Tone Of Howl By Allen Ginsberg

Tone Of Howl By Allen Ginsberg
Allen Ginsberg in his work, "Howl" tries to present a social commentary and a revolution. Allen presents the struggle of the time when social
pressures were quickly building up, and a revolution was necessary which would free people from all forms of oppression. Allen presents his
experiences which is an encounter with his friend whom he met in a mental institution. Allen uses several literary techniques to present the
insanities in life and how people continue to struggle with it in life which ends up in tragedies and cries. Throughout the poem, Allen uses an
elegiac tone which is a tone of mourning. From the very first line, the reader is prepared for what will follow in the subsequent lines and stanzas.
In the first line, Allen says he is outraged, and that is why is crying out to the world to stop the destruction of a generation. In general, Allen is
crying about the oppression and subjugation in the society. The speaker in the poem appears to be smart. The speaker's words do not come out in a
proper order which makes the reader imagine that he was from a long sleep and he has been awakened by the reality of things and he wants us to
join him through his lane and tell us what he saw. The speaker does not use proper English, and there is a lot of syntax in the verses which help the
reader in understanding that the person speaking is drugged or has some mental illness. For Allen, he embodies the mental illness of his friend he is
dedicating the poem too in a mental
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Reasons To Join The Crusades
Chapter two There was a sheer number of members because of the many reasons and benefits to join the Crusades. This only influenced everyone
around them even more because of the destruction they did. The Crusades were so feared and powerful because in most cases they never gave
mercy. In most of their battles they would kill anything that got in their way, even christians were killed because the members of the Crusades
thought that they were the enemies of god. Marvin Perry describes in a detailed description how ruthless they were, It was impossible to look upon
the vast numbers of the slain without horror; everywhere lay fragments of humans bodies, and the very ground was covered with the blood of the
slain. It was not alone the spectacle of headless bodies and mutilated limbs strewn in all directions that roused horror in all who looked upon them. Still
more dreadful was it to gaze upon the victors themselves, dripping with blood from head to foot, an ominous sight which brought terror to all who mer
them. It is reported that within the Temple enclosure alone about ten thousand... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, this didn't mean that they were merciful, for example one Jew was captured and led to a church where the crusaders tied a rope around
his neck and there they said "You can still be saved; will you change your faith?" When he didn't cooperate, they cut off his neck. The Crusaders were
so brutal that they were thought to be just as guilty to God then other religions. For example an abbot of Cluny wrote during the second crusade,
"What is the good of going to the end of the world at great loss of men and money to fight the Saracens, when we permit among us other infidels who
are a thousand times more guilty towards Christ than the Mohammedans?" He describes here how the Mohammedans were a lot less guilty towards
Christ then the Christians who were in the Crusades themselves for killing innocent

Essay on It's Time to Abolish Religion
Can a society exist emancipated from religion? Will its foundations decay due to the absence of it, or will it flourish and achieve a new stratum of
knowledge which will result in a peaceful co–existence? The word "religion" has its roots in the Latin word "religare" which means to bind together,
or to connect; on the contrary I argue religion has been an apparatus of division, rather than achieving collectivism, thus doing much more harm than
good. History represents the bloody warfare instigated and propagated in the name of religion; it is the antithesis of peace and unity. Religion has
imposed limitations upon development of knowledge; therefore hampering the growth of human faculties, and narrowing the realm of free thinking
men. Time ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Individuals need to learn to recognize one another as members of only one family, and stop applying the filters of culture, or religion to divide one
another.
Karl Marx quoted "religion is the opiate of masses." He believed the bourgeoisie class used religion as a means to control and oppress the proletariat
class; however, the governing system may have evolved in the past years, the theory is still applicable to majority of societies today. Individuals who
occupy powerful positions within society often resort to using religion as means to subjugate and oppress the people belonging to minority groups; the
most transparent example is the birth of caste system within the religious dogmas of Hinduism which is demonizing the Indian society still today.
Implementation of religion in social and political institutions is a method powerful people use to legitimize their oppression, which creates further
havoc upon the society; because it is no longer administered by a neutral governing body, consequently it is serving the interests of few powerful
individuals, meanwhile ignoring the rest of the populace. The unbalance created by religion continually disturbs all facets of society, be it political, or
social sphere; the result is ongoing tension among the inhabitants eventually leading to revolutionary mindset. The separation of religion and state is an
integral element in securing a society in which all are treated equally under the law,

Conquest Of Mexico Essay
In the article it talks about the conquest of mexico while the progress was still going on. Cortes wrote to the Emperor asking for the missionaries
and they arrived within a few months and twelve Franciscan friars arrived. they destroy all of the indians churches and images of their gods. the
indians where temporal power of charles V and the pope. supposedly They went to help out the indians in their perpetual salvation, they didn't want
to sek in there benefits like there land sliver and gold. they wanted to teach children because children will be able to understand easily the doctrines
spanish where teaching. after teaching the children they are going to teach adults the things that they taught children. The missionaries gathered the
children into the schools where they learned the rudiments of Catholic practice and they built churches and other building with large room to teach
the indians. The indians, Aztecs, Mayas, Incas, and other people work at whatever occupation require for them to build new buildings. Thew
indians request baptise them and if the missionaries did not come to them the indians would take long roads and travels hundreds of miles to be
baptism remarriage. Some indians got baptize over and over again because they believe it please the spaniards. Also faine was growing by the
hundreds of churches. Also women teachers brought to mexico in 1534 to make a school for girls. in a lot of school young Indians were to be
doctrinero. indians were accepted Christianity has been a subject for amazement. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
also further mores the emperor ordered the Indian to be kindly treated.The encomiendas and the large estates which dominated the economic life
colonial latin America were instructed to establish chapels and monasteries to maintain the crops of clerics for the indoctrination of the

Indian Surrogates : Whether Laws Provide Room For It?
Indian Surrogates: Whether Laws provide room for it ?
Sandeep Kulshrestha
Asstt. Prof. (Law), Amity University M.P. Gwalior (Madhya Pradesh) India
Sandeep723@gmail.com
Abstract
Indian Laws are not made to accommodate Surrogacy arrangements, so with the validity of surrogacy arrangements certain legal complications arise.
Present Paper deals with the legal validity of Surrogacy arrangements in India in light of legal complications arising out of it in present legal framework.
Keywords:Surrogacy Laws, Surrogacy Bill, Legal Complications,
Introduction:
Recently, Cabinet approved the Surrogacy (Regulations) Bill 2016, that imposed various restrictions on Surrogacy and banned Commercial
surrogacy, which has been legal in India since 2002. India is emerging as popular surrogacy destination now a days. So far the Indian perspective is
concerned; it has left no doubt that Indian surrogates have been increasingly popular among the infertile couples globally. In fact Indian ART clinics
are providing world class facilities with affordable prices. They are also professionally dealing with the hiring and retention of Surrogates, resulting
into providing best surrogacy services for lesser amount. In this Situation author tried to analyse the concept of surrogacy with probable complications.
It is basically a pre–legislative analysis.
The Surrogacy is subjected to a lot of controversy. It is due to various social, legal and ethical problems associated with it. Concept of 'motherhood

