Physical Development and HealthModule 7.1 Physical Developmen.docx

Physical Development and Health
Module 7.1 Physical Development in Early Adulthood
Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All
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Physical Changes and Challenges (1 of 4)
LO 7.1 Describe the physical changes that occur in early
adulthood, and identify the barriers people with physical
disabilities face.
Physical changes
Most development and maturation are complete
Most people are at the peak of physical capabilities
Senescence (natural physical decline brought on my aging) has
begun, but nothing noticeable now
Gray brain matter is pruned and myelination increases
These changes support cognitive development
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disabilities face.
The Senses: Subtle Shifts
Senses are as sharp as they will be
While changes are occurring, they don’t impact current
sensitivity
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disabilities face.
Motor Functioning
Most professional athletes are at their peak during early
adulthood
Athletes are at peak until age 30
Psychomotor abilities are at their peak: Hand-eye coordination,
muscle strength, reaction time
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disabilities face.
Physical Disabilities: Coping with Physical Challenge
More than 50 million people in the United States are physically
or mentally challenged
Disability: Condition that substantially limits a major life
activity (walking/vision)
People with disabilities are undereducated and underemployed
or unemployed
Even with passing of Americans with Disabilities Act, there are
still many barriers
Prejudice can be a barrier as well
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Fitness, Diet, and Health (1 of 5)
LO 7.2 Summarize the impact of fitness and diet on general
health in early adulthood and identify other health hazards for

this age group.
Physical Fitness
Recommended exercise: 30 minutes five times/week
Advantages of regular exercise:
Increases cardiovascular fitness
Lung capacity increases
Muscles become stronger
Body becomes more flexible and maneuverable
Reduces osteoporosis, thinning of bones, in later life
Optimizes the immune response
Decreases stress, anxiety, and depression
Increases sense of control and feelings of accomplishment
Increases longevity
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Figure 7.1: The Result of Fitness: Longevity
The relationship between daily duration of physical activity and
reduction in all-cause mortality.
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Source: Based on Wen, C.P. et al. Minimum amount of physical
activity for reduced mortality and extended life expectancy: a
prospective cohort study. Lancet, 378, 1244–1253 (2011).
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this age group.
Good Nutrition: No Such Thing as a Free Lunch?
U.S. Department of Agriculture recommends adults eat a low-fat

diet, including whole-grain foods, vegetables, and fruits
Milk and calcium prevent osteoporosis
People should reduce salt intake
Young adults must reduce calorie intake to maintain health
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this age group.
Obesity: A Weighty Concern
Obesity: Weight that is 20 percent or more above average
weight for a given height
More than one-third of adults are obese
More than 1 in 20 are extremely obese
Some recommend not dieting because failure rates are so high
People should eat in moderation
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Figure 7-2: Obesity on the Rise
Despite greater awareness of the importance of good nutrition,
the percentage of adults with weight problems in the United
States has risen dramatically over the past few decades. Why do
you think this rise has occurred?
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Source: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey,
2014.
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Figure 7-3: First in Obesity
Obesity is particularly prevalent in the United States. The world
average weight for adults is 137 pounds; in the United States,
the average is 180.
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Source: Walpole, 2012.
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this age group.
Health
Young adults are least susceptible to colds and illnesses
Leading causes of death in young adults:
Accidents
AIDS
Cancer
Heart Disease
Suicide
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this age group.

Health
Drug/alcohol abuse can hasten secondary aging
Men are more apt to die from accidents than women are
African Americans have twice the death rate of Caucasians
Murder rates in the United States are significantly higher than
other developed countries
Most frequent cause of death in young Caucasian and African
American males
Second most frequent cause of death for Hispanics
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Figure 7-4: Tracking Murder
The murder rate (per 100,000 men) is far higher in the United
States than in any other developed country. What features of
U.S. society contribute to this higher rate?
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Source: Based on UNODC, 2013.
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Cultural Dimensions: How Cultural Beliefs Influence Health
and Health Care
Cultural beliefs reduce people’s use of physicians and medical
care.
To ensure everyone receives adequate health care, cultural
beliefs have to be taken into account.

