Child Welfare In Canada Essay

Child Welfare In Canada Essay
It is the assumption of many that Canada is a nation free of racism. Canadians pride themselves on being culturally diverse and accepting, and on
having relatively progressive social policies such as that of universal healthcare. However, there are many ways in which the current and historical
policies have expressed explicit racism that have left an already marginalized population with the crumbs of society. A prime example of this can be
demonstrated in the mass overrepresentation of Aboriginal youth in care. By the year 2010, there were around twenty–seven thousand Indigenous
children in the Canadian child welfare system who were living in some sort of out–of–home care (Chappell, 2014). Although they represented only
seven percent of the children in Canada, they made up 48 percent of all children in foster care. (Yukselir & Annett, 2016). This phenomenon is not a
recent trend, as it has been occurring since the very creation of modern child welfare in Canada as it is known, and it has its roots deep in Canadian
history. This paper will demonstrate a timeline of the events which have lead to this phenomenon in Canada, specifically focusing on the province of
Ontario. Important facts which may have contributed to the overrepresentation of this population will be discussed, such as historical methods of
colonization in regards to child welfare including the implementation of the residential school system and the Sixties Scoop. Policies that have also had
a profound impact,
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Offensive Facts Essay
Most Offensive Facts About the world we live in. A truly great library contains something in it to offend everyone. Just a glimpse in our history
and we see people, society, kings, governments being the cause of pain to their so called own people. Some of those acts confuses us while some
are just plainly horrible. All becomes easy when we follow the current of opinion, it is the ruler of the world. Whatever is the case, we are all
curious and sometimes we even want to know things about the world that aren't entirely pleasant. And thanks to reddit and other sources, we were
able to pick up some offensive facts for your consideration. 1. 19431001819275Refugee politics in Switzerland during World War II towards Jews
displaying a despicable... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some Hindu groups alleged that Staines had forcibly converted or lured many Hindus into Christianity, Staines' widow Gladys denied these
allegations. On the night of 22 January 1999, he attended a jungle camp in Manoharpur, He was on his way to Keonjhar with his sons, who had
come back on holiday from their school at Ooty. They broke the journey for the camp and decided to spend the night in Manoharpur. After that, they
slept in the vehicle because of the severe cold. His wife and daughter had remained in Baripada. According to reports, a mob of about 50 people,
armed with axes and other implements, attacked the vehicle while Staines and the children were fast asleep and his station wagon where he was
sleeping was set alight by the mob. Graham, Philip and Timothy Staines were burnt alive. Staines and his sons apparently tried to escape, but were
allegedly prevented by a mob. The murders were widely condemned by religious and civic leaders, politicians, and journalists. HYPERLINK "https:/
/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Staines"Source 3. Canadian Indian residential school system – a horribly racist attempt to "take the native out of the
child". 10858505610225In a horribly racist attempt to "integrate" the native population of Canada, the Roman Catholic Church partnered with the
Federal government came up with the brilliant idea of making residential schools mandatory for all native children in Canada. Over the course of
approximately 120

Residential Schools
Long before Europeans came to North America, The Aboriginal people had a highly developed way of life. This however all changed when the
Europeans decided to settle among them. For the Anglophones and the French people of Canada it became more and more evident that something
drastic would need to be done in order to fit them into their ideal perception of what it was to be Canadian. With the help of the church the Canadian
government implemented the residential school system, which was devoted to providing a disciplined based ideal that promoted rejection of the
aboriginal culture in favor of the dominant white population. The residential system would eventually become an official Canadian policy for the
education of Indian. Even though... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To try and learn it again was hard, that is why it eventually loss its place in society. Those that were in charge worked hard to take away the ability
to speak and share their feelings and experiences with one another "Children entering Residential schools were literally forbidden to speak their
own languages so there was no way for a child to communicate until English was learned."[6] All in all this added to long last effects caused by
the residential school system. Spirituality often can be classified to an ultimate or immaterial reality or inner path enabling a person to discover the
essence of their being; or the deepest values and meanings by which people live. This can be true for the aboriginal people, whose concept of
spirituality is derived from the concept of the Dreaming, where the roots lie in a variety of stories, ceremonies, values and structures. In the beginning
many people held on to what ever they could, holding on to their idea of themselves a connection to the families that they left behind. However, in
order to wipe away any thought or lingering feelings "many masks, regalia. And ritual artifacts were confiscated and burned as pagan works of the
devil– or simply held and later sold for profit."[7] This was devastating as many lost whatever connection they had to the outside world, their families
and their spirituality. While in residential schools "Children were taught that the beliefs of their

The Canadian Government And The Aboriginal People
In the 19th century, The Canadian government believed that it was their job to educate the Aboriginal people in Canada. European settlers felt that
the aboriginal people were savage, ignorant, and like children needed guidance, and needed to be "civilized". Ultimately, they wanted to assimilate
the Aboriginal people into Canadian and Christian ways of living life in Canada. The Canadian government came up with a policy called
"aggressive assimilation" to be taught at industrial schools that would be run by the churches and government funded. They chose children to go to
these schools because they are easier to manipulate and mold than the adults and felt that school was the best way to do so. With the hopes of the
assimilated children will teach their children their new way of life and that their traditions and culture will diminish or be completely gone in a few
generations. In the 1880's, the government began to construct the residential schools across Canada. Authorities often would take kids from their
home, to isolate them from their family and familiar communities. In 1920 is when the Indian Act came in effect where every Aboriginal child was
obligated to attend a residential school and it was illegal for them to go to any other institution. Moving on to oppression which Aboriginal children
faced much of. Oppression is defined as the social act of placing severe restrictions on an individual, group, or institution. The ultimate goal of
oppression is to keep the people

Reflecting On The Residential School System
RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL SYSTEM
3. In reflecting on the Residential School System in Canada, discuss why Elders teachings and courses in Indigenous studies are important today.
Between 1875 and 1996, First Nations children were forced to attended residential schools to be systematically assimilated into an English–Christian
society through abuse, segregation, and racism. Residential schools were created by the Canadian government to transition First Nations children into a
newly colonized Canada, but somewhere something went wrong and the policy of teaching was corrupted into assimilation through abuse. The priority
of residential schools was to kill the Indian in the child. As a result many languages and cultures were lost as children were not taught the traditions of
their heritages and could not pass on this knowledge to their children. Residential schools directly contributed to the loss of the First Nations traditional
cultures and created a cycle of abuse for generations to come.
Dickason, Olive Patricia and Long, David. (2011). Visions of the Heart. Oxford University Press. First Nations Elders maintain traditional lifestyles
and beliefs. They continue to spread the oral traditions that once were very well known. After residential schools were created a lot of knowledge
was lost from the First Peoples, and the Elders have become a primary source for this knowledge perseverance.
"Elders continue to accrue, especially both to their role and function and to the

