a good deal about them. Since oil is becoming very scarce we have to start thinking about
alternative fuels that are available to us. To establish these newer forms of energy we first have to
start from scratch and build our way up and develop enough of the energy sources to maintain what
nuclear power, fossil fuels and coal mining does for our society. Sec–ond, there is already a lack of
consumer confidence in these alternative energies. Why consumers don't have confidence in them is
simple, it's because they are new and have yet to be battle test–ed on large scales which requires
people to take a leap of faith for unproven

The Annual Spending On Renewable Energy
"The annual spending on renewable energy by the Department of Defense (DOD) will reach $10
billion by 2030" (Schueneman). Right now the military proves to be one of the highest consumers of
renewable energy. They are also responsible for using and burning the most fossil fuels in the entire
country. The DoD realizes this and that's why they are working so hard to become a greener military.
In order to enhance the security of the American people and to address the every changing
requirements of sustainability, the U.S. military is urgently trying to reduce its footprint on the
world.. The military is constantly trying to produce cleaner power, reduce energy consumption,
minimize waste and most importantly manage water. This covers an ... Show more content on
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A lot of military leaders where already well aware of the sustainability issues going on within the
DoD. Admiral John Nathman, USN (Ret.), former Commander of the U.S. Fleet Forces Command
under President George W. Bush, put it this way: "There are serious risks to doing nothing about
climate change. We can pay now or we're going to pay a whole lot later. The U.S. has a unique
opportunity to become energy independent, protect our national security and boost our economy
while reducing our carbon footprint. We've been a model of success for the rest of the world in the
past and now we must lead the way on climate change" (Schueneman)
The military as a whole has realized that their sustainability efforts haven't been the best and they
are doing enormous amounts of work to change that. Some may argue that the DoD isn't concerned
about sustainability because the Pentagon generates five times more toxins than the five major US
chemical companies combined and is considered the single largest domestic consumer of oil
(Sustainability). In all actuality the DoD and the Pentagon is well aware of this. That is why they are
pushing for these huge sustainability changes. They know that they are a large role model and in
order to change the image of the U.S. they first need to change their own image. The Departments of
the Navy, Army, and the Air Force, are all making big changes to help with this new mission; to

Major Environmental Issues Of Pollution
MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
1. Pollution: It is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that causes adverse
change. Pollution can take the form of chemical substances or energy, such as noise, heat or light.
Pollutants, the components of pollution, can be either foreign substances/energies or naturally
occurring contaminants.
Forms of Pollution:
The major forms of pollution are listed below along with the particular contaminant relevant to each
of them:
a. Air pollution: The release of chemicals and particulates into the atmosphere. Common gaseous
pollutants include carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and nitrogen
oxides produced by industry and motor vehicles. Photochemical ozone and smog are created as
nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons react to sunlight.
b. Light pollution: It includes light trespass, over–illumination and astronomical interference.
c. Littering: The criminal throwing of inappropriate man–made objects, onto public and private
properties.
d. Noise pollution: It encompasses roadway noise, aircraft noise, industrial noise as well as high–
intensity sonar.
e. Soil Contamination: It occurs when chemicals are released by spill or underground leakage.
Among the most significant soil contaminants are hydrocarbons, heavy metals, MTBE, Herbicides,
Pesticides and Chlorinated Hydrocarbons.
f. Radioactive contamination: Resulting from 20th century activities in atomic physics, such as
nuclear power generation and nuclear weapons research, manufacture and deployment.
g. Thermal pollution: It is a temperature change in natural water bodies caused by human influence,
such as use of water as coolant in a power plant.
h. Visual pollution: It can refer to the presence of overhead power lines, motorway billboards,
scarred landforms (as from strip mining), open storage of trash, municipal solid waste or space
debris.
i. Water pollution: It occurs by the discharge of wastewater from commercial and industrial waste
(intentionally or through spills) into surface waters; discharges of untreated domestic sewage, and
chemical contaminants, such as chlorine, from treated sewage; release of waste and contaminants
into surface runoff flowing to surface waters (including