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Stress and Coping: Dealing With Life’s Challenges
Module 7.1 Physical Development in Early Adulthood
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Stress and Coping:
Dealing with Life’s Challenges
Stress: The response to events that threaten or challenge an
individual
Our lives are filled with stressors
Stressors can be both pleasant events and unpleasant events
Field of psychoneuroimmunology studies relationship between
the brain, the immune system, and psychological factors
Stress produces several outcomes that impact health
Long-term, continuous exposure to stressors results in a
reduction of the body dealing with stress
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The Origins and Consequences
of Stress (1 of 2)
LO 7.3 Identify the origins of stress, and explain its
consequences.
Lazarus and Folkman: People move through stages that
determine whether they will experience stress
Primary appraisal: Assessment of event to determine if its
positive, negative, or neutral
Secondary appraisal: Assessment of one’s coping abilities and

whether they can overcome the threat
Events and circumstances that produce negative emotions equal
stress
Events that are ambiguous and confusing produce stress
Events that are uncontrollable or unpredictable produce stress
People who must accomplish many tasks simultaneously are
more likely to experience stress
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The Origins and Consequences
of Stress (2 of 2)
LO 7.3 Identify the origins of stress, and explain its
consequences.
Consequences of stress
Headaches, backaches, skin rashes, indigestion, chronic fatigue,
colds
Immune system—organs, glands, and cells that are body’s line
of defense against disease—is damaged by stress
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Coping With Stress
LO 7.4 Identify strategies for coping with stress.
Coping: Effort to reduce or tolerate threats that lead to stress
Problem-focused coping (change situation)
Emotion-focused coping (regulate emotions)
Social support helps
Defensive coping (unconscious strategies distort or deny the
situation)
Emotional insulation (blocking emotions)
Inappropriate coping may lead to drugs and alcohol

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Being an Informed Consumer of Development: Coping With
Stress
General guidelines for coping:
Seek control over the situation.
Redefine “threat” as “challenge.”
Find social support.
Use relaxation techniques.
Maintain a healthy lifestyle.
Keep in mind that life without stress would be dull.
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Cognitive Development and Intelligence
Module 7.2 Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood
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Intellectual Growth and Postformal Thought
(1 of 4)
LO 7.5 Identify and summarize the various approaches to
postformal thinking.
Piaget believed very few cognitive changes occur in young
adulthood.
Research indicates he was wrong.
Postformal Thought
Giesela Labouvie-Vief suggests that thinking changes
qualitatively to transcend logic and include practical
experience, moral judgments, and values
Adults exhibit postformal thought (beyond Piaget’s formal
operations)
Postformal thought: Thinking that acknowledges that adult

predicaments must sometimes be solved in relativistic terms
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(2 of 4)
Perry’s Approach to Postformal Thinking
Perry examined the way students grew intellectually and
morally during college
Studied students at Harvard University
Found that students entering college tend to use dualistic
thinking: something is right or wrong
As they are exposed to new views, students begin to hold
multiple perspectives
Students show relativistic thinking—different standards and
values can all be equally valid
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(3 of 4)
Schaie’s Stages of Development
Acquisitive stage
Achieving stage
Responsible stage
Executive stage
Reintegrative stage

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• The ACQUISITIVE STAGE encompasses all of childhood and
adolescence, and the main developmental task is to acquire
information.
• The ACHIEVING STAGE is the point reached by young adults
in which intelligence is applied to specific situations involving
the attainment of long-term goals regarding careers, family, and
societal contributions.
• The RESPONSIBLE STAGE is the stage where the major
concerns of middle-aged adults relate to their personal
situations, including protecting and nourishing their spouses,
families, and careers.
• The EXECUTIVE STAGE is the period in middle adulthood
when people take a broader perspective than earlier, including
concerns about the world.
• The REINTEGRATIVE STAGE is the period of late adulthood
during which the focus is on tasks that have personal meaning.
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Figure 7-5: Schaie’s Stages of
Adult Development
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Source: Based on Schaie, 1977–1978.
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(4 of 4)