Residential Schools Vs. Public Schools
Residential School's were introduced back in the 1870's, they were made to change the way native children spoke their languages and how they viewed
their cultures. The residential school system in Canada was operated by the government, where the native children were aggressively forced away from
their loved ones to participate in these schools (1000 Conversations). The government had a concept, where they can modernize the native children,
aged of three to eighteen and extinguish the aboriginal culture. In the twentieth century the Canadian Public School's had arrived and had improved
treatments than residential schools. In Contrast, the treatments within these schools were both different, whereas Canadian public school students had
more freedom than residential school students because children were taken away from their families. However, the treatment in these schools were
different and some what similar. Even though Residential schools and Canadian Public schools were similar in some form, there were numerous
amounts of differences in how the children were taught, how they were treated and how their living conditions were like throughout these schools.
Residential schools were the one of the worst decisions the Canadian government had made. As they planned this idea with the churches across
Canada, it became unforgettable for the native people. These schools changed the way native people lived in Canada. The children in these schools
were abused and neglected everyday

Trc Essay
Introduction:
In this Truth and Reconciliation Report a variety of topics will be discussed. First, I will explain what the Truth and Reconciliation Commission
(TRC) is, who makes up the commission, and how they were picked. Then, I will explain the purpose of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission,
why the commission was created, and what are they responding to. In addition, I will provide two critiques of the TRC report, identify how social
work can respond to the TRC report, and identify how I might respond to the TRC report in my personal/professional life. Lastly, I will provide a
conclusion summarizing what was spoken about in this Truth and Reconciliation Report.
What is the Truth and Reconciliation Commission? The truth and reconciliation commission is an element of the Indian Residential Schools
Settlement Agreement (Truth and reconciliation commission of Canada (TRC), n.d., para.1). The TRC is a response based on comprehensive and
holistic approaches (TRC, n.d.). It acknowledges the residential school system, and other inequalities ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They are responding to the Government of Canada for their ongoing unjust, and harsh treatment towards their communities. The purpose of the TRC is
to document the authentic truth of First Nations, Inuit, and MГ©tis residential school survivors (TRC, n.d., para.2). Also, to document their families,
communities, the churches, the government, and anyone who was personally affected (TRC, n.d.). Furthermore, promoting awareness and educating
all non–Aboriginal Canadians on the Residential School System, its legacy, and its destructive impacts (TRC, n.d.). Also, the TRC has included
recommendations to the Government of Canada regarding the Residential School System and its legacy (TRC, n.d.). Lastly, the TRC wants to motivate
Aboriginal Peoples, and non–Aboriginal Canadians in a reconciliation process, and create new relationships built on mutual understandings (TRC,

The History Of Canada
The history of Canada spans over hundreds of years. There have been endless defining occasion's in our country's history that have constructed, and
shaped our country. Canada has shaped as a nation politically, economically and socially through many consequences we have faced and many
moments we have celebrated. Events such as the women's suffrage, Terry Fox's Marathon of Hope, and Stephen Harper apologizing to aboriginal
people regarding what happened with the Residential School System have had a lasting impact on our country. Their significance to Canadian history
is evident through the impact they have had on many of our citizens. They have played a leading role in carving our history to be the way it is today.
People in the early ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Subsequent to the year 1919, many doors were opened for Canadian women and they were able to achieve a greater role in society. A role, in which
they still hold today.
Terrance Fox was motivated to make the world a better place. Diagnosed with osteosarcoma in 1977, he was determined to make the world aware
of this type of cancer and raise money for cancer research. When Terry was diagnosed, doctors declared that he had less than a 50% chance of
survival. He then was required to have one of his legs amputated. Just three weeks after his surgery, he was active and joined a wheelchair
basketball league. During that time, he read an article about a man participating in the New York Marathon who was amputated just as he was.
Terry decided if he could run across Canada on one strong leg, he would be able to make people aware of this cancer and raise money for it. His
race began on August 12th 1979. As he endured tough weather conditions throughout the month of August, word began to spread worldwide. A few
weeks after he left his hometown to begin this magnificent expedition, he reached Toronto. It is estimated on that one day he raised over 100 million
dollars. Terry had every intention to finish his marathon, but physically he could not. The cancer spread and he was forced to stop just outside of
Thunder Bay. Terry passed away on June 28th, 1981. To this day, he is one of the most influential individuals in the history of Canada. Money for

What Are Residential Schools In Canada
Aboriginal men and women who lived through residential schools brought the concern of residential schools onto the public agenda.[2] Their work
resulted in the Indian Residential School Settlement Agreement, which stipulated a residential school Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada
be conducted.[2] The commission concluded that the Canadian residential school system was established for the purpose of separating children from
their families.[2] According to the commission, this was done with the intention to minimize the family's ability to pass along their cultural heritage to
their children.[2][3] The commission spent six years traveling to different parts of Canada to hear the testimony of approximately six thousand
Aboriginal people who were taken away from their families and placed in residential schools as children. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some former students made allegations of physical, psychological, and sexual abuse and neglect.[4] The commission studied records and took
testimony for evidence of activities alleged to have occurred at residential schools, as well as the negative effects resulting from the schools' stated aim
to assimilate First Nations children into the majority culture. The matter of student deaths at these institutions and the burial of deceased students in
unmarked graves without the notification or consent of the parents was an additional item on the

Development Of The Residential School System
"I just don't like to talk about it or even think about it. Sometimes when I am by myself, doing beadwork or something. I stop all the sudden and tears
just start coming down"
: A quote from Aggie George recalling of her experience in the Lejac Indian Residential School (Legacy of Hope Foundation, 2001). In the 1880s all
the way to the 1990's roughly 150,000 aboriginal children where removed from their communities and homes to attend the residential school system set
up by the government and operated by the Christian churches (Government of Canada, 2015). The purpose of these residential schools was to isolate
Aboriginal children from their families and assimilate them into the dominant culture (First Nations Study Program, 2009). As the history of the
residential school system unfolds it becomes evident that the Canadian Government attempted to eradicate the Aboriginals culture and lifestyle. The
residential school system was a devastating crime against Aboriginal cultures and has had lasting and debilitating effects on their populations.
The residential schools were a wide spread school system that was established by the Canadian government and organized by the Christian churches
(Government of Canada, 2015). The goal of these schools was to educate Aboriginal children in Christianity and to adapt them into mainstream society.
The children in these schools were forced to abandon their heritage, and were separated from their families. The aboriginal school is system was