Islamic Legal Reformers Of The Twentieth Century
I. Introduction As Talal Asad has noted, "religion is by no means disappearing in the modern world," and, "[i]f anything is agreed upon, it is that a
straightforward narrative of progress from the religious to the secular is no longer acceptable." (Asad: 2003: 1.) At the same time, and in relation
particularly to the contemporary rise of Islam, "[t]he question of secularism has emerged as an object of academic argument and of practical dispute."
(Ibid.) The common view is that Islam and secular modernism constitute a duality, forever at odds, while others argue that the religious and the
secular are a false duality and are indeed "mutually constitutive of each other." (Agrama: 2). Viewed either way, the resurgence of Islam gives rise to
important questions regarding its relationship to the secular modern state. In this short paper, I propose to engage with the works of two Islamic
legal reformers of the twentieth century: Mohammed 'Abduh's classic "Theology of Unity", first published in 1897, and Ahmad Safwat's lesser
known article, "The Theory of Mohammedan Law," published in a British law journal in 1920. Though quite different, both works are emblematic of
this period in Islamic history when traditional Islamic law struggled to identify its proper role with respect to the increasing power and transcendence
of the modern secular state. Moreover, each work is representative of two views of Islam and secular modernism and represent the genesis of both

Ginsberg Howl
HOWL : Religion as an Institution A group of rebels trample through San Francisco like mad men, breaking boundaries and getting arrested as
often as a child is born. With dilated pupils and hair like Albert Einstein, these "Beat Poet" creatures cause an uproar as they roam the city. This is
the image Allen Ginsberg depicts in his famous and controversial poem, Howl. The poem was written in 1955 and dedicated to Ginsberg's dear
friend, Carl Solomon. The poem was later published by Lawrence Ferlinghetti of City Lights Bookstore in 1956. Those years brought Ginsberg ample
success and much attention but the post World War II realities still surrounded him. The 1950s were full of great political and social changes. Music,
the arts, gender roles,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The acts of disobedience and rebellion by Ginsberg and the Beat Poets prove them to be passionate yet theatrical. It is clear that Ginsberg views religion
as a box that he refuses to be restricted in. His longing to be free from this institution can be described in the book 1959: The Year Everything
Changed. "Ginsberg, too, saw the connection between freedom from structures in poetry and freedom from structures in all of life. The difference was
that Ginsberg yearned for both freedoms" (Page 35). With the help of The Beat Poets, he is able to illustrate his spirituality and rejection from
American institutions through the poem

The Sykes Picot Document Analysis
In the Sykes Picot Document, Sir Edward Grey proposes to Paul Cambon that the Arab confederate states that were under Ottoman empire be
separated by controlled by the British and France. Great Britain would have control over the ports in Haifa and Acre, the permission to trade in the
port of Alexanretta as they wish, gain access to Tigris and Euphrates for water supply, the ability to trade without any custom tariffs on their goods or
in designated areas; given the right to build their own railroads and finally govern and make decisions with the confederate states along with other
third parties. France will own Haifa and use that port to trade with all the rights to protect their trade as well as have rights to govern the confederate
states with Great Britain. In terms of winning, Great Britain seems to have more of a control than France in terms of... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The Jews seem to have more support over the arabs in terms of re–establishing their national homeland than the Arab's protecting their land even if the
Great Britain protects their faith and rights as citizens in Palestine. In the Husayn/McMahon Correspondence, the Arabs promised that if the England
sees Arab countries in a designated areas as independent, then they are allowed to economic interests as well as military and naval prospects. The
British agree to see these Arab states independent except for all places controlled by the French. The winners in this agreement were the British
because when Husayn disagreed with McMahon's decision to protect French interests as well as the in Baghdad and Basra, McMahon passed on this
part of the discussion for the later talks. Therefore Hysayn, the Arabs, are at a loss because they need the support of the British in order to be
victorious in their

The Crusades: Europe's Greatest Triumph Essay
Were the crusades worthwhile?
The crusades were a number of military campaigns fought from 1095 to 1291, there were nine crusades in total. These battles were fought between the
people of the Christian and the Muslim religions. The total purpose of the crusades was to gain control and power of Jerusalem; the Holy Land. The
crusades (the Holy wars) were indirectly one of the most important factors in the history of the modernisation of European civilisation .
The crusades had a lasting effect on many aspects of the world, both the people who fought in the battles and the population at home. The Crusades
directly affected the role of the Catholic Church, as the Crusades contributed to the wealth and power of the church . As thousand of ... Show more
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The Middle Eastern way of life was a main contributor to the improvement of the European's living conditions. During the crusades those fighting in it
learnt new and better ways of doing basic things from the Muslims; they also had more advance ways of doing what the Europeans had been doing
for centuries . Muslims Doctors in Jerusalem had discovered drugs that would kill pain; this was used when performing amputations of limbs, so the
patient wouldn't feel any pain. This was much more advance than the Europeans way of performing an amputation which was to hold down the patient
while their limb was hacked off with an axe, without the aid of pain killers. With the crusades came this new method of performing surgery.
Many of the crusaders got accustomed to bathing and using soap every day. because of this the Christian crusaders returned home with soap for their
families to use. the new found cleanliness it helped stop common diseases from being contracted and spread.
During the campaigns the crusaders found new comforts. Instead of sleeping on straw on the floor of their homes, they brought back with them
mattresses and couches for them to be used by their families in their homes .
Before the crusades began Europeans would use Roman Numerals which were difficult to do mathematics with. They also wrote on parchment. The
Muslims on the other hand, used paper to write on.

Summary Of Corn Pone Opinions
The essay by Mark Twain, "Corn–pone Opinions," describes how many people follow the directions of others whether they agree with it or not. Also
through it's contrasting conformities and independent verdict of people's ways of thinking, Twain suggests that in order for people to express how
they truly are, they must first trust their own abilities without having to depend on others. This signifies that every person must have a friend or
relative critique his or her style to feel gleeful. Moving forward three supporting reasons in favor of Mark Twain's predicament describe the equal
trends that people follow of fashion in today's society, secondly, worldwide statistic have indeed shown that the majority of people who are peer
pressured let bullies take over their choices and finally how religion influences children, students, adults, and families. These are clear reasons as to
why I am in favor of Mark Twain's statement of opinion. To make people comprehend and understand that everyone should have their own way of
thought and not relay in others to do it for them. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Case in point, teens' students, and children all follow the progression of fashion. To illustrate many celebrities such as Demi Lovato, Taylor Swift,
Rita Ora, and lastly Arianna Grande all have their own style. However people tend to follow their favorite celebrity and become like them. This
includes, their hairstyle, clothes, watches, shoes, gadgets etc. Suppose Ariana Grande went on stage with a dissimilar color of hair such as the neon
lavender, everyone would want to dye their hair in that particular way to stand out and rebel. As a result people would follow the trend and copy what
the artist is doing. Continually these people need the approval of others to feel radiant and popular. With that being said, our society follows what
others do, instead of expressing themselves without the judgment of