Life Events and Cognitive Development
Significant life events lead to cognitive change:
Marriage
Having a child
Buying a house
Allows young adults to deal effectively with complex social
world
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Intelligence: What Matters in Early Adulthood? (1 of 3)
LO 7.6 Discuss the different types of intelligence, and explain
how each affects the career success of young adults.
Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence
Componential intelligence
Experiential intelligence
Contextual intelligence
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• Componential intelligence relates to the mental components
involved in analyzing data and solving problems, especially
problems involving rational behavior.
• Experiential intelligence refers to the relationships among
intelligence, people’s prior experience, and their ability to cope
with new situations.
• Contextual intelligence involves the degree of success people
demonstrate in facing the demands of their everyday, real-world
environments.
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Practical and Emotional Intelligence
Practical intelligence: Observation and modeling behavior
Emotional intelligence: Assessment, evaluation, expression, and
regulation of emotions
Allows us to get along well with others
We can understand what others are feeling
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Creativity: Novel Thought
Creativity is combining responses or ideas in creative ways
At its peak in early adulthood
Creative people are willing to take risks
Creative people endorse unfashionable ideas
Not all people reach peak in early adulthood
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Figure 7-6: Creativity and Age
The period of maximum creativity differs depending on the
particular field. The percentages refer to the total lifetime major

works produced during the particular age period. Why do poets
peak earlier than novelists?
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Source: Based on Dennis, 1966.
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College: Pursuing Higher Education
Module 7.2 Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood
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The Demographics of Higher Education:
Who Attends College? (1 of 2)
LO 7.7 Summarize the demographic make-up of college
students in the United States, and describe how that population
is changing.
Demographics
College students primarily white and middle class
Minority students are increasing
Only 40 percent who start finish 4 years later
Only 50 percent complete college with a degree
Dropout rate for African Americans is about 60 percent
College improves economic well-being: Just 3 percent of adults
who have college education live below poverty line
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Figure 7-7: College Enrollment
by Racial Group
The proportion of nonwhites who attend college is far lower
than the proportion of whites.
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Source: U.S. Department of Education, 2015.
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The Demographics of Higher Education:
Who Attends College? (2 of 2)
LO 7.7 Summarize the demographic make-up of college
students in the United States, and describe how that population
is changing.
The Gender Gap in College Attendance
More women enrolled than men
More women earning bachelor’s degrees
Gap is bigger for African Americans
Entry-level jobs more available for men
Women’s academic records may appeal to colleges more
The Changing College Student: Never Too Late to Go to
College?
Some students focus on creating stable income first
Maturation reform: Change in attitude to acquiring stability
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The Effects of Gender Bias and Negative Stereotypes on
College Performance (1 of 4)

LO 7.8 Discuss how gender bias and stereotypes affect the
college performance of women and students of color.
Gender Bias
Prejudice and discrimination toward women still part of college
life
Classes in education, social sciences have more women
Classes in sciences have more men
Attrition rates for women in the sciences twice as high than for
men
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Gender Bias
Gender differences reflect effects of stereotypes:
Men more apt to view themselves above average on several
topics related to academic success
Teachers call on men more often and make more eye contact
Males receive more extra help and positive reinforcement
Benevolent sexism is as harmful as hostile sexism
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Stereotype Threat and Disidentification with School