Reconciliation In Australia
Reconciliation between the Canadian government and aboriginals
Reconciliation between the Canadian government and aboriginals remains one of the most challenging problems for the country. Scientists define
reconciliation as the process of building a mutually respectful interaction between aboriginal peoples and non–aboriginals in Canada. This can be
achieved through proper reflection on the past conflicts, acknowledgement of the past mistakes made by both sides of the process, as well as
considerable changes in the future. This essay concentrates on the efforts of reconciliation by the Canadian government and the impact of residential
schools on First Nations communities. Firstly, it examines how residential schools have impacted Aboriginals.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The government has, over the years since made various attempts at reconciliation including the Kelowna accord and the Royal Commission on
Aboriginal people. The Royal Commission was a huge step, however, a CBC news article noted that more apologies are needed to fully reconcile
with aboriginals. An example would be calling on the pope and the church to apologize for their part in the residential schools. The most important
steps, are the acceptance of responsibility and the expression of regret. For many aboriginal people, a commitment to reconciliation means promoting
more specified efforts, as well greater funding, for Indigenous initiatives. Reconciliation, numerous aboriginal leaders accept, ought to be motioned by
the government's responsiveness to aboriginal needs and demands. This point is a very important one as reconciliation requires a vast number of
responsibilities and obligations. In this case, the Canadian government has much more if not all the responsibility and obligation compared to the
aboriginals. The aboriginal's role is to bring smart decisions to the table whenever they are able to. The relevant example is the concerns expressed
over the bill C–44, which recommended that complaints against First Nations governments should have been considered by independent First Nations
institutions. Yet, despite the recommendation, the bill was not changed.

Substance Abuse In Canada
The results of the government's efforts to assimilate Aboriginal people throughout Canada's history has effected multiple generations of families and
continues to have devastating effects on First Nations communities today. It was under Prime Minister Sir John A MacDonald, in 1880, that the plan
to assimilate was first launched. Indigenous people were commonly disregarded and referred to as savages, and considered to be uncivilized. During
1913–1934, Duncan Campbell Scott was the Deputy Superintendent of Indian Affairs. Scott, now considered to be one of the worst Canadians of all
times, declared in 1920 – "I want to get rid of the Indian problem (...)" at which time it became mandatory for every aboriginal child to attend
residential school.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Substance abuse, mental health problems, relationship issues, domestic violence and lack of parenting skills, are only a few of the issues that have
impacted the survivors of residential schools, as well as their families. Many survivors were left feeling lost and hopeless, with no supports and
unable to cope with the trauma they had experienced. The system designed to educate and civilize the children was not a civilized system. It was a
plan that was designated for failure from the start, evidence that it is a part of history that never should have

ResearchвЂ™S Significance In Advancing A ReaderвЂ™S Understanding
Research's Significance in Advancing a Reader's Understanding of Characters Context's ability to act as the defining factor between two pieces of
seemingly similar information makes it an incredibly important aspect of literature and conversation. It fills the role of both differentiator and educator
through its ability to provide additional knowledge for interpretation which is otherwise excluded from the original material. Acting in the role of an
educator, historical context can deconstruct the absences of knowledge surrounding several of Monkey Beach's characters who have endured childhood
trauma. Delving into the Canadian residential school system which existed from the 1880's until 1986 with the strong determination "to assimilate...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Combining this research, with the brief information about Trudy's attendance at a residential school allows us to infer to her alcoholism is a coping
mechanism which enables her to live with the traumatic childhood memories from her residential schooling. Apart from Trudy's alcoholism, her
character presents several aspects and behaviours which can be summarized as a lack of proper parenting skills. Within this novel, there is little
explanation for Trudy's deficiency in this area. As such, the reader is left with the most probable explanation being her alcohol abuse. This may
seem the most probable considering when intoxicated she becomes highly abusive towards her daughter, going as far as to tell her to "shut up you
whore" (128). However, through the historical context provided by research, information points to another explanation for her absence of parenting
skills. When a child is placed in an environment like a residential school which was beyond notorious for its "inadequate parenting, parenting skills
are often deficient" (Brasfield 2001). Bearing in mind the absence of remotely proper parenting skills at residential schools, there is a strong amount
of evidence suggesting Trudy's lack of skill in this area stems from her attendance at a residential school. Charles Brasfield's research suggests
residential schooling adversely affects its attendee's future ability to parent considering residential school

The Film, Rhymes For Young Ghouls
In the film, Rhymes for Young Ghouls, Mi'gmaq filmmaker Jeff Barnaby uses film syntax (mise–en– scГЁne, montages, diachronic shots, synchronic
shots, and cutting) to assist him in telling a tale about the historical violence done to Indigenous men, women, and children by the Canadian
government and the residential school system (Boo 220). The purpose of the film Rhymes for Young Ghouls is to bring awareness to a wider
audience who may or may not be aware of the violence inflicted on Indigenous people, violence that was sanctioned by the Canadian legislation and
state (Boo 211). In the film, Barnaby illustrates how non–Indigenous men were not concerned with gender when beating an Indigenous person; women
were beaten the same as men were. In... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Dymphna's. After being set free, Aila and her friends steal Popper's money. They free Joseph, whom Popper took into custody (Carleton). Popper
finds Joseph and Aila, interrupting Joseph telling Aila about how residential school damaged her mom, he knocks Joseph unconscious with his
rifle, then beats Aila and tries to rape her. Popper is interrupted by a young boy and shot with his own rifle. Joseph takes responsibility for Popper's
death, saving Aila and the boy from prosecution, giving them a chance for freedom (Carleton). In his film, Barnaby uses a diachronic shot and a
synchronic shot to depict how there was no gender discrimination when it came to inflicting violence on an Indigenous body. For instance, a
sequence of cut shots begins with a medium shot of Aila peacefully riding down a dirt road. Where all of a sudden, a long shot shows one of Aila's
friend is running from someone (Barnaby). The shot changes to a medium shot of him yelling for Aila to run; the shot becomes a close–up of Aila
from the shoulders up, she faces forward and out of nowhere a white man sucker punches Aila. The shot changes to a medium shot, showing her fall
to the ground and the man walks back to her and tells her to give her friend a message. The camera view becomes a synchronic shot to give the
audience a view of what Aila sees as the man stomps on her face, knocking her unconscious (Barnaby). From beginning to end of the diachronic shots,
the audience is set up to