Muslim Persecution And Interdenominational Differences In...
Most of the traditional vices that occur in the today's societies are pegged on religion. From early marriages to domestic violence among others. They
have all gotten their roots from the traditional beliefs. Most of these vices are perpetrated under the umbrella of the fact that the religion they embrace
permits them to do so. This is how oppression begins with religion. For instance, a person practicing domestic violence would do so with the mentality
that the Bible permits such practices since all the women are advised by it to be submissive to the men and that the men are the heads of the families.
Besides, there are inter–religion differences which arise between different religions and it at times goes further into interdenominational differences. In
those countries that Islam is more prominent, Christians are often killed if they do not defect into Islam religion. People should have the freedom of
worship and the freedom to get to make a choice on which religions they want to join. Therefore giving people ultimatums such as those which put
them I a position where they must choose between their God and Allah often leads to bloodshed. This situation is mainly prominent in those countries
where ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Most of the Christians then were persecuted because of their faith. However, an advancement over the years led to the persecution of Christians by
the Muslims. Muslim persecution began long ago and is widespread. Some of the Muslims often defect to Christianity, a violation which is
punishable by death according to Islamic laws. According to Islamic laws, Christians are not allowed to have any authority over the Muslims or to
build new churches or even repair the old ones. In general, the Christians who live in the regions dominated by the Muslims are often subjected to
various rules and regulations which if not followed often comes with a great price and

The Social Arrangement That Permits Have More Than One...
Polygyny, the social arrangement that permits a man to have more than one wife at the same time, exists in all parts of the world. Although looked
down upon by societies views mainly in developed countries, among the 849 human societies, 75 percent practice polygyny. Seeing this, although
common in developed countries, it poses a question for the origin of monogamy. Is monogamy really the prevalent practice or simply a moral ideology?
Ancient Hebrews, Mormons in the United States and Chinese traditionalists, originated the practice of polygyny, however the modern day practice is
concentrated in Africa, the Middle East, and Indonesia. Although in a much advanced time, the traditionalist understanding forpolygamy still holds
true for majority of those who practice it. Men are able to acquire these wives based on distinct factors, not a brawl for all, as many perceive it to be.
Polygamy is used for many different reasons. Per Anthropologists it could be used for the following purposes: Increase the probability of children,
increase labor supply within a kinship network, dealing with the "problem" of surplus women, attempting to expand a man's alliance (more power) or
to provide sexual satisfaction during periods of post–partum for the woman (Macfarlane 1986). Polygamy is inclusive but not restrictive to the wives
sharing the same home along with the same husband. Some have wives with different homes that are interdependent of one another. These forms of
marriage are called

Averroes Research Paper
Medieval philosophy is the philosophy in the era referred to as the Middle Ages, the period extending from the fall of the Western Roman Empire in
the 5th century C.E. to the Renaissance in the 16th century. It is defined partly by the process of rediscovering the ancient culture developed in
Greece and Rome in during classical period, and partly by the need to address theological problems and to integrate sacred doctrine along with secular
learning.The main topics that were discussed throughout this period was the relation of faith to reason, the existence of God, the purpose of theology
and metaphysics, and the problems of knowledge, of universals, and of individuation. One influential philosopher from this period is Averroes.
We will now take a look at the life of Averroes. Averroes was born in 1126 in CГ
іrdoba. He was raised in a family of Maliki legal scholars. His ... Show
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It was through the Latin translations of Averroes' work that the legacy of Aristotle became more widely known in the West, with particular importance
for the Medieval Scholastic movement (philosophy basics). Averroes also argued for the emancipation of science and philosophy from official Ash'ari
Muslim theology, and some regard him as a precursor to modern secularism in Western Europe. His most important philosophical work was "Tahafut
al–tahafut" ("The Incoherence of the Incoherence"). In this work, he defended Aristotelian philosophy against the claims of al–Ghazali. Al–Ghazali
had argued that Aristotelianism, specifically as presented in the earlier writings of Avicenna, was self
–contradictory and an affront to Islamic teachings.
Averroes contended that al–Ghazali's arguments were false and that Avicenna's interpretations were a distortion of genuine

Pros And Cons Of Criminal Modifications
Modern Period:
Modifications in criminal provisions were primarily made of regulations. Warren Hastings, who was transferred from Madras to Bengal as a Governor
to improve the detoriated political as well as socio– economic conditions of the three province Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. Warren Hastings was of the
opinion that Indians re very much accustomed to their traditions and customs, even the most injudicious or most fanciful customs which were either
ignorance or superstition could be substituted and he was convinced that any attempt to free them from such laws would be a 'severe hardship'.
The policy of Britishers therefore was to interfere with the Mohammaden criminal law. Nevertheless this principle of non– interference with the
Mohammedan Penal law was conditioned by one big 'If'– if it shall be found to contain nothing hurtful to the authority of Government or to the
interests of society .
Some Muslim Penal provisions were of such a nature that the Company could not allow their continuance on grounds of humanity and justice . Even
then only the most glaring defects were gradually removed by Regulations and a 'patched up' and modified law was put in its place .
In 1772, the existing provision for dacoity was changed and to suppress the ruthless and wanton deprivation of the robbers it was provided ... Show
The sentence could extend to death if that was the prescribed sentence under Mohammedan Law. As regard to the "fine of blood", the judges were
directed to commute the punishment to imprisonment which could extend to life imprisonment . By the same regulation of 1797, offenders guilty of
putting death "any person" on the ground of his or her being versed in and practicing sorcery or any other ground such person or persons were
declared to be guilty of murder on being convicted of the crimes and were punished

Moving To America
Imagine living in a country set in their own ways, and you could never change that. Riddled with disease and famine, you have no place to turn except
to leave your homeland and pursue opportunities in a country you have never been to. When you arrive in America matters seem to get worse.
Without clothes, food, shelter, and no way to grow your community, you ask yourself this question, was it really worth leaving?
The Norwegian immigrants that used to live in
America may ask this question. In 1825, 52
Norwegians traveled to America to seek religious freedom. In Norway from
1807–1814 many Norwegians were captured by the British in the war.
While they were there, many were introduced to Quakerism, and when they were released, they brought these religious practices back with them. The
Norwegian
Government did not approve of any religion besides Lutheran, so when the prisoners came back, they decided to leave to avoid religious persecution.
America was a great place to travel to, because of its freedom of religion bill, which was passed in 1786. This bill allowed anyone to have the religion
they desired, and also granted ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Most of them have resided in the Great Lakes Region and have developed major farming communities. Andrea Erikson, who was 9 when she
traveled to America stated, "Moving to America was probably the best choice my family could have made. I remember staying in my house all
day because my whole neighborhood was infected with plague. My father would go out once a day to check on our crops but we had no such luck.
We finally decided to move to America in 1841, and we settled in Minnesota. There we were living in a large farming community, and we could
safely say its the easiest choice we made." When asking the first Norwegians if it was worth coming, it might be an entirely different story. But the
Norwegians who have come recently could proudly say it was definitely worth the