Steele proposed reason both women and African Americans
perform less well in college is due to academic disidentification
Disidentification: Lack of identification with the academic
domain
Women disidentify with math and science
African Americans disidentify across academic domains
In both cases negative societal stereotypes produce stereotype
threat: Obstacles to performance that come from awareness of
stereotypes
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College Adjustment: Reacting to the Demands of College Life
Sometimes adjustment to college is not easy
First-year adjustment reaction: Cluster of psychological
symptoms (loneliness, anxiety, depression) more common in
highly successful high school students
First-generation students also susceptible
May pass, but may also become more serious
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Becoming an Informed Consumer of Development: When Do
College Students Need Help
With Their Problems?
College students need help when:
Distress lingers and interferes with their well-being
They feel they are unable to cope

They feel hopeless or depressed for no apparent reason
They are unable to form close relationships
They have physical symptoms (headaches, stomach cramps, skin
rashes)
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Figure 7-8: College Problems
The difficulties most frequently reported by college students
visiting
a campus counseling center.
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Source: Benton et al., 2003.
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Forging Relationships: Intimacy, Liking, and Loving During
Early Adulthood
Module 7.3 Social and Personality Development in Early
Adulthood
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Intimacy, Friendship, and Love (1 of 4)
LO 7.9 Explain how young adults respond to the need for
intimacy and friendship and how liking turns to loving.
Seeking Intimacy: Erikson’s View of Young Adulthood
Intimacy-versus-isolation stage: Period of postadolescence into
the early 30s
Intimacy comprises:

Degree of selflessness
Joint pleasure
Deep devotion (fuse identity)
Difficulties lead to loneliness, isolation, and fear of
relationships with others
Erikson limited healthy intimacy to heterosexuals and focused
on men
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Friendship
Need for belongingness leads people to establish relationships
with others
Relationships are based on proximity and similarity
Number of cross-race friendships dwindles throughout life span
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Friendship
We choose friends based on personal qualities:
Keep confidences
Loyal
Warm
Affectionate
Supportive
Frank
Good sense of humor

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Falling in Love: When Liking Turns to Loving
Most relationships follow regular progression:
Interact for longer periods of time
Seek out each other’s company
Open up more and share physical intimacy
Willing to share positive, negative, criticism and praise
Agree on the goals they hold for the relationship
Reactions to situations become more similar
Psychological well-being tied to success of relationship
See themselves as a couple
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From Research to Practice: Emerging Adulthood: Not Quite
There Yet!
Emerging adulthood: Period between 18 and late 20s
Marked by exploring identity, deciding what to become in the
future, and focusing less on present
Five features:
Identity exploration
Instability
Self-focus
Feeling in-between
Optimism

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• Identity exploration: Entails learning to make important
decisions about love, work and one’s core beliefs.
• Instability: Changes in plans, goals or ideologies.
• Self-focus: Comes between parental control and the
obligations of child-raising and career.
• Feeling in-between: sense of being no longer an adolescent
but not yet an adult.
• Optimism: Confidence in getting what they want out of life.
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The Faces of Love (1 of 4)
LO 7.10 Differentiate the different kinds of love.
Love differs qualitatively from liking:
Involves intense physical arousal
Involves an all-encompassing interest in another person
Involves recurrent fantasies about the other individual
Involves rapid swings of emotion
Includes elements of closeness, passion, and exclusivity
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Passionate and Companionate Love: The Two Faces of Love
Passionate
Companionate
Berscheid’s labeling theory of passionate love
In many cultures, passionate, romantic love a foreign concept