Canadian Indian Residential Schools : Material Cultures Of...
Canadian Indian Residential Schools:
Truth Be Told
Katy McNabb
HIS755 – Material Cultures of North America
October 30th, 2014
The history of Canadian Indian Residential schools has attracted a considerable amount of attention in Canada in recent years. Most people do not want
to revisit the pain and suffering that countless Aboriginal peoples endured, and the loss of such beautiful cultures. Since the introduction of the
Canadian Indian Residential school system in 1857, through the Gradual Civilization Act, there has been concern whether the outcome of the schools
would leave a positive or negative mark on the Aboriginal peoples of Canada. Although there are many recorded cases of abuse and ill treatment;
within the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This was evident in a interview with David Ashdown, the Executive Archdeacon and now bishop of Keewatin1. David was a supervisor at the
Stringer Hall Residential school in Invuvik for four years, and recounts the positive experiences; "The students were very good, very bright. I was
proud to be a part of it. I had a sense that these young people would be the future leadership of the Northwest Territories. And they were. One
became prime minister; another a deputy minister, several became chiefs, mayors or business leaders."2 David is quick to defend the school
system in response to complaints. He talks freely about a conversation with a friend and a school administrator: "But look at all the good that came
out of it. Look at yourself, for example.' David's student replied: 'Yeah, I learned to survive there'"3. David, however, was a Christian Canadian, and
may have had a slight biased on how he viewed the success of the children. David believes that the children "flourished" while his student replies that
they merely "survived". When the depletion of buffalo populations, an invaluable resource for many Aboriginal peoples, occurred in the 1870's, it
destroyed the economy of the Plains Indians and MГ©tis, and it then seemed necessary to help them convert from hunting to agriculture as a way of
survival.4 Tom Flanagan, a professor of political science at the University of Calgary; author of First Nations? Second Thoughts questions whether or
not the Aboriginal

The Project Heart Healing Ceremony And Film
The Project Heart healing ceremony and film can be described by thinking of it in terms of story types. Annette Simmons suggests various story types
that storytellers may choose from when attempting to lead or influence others. Simmons discusses one, the "Vision" story, in which the storyteller uses
sensory detail to express an emotional appeal for a future outcome (14–17). Thus, Leslie asks residential school survivors to share their life experiences
with members of their community. She does this because she has a vision that when members of the audience honor the journey of survivors by
hearing their testimony, it will help all members of her community to heal. "So you see, I think of it as an amazing new beginning, where we open our...
She also uses her public platform to teach that sharing stories and having them acknowledged and honored leads to a path for healing for those whose
voices have been historically silenced. Another leadership story type that Simmons discusses is the "Values–in–Action" story, which brings values to
life by respectfully "instilling [them] in a way that keeps people thinking for themselves" (20). Leslie asks the schoolchildren to imagine what it
must have been like to be raised in an Indian residential school, stating that the children are "the next generation who will walk forward with values
and ideals that will change our world and make it a better place" (Project Heart). The adults who participated in the ceremony (in addition to those
who view it through film) must also face the same question, as well as face their individual and collective values as demonstrated by their response to
her poignant inquiry. That is to say, if adults see children acting according to a certain ethical standard, the adults are also likely to choose to follow
with their own ethical actions. Finally, Simmons discusses what she names "I know what you are thinking" stories, in which the storyteller attempts to
name the audience's objections as a way of disarming any potential resistance to influence (23–26). Leslie tells the children at the beginning and the end
of the Project Heart film that she teaches history from multiple perspectives because she loves Canada. "I tell

Exploring the Current day Impact of the Canadian Indian...
When someone speaks of great inequalities and human rights violations, very seldom is Canada as a nation (in a broader sense,) conjured together with
these thoughts. However, in reality probably some of the greatest human right violations within our time and even within the late modern period, and
most concerning examples of them, can be found through looking back into Canadian history. For many this may be a surprise to hear, however for
others, specifically the native population of Canada, we can assume this is well understood. Commonly known today as Indian residential schools, a
great act of wrong was committed under the command and leadership of the Canadian government starting back with elementary roots through the
passage of the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Corporal punishment and cruelties were seen when such things as previously discussed, like practice of cultural and usage of native language, were
practiced by native children in these residential schools. Lack of basic life necessities in these residential schools also resulted in disturbing mortality
rates. Several doctors commissioned to inspect and report on health standings of children in residential school, found results that would bring horror in
relation to current world standards. One doctor by the name of Dr. Bryce, found that in Western Canadian residential schools between 1894–1908,
throughout a five year period thirty to sixty percent of a class would die (Bryce, 1922). These findings and others were published in Dr. Bryce's
book, The Story of a National Crime: Being a Record of the Health Conditions of the Indians of Canada from 1904 to 1921. In total it is estimated
over 3000 children died from disease and lack of basic necessities during the time of government run Indian residential schools in Canada from 1884 to
the final closing in 1996 (The Canadian Press, 2013). Mortality rates demonstrate well the scale and cruelty of the human right violations that occurred
in these residential schools, but only begins to touch the surface of other atrocities such as previously mentioned. Physical and sexual abuse was
common and in most cases severe, and punishments and deprivation

Residential Schools In Monkey Beach By Eden Robinson
Residential schools are educational institutions established for Indigenous children. It was funded by the Canadian government and administered by
Christian churches with the sole purpose of civilizing the native children and assimilate them into the modern western culture. In the novel Monkey
Beach, Eden Robinson describes the impact of residential schools on multiple characters in the story. Uncle Mick, Aunt Trudy, and Josh are just a few
who have experienced many types of abuse–physical, sexual, emotional and spiritual. Those horrid memories left permanent emotional scars and still
resides with them even until adulthood. Residential schools disrupted lives, isolated families, eliminated cultural identity and caused long–term
problems among the Indigenous community. With the passage of the British North American Act in the 1867 and the implementation of the Indian Act
in 1876, the "government was required to provide Indigenous youth with an education to integrate them into Canadian society" (Brady 1995). The first
residential schools were set up in the 1880s and peaked around the 1920s. After the residential school system was established, children were stripped
away from their parents and had no freedom to choose whether they wanted to attend. In these schools heavily controlled by catholic churches, children
were forced to pray to whom they had no connection with and forbidden to practice their own culture. The goal was to "convert the children to
Christianity and

The Expansion Of Sport For Development
Introduction: Sport has often been viewed as an agent linked to the constructive development of individuals and as a mechanism that can foster positive
social change within communities. As such, this paper intends to examine the recent expansion of sport for development (SFD) programs within
Canadian Aboriginal communities by exploring the historical and concurrent structure of Aboriginal sport initiatives withinCanada. Given this, the
most pervasively used definition of SFD came in 2003, from the United Nations Inter–Agency Task Force on Sport for Development and Peace, which
recognized it as, "all forms of physical activity that contribute to physical fitness, mental well–being and social interaction, such as play, recreation,
organized or competitive sport, and indigenous sports and games" (UN, 2003, pp. 5). In Canada, the Canadian Sport Policy, exemplified the
institutionalization of this paradigm and formalized the perceived value of SFD initiatives as evidenced by the creation of a strategy specifically
intended for Indigenous participation and prioritization in Canadian sport: the Aboriginal Participation Policy (Paraschak, 2012; Te Hiwi, 2014). This
policy is significant because it is the primary means of guiding Sport Canada's efforts as it works with both the Federal and Provincial levels of
government to confront systemic inequities, which limit Aboriginal peoples' participation in sport (Thibault & Harvey, 2013). Moreover, the APP was
predicated upon the

