Different Types Of Bitmap

Different Types Of Bitmap
Bitmap
A bitmap image is an image that is stored as pixels, each of the pixels can only be one colour at a time. As the image is stored as pixels when the image
is increased in size the image then becomes pixelated, this means that the image will loses quality. The files size for a 200x200 image will always be
118 Kb. A bitmap is usually use for photos that you have taken on a digital camera which are for exampleJPEG files(13).
Lossless
Lossless is a type of compression, when the file is compressed the quality still stays the same when the file is reloaded and all the information will be
restored completely. This method of compressing files can be applied to image and text. This method of compression is mostly used for text and...
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The images can also be saves using the true colours. (19)
Doesn't support any amination.
Not suitable for images that have full colours.
Doesn't support multiple images to be saved in one file. (20)
PSD
Vector
Supports duotones, channels and clipping paths.
Supports layers (21)
Very few programs support PSD files.
They are very large files. (22)
RAW photographs Records the levels of brightness. (23)
They are large files so more storage is needed.
Has a slow capture time. (24) The Impact of Evolving Output Mediums on the Design and Creation of Graphic Images
There are loads of output mediums that improved so that designing and creating graphical images will become easier and so that the quality of the

graphical images will improve. Not only has their appearance changed by also but also what you can accomplish with the devices. Some output
mediums that have changes are mobile phones, printers and monitors.
Mobile Phone
Mobile phones has impacted the design and creation of graphical images the user can now take a photo using their phones and on can phones the
quality will be better than some digital cameras. Mobile phones are probably the most used output medium nowadays. Before phone could take photos
they could only create contacts, call and message. When the messages application came alone so did other applications such as the calculator and
calendars. After the they came out they then added more features like web browser so the user
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File Format, Compression Techniques, Image Resolution And...
Impact that file format, compression techniques, image resolution and colour depth have on file size and image quality – D2
In this report I will be discussing the different file formats, compression techniques, image resolution and colour depth. I will be explaining the different
purposes, then, after I have issued an in–depth explanation of image quality and file size I will be completing a final conclusion about the best ones to
use for certain tasks.
Seen as there are numerous different uses for images it means that the quality will differ for different purposes. The formats which I will be discussing
within this report include JPEG, GIF's, TIF, PSD and BMP. All these formats are made for different reasons and I will be explaining these differences
in quality and file size. Each format varies in the depth of the colour within the image, some have larger colour depth meaning that the file size will be
larger, whereas, some of these formats have very low colour depth resulting in a lower quality image. When exporting an image, sometimes there is an
option to adjust the colour depth to your preference, so, the file format could change to your desired colour depth.
Compression techniques
When compressing a file to make it smaller there are two options which are available, Lossy and Lossless. Both do the same job, which is
compressing the file size, however, they both do it differently for different reasons, I will explain the advantages and disadvantages of both. The

What Is Image Steganography?
Image Steganography: In today's digital world secret messages get embedded in to the digital image which is called as Image Steganography where
cover object used is Image . Because of the limited power of the Human vision system this method is most commonly used [5].
According to Duncan Sellars [4], image can be explains as " To a computer , an image is an array of numbers that represents light intensities at
various points or pixels. These pixels make up the images raster data. Image steganography typically uses 8–bit and 24 bit pixel image files[5].8 bit
images are small in size (in KB) but during encoding it provides only 256 colors. 8– bit images uses gray scale color palette for example .GIF. 24–bit
images offers large size, more