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• PASSIONATE (OR ROMANTIC) LOVE is a state of powerful
absorption in someone.
• COMPANIONATE LOVE is the strong affection we have for
those with whom our lives are deeply involved.
According to Elaine Hatfield and Ellen Berscheid's LABELING
THEORY OF PASSIONATE LOVE, individuals experience
romantic love when two events occur together: intense physical
arousal and situational cues that indicate that "love" is the
appropriate label for the feelings being experienced.
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Sternberg’s Triangular Theory: The Three Faces of Love
Three components of love:
Intimacy
Passion
Decision/commitment
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• The INTIMACY COMPONENT encompasses feelings of
closeness, affection, and connectedness.
• The PASSION COMPONENT comprises the motivational
drives relating to sex, physical closeness, and romance.
• The DECISION/COMMITMENT COMPONENT embodies
both the initial cognition that one loves another person and the
longer-term determination to maintain that love.
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Sternberg’s Triangular Theory: The Three Faces of Love
Eight unique combinations of love can be formed:
Nonlove
Liking
Infatuated love
Empty love
Romantic love
Companionate love
Fatuous love
Consummate love
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Table 7-4: The Combinations of LoveComponentType of
LoveIntimacyPassionDecision/CommitmentExampleNonloveAbs
entAbsentAbsentThe way you might feel about the person who
takes your ticket at the moviesLikingPresentAbsentAbsentGood
friends who have lunch together at least once or twice a
week.Infatuated LoveAbsentPresentAbsentA “fling” or short-
term relationship based only on sexual attraction.Empty
loveAbsent AbsentPresentAn arranged marriage or a couple who
have decided to stay married for ”the sake of the
children.”Romantic lovePresentPresentAbsentA couple who
have been happily dating a few months, but have not made any
plans for a future together.Companionate
lovePresentAbsentPresentA couple who enjoy each other’s
company and their relationship, although they no longer feel
much sexual interest in each other.Fatuous

loveAbsentPresentPresentA couple who decides to move in
together after knowing each other for only 2 weeks.Consummate
lovePresentPresentPresentA loving, sexually vibrant, long-term
relationship.
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Choosing a Partner: Recognizing
Mr. or Ms. Right (1 of 5)
LO 7.11 Identify the factors that influence young adults’ choice
of partner, and give examples of how these are affected by
gender and culture.
Seeking a Spouse: Is Love the Only Thing That Matters?
When asked, individuals from the United States, Japan, or
Brazil said they would not marry without love; individuals from
Pakistan and India said they would
Characteristics differ across cultures:
China: Men ranked good health most important; women rated
emotional stability and maturity critical
South Africa (Zulu): Men rated emotional stability first; women
rated dependable character first
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gender and culture.

Commonalities across cultures
Love and mutual attraction
Dependability, emotional stability, pleasing disposition,
intelligence
Gender differences similar across cultures:
Men prefer physically attractive partner
Women prefer spouse who is ambitious and industrious
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gender and culture.
David Buss and colleagues’ theory: Humans seek certain
characteristics in mates that will maximize availability of
beneficial genes
Critics argue that cultural similarities reflect gender
stereotyping and have nothing to do with evolution
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gender and culture.
Filtering Models: Sifting Out a Spouse
People seeking mates screen candidates
Filter for broad determinants of attractiveness
Choice based on compatibility
People often marry according to homogamy (similarities)
Marriage gradient: Tendency for men to marry women slightly
younger, smaller, and lower in status and vice versa
African American women find it difficult to find spouse
according to marriage gradient
Men have larger pool to choose from
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Figure 7-9: Filtering Potential Marriage Partners
According to one approach, we screen potential mates through
successively finer grained filters to settle on an appropriate
spouse.
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Source: Based on Janda & Klenke-Hamel, 1980.
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gender and culture.
Attachment Styles and Romantic Relationships: Do Adult
Loving Styles Reflect Attachment in Infancy?

Phillip Shaver: Influence of infants’ attachment styles affects
nature of romantic relationships
Secure attachment
Avoidant attachment
Anxious-avoidant attachment
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• Adults with secure attachment readily enter into relationships
and feel happy and confident about the future of the relationship
(half of all adults). They provide more sensitive supportive
care to their partner.
• Adults who have avoidant attachment tend to be less invested
in relationships, have higher break-up rates, and often feel
lonely (one-quarter of all adults).
• Adults who have anxious-avoidant attachment tend to become
overly invested in relationships, have repeated break-ups with
the same partner, and have relatively low self-esteem (20
percent of adults). They provide compulsive, intrusive
assistance to their partners.
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Cultural Dimensions: Gay and Lesbian Relationships: Men with
Men and Women with Women
Most gays and lesbians seek loving, long-term, meaningful
relationships.
These relationships are not different from those desired by
heterosexuals.