The Dangers Of Residential Schools In Canada
80 Residential schools were developed and established all across Canada in 1931, and slowly over the years, about 150 000 First Nation students
attend the different schools. This happened because many believed that education was one of the biggest factors to assimilation, and so the Canadian
Parliament changed the Indian Act requiring all children, ranging the ages of seven to fifteen to go to school . The biggest concerns for the Indigenous
at the time was that they had to trek thousands of kilometres from home to the nearest school, unknown of the dangers these parents were sending their
children into. At these "academic" schools, English was stressed to speak when interacting with others while native tongue and language was banned ,
due to the fact, most of these schools were ran by churches. Also because these schools were ran by these churches, Christian religion and ideals were
emphasized, while Aboriginal Spirituality and culture was condemned. These poor kids were separated from everything they knew about growing up,
and they just threw them into a curriculum and material that is so very different from what they knew and would get penalize from not understanding
and would feel like they were an outsider. And they would have to deal with this on the daily. And what made it worse was the fact that many of these
teachers were harsh and cruel towards these students, hurting them physically, mentally or sexually, causing trauma they'd never forget in their lives.
The

Is Canada Committed Acts Of Genocide?
Intro:
When the term "genocide" is used, the majority of people will immediately call to memory one of a few widely recognized instances where this
atrocity was committed. The Holocaust, Rwanda, Darfur or Armenia are among the most well known, but are they the only instances where genocide
has occurred? Surely not, but this is indicative of a problem we are faced with today. Since the term "genocide" was coined, countries are very wary of
admitting to any acts of wrongdoing in their history which may fit that definition. Canada is not exempt from this thinking, and because of this we
must ask, has Canada ever committed acts of Genocide? This paper will look at one relatively recent example that can be used to answer "yes" to this
question; the residential school system. Canada's Indian Residential School (IRS) system and it's treatment of Indigenous children was not just dark
and brutal, but in fact constituted a "genocide" as defined by the 1948 UN Convention on Genocide.
From the 1870's until the last school closed in 1996, at least 150,000 Indigenous children attended residential schools in Canada. More than 130
government mandated schools existed across the country. These schools were church administered, with the express purpose of forcibly removing
Indigenous children from their native culture, in an effort to assimilate them into Euro–Canadian culture and thereby "kill the Indian in the child".
Countless families were torn apart as the Canadian government placed

Literary Analysis : ' Indian Horse ' By Richard Wagamese
Richard Wagamese was a Native author from Northwestern Ontario. His writing career began in the late 1970's and came to an end on March 10th
2017 with his death. Richard Wagamese has left behind a legacy as well as stories that will continue to live on. Indian Horse, a novel by Richard
Wagamese, tells a "rising through the ashes" tale of Saul Indian Horse, who faces countless challenges throughout his life. As a child, Saul is taken by
the government and sent to a Residential School. While in the Residential School, Saul distracts himself from his cold reality with hockey. It is soon
discovered that Saul has inherited his great–grandfather's gift of "knowing where to look" (58) and quickly learns how to play the game with great skill.
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
His lack of guidance from his parents is owed to their own traumatic experiences at Residential School. Saul's parents have since turned to alcohol as
a coping method. Since his mother and father were raised away from their families they never learned about their culture. Which lead to Saul's
lifelong challenge of searching for his identity. Saul had two siblings, a sister named Rachel and a brother named Ben. His sister Rachel was taken
away from his family before he can remember. Although both of his parents were present, neither of them were emotionally capable of raising the boys.
Their grandmother became their main caretaker, protecting them from the Zhaunagush (white men). Any time a threat was near they were forced to
hide deep in the bush. When Saul was four, his brother Ben was taken away from their family at gunpoint.
Ben ran away from a Residential School in Kenora. He returned to his family in awful condition, because while attending Residential School Ben
had become infected with tuberculosis. As young as Saul was, he knew that his brother was changed by the school, that it was "odd to see the
expressions of a grown man on a boy's face" (16). Saul's family was worried that men from the school would come looking for Ben and find Saul too.
They decided they must go somewhere where they couldn't be found, so the headed to God's Lake. Shortly after arriving to God's Lake, Ben was over
taken by the disease.
Following Ben's death, Saul's parents leave with

Residential Schools In Residential Schools
From 1863 to 1996, many Indigenous child were forced to attend residential schools, where they were separated from their families and culture and
experienced neglect, abuse and trauma (Bombay, Matheson, & Anisman, 2011, p.367). This essay will explore the history and purpose of residential
schools, how it impacted Indigenous children and families at the time of the events, and how to this day it still affects them. Indigenous Residential
Schools impacted the First Peoples of Canada physically, mentally and emotionally which resulted in their loss of identity,culture, spirituality, and
traditions in the past and present.
History and Purpose:
Indigenous Residential Schools were experimented in parts of Canada was early as the 1620s but they had very minimal success in accomplishing
what they wanted. Missionaries ran the residential school but found it hard to recruit students, keep them at school, and they complained that they
could not physically punish the children. The state got involved in the schooling of Indigenous children after Canada became a country in 1867
(Blackburn, 2012, p. 290). Canadian residential schools were also inspired by a similar practice in the USA in the 1880s. Their plan was to assimilate
Indigenous children into Euro–Canadian culture. The schools were operated by Christian churches and they thought that by removing Indigenous
children from their parents and communities they would be more quickly assimilated (Woods, 2013, p. 173–174). Figure 1

Broken Circle The Dark Legacy Of Residential Education
In the book Broken Circle: The Dark Legacy of Indian Residential Schools, the author discusses his gruesome experiences while attending the Indian
Residential School systems. Theodore Fontaine was stripped away from his family at the young age of seven, and sent to a residential school,
operated by the Canadian government. Fontaine begins the book by explaining his joyful and culturally rich life as a young Ojibway child. Later,
Fontanne was forced to attend Fort Alexander Residential School, where he was punished for displaying any aspect of his indigenous culture. These
punishments include insidious forms of abuse: emotional, physical, and sexual. The story of a young, innocent child, experiencing such misery and
distresses is an example

Indian Horse : An Illustration Of The Trauma Natives
As Native's live throughout their lives they face inherent obstacles requiring drastic measures to overcome. Indian Horse provides first person
narrative into the exciting life of Saul Indian Horse as he makes his way to the top echelon of hockey excellence. This elite status comes a price
however. Natives such as Saul, and Fred Sasakamoose have endured horrid pasts filled with mental, physical and sexual abuse. This abuse
necessitates some a means to escape this reality and hockey is used throughout this novel to illustrate how it can be used as a means to mentally
and physically escape. Sadly, once Saul's career is over it becomes evident that a need for escape is inevitable and alcohol quickly becomes the vise
that provides it. Wagamese uses Indian horse as an illustration of the trauma Natives live with due to the residential schools and how is used as a
catalyst to mentally and physically escape their suffering. Throughout the 1900's it was common practice for Canadians to place native children in
Christian residential homes. In order to attend these institutions native kids we're forcefully removed from their families and forced to permanently
live in residential schools that were often a great distance away from their home and their families. In these schools the goal was simple; reform the
native children to adapt more Christian ideologies. As a result native children were not permitted to talk in their native tongue, or practice any of the
previous cultural