Green House Effect On Earth
Green House Effect: When sunlight reaches Earth 's surface some is absorbed and warms the earth
and most of the rest is radiated back to the atmosphere at a longer wavelength than the sun light.
Some of these longer wavelengths are absorbed by greenhouse gases in the atmosphere before they
are lost to space. The absorption of this long wave radiant energy warms the atmosphere. These
greenhouse gases act like a mirror and reflect back to the Earth some of the heat energy which
would otherwise be lost to space. The reflecting back of heat energy by the atmosphere is called the
"greenhouse effect". The major natural greenhouse gases are water vapor, which causes about 36–
70% of the greenhouse effect on Earth (not including clouds); carbon dioxide CO2, which causes 9–
26%; methane, which causes 4–9%, and ozone, which causes 3–7%. It is not possible to state that a
certain gas causes a certain percentage of the greenhouse effect, because the influences of the
various gases are not additive. Other greenhouse gases include, but are not limited to, nitrous oxide,
sulfur hexafluoride, hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons and chlorofluorocarbons. Almost 100%
of the observed temperature increase over the last 50 years has been due to the increase in the
atmosphere of greenhouse gas concentrations like water vapour, carbon dioxide (CO2), methane and
ozone. Greenhouse gases are those gases that contribute to the greenhouse effect (Fig. 1). The
largest contributing source of greenhouse gas

Renewable Energy Source Capable Of Solving The Current...
For years, scientists have been pursuing the discovery of a beneficial alternative energy source
capable of solving the current energy crisis. Some of the most popular forms are solar energy, wind
energy, and nuclear energy. Although solar, wind, and nuclear energy have many benefits, they are
vastly detrimental to our environment. Solar energy requires a copious amount of space, wind
energy is aesthetically disturbing and harmful to wildlife, and nuclear energy's working fluid is
highly pollutant. In turn, scientists have recently discovered the vast potential of ocean energy. The
United States of America needs to pursue the further development of ocean energy. First, the ocean
furnishes high levels of energy–availability. The ocean stands as the largest energy collector because
of its massive size. According to Renewable Energy World, the sea stands as the largest solar energy
collector because almost three–fourths of earth's surface is ocean (Ocean Energy: Renewable [1]).
"The Oceans are in one sense," according to the Environmental Encyclopedia "a huge storage tank
for solar energy" ("Ocean Thermal" [1]). Because the vast majority of earth is covered by the ocean,
the ocean has more space to create energy than any other plant, panel, or mill. Ocean water is in
surplus while land only covers approximately 25–30% of earth's surface. While open and unused
land supplies diminish yearly, the ocean continues to occupy relatively the same amount of surface
area. Second,

Renewable Energy And Solar Energy
There are many forms of renewable energy . Most of these renewable energies depend in one way or
another on sunlight. Wind and hydroelectric power are the direct result of differential heating of the
Earth 's surface which leads to air moving about (wind) and precipitation forming as the air is lifted.
Solar energy is the direct conversion of sunlight using panels or collectors. Biomass energy is stored
sunlight contained in plants. Other renewable energies that do not depend on sunlight are geothermal
energy, which is a result of radioactive decay in the crust combined with the original heat of
accreting the Earth, and tidal energy, which is a conversion of gravitational energy.
Solar. This form of energy relies on the nuclear fusion power from the core of the Sun. This energy
can be collected and converted in a few different ways. The range is from solar water heating with
solar collectors or attic cooling with solar attic fans for domestic use to the complex technologies of
direct conversion of sunlight to electrical energy using mirrors and boilers or photovoltaic cells.
Unfortunately these are currently insufficient to fully power our modern society.
Wind Power. The movement of the atmosphere is driven by differences of temperature at the Earth 's
surface due to varying temperatures of the Earth 's surface when lit by sunlight. Wind energy can be
used to pump water or generate electricity, but requires extensive areal coverage to produce
significant amounts of energy.

Oceans : Causes And Types Of Ocean Renewable Energy
Ocean Renewable Energy Water bodies cover more than seventy percent of the Earth's surface. The
oceans have proved to be a promising source of energy because it is renewable. However, it is still
not as popular as compared to the other renewable energy sources like solar energy. Ocean energy
resources can be classified as waves, thermal gradients, salinity gradients, tide height variations,
tidal marine currents. It produces two types of energy: thermal energy from the heat of the sun, and
mechanical energy from tides and waves. Types of Ocean Renewable Energy Wave Energy Regular
disturbances on the surface of the water are called waves. Wave energy is a form of kinetic energy
that produces electricity. It is produced by converting the surface motion of the water waves or from
the pressure variations below the surface. The energy produced can then be used to power a turbine.
The wave rises into a compartment and then the rising water pumps the air out of the compartment
and the moving air causes the which then turns a generator. Most of the technologies and devices for
wave energy are still oriented to be installed at or near the water surface. Some of the most popular
wave energy technologies are: (1) Point absorbers that uses floating structures with components that
move in proportion to each other because of the actions of the wave and its energy is produced by
this movement that powers electromechanical or hydraulic energy converters. (2) Attenuators are
uses