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Review: Forging Relationships: Intimacy, Liking, and Loving
During Early Adulthood (1 of 2)
Young adults face Erikson’s intimacy-versus-isolation stage.
Those able to resolve this conflict can form intimate
relationships.
Passionate love is characterized by intense physiological
arousal, intimacy and caring.
Companionate love is characterized by respect, admiration, and
affection.
Sternberg’s triangular theory identifies three basic components:
intimacy, passion, decision/commitment.
These basic components can be combined to form different
types of of love.
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Review: Forging Relationships: Intimacy, Liking, and Loving
During Early Adulthood (2 of 2)
Choosing a spouse involves love and mutual attraction.
Men tend to rate physical attractiveness as important.
Women rate ambition and industriousness highly.
Evolutionary theories to account for this have been criticized.
Cross-cultural gender preferences reflect similar patterns of
gender stereotyping.
Values assigned to relationships are similar between
heterosexual couples and homosexual couples.
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Check Yourself: Forging Relationships: Intimacy, Liking, and
Loving During Early Adulthood (1 of 2)
According to Erikson, adults spend their early adult years

__________.
A) consolidating careers
B) developing their identities
C) being industrious
D) developing relationships with others
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Answer: D
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Check Yourself: Forging Relationships: Intimacy, Liking, and
Loving During Early Adulthood (2 of 2)
__________ love is the strong affection we have for those
individuals with whom our lives are deeply involved.
A) Passionate
B) Consummate
C) Intimate
D) Companionate
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Answer: D
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The Course of Relationships
Adulthood

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Cohabitation, Marriage, and Other Relationship Choices:
Sorting Out the Option of Early Adulthood (1 of 6)
LO 7.12 Summarize the sorts of relationships people enter into
in early adulthood, and identify the characteristics of a
successful marriage.
Cohabitation
Last three decades show decline in number of married couples
More couples living together without being married
Some 7.5 million people are cohabitating
Married couples make up minority of households
Most young adults will cohabitate in their 20s
Cohabitation may be “practice” for marriage
Chances of divorce are higher for cohabitants
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Figure 7-10: Cohabitation
The number of couples living together before marriage
increased by 41 percent from
the year 2000 to 2010.
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Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2010.
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Marriage
Preferred alternative for early adulthood
The “right” thing to do
Spouse provides security and financial well-being
Spouse fills a sexual role
Spouse can provide a sounding board and act as a partner for
activities
Marriage offers only totally acceptable way to have children
Marriage offers legal benefits and protections
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Marriage
Statistics
Fewer U.S. citizens are married than since the 1890s
Attributable to higher divorce rates
People are marrying later in life (28.7 average for men 26.5 for
women)
90 percent of people eventually wed
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Figure 7-11: Postponing Marriage
The age at which women and men first marry is the highest
since national statistics were first collected in the late 1800s.
What factors account for this?

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Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2011.
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What Makes Marriage Work?
Characteristics of successful marriages:
Partners show affection
Partners communicate the positive
Partners see themselves as part of interdependent couple
They experience social homogamy, have similar interests, and
agree on role distribution
Only about half of all marriages remain intact
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Early Marital Conflict
Nearly half of newly married couples experience significant
marital conflict
Difficulty transitioning from being children to adults
Difficulty developing an identity apart from spouse
Struggle to find time with spouse
However, for many, newlywed period is the happiest time of
entire married life