Separation And Education Of Young First Nations Children
The ambition of the Canadian government in regard to First Nations People was to assimilate them into European culture and erase their culture from
the country. Separation and education of young First Nations children was the major means to achieve their objective. With substantial involvement
from the Christian churches, the residential school system was created and schools were built throughout the entire country. The Kamloops Indian
Residential School was attended by students from the nations surrounding Kamloops including children from the Secwepemc Nation who occupied the
much of the southern–interior of British Columbia. The school was ran by the Roman Catholic Church. The Secwepemc children were no exception to
the abominable conditions in the residential school systems facilities and the effects of these schools can last a lifetime. The students who attended the
Kamloops Indian Residential School were cut off from their communities and families; stripped of their language and culture; and subjected to abuse
and severe labour, hunger, and abuse. The Secwepemc People are indigenous to the south central region of British Columbia. The Secwepemc Nation
is also called the Shuswap Nation, more so by non–indigenous people, which is an English version of Secwepemc. Currently, the Nation is comprised
of seventeen separate bands; however, prior to a smallpox epidemic in 1862 which drastically reduced the population, there were thirty–two bands
(Secwepemc Nation,

The Importance Of Residential Schools In Canada
In the 1870's, the Canadian government partnered partnered with churches such as the Anglican, Catholic, and United churches to establish residential
schools for Aboriginal children.
Residential schools were first established after the Indian act which passed in 1876 and lasted up until 1996 when the last residential school in
Saskatchewan, Canada was shut down due to lack of respect for the culture and the harsh mistreatment that the youth suffered.
The official reasons given to the country for establishing residential schools was that the Canadian government believed that it had the responsibility of
educating and caring for the aboriginal people. They believed that learning English and adopting christianity was their best chance for success. ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Former students received 10,000 for the first year plus 3000 for each subsequent year they attended. As of 2013, over 1.3 billion had been paid to
students and foundations representing over 100,000 cases. Aside from the CEP, the government funded a commemoration initiative, which consisted
of events, projects, memorials and many other things. The Aboriginal Healing Foundation was established in 1998 and received 350 million from
Northern Affairs Canada to help former residential school students who were abused physically and mentally, however, the funding ended in 2010.
The IRSSA funded 960 million to the Independent Assessment Process (IAP). IAP was a settlement fund for students who filed claims for sexual,
physical and other wrong abuse.By 2012, over 1.7 billion was paid through IAP. Lastly, the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC). The IRSSA
allocated over 60 million for the TRC to document and preserve the experiences of the survivors in order to let their story be heard and cared about,
so that the world does not make the same mistake again. By 2012, the TRC released over 900 thousand documents that recorded the experiance of the

The Negative Effects Of Indian Residential Schools In Canada
The Canadian government created an Indian Residential school system which demonstrated racial discrimination and caused many Indigenous families
to suffer, in the year of 1883. However, the concept was not simple, for all the injustice happening in these schools. This highlights the mistakes made,
due to Canada's government policies. Proving that the government is not always righteous toward various communities. The government's choices
caused a cultural genocide which impacts the new generation in Canada's modern society. These religion driven schools destroyed the Indigenous
society. This is fragment of Canadian history that confounds both ones who were responsible for the cause and those who did not take action toward
the dilemma. However, the event changed Canada as a whole. Although the catastrophic idea of Indian residential schools, coming to reality caused
plenty of treachery, it helped to advance the perspective of people, to build Canada into the country it is today, although there is a question that follows
the concept even today, will the virtues learn be enough to repair the damage done? These schools did many wrong things, one of which included
performing a variety of nutritional and medical experiments on the students without them consenting or their parents/guardians knowing. A great
number of the aboriginal students, which were used as subjects were killed due to the harsh experiments. Later, the statistics shown proved none of
those experiments led to

The Indian Act and residential school
The Indian Act of 1876 and many of its amending statutes contained sections that were discriminatory towards Canadian Native Indians, and that
legalized suppression of Indian customs and traditions. In this paper, I will examine how one section of the Act, the one relating to residential schools,
contributed to the genocide of Indian culture. Ever since the first Europeans set foot on Canadian soil in the 15th century, they have thought their
culture and way of life was superior to that of the Native North Americans. Initially the Europeans relied upon the Indians to show them how to travel
and survive in the wilds of Canada. They also were dependent on Indians as trading partners and as military allies. However, as more settlers arrived...
At the same time, those teachers tried to instill the white man's ways into them. The whole concept of teaching in the residential schools was
countering the traditional native lifestyle. Native children had always learned through interacting with, emulating, and observing their parents and
elders. There was no structured educational system as there was in the schools. Parents thought that you "...don't [want to] explain too much or
you'll take away the opportunity to learn."(Goulet, 1998) Discipline was another philosophy foreign to the Aboriginal peoples of Canada. Native
parents would let their children discover how to go about doing things by making mistakes on their own. If a child tried something and it did not
work out, the child would suffer the natural consequences of their error and try to find a better way next time. The entire concept of striking a child
was completely unheard of and was thought to be extremely inappropriate and unnecessary. At both Mopass and the Ontario school, these were
common practices, as was starving children and taking away their privileges. King (1967), for example describes a situation: "They starved us up
there! We got one egg a year–at Easter. The rest of the time we got dogfood mush [corn meal] and skim milk. Them in the staff dining room, though,
they got bacon and eggs everyday. We never saw fruit from one Christmas to the next, but they sure had it. Why some of those kids just starved to
death. One year there was

The Truth And Reconciliation Commission
Aboriginal persons in Canada have been facing oppression ever since colonization began. Even when Canada gained independence from the British
Empire, the oppression continued and still goes on today. One major contributing factor to the oppression of Aboriginal people in Canada is the actions
taken by the Government. The Government of Canada has in fact mistreated and found to be partaking in wrongdoing when dealing with the
Aboriginal population in this country. With this ugly truth being revealed, the Truth and Reconciliation Commission had to be tasked with discovering
and revealing past wrongdoing by a government in the hope of resolving conflict left over from the past. (cite) The Truth and Reconciliation
Commission was established on June 2, 2008, and was completed in June 2015 (cite). The Commission was established in order to implement Canada
's Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement, as well as to educate Canadians on Residential Schools and the wrongdoing the Government of
Canada had taken part in. The Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement is Canada's largest settlement in its history, giving around two billion
dollars to around eighty–six thousand survivors of the residential school system (cite). Residential schools were active from 1880 to 1996; they were
one of the many tactics used by the Canadian Government to enforce cultural genocide on First Nations people (cite). Over a span of six years, The
Truth and Reconciliation Commission heard