The Crusades Paper
The Crusades were expeditions that originated in completion of a solemn vow in order to deliver the Holy areas from Mohammedan domination.
The origin of the word can be traced to the cross. This meaningful cross was worn as a badge on the outer garment of those who took part in these
enterprises and also made out of cloth. Since the Middle Ages, the meaning of the word crusade has been comprehended to contain all wars
undertaken in the act or practice of pursuing a vow. It was also directed against infidels who were the Mohammedans, Pagans, Heretics, or those under
the bar of excommunication. Modern literature has abused the word crusade by applying it to all wars having anything to do with religion. An example
would be the voyage of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
– and into your hands. And because you have fared forth for God, and for right, and for justice, therefore you are bound, in so far as you are able, to
restore to their own inheritance those who have been unrighteous despoiled. And my wife's brother will make with you the best terms ever offered to
any people, and give you the most puissant help for the recovery of the land overseas".
In Asia Minor, they turned to spoils and were nearly all slaughtered by the Turks. Meanwhile, according to the well thought out plan, the four principal
armies were to meet at Constantinople and the regular crusade was being organized in the West. The Germans, the French from the north, Godfrey of
Bouillon, and the Duke of Lower Lorraine followed the valley the Danube, crossed into Hungary and arrived at Constantinople on December
23rd,1096. Several different groups of Christian leaders would proceed in all directions for the conquest and fight for Christianity in the East. Hugh of
Vermandois, brother of King Philip I of France, Count Stephen of Blois, and Robert Courte–Heuse, Duke of Normandy would lead groups of French
and Normans across the Alps and were heading towards Apulia where they took the "Via Eqnatia" to Constantinople and set up troop in May of 1097.
The French from the south were lead by Raymond of Saint–Gilles, Bishop of Puy, Count of Toulouse, and Papal legislation.

Factors And Success Of Sir Syed And Aligarh Movement
This inclination was introduced by Dadabhai Naoroji, by many Indians, he was considered as the eldest statesman. Successfully, he went as far as
opposing, an election to the British House of Commons and became its first Indian member. That he was supported by young, ambitious Indian student
activists like Muhammad Ali Jinnah.
Indian National Congress was found in 1885. It announced that it will keep the representation of both Hindus and Muslims in India. But afterwards
Muslims realized that it became a whole benefit for Hindus only.
пѓ Sir Syed and Aligarh Movement
During the 1857 uprising Sir Syed supported the British, a role which has been critiqued by some nationalists such as Jamaluddin Afghani. In 1859 Sir
Syed published the booklet Asbab–e–Baghawat–e–Hind ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Muslim leaders wanted to form a permanent political forum. The anti–Muslim activities of Congress too gave emphasis to the need of a political
platform for the Muslims from where Muslims could protect their interests. Consultations were held between the Muslim leaders of Shimla Deputation
after their meeting with the Viceroy among themselves as to the probability of establishing a political association.
The reasons for the establishment of Muslim league are as follows:–
1.INDIFFERENT ATTITUDE OF THE CONGRESS TOWARDS MUSLIMS:
All India National Congress was dominantly Hindu body from scratch. Their interests were always opposite to the interests of the Indian Muslims. By
1906, Muslim leaders were influenced that they must have their own party which may speak for the public on all important events.
2.EDUCATIONAL AND ECONOMIC BACKWARDNESS:
Muslims had left far behind in education and economic progress from the Hindus. Educational and economic environments can only be up graded by
founding a separate Muslims organization that can represent the needs and requirements of the Muslims of

The Main Objective Of This Essay Is To Study The Inheritance
The main objective of this essay is to study the inheritance laws, family structure and the impact of those laws on the gender dynamics of the Akan
community in Africa, mainly in the regions of Ghana and Ivory coast. The intergeneration transfer of property upon the death of its owner is called
inheritance. There are many dimensions to inheritance like economic dimension, political dimension, etc. Different communities have different laws of
inheritance. However, they are mainly divided into two main categories, namely patrilineal and matrilineal form of inheritance. Patrilineal form of
inheritance is a common kinship system wherein an individual 's family membership and inheritance rights are derived from their father 's lineage,
whereas ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are four types of marriage in Ghana, namely customary marriages, mutual consent, marriage under the marriage of Mohammedans Ordinance,
and the marriage ordinance. Most of the marriages recorded are customary marriages and they involve an elaborate ceremony and in some scenarios
it includes payments to legalise the union. Polygyny was removed by a marriage divorce and inheritance Bill of 1961 but it was defeated in the
parliament and was legalised. The main aspect in customary marriages like discussed above is the approval of both the families as according to the
Akans, marriage not only unites two individuals but unites two families.
When it comes to the Islamic marriages they are celebrated under the Marriage of Mohammedans Ordinance. The men are permitted to marry unto four
women in the Islamic law. The transfer of intestate property in church marriages,islam marriages is regulated by a specific provision in the marriage
ordinance.
The dispersal or delegation of self acquired intestate property among the Akans is followed according to the customary law. The matrilineal Akans
occupy the Western Central, and Ashanti regions and parts of the Brong–Ahafo and Eastern Regions. They make up more than fifty per cent of the
population in Ghana. According to the customary beliefs it is known that Akan children inherit their soul from their father and their blood

Legal Rights Of The United Nations Essay
The most expected result of lack of ability to exercise one's legal rights would mean that one has the rights but lacks the power to exercise them.
Practically granting of rights is the law's recognition of the validity of a person's choices. Legal rights give authority for people to act within the
framework of the legal system and makes a human being a subject of the law. Article 3 of the ICCPR mandates member states to promote the
realization of the right to self determination and to respect that right in conformity with the provisions of the Charter of the United Nations. In Kenya
the age of majority is 18 years and most people believe that upon attaining the age of majority they will be able to make their own decisions which
will be respected. For most people adulthood automatically means the right to become a self determining individual but this has not been so for
women, who have been treated in the past as 'objects' to be managed as opposed to rights–holders with their own interests and desires.
The previous marriage laws that were in 2014 merged into one document which is the Marriage Act 2014 had unfair provisions which tended to lean
more towards the men. Under the Hindu Marriage and Divorce Act, the notion of women not being free to make their own decisions comes out where
it is stated under section 3 of the Act that a marriage may be solemnized if the following conditions are fulfilled;
(c) The bridegroom has attained the age of 18 years old and the bride the

Apush Unit 2 Research Paper
There was a high food shortage in 1946 and this caused many to ration. World War II left a deep wound in India as two and a half million Indian
soldiers were sent to aid the allies and 24,000 killed. Many were unemployed as they lost their jobs after the war since there was no need for war
production. Gandhi's party, Indian national congress, created in 1885 seemed it would be the power that ruled after Britain left. This changed,
however, as the All Muslim league became popular during World War II. Muslims were a minority compared to the Hindus. The Partition of 1947
created Pakistan, where the Muslims would live, and India, where the Hindus would live. II)Cultural Differences There were conflicts in the early
1940s at religious events. An example is when the Hindu event Holi, also known as the festival of colors, featured riots. There were also cases when
sacred cows were murdered. Additionally, there were times when Hindu music was loudly played by mosques during the prayer time. Segregation of
the religions was promoted as Muslim's could only use 'Mohammedan refreshment room' at train stations. Muslims could only use the tap waters
labeled 'Muslim water' and Hindus could only use the taps labeled 'Hindu water'. The president of the Muslim League, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, told a
British interviewer, "We are different beings, there is nothing in life which links us together. Our names, our clothes, our foods
–they are all different;
our economic life, our educational ideas, our treatment of women, our attitude to animals....We challenge each other at every point of the compass".
Professor Mohammad Mujeeb from the distinct... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Muslims feared that if Hindus acquired the party, they would be inclined to hire only Hindus for governmental jobs like policeman. This meant they
would also control the