Advantages Of Biofuel And Feedstock Production
ASSIGNMENT 3
Author : Minh Duc Vu
Student number: 18747372
Executive summary
This report will be outlining advantages and disadvantages of biofuel and feedstock production used
to manufacture biomass energy. There will be an in–depth analysis of the feedstock needed as well
as its impacts in terms of science, engineering, social and environment, economic and politic.
Background
It is well known that most of the activities depend on the fuel, especially petroleum based fuels like
fossil fuel, gasoline and diesel fuel. As the demand for fuels increasing rapidly, biomass becomes
one of the most alternative technologies used to produce liquid fuels. According to the Australian
Renewable Energy Agency (2016), it is currently already a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Majority of feedstock of biomass come from wood, wood wastes, agricultural crops including waste
such as animal waste or from food processing. According to Demirbas A (2000), about 64 percent of
biomass energy is generated from wood and wood waste, followed by municipal solid waste with 24
percent, agricultural waste and landfill gases have the same 5 percent. Additionally, the feedstock of
biomass can come from ocean and freshwater habitats as well. Biomass has been important,
accounting for 7% of world primary energy consumption in 2000 (Fernandes, S.D, 2007), or
roughly one–third of the energy from sources other than fossil fuels (Sabine, C.L, 2000), compared
to less than 1% of the global energy demand on renewable energies such as wind and solar (Energy
Information Administration (2007) International Primary Energy Production).
b. Engineering
The feedstock of biomass which has different properties are different from many alternative energy
sources. Thus, biomass can be converted to energy through many processes depending on kinds of
materials used. There are some common biomass conversion processes: Different types of fuels
obtainable from biomass.
– Combustion is the process where materials are burned in the chamber combined with oxygen or
air to release heat. This method is the most common by which biomass can be used for energy.
– Gasification is the process where biomass is changed

Could Sea Waves Be Used To Generate Energy? Essay
Sea waves could be converted into electricity by use of different Outer Continental Shelf energy
apparatuses including terminators, point absorbers, attenuators, and overtopping devices. Using
horizontal axis turbines, ocean currents can also be used to generate electricity. Likewise, sea tides
can be employed to produce electricity by using tidal energy turbines. Temperature differences
between the upper and lower waters of the sea may also be used to generate power through the
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion process. Methane hydrate may as well be utilized to generate
electricity. This paper examines these electricity–production methods. I. INTRODUCTION Using
various Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) energy devices, waves ... Show more content on
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II. 2. Terminators Terminators (see figs. 2 and 3) elongate perpendicularly to wave direction and
reflect or capture the energy contained in waves. They are normally nearshore or onshore, with a
few floating editions that may be used offshore in existence. Within the fluctuating water column
terminator, water goes in through some subsurface aperture into a chamber and thus entraps air
overhead. Due to wave activity, trapped water moves up ward and downward like some piston. Such
movement pushes air into an aperture that is linked to a turbine that produces energy. Based on
dimensions and wave parameters, terminators have energy scores of between 500 kW and 2 MW. II.
3. Overtopping gadgets Similar to a dam, overtopping gadgets (see fig. 4) feature basins into which
inward bound waves enter and cause a small upsurge of pressure. After it is released, water streams
back into the sea through gravity. The retreating water releases energy that is utilized to rotate hydro
turbines and to create power. By channeling waves through in–house turbines that later release water
into the ocean, special floating podiums may as well generate electricity. II. 4. Point absorbers Point
absorbers denote floating devices that comprise constituents that shift in relation to each other owing
to wave activity. These gadgets may feature a suspended buoy that is inside a container. To convert
energy, the devices use the fall and