Aboriginal People's Life
Life was phenomenal for the Aboriginal people, they were living a great, cheerful, and peaceful life until one explorer arrived, they saw a massive
ship that sailed on to their land. A man named Christopher Columbus came. After that day, all the Aboriginal people's life became abominable. The
Europeans brought with themselves a new lifestyle, tradition, language, culture, and beliefs. It changed the Aboriginal people's life massively. This
essay will describe what happened when the Canadian government forced the aboriginal people to go to Residential Schools and what hardship the
aboriginal people faced during the northern gateway pipeline dilemma. The Residential Schools brought great amount of trouble for the aboriginal
people, it was made... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
But they are still talking this through. "It is not difficult to imagine the pipeline proceeding"http://www.theglobeandmail.com/ This project will give the
Aboriginal people one billion dollars worth of long–term benefits and "380 long–term jobs and nearly 1100 construction jobs while boosting local
goods and services contracts by over $200 million." http://www.gatewayfacts.ca/Benefits/Benefits–To–Alberta.aspx. The government also has
mentioned that they will protect the land and the marine life because they are "building the safest pipeline Canada ever seen" and "spill prevention,
response and recovery system." The biggest news however is the facts that the old companies also believe that creating the pipeline is not good for the
environment because it has thicker oil,which is more harmful and contains more pollutants. Is the pipeline going to be built?, in one way it will
revolutionize Canada into a better and more economic place and will result into a more profitable country with more job opportunities. In the
Aboriginal people's perspective,it will shatter the aboriginal people's lives and not give them their

The Social Determinants Of Health
From the initial contact of European settlers in North America to the lives of Indigenous people, has had a tremendous impact comprehensively. After
so, this contact decimated every aspect of the Indigenous way of life. The health and well–being of Indigenous people initiated to worsen severely not
only in the physical aspect but also mental. According to National Household Survey conducted in 2011, 1,400,685 people have been identified as
being a member of one of the Aboriginal groups within Canada. Within these Aboriginal groups, critical mental health issues such as major depression,
anxiety, suicidal thoughts, substance abuse disorder and post–traumatic stress disorder have been experienced at both individual and collective levels...
"The notion of soul wound is one which is at the core of much of the suffering that Indigenous peoples have undergone for several centuries. This notion
needs to be understood in a historical context in order to be useful to the modern therapist providing therapeutic services and consultation to the Native
American community" (Duran and Duran, 1995). For generations and till this present day, Indigenous people of Canada have suffered historical
trauma immeasurably. It consists mainly of colonization and imposition of systems such as residential schools and reserve systems. Since the initial
contact between the European and Indigenous populace, the effects of it has been quite astounding. Colonization has been a crucial factor in affecting
mental health of aboriginal people, which has been resisting since beginning. There is no perfect definition for colonization but other foreigners can
define it as some form of invasion, dispossession and subjugation of a people's. It is the process of capturing another nation's property or territory in
purpose of ruling power (History of Colonization, 2012). The invasion could be any kind including a geographical intrusion in the form of agricultural,
urban or industrial encroachments etc. The large part of Canadian history is the history of colonization of aboriginal people, which has started with the
European and Aboriginal relationship (LaRocque, n.d.). This relationship is an unfair by nature that only reimburses the

Monkey Beach by Eden Robinson
The fundamental characteristic of magical realism is its duality, which enables the reader to experience both the character's past and the present. In the
novel, Monkey Beach, Eden Robinson uses this literary device to address the the trauma and mistreatment of the Haisla community in Canada by
unveiling the intimate memories of the protagonist, Lisamarie, and the resulting consequences of this oppression. Monkey Beach illustrates how abuse
in the past leads to another form of self–medication in the future – a neverending, vicious cycle for the members of the Haisla community. Many
characters in Monkey Beach are scarred from childhood sexual abuse and family neglect, and resort to drug and alcohol abuse as a coping mechanism.
These... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
From the tone of Mick's voice, the alcohol acts a sedative to numb the pain from his past. This motive for drinking is also evident through Lisa's
brother, Jimmy, after he loses both his girlfriend, Adelaine, and his goal in becoming an Olympic swimmer. The legacy of residential school is also
manifested in Trudy and Tab's mother–daughter relationship. Tab becomes the victim of her mother's psychological and emotional upheaval that is a
result from her childhood. In the grip of alcohol, Trudy often mistreats Tab. Removed from a family environment and placed in a reformation
school, individuals return not only emotionally and psychologically scarred, but also unable to reestablish their own functional family. Tab
confesses to Lisa that she wishes she had a mother like hers, saying, "You're lucky. You're really lucky that your dad was too young to go to rez
school. [...] Just Mick and my mum went and it fucked them up" (Robinson 254). Trudy's sister Kate also notes that Trudy "thinks Mother's dirt,
while she goes out and parties and treats Tab worse than what she blames Mother for" (Robinson 285). Aboriginal women is sexualized, assaulted,
and mistreated in today's society, and the novel portrays this inequity. Lisa's friend, Erica, was in Terrace, when Lisa witnesses her being harassed by
a group of white men. The men were teaching Erica how to "fuck a white man," when Lisa intervenes. The men call the girls "a squaw, "cunt", and
"bitch" (Robinson 250). The

Intergenerational effects of Residential schools
Intergenerational Effects of Residential Schools Who are the people that went to residential schools, where are they, and their families today? Have
you ever heard someone talk about residential schools like it was an everyday conversation? Residential schools have become so camouflaged into
the back of people's minds. People tend to forget that these schools took place and that they are real life events that can have an effect on everyone
around them. These schools have left such an imprint on Canada as a whole, that people should be more aware about the outcomes and more familiar
with the history of these schools. The intergenerational effects of residential schools in today's society has taken such a toll on Canada and especially...
If a child is being a victim of any sort of abuse, they will not know any different. They have always been told to listen and to respect their adults and
elders. Children will always strive for that love and protection feeling that can be provided from an adult. When an adult was sexually abusing a
child, the child often did not try put a stop to it. By not resisting these adults whom were doing these things to them, they thought this is the way to
get the love and attention feeling that they were searching for. While interviewing Joni Desnomie, by the way she would talk about the events that
occurred I chose not to go through with the interview process. Joni Desnomie is my auntie, growing up with her she talked about going to residential
schools and how it was the worse experience of her life. Joni had never had the chance to deal with the events that occurred. She has supressed her
emotions towards the school so deep, that when we were talking she started to choke up about the subject. This is a prime example of how much of an
impact these schools have on some people and their families. Joni, did not deal with the emotions and while attending the school she had tried to
commit suicide numerous times. The scars on her wrists embodies the pain she endured