GinsbergвЂ™s Affinities with Whitman
Century apart, Allen Ginsberg and Walt Whitman share similar cultural, political and moral values, which they express in their literary work.
Whitman's writing is considered controversial for the eighteen hundreds. He sets the stage for generations to come breaking way from the strict
Victorian poetic tradition by writing in free verse. Ginsberg follows his footsteps when composing his poem "Howl" by writing in long lines almost
resembling prose and subdividing the poem into several parts. Likewise, he uses numerous repetitions to achieve rhythmicity of his verse. Ginsberg's
poem is heavily influenced by Whitman's philosophy. The works "Song of myself" and "Howl" are similar in ideas, structure and underling themes.
The two authors protest against old traditions imposed on the individual by corrupt society, stand against conformity and put emphasis on the need for
change. They identify with their generation and dwell on themes such as sexuality, religion and the state of American society. Whitman has a
philosophical approach about religion, religion practices and the journey of the soul. He uses the imagery of nature and other every day attributes to
question life beyond death, rebirth and the unison of individual and nature. He is not afraid to die and admits ".... there is really no death, /and if ever
there was it led toward life" (Whitman line.... )He finds the Devine power in nature and everything around him rather that in the altar of a church, which

The Religious Issues Of The Malay Population During...
Part one: essay proposal (200–300 words)
a) Giving a brief explanation of the scope of the essay (the figure you will examine, the time period, geographical focus, etc).
Question: How did the British managed the religious issues of the Malays during colonial rule in Singapore?
Through an analysis of the Maria Hertogh riot case study, we are able to gain deeper insights into British's colonial policies in their management of the
religious issues of the Malay population in the post–1945 era. At the same time this also allows us to see how race intersect with class as the Malay
population constitutes the lower income class in Singapore at that time. Using Maria as a case study, we are also able to see how gender interact with
race and class during colonialism as things may have turned out differently if the child in case was a boy instead.
b) Outlining your key research questions and the conclusions that you have drawn from your research thus far.
1.Did British mismanaged sensitive religious issues pertaining to the Malays during colonial rule?
2.Did the British pursue a strict policy of resistance in their religious policies?
This ethnic conflict has been widely argued to be the consequence of a mismanagement of the religious issues of the Malay population by the British.
However, it would be inaccurate to solely blame the British's policies for triggering the riots as they were other factors that led to the riots such as the
media and the hidden motives of the

The Will To Believe Is A Philosophical Essay Written By
The Will to Believe is a philosophical essay written by William James. In the book, James focused on the concepts of genuine choice and forced
beliefs. His argument is that individuals have choices to believe; however, those choices are shaped around 'facts and forced beliefs. He also argues on
religious hypotheses and the concept of belief without reason.
The first problem James tackles is genuine options. He disagrees with Clifford on the idea of genuine options. He believes that there are certain things
which we cannot wait for efficient evidence before we make a claim. Those things are the ones where religious faith is intellectually acceptable. He
states that genuine belief is living, forced and momentous. A living belief will be... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We are supposed to gain, even now, by our belief, and to lose by our non–belief" (James 136). According to James, science says things are, morality
says things are better than other things, and religion says essentially two things. Firstly, "she says things that the best things are the more eternal things
(...) the things in the universe that throw the last stone" (James 136). The second one states that we are better off if we believe her first affirmation to
be true.
Furthermore, religion is momentous force because the answer to these religious force is all up to you, there is no intellectual ground to answer the
questions. Therefore, James is saying, if you are a theist, there is nothing wrong in choosing to believe that there is a God, also, if you are atheist,
there is nothing wrong in choosing to believe there is no God. This is because it takes as much faith to say there is no God as that there is a God.
Therefore, according to James, we can believe or not believe based on our irrational passions alone.
In addition, James lays out the problem of choosing to believe. He argues that people are inherent believers by nature and that they do not choose to
believe.
There are some flaws in James' argument. Firstly, his claim that belief in God is live, forced and momentous and cannot be decided on intellectual
means. The question of whether God is live has only to do with the individual. There are some theists that are so dogmatist that they would

Book Report: The Moors In Spain
The Moors were Muslims who invaded and ruled Spain for about 700 years. The Moors overtook Spain from the Goths, and in the action of the Moors
taking over Spain, they brought along not only their Islamic religion, but also their culture. Stanley Lane–Poole writes about the rise and fall of Moorish
Spain from the 8th to the 15th century in his book, The Moors in Spain (1896). The Moors in Spain was published around the time that British
occupied Egypt. In his book, Lane–Poole uses the known term "Moor," but before reading this book, I had no idea what a Moor was. It turns out
Lane–Poole uses the term Moor as a way of representing the Muslims. This was interesting to me, because it turns out the word Moor refers to
Muslim, but a Muslim also refers to many other names. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Terms, such as Muslim, Saracens, Mussulmans, and Mohammedans, were used to define what a Moor was. What is interesting is that all those names
are similar, but also somewhat offensive, and they are all essentially derived from the same region, race and religion (Hassan). The region of the Moors
was Northwest Africa, and since the 7th century, Northwest Africa has been primarily Muslim. Since the Muslims are of Islamic descent, and
Lane–Poole uses the word "Moor" to refer to Muslims, Moor's are therefore associated with Islam. As far as race goes, there is no clear racial identity
for the Moors. Moors can be of any skin color, but it is a given that all Moors are

The Book Of Luke Essay
Luke According to Hindson and Towns, Luke was a gentile from Syrian Antioch and was a brother of Titus. There is little documented information
concerning the beginning of Luke's life, and the exact date of his birth is unknown. The Bible does say that Luke was a well–educated physician and a
companion to Paul who taught him the Gospel of Jesus Christ. Luke spent a lot of time with Paul and accompanied him on many of his trips to
preach the Gospel. Luke authored the Biblical books of Luke and Acts and was the only Gentile to write any Biblical books. In the book of Luke,
Luke tells the story of Jesus's life on earth and highlights Jesus's compassion and the role of women in his ministry. Luke himself was not alive during
the days that Jesus ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The main characters in Philippians include the author himself, Paul, Timothy, Epaphroditus, Euodia, Syntyche, and most importantly Jesus Christ.
Timothy was staying with Paul while he was in prison and Paul had planned to send Timothy back to Philippi to the church to deliver his letter to the
people. Epaphroditus had also desired to return to Philippi but was sick and dying. The Lord healed Epaphroditus so that he could travel to Philippi.
Paul's main intent in writing his letter was to express his thanks and appreciation to God for the Philippians and to provide them with words of
encouragement. Ten years prior to the letter, Paul was obeying a vision to preach the gospel in Europe and established the church of Philippi (Acts 16).
Paul's letter to the Philippians affirmed that Christians have the opportunity to experience true joy if they adopt an attitude of remembrance, prayer,
selflessness, confidence, unity, humility, evangelism, servitude, gratitude, commitment, joy and support (Hindson & Towns, 2013). In the final chapter
of Philippians, Paul urges the Philippians to help Edodia and Syntyche, two women who were arguing, to agree in the Lord (Philippians