Power Crisis in Tamilnadu and Remedial Measure to over Come
The Power Crisis in Tamil Nadu Viable Remedial Measure to Over Come K Chandrasekar1* C
Bharath Kumar2 Load shedding which was originally meant for an hour or so, has now been
extended to Abstract: Electric generation system in Tamil Nadu is suffering with a serious problem
of load shedding, power shortage due industrial and technological development without having any
proper intension for increasing the resource of power. But we have the immense resource to fulfill
our power need. As India is subtropical it can get a year around light energy and this energy can be
used as power resource for the production of electricity. As it is a non exhaustible resource it can
give year around output of power. Our nuclear mission is only to increase ... Show more content on
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   Non–Stringent/Over–usage of power by the Consumers/Public:Awareness must be created in
the minds of the consumers, to use power stringently. Wastage of Power in Functions: Both in the
private functions and public functions steps must be taken to reduce over–use of decorative lights
etc.  Shortage of Power Generation/Supply:– At Neyveli, the workers are on agitation/strike on
various demands, which affects thermal power generation.  Tamil Nadu is at present getting only
7,195 MW of of power against the MW. requirement     8,000 Year Electricity production
Rank Percent Change 0.00 % 2.61 % 1.75 % 13.25 % 5.50 % 0.00 % 8.79 % Date of Information
2001 2001 2002 2003 2004 2007 est. 2007 est. 2009 est. renewable. We are wasting the renewable
resource like hydro power in which India can alone produce 1, 48,701 Megawatts but we are
producing only 36,878 MW. A. Our rank in production of electric power is 5th. Electricity –
production: 723.8 billion kWh (2009 est.) 2003 533,300,000,000KW 7 2004 533,300,000,000 KW 7
2005 547,200,000,000 KW 7 2006 556,800,000,000 KW 7 2007 630,600,000,000 KW 5 2008
665,300,000,000 KW 5 2009 665,300,000,000 KW 5 2010 723,800,000,000 KW 5 Table1: Gives
the last 7 year electricity production in India[1] Wind mills are supplying 1,500 MW Hydel sources
1,000 MW Thermal 2,520 MW Power stations using gas are generating 321 MW. The state is
getting 1,754 MW from the central pool, besides 100 MW from

Desalination Water Treatment Of Water
Desalination Water Plant is a water filtration plant that takes salt water from the ocean and turn it
into fresh drinking water. Although the desalination process has been around for centuries,
desalination plants allowing large–scale treatment of water didn 't come until the 1950s. In the year
2002, 12,500 desalination plants in 120 countries provided 14 million cubic meters per day of fresh
drinking water (Ackerman, 2012).
Desalination process includes:
Thermal Processes
Thermal desalination is a process of cleaning water that includes removing salt and as well as other
toxins. Thermal desalination is the process of heating the water solution and gathering pure water
when the vapor cools and condensation occurs. It also involves the heating of blackish water and
collecting the condensed vapor (distillate) to create pure water (American Membrane Technology
Association, 2007).
Evaporative processes (vapor phase) are used for seawater conversion. Vapor phase consists of the
following methods:
Multi–Stage Flash Distillation is a process in which seawater is distilled by flashing a portion of the
water into steam in several periods of countercurrent heat exchangers. Seawater is heated in the
brine heater. Heated seawater flows into another vessel, called a stage. In this vessel, ambient
pressure is lower, causing the water to instantly boil (Buros, 2000, p. 7). Figure 1. MSP Process
(Source: Roplant website)
Multi–effect Distillation (MED) is used for industrial

Sustainable Energy
EAST WEST UNIVERSITY GEN 203 IMPROVEMENT ASSIGNMENT "SUSTAINABLE
ENERGY"
Course No : GEN 203 Section No : 03
Student's Name : MD.ASIF HOSSAIN Student's ID : 2011–1–80–081
Format of the assignment outlining :
Scratch outlining : 1.1 Introduction 2.1 Research and technologies 2.1.1) Development and research
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Many of the technologies reflect significant advancements in materials.
Third–generation technologies are still under development and include advanced biomass
gasification, biorefinery technologies, concentrating solar thermal power, hot dry rock geothermal
energy, and ocean energy. Advances in nanotechnology may also play a major role. 2.2 Energy
factors 2.2.1) Energy resources
There is abundant coal in many parts of the world, but with the constraints imposed by concern
about global warming, it is likely that these will increasingly be seen as chemical feedstock and their
large–scale use for electricity production will be scaled down. Current proposals for "clean coal"
technologies may change this outlook. The main technology involves using the coal to make
hydrogen from water by a two–stage gasification process, then burying the carbon dioxide and
burning the hydrogen. Elements of the technology are proven but the challenge is to bring the cost
of this down sufficiently to compete with nuclear power. Natural gas is also reasonably abundant but
is so valuable for direct use after being reticulated to the point where heat is required, and as a
chemical feedstock, that its large–scale use for power generation makes little sense and is arguably
unsustainable. Fuel for nuclear power is abundant, and if well–proven but currently uneconomic fast
breeder technology is used, or