Essay On Technical Choice And Distribution Planning
PROJECT 2: Technical Choices and Distribution Planning
Justin Rose
The Los Angeles Film School
Professor Jeffrey Friedman
Formats you can transfer pretty much any sort of video to YouTube, from the video you simply shot with your cell phone to your most recent 4K video
generation. YouTube's rundown of bolstered video positions incorporates MOV, MP4, AVI, WMV and numerous others. It is astonishing to discover
that YouTube will even acknowledge superb video groups like ProRes, DNxHD and uncompressed 10–bit HD video. Codec you need to utilize the
most astounding quality codec you can. On the off chance that your course of events is ProRes, however it's interweaved, you don't need to send out a
H.264. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As a rule, this will be 24 or 30 outlines for each second in North America, and 25 or 50 in Europe. Nonetheless, YouTube bolsters entirely close to any
frame rate you can make. The most widely recognized rates are 24, 25, 30, 48, 50 and 60 outlines for every second, except you're not constrained to
those. The most straightforward approach to make content with a right frame rate is to have your task settings coordinate the recording you ingest, and
when you encode, pick a preset that will coordinate your project settings. YouTube utilizes 16:9 viewpoint proportion players. In case you're
transferring a non–16:9 record, it will be prepared and shown effectively too, with column boxes (dark bars on the left and right) or letter boxes
(dark bars at the best and base) gave by the player. Content ought to be encoded and transferred in a similar edge rate it was recorded. YouTube by
far the least demanding approach to get a short video to numerous individuals is transferring to an administration like YouTube. With a fundamental
record, you can transfer a video that is under two gigs in size and ten minutes long and is in .avi, .mpg, .mov or .wmv document design. A video on
YouTube can be open (world–distinguishable) or private (constrained to 25 welcomed clients).
Utilizing normally accessible applications and famous video arrangements, for example, QuickTime and Windows Media may guarantee that the most
number of individuals can see your video

Why Is Samsung To Achieve Global Competitive Advantage
Question 1 (40 Marks)
Critically analyze and discuss the strategy adopted by Samsung to achieve global competitive Advantage. (500 words)
Answer 1
To understand how Samsung achieved global competitive advantage we first need to understand what do we mean by "Strategy"?
"At the business unit level, strategy is a set of management decisions concerning which customers to target and what to offer them." (European
Business Forum, 2007)1
Strategy is a concept that focuses on long term objectives of a firm keeping in view the changes that take place in the business environment and the
possible implications that it has on the firm. Thus, a dominant and well–structured strategy plays a very important element in capturing competitive
advantage ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The reason being that the company didn't depend upon its organizational members or managers to act rationally and take decisions. Rather the firm was
highly determined on revising its product design in order to achieve global competitive advantage. The processual strategy states that organizations
whose products are genuinely better can outwit their competitors. In a similar manner Samsung also came out with a variety of convergence products
which gave the firm an extra boost of competitive edge. For instance, Samsung launched 5 and 7 mega pixel camera phones in 2005 along with a 10
mega pixel camera in 2005. It also launched the SGH – i310, a phone with a capacity of 8 GB that could easily store about 2,000 MP3 files. By
offering products that were completely different and unique with respect to their design, features, quality etc. Samsung soon occupied a major share in
the electronics market. "The systemic school sees strategy as constrained and shaped by the socio – economic systems in which it is embedded." (Small
Business Economics, Jan 2009)3 Samsung along with the processual strategy also adopts the systemic theory of strategy. In that the company aligns its
activities and products with the social systems that the firm interacts with for instance cultural, political, social etc. Samsung functions in an
environment that is highly

The Advantage And Disadvantages Of Microsoft Lumia 535
Advantages of Microsoft Lumia 535 You must know that Microsoft Lumia 535 comes with 5MP primary camera with flash and 5MP secondary
camera , This Dual sim Windows phone has a battery that will last for full 1 day with normal use , The connectivity features of the device includes 3G
, WiFi , Bluetooth 4.0 and GPS . Everybody must know that Microsoft lumia 535 has Quad–core 1.2 GHz Cortex–A7 processor , and it has with
Qualcomm Snapdragon 200 chipset , and it incorporated with 1GB RAM , And it has 8 GB internal storage and high extension microSD support up
to 128 GB . You should know that Microsoft lumia 535 supports almost connectivity like bluetooth , Wifi , GPS , 3G and USB , It offers 5 MP rear
camera and equal front camera support , It has many additional features like... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Microsoft Lumia 535 Microsoft Lumia 535 You have to know that you can read the web information and you can type for some applications
because Microsoft Lumia 535 has bigger LCD screen that makes the soft keyboard button will become bigger and easy to touch , It is cheap , So ,
It becomes interesting product to buy , It uses 1GB RAM that help in running more multitasking applications . We must know that Microsoft
Lumia 535 has Dual sim with Dual standby , It has user replaceable battery , It has expandable storage option upto 128GB and 1GB of RAM , It has
decent viewing angles , It has good battery life , and it has good selfie camera performance . As you know that Microsoft Lumia 535 provide excellent
features , It has equal 5MP front camera which is like the rear camera , It has Less disadvantages with less price , So, you can enjoy this mobile and its
facilities