Custody Of Child Custody
INTRODUCTION
Marriage is a union of two humans. More often than not marriages result in children. Some might even say reproduction is main aim and objective of
the union through marriage. Parents take immense care of their children; they put them on a pedestal and dedicate their entire lives to the upbringing of
their children.
But what happens in cases of divorce? When parents have exceeded their threshold and divorce is inevitable the settlement of child custody is very
important. When we use the term 'custody' we must understand its legal meaning. Custody of a child, when parents divorce, only implies as to who the
child will physically reside with. Both parents continue to be natural guardians. The custodial parent will be the primary caretaker ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
By saying that older children are given the choice of custody the court does not neglect the welfare of the child aspect. Even though the courts believe
that male children of age sixteen years and above and female children of age fourteen years and above should not be compelled to live in a custody
they dislike it is also important that this factor alone cannot determine the custody of the children. This is because in Venkataramma v. Tulsi the court
found that the wishes of the children are found to be induced by persuasion and even torture in some cases.
Other than these, in certain exceptional cases it is noted that the custody of minor children may be granted to third persons if that is what the welfare
of the child requires. In Baby v. Vijay, granting custody of two minor children to their maternal grandfather, the court observed that, "even if the father
is not found unfit, custody might be given to a third person in the interest of welfare of the

Comparison Of Gender Regime In China And India
In my essay I will be focusing on comparing gender regime in China and India. I will first give an overview of how gender regime is defined. I will
discuss ways in which how the role of women in Confucianism differs from that of Hindu women.I will have a section on China and another section
on India, in regards to gender changes, I will mention changes on what a marriage law was like and the role women play I will also look into their
practices. Later I will discuss gender regime which has occurred in China pre Mao and post Mao and in India pre independence and today. After I
will collaborate Gender Regime together in both countries. My paper will be focusing on some important matters, how to identify Gender regime?
how it arose? And, how it is being implemented? Lastly, I will conclude my essay. Within the last two decades, Women's lives and gender discourse
has been impacted politically, economically, legally, and technologically. Women have been influenced by age, class, and ethnicity. Gender regimes
vary in different societies and cultures. Both India and China have had many changes within gender. Gender Regime is how things are between Men
and Women in school, work, and family. Gender Regime is a way in which people relate to one another. It looks upon how often women are
recognized. Thereby, a regime may constitute a high level of acceptance by states. Gender issues have been analyzed as a global concern (Kardam
2002, P.411). Some ways in identifying Gender

The Roles Of Sri Shirdi Sai Baba In The 19th Century
When Sri Shirdi Sai Baba incarnated as Avatar, whole galaxy of saints also had to take birth and function as saints, as spiritualcollaborators or
adjuncts of Sri Sai Baba in the divine drama during the later half of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century.Naturally our curiosity is
awakened at this point. Sri Shirdi Sai Baba wasone of the Five Perfect Masters: who then were the other Four Perfect Masters?Aiyer has not given
answer to it directly, but in his book Perfect Masters he gaveprofiles of Upasani Baba, Tajuddin Baba, Baba Jan, Narsing Maharaj andMeher Baba
besides Sri Shirdi Sai Baba. That means, he mentioned five instead of four Perfect Masters.Bhardawaj cited a very interesting revelation in this
connection:
"One day ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If youthink him to be a Yavan, He looked like a pious Hindu. No one definitely knewwhether He was a Hindu or a Mohammedan. He celebrated the
Hindu festival of Rama–Navami with all due formalities and at the same time permitted the 'sandal'procession of the Mohammedans. ...If you call
Him Hindu, He always lived inthe masjid; if Mohammedan, He always had the dhuni, (the sacred fire) and the following things which are
contrary to Mohammedan religion, i.e., grinding on th echakki handmill, blowing of the sankh(conch), ringing bells, oblation in the fire, bhajan,
givingof food and worshipping of Baba's feet by means of arghya (water) were alwaysallowed there. If you think that He was a Mohammedan, the
best of Brahmins and Agnihotris, leaving aside their orthodox ways, fell prostrate at his feet. Sai Baba wassuch a saint, who saw no difference
between caste and creed and even beings andbeings. He took meat and fish with Fakirs, but did not grumble when dogs touchedthe dishes with
their mouth. ...How could He, who even in dreams never warded off cats and dogs by harsh words and signs, refuse food to poor and helpless
people.He saw divinity in all beings. Friends and foes were alike to Him. He even obliged the evil doer and was the same in prosperity and adversity.
No doubt ever touchedHim."22
Thus we can see that Sri Shirdi Sai Baba was indeed a unique saint.
The Galaxy of Sri Shirdi Sai Baba's Contemporary Saints
There were 54 or 56 saints who were the contemporaries of Sri Shirdi Sai Baba and were in contact with Him in some way or the other and about
whom Ihave been able to discover some valuable information from Sai Literature and other spiritual literature of his times.
Before I briefly highlight about them, the following interesting points may be

The Crowd A Study Of The Popular Mind Summary
Gustav Le Bon Charles–Marie Gustav Le Bon was a sociologist, psychologist, and physicist who is well known for his writing in each of these
fields. Le Bon was a witness to the actions of the French Commune, in the spring of 1871, what he refers to as the French Convention in his essay
The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind. He was greatly influenced in what he saw during this revolutionary uprising and analyzed the actions of
crowds and the way they acted differently than the individuals within them would (Wikipedia, n.d.). The individuals in the crowd lose their
conscience personality and adopt the thoughts and actions of the psychological crowd. Le Bon points out that the size of a psychological crowd
could be as small as a half a dozen and as large as a nation, and the combined influence driving them to act does not have to be negative, but could
easily have a positive vibe (Le Bon, 1926).... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I am reminded of the Vancouver, (Canada), riots of June 15, 2011, when the local hockey team lost the final game of the championship. Shops were
looted, windows were broken, and police cars were set on fire all of this was done because of a lost sports game. Fans devastated by their favorite
team's loss collectively began taking their frustrations out on the environment around them. In this case, the crowd did not resort to violence towards
each other but attacked the buildings and symbols of authority in the downtown core. The members of this crowd were doing things and behaved in
ways that they would not have as individuals. Years later when the police had compiled extensive video footage they were able to press charges against
some of the worst perpetrators in the riot, and some of them turned out to be honor students and office workers, not your typical thugs (Canadian
Broadcasting Corporation, 2014, June

Allen Ginsberg Howl Essay
Allen Ginsberg's Howl portrays many different metaphors, images, and analogy's to explain his perception of the 1950s. Howl is divided into three
segments all having a different tone, style, and significance. The first segment introduces his belief on his generation, the second explains why his
generation remained dreadful and the third is a series of personal metaphors with an assumed friend of his. The three segments can easily remind one of
the transcendentalism movement, which is based on individualism and nonconformity. Self Reliance by Ralph Waldo Emerson kickstarts the
movement and its convictions, these beliefs can be easily seen in Allen Ginsberg's Howl. One potentially could even call Allen Ginsberg a
transcendentalist based on the comparison between the two writings. Both Emerson and Ginsberg believe in the same ideals, however, the perspective
in which they are writing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In both Ginsberg's poem and Waldo's essay, society creates additional harm rather than aid. Ginsberg writes " I saw the best minds of my generation
destroyed by madness, starving hysterical naked, dragging themselves through the negro streets at dawn looking for an angry fix..." Ginsberg
reflects on how backward his generation turned out to be because of society and the culture already at bay. A culture of white picket fences that
camouflage the mass culture and bigotry that put a strain on the individual. The best minds were outcast of the society who didn't conform but used
drugs as an angry fix to relieve themselves. Relating this quote to Self Reliance, Emerson would compare these outcasts to children as Emerson puts
it "Their mind being whole, their eye is as yet unconquered, and when we look in their faces, we are disconcerted. Infancy conforms to nobody: all
conform to it" (3 Self Reliance). Clearly expressing similarities of Emerson and Ginsberg just only from different