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Figure 7-12: Divorce Around the World
Countries around the world have substantial divorce rates,
although in some places
the rate is declining.
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Source: Adapted from Population Council Report, 2008.
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Staying Single: I Want to Be Alone
Singlehood has increased over the last several decades
20 percent of women and 30 percent of men live single
Reasons:
Negative view of marriage
Marriage is too restrictive
Do not encounter someone with whom they wish to spend their
lives
Value independence, autonomy, and freedom
Pitfalls of staying single: stigmatization for women, lack of
companionship and sexual outlets, and concern for the financial
future
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Parenthood: Choosing to Have Children (1 of 8)
LO 7.13 Identify the factors that influence a couple’s decision
to have children, and summarize the impact children have on
marriage.
What makes a couple decide to have children?
Reason against: Economics
U.S. government estimates it takes $235,000 to support a child
until he or she is 18
Add cost of college: $300,000
Add cost of childcare, total estimate doubles
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marriage.
What makes a couple decide to have children?
Reasons for:
Pleasure watching them grow
Fulfillment from children’s accomplishments
Satisfaction from seeing them become successful
Enjoyment of forging a close bond
Having someone to take care of them in their old age
Having someone to maintain the family business
Companionship
A strong societal norm: More than 90 percent of married
couples have a child
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marriage.
Unwanted pregnancies mostly occur in younger, poorer, less-
educated couples
Some couples make decision independent of marriage
59 percent of women are married when they have children
More than half of births to women under the age of 30 occur
outside of marriage
Young adult women with college degree choose to be married
before children
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marriage.
Family Size
Contraception has resulted in dramatic decrease in family size
1930s: 70 percent of Americans wanted 3 or more children
1990s: Shrunk to 40 percent
Today, most have two children
Actual birth rates
1957: 3.7 children was average
Today: Rate is 2.1 (lower than replacement level)
Some underdeveloped countries: Rate is 6.3 (Afghanistan and
Zambia)

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Figure 7-13: Smaller Is Better
Continuing trends over the last 75 years, U.S. parents continue
to prefer families with fewer children. What do you think is the
ideal number of children for a family to have?
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Source: Saad, L. (2011, June 30). Americans’ preference for
smaller families edges higher. Princeton, NJ: Gallup Poll.
Copyright (©) 2011 Gallup Inc. All rights reserved. The content
is used with permission, however, Gallup retains all rights of
republication.
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marriage.
Family Size
Reasons for decline in birth rates:
More women using contraceptives
More women working
Women delaying having children until their 30s
High cost of raising children

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marriage.
Dual-earner Couples
75 percent of married women work outside home
Workload of paid and unpaid work nearly identical
Husbands do chores that can be planned in advance
Wives do more of immediate needs
Wives experience more stress and anxiety
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Figure 7-14: Division of Labor
Although husbands and wives generally work at their paying
jobs a similar number of hours each week, wives are apt to
spend more time than their husbands doing home chores and in
child-care activities. Why do you think this pattern exists?
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Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2012.
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marriage.

The Transition to Parenthood: Two’s a couple, Three’s a
Crowd?
Both positive and negative changes occur after child
Dramatic shifts in roles for spouses
John Gottman: Marital satisfaction can stay steady and perhaps
rise with birth of a child
Three factors help couples weather the stress:
Working to build fondness and affection for each other
Remaining aware of events in each other’s life and honoring
those
Considering problems as controllable and solvable
Coparenting works well
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marriage.
Gay and Lesbian Parents
20 percent of gay men and lesbian women are parents
Pre-child homosexual couples divide housework equally
After the child, one person takes over childcare and the other
works outside the home
Research shows children raised in homosexual homes show no
differences in adjustment compared to those raised in
heterosexual homes
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Work: Choosing and Embarking on a Career
Adulthood