Imposition Of Residential Schools Essay
Residential schools were a normal aspect of Aboriginal people's lives in the 19th and 20th century. The purpose of a residential school was to convert
Aboriginal children to Christianity and to assimilate them into Western culture. They were operated through the Canadian government and the church.
Aboriginal children were forcibly taken from their parents and put into a school, full–time. They were mistreated which led to problems that still afflict
the Aboriginal population of Canada today. Many Aboriginal people want the Canadian government to recognize the inhumane and heinous acts that
have been done and want compensation. The imposition of residential schools has greatly impacted the Aboriginal population which resulted in many
repercussions... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The mistreatment of Aboriginal children at residential schools caused detrimental impacts on their identity and even led to death. Furthermore, this has
led to many repercussions that negatively affect their communities and made them more prone to criminal acts. There have also been rising tensions
between the Aboriginal population and the Canadian government due to the protests for compensation. The imposition of residential schools has
negatively impacted the lives of the Aboriginal population and the government must take action for the betterment of their

Review Of The Book 'Broken Circle : The Dark Legacy Of...
BOOK REVIEW: BROKEN CIRCLE: THE DARK LEGACY OF INDIAN RESIDENTIAL SCHOOLS A MEMOIR BY THEODORE FONTAINE
Clea Curnew–Stewart Dr. R. Robson INDI 1100 Oct 4th 2017 Theodore Fontaine is one of the thousands of young aboriginal peoples who were
subjected through the early Canadian system of the Indian residential schools, was physically tortured. Originally speaking Ojibwe, Theodore relates
the encounters of a young man deprived of his culture and parents, who were taken away from him at the age of seven, during which he would no
longer be free to choose what to say, how to say it, with whom to live and even what culture to embrace. Theodore would then spend the next twelve
years undoing what had been done to him since birth, and the rest of his life attempting a reversal of his elementary education culture shock,
traumatization, and indoctrination of ethnicity and Canadian supremacy. Out of these experiences, he wrote the "Broken Circle: The Dark Legacy of
Indian Residential Schools–A Memoir" and in this review, I considered the Heritage House Publishing Company Ltd publication. The book is an ideal
text for those who want to gain a higher understanding of, sociologists trying to concept the cultural erosion from the schools, the religious supremacy
of the schools, and the traumatic experiences of the schools and the dark ages of the school's effects on the students. Psychiatrists in this field will find
it very helpful, written with first–hand information by

The Damages Caused by Canadian Residential Schools for...
In the nineteenth century, the government of Canada felt it had an obligation to the nations people to educate the Indigenous population of the country.
The federal government sought to pursue this task through the development of residential schools. Under this system, framed by the Davin Report,
Congregations of Christian missionaries were responsible for providing compulsory education to Indigenous children within governmentally
constructed schools. They were charged with assimilating these children into mainstream culture and convert them into members of "civilized society".
The resulting actions on part of the Canadian government and acting missionaries have caused detrimental psychological and emotional trauma to
survivors of these residential schools; trauma that has crossed intergenerational boundaries since the induction of the system. The direct outcomes of
the residential school system have resulted in a form of trauma with cross–generational effects among contemporary Indigenous societies, known as
historical trauma. The concept of historical trauma was first applied to Jewish Holocaust genocide survivors and their descendants , and has recently
been applied to survivors of the Indian Residential School system and their offspring since the abolition of these schools began in the 1960s. The
psychological concept of historical trauma is comparable to the symptomatology of grief and post–traumatic stress disorder, in that the long–term
effects of the trauma are

Residential Schools in Canada Essay
Sociology
Dr.C.Barry McClinchey
Residential Schools in Canada Before the nineteenth century, the Aboriginal people had their own way of teaching the children in their community,
through organic education. In addition to providing knowledge and skills, organic education kept their culture alive (Ravelli & Webber, 2013: pg.
237). This is because the Aboriginal children would also be taught about their culture and its customs. But the Europeans thought, "Canada's First
Nation peoples were in the way of the relentless onrush of capitalist and industrial expansion (Ravelli & Webber, 2013: pg. 238)." This is when
the residential education system was established. Since the organic education was what made the Aboriginal culture... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
238). These children were harshly abused by the nuns in these schools and were terrified of being there. There were many sociological concepts
applied in the film, Education As We See It. Language is an important part to culture. Language extinction is a concept presented in the film. When a
language is lost, then its culture will start losing its organization. Killing the language of the Aboriginals will lead end their culture, which is what the
Europeans wanted. By forcing the Aboriginal children to speak English, the language they spoke with their parents will be lost (Ravelli &
Webber, 2013: pg. 131). An Aboriginal that went to a residentialschool described how they weren't allowed to speak a word of their language at all
and they were restricted from seeing their parents on a regular basis (Bob, Geraldine & Marcuse, 1993). The nuns greatly enforced that these
children not speak their language, so that they could completely forget about it.
Looking–glass self was a concept that was applied. Looking glass self is how people describe who they are by how others describe them. According
to C.H. Cooley, have to envision themselves through social interactions because the mind does not create the "self" (Ravelli & Webber, 2013: pg.
153). An Aboriginal said that when she was younger and first went to the school, the teacher checked attendance and when she said her name, she
answered "here" in her language and the nun gave

The Secret Path Analysis
Gord Downie's Album " The Secret Path," tells the story of Chanie Wenjack– A 12–year–old boy who died escaping a Residential school near Kenora,
Ontario. Chanie died from Hypothermia and hunger beside a Railway track. His death made National Headlines and the first in–depth look into
Indigenous children in Canadian Residential schools. Chanie is also known as "Charlie"– His teachers miss named him, while attending a Canadian
Residential school.
Chanie Wenjack grew up in Ogoki Post, On the Marten falls reserve. He lived with his parents, sisters and 2 dogs. At the time Ogoki Post did not have
a functioning school system. The Canadian Residential school system where Presbyterian–ran. These children attending these schools did not consent ...
I do understand how chaine feels and I can also relate to people trying to change who you are.. Chaine Wenjack is definitely a person that should be
remembered. He fought for his freedom, and he lost his life trying to be himself. He was trapped, I would want to get out too if I was in his situation.
I think that what Gord Downie is doing is truly inspirational. He is trying to bring attention to something so big. I personally think Mr. Downie is
trying to leave a legacy behind for when it is his time. Most people in the entertainment would do some meaningless gestures... But Mr .Downie knows
that he is doing is going to make a difference in how the First nations are being treated. People are mad that the first nations don't pay taxes, But I
believe that they shouldn't have to pay them because they went through a lot. Their families were separated and torn apart. Their children were
taken from them. They are hurt. They have every right to be. Chaine was my age when he died. He died trying to be someone he didn't want to be.
I hope that Justin Trudeau looks at his plan and does something about the reserves. I hope he is going to use a big part of the budget for reserves. So
they can also have a life, a better one. They deserve to be treated with respect and dignity. Chaine Wenjack died with none and so did many

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