Energy
Electricity is produced by converting energy from one form to electricity. The process used may be a
direct conversion process, where the energy source is converted directly to electricity. An example
of this is solar photovoltaic cells, which converts the energy found in solar radiation directly to
electricity. An indirect conversion process consists of converting energy from one form, to an
intermediate form, to electricity. Coal–fired generating plants are an example of the indirect process,
as the chemical energy released as heat by burning the coal is changed to rotating kinetic energy by
the steam turbine, and then the rotating kinetic energy is converted to electricity. The majority of the
electricity today is produced through an ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The problem with this type of power is that turbines destroy natural scenic views and generate noise
pollution.
Hydroelectricity is power derived from the energy of failing water which can be harnessed and used.
Since water is about 800 times denser than air, even a slow flowing stream of water, can yield
considerable amounts of energy. Once a hydro power plant is constructed, the project produces no
direct waste. However, the number of water sources limits the development of hydroelectric power
stations, which is why underwater tide turbines within the oceans may be another great alternative
power source to harness power from the natural flow of water.
Fossil fuels are currently pretty cheap, as are the methods of generating energy from them. With our
existing distribution networks, we can get fossil fuels of all kinds all over the world. That makes it
easy to use them, no matter where you are. Many alternative fuels remain expensive, hard to
distribute, difficult to get energy from and hard to access, making the switch over extremely
difficult. Power stations that make use of fossil fuel can be constructed in almost any location. This
is possible as long as large quantities of fuel can be easily brought to the power plants. Transporting
oil and gas to the power stations can be made through the use of pipes making it an easy task. When
coal is used in power plants, they are very cost effective. Coal is also in abundant supply. A major
advantage of fossil fuels is

What Are The Risks Of Climate Change And Global Warming?
What are the risks of climate change and global warming?
Climate change has been a pertinent issue in the media as of the past decade. With much debate on
its severity, some simply believe that it is the result of alternating weather patterns. Meanwhile, the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change claims that global warming "has been driven by human
activity," continuing on to say that its existence is "unequivocal" (sciencemag). As most scientific
research suggests, it is evident that climate change is negatively affecting the planet through global
warming due to a diminishing Ozone layer, rising sea levels as a result of thermal expansion and
melting polar ice caps, and a declining quality of life for humans and animals caused by ... Show
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"Ozone plays an important role in the earth's atmosphere and changes in its concentration are of
concern for several reasons: increased penetration of ultraviolet (UV) radiation, a contribution to
global warming, perturbations in atmospheric chemistry, and direct toxic effects on the terrestrial
biosphere" (Ashmore). Radiation in the atmosphere is harmful for obvious reasons; This paired with
rising seas and the inevitable agricultural setbacks prove that our Ozone layer is the vital portion of
everyday life. In the case of its environmental impacts, "It is clear that these changes will be
increasingly manifested in important and tangible ways, such as changes in extremes of temperature
and precipitation, decreases in seasonal and perennial snow and ice extent, and sea level rise" (Karl).
That is to say that global warming will result in unpredictable and extreme patterns of weather and
lead to an increase in the problematic case of sea level rising. The New York Times addressed this in
an article saying: "Global warming has set in motion a rise in global sea levels. A forecast shows a
rise of 7 to 23 inches by 2100 and concludes that seas will continue to rise for at least 1,000 years to
come. By comparison, seas rose about 6 to 9 inches in the 20th century" (Rosenthal). So how much
will it rise and for how long? According to the American Association for the advancement of
Science,