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The Role of Work (1 of 3)
LO 7.14 Explain Vaillant’s stage of career consolidation, and
identify the motivations people have for seeking a job other
than money.
Identity During Young Adulthood
George Vaillant proposed stage of development called “career
consolidation”
Occurs during ages of 20 to 40
Career concerns supplant focus on intimacy
Critics argue that Vaillant’s sample was elite men from the
1930s and not generalizable
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than money.
Why Do People Work? More Than Earning a Living
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation
Extrinsic: Tangible rewards
Intrinsic: Own enjoyment, personal rewards
Puritan work ethic: Work is important in and of itself.
Work also:
Contributes to sense of personal identity
May be central to social life
Determines status
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than money.
Why Do People Work? More Than Earning a Living
Satisfaction on the Job
Satisfaction depends on:
Status
Nature of the job itself
Variety
Job satisfaction increases when workers have input into the
nature of their jobs
Supervisors have more influence and hence more job
satisfaction
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87
Picking an Occupation: Choosing Life’s Work (1 of 4)
LO 7.15 Summarize Ginzberg’s career choice theory, Holland’s
personality type theory, and how gender affects work choices.
Ginzberg’s Career Choice Theory
Stages of choosing a career
Fantasy period
Tentative period
Realistic period
Critics argue it is too simplistic and may overstate choices
available to people in lower socioeconomic levels
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• The first stage is the FANTASY PERIOD, which lasts until
age 11 and is the period when career choices are made and
discarded without regard to skills, abilities, or available job
opportunities.
• During the TENTATIVE PERIOD, which spans adolescence,
people begin to think in pragmatic terms about the requirements
of various jobs and how their own abilities might fit with them.
• Finally, in early adulthood, people enter the REALISTIC
PERIOD, during which people explore specific career options.
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Holland’s Personality Type Theory
Personality types match certain careers:
Realistic
Intellectual
Social
Conventional
Enterprising
Artistic
Critics say not everyone fits neatly into a particular personality
type
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• Realistic. These people are down-to-earth, practical problem
solvers, and physically strong, but their social skills are
mediocre. They make good farmers, laborers, and truck drivers.
• Intellectual. Intellectual types are oriented toward the
theoretical and abstract. Although not particularly good with
people, they are well suited to careers in math and science.

• Social. The traits associated with the social personality type
are related to verbal skills and interpersonal relations. Social
types are good at working with people, and consequently make
good salespersons, teachers, and counselors.
• Conventional. Conventional individuals prefer highly
structured tasks. They make good clerks, secretaries, and bank
tellers.
• Enterprising. These individuals are risk-takers and take-charge
types. They are good leaders and may be particularly effective
as managers or politicians.
• Artistic. Artistic types use art to express themselves, and they
often prefer the world of art to interactions with people. They
are best suited to occupations involving art.
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Gender and Career Choices: Women’s Work
Illegal to advertise only to men or women
Until 1960s, jobs were advertised in two sections, targeting men
or women.
Women were considered most appropriate for communal
professions, occupations associated with relationships
Men were perceived as best suited for agentic professions,
occupations associated with getting things accomplished
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90

Women underrepresented in male-dominated professions like
engineering and computer programming
Women earn less than men in many jobs
Between 1950 and 2003, women in the labor force increased
from 35 percent to more than 60 percent
Women make up 55 percent of labor force
Women and minorities in high-status, visible professional roles
hit glass ceiling
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91
Figure 7-15: The Gender-Wage Gap
Women’s weekly earning as a percentage of men’s have
increased since 1979 but are still only a bit more than 79
percent and have remained steady over the past three years.
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Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2014.
92
Becoming an Informed Consumer of Development: Choosing a
Career
Guidelines for choosing a career:
Systematically evaluate your choices.
Know yourself.
Create a “balance sheet” listing pros and cons.
“Try out” different careers through paid or unpaid internships.
Remember that there are no permanent mistakes.

It is reasonable to expect that shifting values, interests,
abilities, and life circumstances might make a different career
more appropriate later in life than the one chosen during early
adulthood.
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93

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