Similarities Between The Puritans And William Penn
Both the Puritans and William Penn Viewed their colonies as 'holy experiments'. How did they differ? Penn viewed his colony as a colony in which
everyone was treated equally, including blacks, women and the Native Americans. This was unlike the Puritans who believed in slave labor and that
women should not be able to conduct their own business(aside from being literal, holding public office or voting). The quakers in Pennsylvania
believed that everyone had the same rights and liberties, Foner writes, "To Quakers, liberty was a universal entitlement, not the possession of any
single people– a position that would eventually make them the first group of whites to repudiate slavery."(Foner 100) The textbook states, "Prejudice
by itself did not... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For whom was there more opportunity, and for whom not? There was more opportunity for those of the christian faith and its many denominations(such
as protestants, baptists, methodists) but still no opportunity for those of Jewish, pagan faiths, or Catholics. Foner writes, "Most [colonies] barred
Catholics and Jews from voting or holding public office. But toleration among Protestant denominations flourished fueled by the establishment of new
churches by immigrants as well as new Baptist, Methodist and other congregations created as a result of the Great Awakening."(Foner 117) By the end
of the 17th century, commerce was the foundation of empire and the leading cause of competition between European empires. Explain how the North
American colonies were directly linked to Atlantic commerce by laws and

How Did Religion Affect The Renaissance
The inquisition was introduced after Dominicans and Franciscans became a power in the church. During this period heretics were burned and their
lands were ruined. The turks conquered the Eastern Empire and its capital in Constantinople. The church in St. Sophia was made Muslim and the
cross on its dome was replaced with the crescent. Changes in form of worship, doctrine, the church's mission were also made. Lollards were the
disciples of Wycliffe. They helped to spread the word of Wycliffe all over England after his death. They acknowledged the Bible as the only form of
doctrine and denounced the popes and their clergy. As the followers of Wycliffe grew the opposition of the clergy also grew. The bishops ended up
getting a law passed that.....heretics... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They considered the world of matter to be work of the evil god and souls are held in bondage as prisoners for the good god. They rejected things
such as the Old Testaments, the sacraments and did not build churches because all of these things require material things. The Waldenses were very
different from the Albigenses but however both were considered heretics. Waldenses would remember large parts of the Old Testament and go around
preaching. They only used the Lord's Prayer and practiced preaching by both men and women. They consider prayers in homes to be just as effective
of those offered in church. I also believe that they were heretics because many of their teachings as show didn't follow the teaching of

Impact of Race in Othello Essay
Impact of Race in Othello
One of the major issues in Shakespeare's Othello is the impact of the race of the main character, Othello. His skin color is non–white, usually portrayed
as African although some productions portray him as an Arabian. Othello is referred to by his name only seventeen times in the play. He is referred to
as "The Moor" fifty–eight times. Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) states that a Moor is "Any individual of the swarthy races of Africa
or Asia which have adopted the Mohammedan religion. In Spanish history the terms Moo, Saracens, and Arabs are synonymous." This indicates that
Othello is constantly being degraded and set up as an evil person throughout the play. What this really means is that ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Shakespeare occasionally used the word to mean 'brunette' or just 'dark–complected1. Roderigo's comment that he has 'thick lips' indicates that he is of
African descent, though (1.1.67). Using the modern understanding of these references, Othello would most likely be portrayed as an African on
modern stage or film.
Othello himself was a slave before he was an important military official (1.3.137). However, he wasn't sold into slavery as most African slaves were.
He was captured by the enemy and forced into slavery as a prisoner of war. Hence, the slavery of the play and of the time is viewed as a financial or
military misfortune rather than a racial inferiority which would be commonly accepted for several hundred years after the play was written. Black
and slave were not interchangeable terms at the time as it was during America's early history. European slaves were commonly Tartar, Greek,
Armenian, Russian, Bulgarian, Turkish, Circassian, Slavonic, Cretan, Arab, or African. As if to distance the issue of slavery even further, it was
often portrayed as happening long ago or far away on the English Renaissance stage2. As Shakespeare wrote the play, feudalism was eroding, but it
was still strong in the minds of the audience. Slavery is very similar to feudalism in that they both involve the lower classes being subject to higher
classes. Slavery had to be distanced from the English in order to not be threatening and to reassure them

The Principal Crusades
The Crusades were a series of Holy Wars launched by the Christian states of Europe against the Saracens and the rescuing of holy places of Palestine
from the hands of the Mohammedans. (Alchin 1) There were eight Crusades in number; the first four were sometimes called the Principal Crusades,
and the remaining four were the called the Minor Crusades. (Alchin 1) The Principal Crusades, however, were considered to be the most important.
(Alchin 1) The Principal Crusades started because of key people or key events, which led to affect history. Every crusade contained key people, which
helped spark the crusades, or contained key leaders that were important in conquering them. The first impulse to the Crusade came from an appeal of ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Alchin 6) Then the grand assault came. The first assault made by the Christians upon the walls of the city was repulsed; but the second was
successful, and the city was in the hands of the crusaders by July 1099. (Alchin 7) Once inside the city, the crusaders massacred their enemies without
mercy. (Alchin 7)
The fall and massacre of the city of Edessa sparked the second crusade. In the year 1146, the city of Edessa, the bulwark of the Latin Kingdom of
Jerusalem on the side towards Mesopotamia, was taken by the Turks, and the entire population was slaughtered, or sold into slavery. (Alchin 9) This
disaster threw the entire West into a state of the greatest alarm, lest the little Christian state and all the holy places should again fall into the hands of
the infidels. (Alchin 9) The second crusade, though begun under the most favorable auspices, had an unhappy ending. (Alchin 12) Of the great host
that set out from Europe, only a few thousands escaped annihilation in Asia Minor at the hands of the Turks. (Alchin 12) Louis and Conrad, with the
remnants of their armies, made a joint attack on Damascus, but had to raise the siege after a few days. (Alchin 12) This closed the second crusade.
The capture of Jerusalem by Saladin stimulated the third crusade. Having made himself sultan of Egypt, Saladin united the Moslems of Syria under his
sway and then advanced against the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem.