The World's Largest Solar Collectors And Energy Storage...
We have many different kind of energy source in our world and the ocean is a big part of one of
thought energy source. The ocean makes up more than 70% of the Earth's surface and it collects a
lot of sun's heat and energy. This will make it the "world's largest solar collectors and energy storage
system" and the Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) will probably seems like a great tool to
have [7]. This energy source works is by using the solar energy collected from the sun by the ocean
and converting that energy into electric energy. The OTEC uses the warm ocean water that was
heated up from the sun (around 77 degrees Fahrenheit) to vaporize a working fluid with a low
boiling point. The working fluid expands and spins a generator, creating electricity. From there, the
vapor is then cooled down from the cold ocean water (around 41 degrees Fahrenheit) that is pumped
up from the deep parts of the ocean layer. This cause the vapor to turn back into the working fluid
from before and condenses back into a liquid. Because of this, the whole system is reusable and is a
continually electricity generating cycle [7]. This is only one type out of three OTEC systems, known
as closed–cycle system. The other two systems will be explain later on in the paper. This paper will
explain different aspects of the OTEC systems, from the different types that are currently being used
to the costs and environmental effect to the pros and cons of the OTEC systems.
In OTEC, there are three different

What Are The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Renewable Energy
Renewable energy:
Renewable energy is such a form of energy as is replaced rapidly by a natural process such as power
generated from the sun or from the wind etc. Types of renewable energy
There are many types of renewable energy available. Most of which, in one way or the other, depend
on sunlight e.g. Wind and Hydroelectric power are the direct result of heating of the surface of earth
which results in air moving about (wind) . Moreover Solar Energy, as the name is self–explanatory,
is the direct conversion of sunlight while using solar modules and/or collectors . Biomass Energy is
actually stored sunlight contained in plants . However there are other types of renewable energies
that are not associated with sunlight e.g. Geothermal ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Renewable energy generation mainly takes place in remote settings. Hence there is a great
possibility for local towns or areas of getting a fair share of power generated. Electrification of those
areas can open sky–kissing opportunities for development .
Disadvantages of renewable energy resources:
1. Many forms of renewable energy are location–specific e.g. the potential of solar energy varies
depending upon the location i.e. altitude, longitude etc. for example In Seattle, Washington, just 71
days per year are classified as "sunny," or having a cloud cover that is less than 30%. Similarly,
Northern areas may go prolonged periods without experiencing sufficient sunlight during the winter
months. Because renewable energy is often location–specific, it may not be available for every
community to use .
2. Many forms of renewable energy require storage capabilities. With traditional power resources, a
home or business is connected to a local distribution grid so that it can be accessed 24/7. However,
using a renewable energy resource requires the meanwhile use of back–up and storage capabilities
because sunlight doesn't happen at night, say, and wind speeds are not always consistent. Thus
storage capabilities that are required can push the cost of a new renewable energy system beyond
what the average person or community can afford

A Study Case For Renewable Resources
Energy generation in Hawaii is a noteworthy issue in context of the islands ' bound region and
nonappearance of neighborhood resources. The state needs tons of petroleum and coal for power, yet
late exercises have expanded utilization of renewable resources. There are numerous distinctive
hotspots for renewable vitality that could unravel our vitality use issue, despite the fact that
impressive measures of sun based photovoltaic and wind power use have actuated force value issues
which have made Hawaii a study case for renewable resources. We are looking at Algae fuel and
solar and wind power as additional sources to help with this power issue.
The run of the mill expense of power in the introductory nine months of 2012 was $0.34 per
kilowatt–hour, more than twofold the expense in the going with most fundamental state, New York
at $0.16, and more than triple the US common of $0.10 per kilowatt–hour. Renewable sources gave
10.5% of total electric power in 2010. Hawaii organized third among U.S. states in geothermal
centrality and seventh in went on sun power. In January 28, 2008, the State of Hawaii and the US
Department of Energy indicated a redesign of understanding and reported the Hawaii Clean Energy
Initiative, which has an objective to utilize renewable assets, for occasion, wind, sun, sea,
geothermal, and bioenergy to supply 70 percent or a more significant measure of Hawaii 's
criticalness needs by 2030 and to decrease the state 's reliance on imported oil.
The State