Critique Of The Theories Of Muslimness
Critique of the Theories of Muslimness
In this section the aim is to investigate the theories of Muslimness, accusation of unbelief and apostasy. Since, the accusation of unbelief has both
theoretical and practical problems in the history of Muslim cultures, it will be presented from the perspective of rational reason and scriptural reason.
On the one hand, the problem of Muslimness and accusation of unbelief is based on the view of the majority of Muslim scholars, on the other hand,
this issue have always been risky consequences and is still continuing in the present days, which bring insecurity in the modern days in both Islamic
countries and non–Muslim lands.
For this reason, the origin of accusation and the manner of an encounter ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is mentioned in another passage of the Qur'an that" "There shall be no compulsion in [acceptance of] the religion" (2:256). Some hadiths that have
also been prohibited the Muslim from the accusation of unbelief towards, other Muslim. "If a Muslim charges a fellow Muslim with kufr, he is himself
a kДЃfir, if the accusation should prove untrue"; or the reproach of Kafir is equivalent to murder.
In contrary to these verses, there are some other verses about apostasy and unbelief that different sects of Muslim have distinguished interpretation.
Based on their differences in interpretations they added various elements as supplementary principles of belief. These additional elements effect on the
attitude and viewpoint of Muslim that caused to exclude Muslims from Muslimness and may bring unpleasant behavior that is not acceptable in Islam.
This exclusion Muslims each other from Islam have serious consequences and in some cases risky and unsafe effects. The impact of this
performance can be found at schism, violence, religious cleansing and terrorist attack in both Muslim lands and at the global level. It also has been
affected to issue legal opinions (fatwa) and the Islamic law by religious scholars ('ulama' and fuqaha'). For instance, according to the law of apostasy:
Every individual of the male sex who, born in the religion of Islam, apostatizes, no longer enjoys the protection of Islam, but is ipso facto condemned
to death. His wife should be

Gifts Under Muslim Law and the Requirement of...
Gifts under Muslim Law and the Requirement of Registration:
An analysis of Legal Provisions and the Case Law
Faizan I Nazar*
I. Introduction
Registration of some classes of documents is compulsorily required under the various statutes like Transfer of Property Act, Contract Act etc. The
(Jammu and Kashmir) Registration Act, Svt 1970 (1922 A.D) is a specific Legislation which under section 17 enumerates the documents which have
been compulsorily registered under the Act. The first class of document which is enumerated under clause (a) sub section (1) of section 17 of the
Registration Act (hereinafter referred as 'the Act') is an 'instrument of gift of immovable property'. Thus as a general rule gifts relating to immovable
property must ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
V. Fakhr Jahan Begum and Others referred to "Muhammadan law" by Syed Ameer Ali and approved the statement made therein that three conditions
are necessary for a valid gift by a Muslim: a) Manifestation of the wish to give on the part of donor ; b) The acceptance of the donee , either
impliedly or expressly; c) The taking of possession of the subject matter of the gift by the donee, either actually or constructively.
According to section 129 of the Transfer of Property Act no rule of Mohamedan law shall be affected by chapter VII of the Transfer of Property Act
relating to gifts. It, therefore, follows that an oral gift made by a Muslim is a valid gift and does not require registration, which otherwise is not a
valid gift under section 123 of the Transfer of Property Act.
In the context of sec.17 (1) (a) the pertinent question is about the applicability of the clause (a) to written gift executed by a Muslim in the light of
section 129 of the Transfer of Property Act and the rules of Muslim law relating to gifts. The courts for a long time obscured the answer.
In Sankesula Chinna Budde Saheb v. Raja Subbamma, the Andhra Pradesh High Court, after noticing three essentials of gift under the Muslim law,
held that if a gift was reduced to writing, it requires registration under section 17(1) (a) of the Registration Act. It went on to hold that even if by
virtue of section 129 of the Transfer of Property Act, a deed of gift

Islamic Law And Islamic Politics
The role of Islamic law in the modern secular state is central to any discussion of Islam and politics and is as crucial today as ever. In his article
"Islamic Constitutionalism," Said Amir Arjomand describes three models Muslim societies have taken in attempting to address Islam to secular forms.
One approach, taken by Saudi Arabia and Iran, seeks to implement "[t]he vision of the Islamic ideological state whose primary function was the
execution of Divine Law." (Arjomand: 123). The second approach attempts to bridge Islam and secular modernism by "turning the shari'a into a
theoretical limitation on government and legislation," as in Egypt, Iraq, and Jordan, which hold the shari'a up as "the" source of all law but not in any
practical sense above the state and its secular forms. (Arjomand: 136). The third variant "disowns the myth of the Islamic state and accepts democracy
and the legal modernization of the mid–twentieth century, thereby making the principles of the shari'a not the source of all constitutional and ordinary
legislation but one constitutional principle that should act as a limitation to government and legislation . . . alongside other constitutional principles."
(Arjomand: 136–137).
In this short paper, I propose to engage with the work of an Islamic legal thinker of the early twentieth century, Ahmad Safwat, who endeavored to
suggest a model for situating traditional Islamic law within the framework of a modern secular state. My aim in this paper

Great Voyages: The Crusades
[3/03/16]
THE CRUSADES
[Introduction]
The Crusades were great voyages commenced by the Christian countries of Europe for the drive of getting back the holy places of Palestine from the
Mohammedans. Society in Medieval Europe changed fundamentally, as a result of the crusades the wealth and power of the Catholic Church were
influenced, feudalism weakened and social development rose. Bibliography
http://www.lordsandladies.org/the–crusades.htm http://www.history.com/this–day–in–history/jerusalem–captured–in–first–crusade http:/
/www.history.com/this–day–in–history/jerusalem–captured–in–first–crusade ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Crusades damaged this system as Kings grew power due to a large number of noblemen dying which then impacted the system of work for
protection. Due to this instead of the peasants helping their lords for protection, they gave their help to the king for security. This was when the
Feudal system began to weaken. The king also began to bring taxes into medieval Europe and developed expediential by combining with other
countries. He promised to his people that he would defend them by keeping burgles and thugs off the trading routes. The serfs who were at the
bottom of the feudal system escaped or was able to buy their independence. You were not able to change classes before the crusades. If you were a
rich peasant you would not change. Whatever you were born you would die as they were very harsh on the configuration of society. The crusades
had changed that, now they were allowed to make a new class which was the middle class, and that class was the biggest over all. Where the serfs or
the peasants would go to have a healthier life. That meant that the peasants and serfs didn't work all day every day. They were able to trade their
belongings and produce money. Now the serfs are extinct but there are still the three classes in

Jihad and the World Essay
On the eleventh of September of 2001, 2993 people lost their lives in the destruction of the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City.
Both buildings collapsed within two hours of the initial events, destroying nearby buildings and damaging others. Al Qaida claimed responsibility of
the attacks, declaring Jihad against the United States of America. Jihad is a religious duty of Muslims, the word Jihad means "struggle". There are two
general understanding of Jihad that can be found in the Quran. First, the greater Jihad is the struggle of each individual against their personal struggles
of self development and maintenance of their standard of personal belief and daily routine. Muslims should concentrate in their everyday life ... Show
But, they reject the idea of Jihad against innocent Muslims such as the terrorist attacks against Iraqi civilians.
Liberal Muslim political organizations are against the idea of Jihad; they want to establish good relations with other foreign countries based on
respectful bonds that, among other things, will help in the mutual development of economies and educational systems. The idea of Jihad will
considered if a real threat on their country already happened.
All non Muslims governments and parties in the world are against Jihad because they are likely to become one of its targets and will lead to high
civilian costs of life among the populations and the degradation of civil rights that have been established. Since Jihad is affecting the whole world
morally and mentally, someone could ask "Is Jihad ethical?" Jihad could be examined by three philosophical principles such as Natural Law,
Utilitarianism and Categorical Imperative. In order to analyze Jihad according to the three philosophical principles, a preview of each principle should
be available.
Natural law is an ethical prospective that deals with Nature and religious beliefs. According to this principle, anything came from nature or happened
because of nature's causes should be ethical. Also, it's related to GOD and religion, an action could be considered ethical

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