Thermal Energy Conversion Essay
The demand for an efficient renewable energy source is a driving force in ongoing research.
Thermal energy conversion is one such potential source that is under constant investigation and has
endless avenues of possibility. The two requirements of energy production are efficiency and
renewability. Many possibilities exist for energy production including: Fossil Fuels (natural gas, oil,
coal, oilshale), nuclear, solar, wind, geothermal, biomass and wastes, & hydroelectric. Efficiency of
the use of these resource are directly related to the location and the demand in that location. For
example Hawaii is a prime candidate for the use of the oceans mechanical wave action, the thermal
gradient of the ocean, wind, and biomass from the high ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are three types of energy converters producing electricity: closed cycle, open cycle, and a
hybrid system combining the previous two systems. Closed cycle OTEC systems use the warm
surface water to boil a fluid that has a low boiling point (e.g. ammonia). The pressure caused by the
expanding vapor is then used to turn a turbine. The turbine then turns a generator to produce
electricity. Cold water is then used to recycle the vapor back to a condensed state and the cycle is
repeated. An open cycle system directly boils the warm surface water. Operating at low pressure, the
steam that is created is channeled in turn to a turbine engine. The water vapor is condensed again by
cold water. If the condensed water is kept seperate from the cold seawater it can be used for
consumption or agriculture. Other by–products produced by the open cycle OTEC are a variety of
minerals. Both cycles produce electricity through the use of solar warmed water.
Steam Powered Turbine Engine
Capturing the power of steam is not a new idea but one that has been used for hundreds of years. A
jet of steam can readily do work on an object by the jet propolsion effect of steam escaping through
a small guided hole or by a stream colliding with a system of paddle wheels. Most early steam
powered machines used the principles of the latter. The system of paddles, or turbine, was used to
drive a shaft which in turn could drive any number of gear or belt driven mechanisms. The

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Fossil Fuels
Fossil fuels are hydrocarbons, primarily coal, fuel oil or natural gas, formed from the remains of
dead plants and animals, and great sources of energy and great sources of pollution. Fossil fuels are
used to power a lot of things, including vehicles, heat homes, industries, manufacturing, and for
electricity. Primarily used fossil fuels are coal, natural gas, and oil, these fossil fuels are dangerous
to the environment. When fossil fuels are burned, it emits harmful gases in the environment like
greenhouse gases, mainly carbon dioxide, greenhouse gases are gases that traps the heat, and can
cause climate change like global warming, rising sea levels, acid rain, and many more. Basically
fossil fuels are bad, but can alternative energy ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Solar energy comes from the sun and many living organisms depend on solar energy, like plant,
aquatic life and animals. Solar energy is mainly used to generate heat and light. "Solar energy
coming down to the planet is affected by the orbital path of the sun and its variations within the
galaxy" according to Rinkesh. Rinkesh also wrote that solar energy was "believed to have been
responsible for the breaking of ice during the ice age, which creates the separation of lands and sea."
Anyway about seventy percent of the sunlight gets reflected back into space and thirty percent of the
sunlight to create energy for the nation's energy demands. There are two kinds of solar energy, the
active solar energy and passive solar energy. Passive solar energy uses duration, position and sun's
rays intensity to its advantage in heating a particular area. Active solar energy uses electrical
technology and mechanical technology. Solar energy is an effective alternative for fossil fuels
because it does not create pollution and is also renewable. Wind energy is also a popular alternative
energy source that have been used for centuries. It was used to power ship and made it possible for
explorers to sail long distant lands. Wind energy that can be used to power things are created with
windmills, "a single windmill can power crop irrigation, and the family energy needs, water
pumping and electric lights" according to Rinkesh

Energy Efficiency And Renewable Energy
One thing is for certain, the cleanest and most inexpensive source of energy is the one that is
inexhaustible and can also be naturally replenished and readily produced. The next step would be to
develop that type of renewable energy efficiently while also distributing it more effectively. The
most rational way to create and produce energy is to generate it renewably by utilizing naturally
reoccurring resources. Perhaps, that is why energy efficiency and renewable energy are gaining
more and more attention from the largest names in the financial, energy, and industrial communities.
Government, manufacturers, and the consumer are all involved in the renovation of the energy
system towards one that is cleaner and more proficient. According to energy industry shareholders,
it is the consumer that delegates that adjustment. Due to this enormous influence, consultants are
seeking for government to propose incentives to the consumer in order to surge the growth of
renewable energy technologies (Bloomberg 2011).
As of now, the historical shifts in "new" renewable energy sources, as well as the growth potential of
"old" renewable energy sources, such as hydroelectric power, may suggest the adoption of new
governmental policies and financing. These new policy adaptations may put a major emphasis on
the ecological and financial benefits of renewable energy. In recent years, the production of
sustainable energy has provided a very prolific field of research (Smil 2014).This mainframe

Pros and Cons of Alt Energy and Human Dependence on Oil

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