Steps For The Processing Of The Data Essay
This provides an overview of the steps that were used for the processing of the data. In general all of the processes were executed using batch
macros in ImageJ and the resulting files were saved at each step. 1.Import the movie file into ImageJ. 2.Bin images by 4x (Image > Adjust Size >
512 x 512 > Average when downsizing > Interpolation: Bilinear). Based on the results from a parallel study, this improves the tracking of rapidly
moving mitochondria. 3.StackReg each 50 frame movie (Plugins > Registration > StackReg > Transformation: Rigid Body) to correct for stage drift.
4.Stretch images by 2 on the time axis (Plugins > Transform > TransformJ > Scale > x–factor for scaling: 1, y–factor for scaling: 1 z–factor for scaling:
2 > Interpolation scheme: quintic B–spline). Based on a separate analysis, this also improves the tracking of rapidly moving mitochondria. 5.Determine
the optimal values for the FlowJ plugin. Crop out a small section of a movie that has the motion of interest and is representative of the data set.
Directly measure the motion of interest using a kymograph or other trusted approach to establish "ground truth" flow. As an additional control, it may
be helpful to construct a parallel movie where the motion of interest is absent. Set ОЈs = 2 and ОЈt =2, systematically vary П„ and ОЈw and produce x
y flow maps. First examine how the output varies as a function of ОЈw. Pick the smallest value that generates a clear flow field for the moving object,
then for

Chapter 1: Camera Modeling And Computer Video
CHAPTER (5)
CAMERA MODELING AND COMPUTER VISION Introduction
As mentioned before the computer vision role in this study is to identify and locate the desired parts on the system's conveyor. Fig. (5.1) shows the
block diagram for this process. Fig. (5.1) computer vision block diagram
The camera streaming a real time video to the vision algorithm. MATLAB/SIMULINK of MathWorks
–Company is used to analysis the video
streaming and detect the parts position in pixels. The camera model and camera calibration equations then transform the pixel positions to a real world
(x, y) position related to the robot reference coordinate (home position). Robot inverse kinematic equations take the (x, y) positions and convert them to
a number of steps to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The field of digital image processing refers to processing digital images by means of a digital computer [11]. Image coordinates
Assume that an image f(x,y) is sampled so that the resulting image has M rows and N columns so, the image size is M x N. The values of the
coordinates are discrete quantities. The image origin is usually defined to be at (x, y) = (0, 0). The next coordinate values along the first row of the
image are (x, y) = (0, 1). The notation (0, 1) is used to signify the second sample along the first row. It does not mean that these are the actual values
of physical coordinates when the image was sampled. Fig. (5.3) shows this coordinate convention, where x ranges from 0 to (M–1) and y from 0 to
(N–1) in integer increments [11].
Equation (5.1) represents the digital image with respect to the image coordinate system discussed above [11].
f(x,y)=[в– (в– (f(0,0)@f(1,0))&в– (f(0,1)@f(1,1))&в– (f(0,N–1)@f(0,N–1))@в‹Ї&в‹Ї&в‹Ї@f(M–1,0)&f(M–1,1)&f(M–1,N–1))](5.1)
Fig. (5.3) Digital image coordinate conventions [11].
Both sides of this equation are equivalent ways of expressing a digital image quantitatively. The right side is a matrix of real numbers. Each element of
this matrix is called an image element, picture element, or pixel. The term pixel is used throughout the rest of this study [11]. Camera Modeling
Introduction
In this section the basic camera model is developed based on [12].as a

An Automated Video Surveillance System For Public Places
Although tremendous progress has been made in past decade to detect the unattended objects especially in public places namely railway stations,
shopping malls etc but still fails to meet the desired requirement. An automated mechanism with robust approach for detecting objects left unattended in
consumer world resulted in successful commercialization. The successful detection of object detection mainly relies on object extraction and objects
classification and based on this approaches a novel algorithm namely intelligent vision based analyzer for semantic analysis is proposed for unattended
object analyzer. Finally experimental results show good efficiency and better performance over near competitors for real–time consumer video
surveillance system for public safety application in big cities.
Keywords: consumer video surveillance, intelligent analyzer, unattended object, multiple background model, object extraction.
1. INTRODUCTION
Visual surveillance for human–behaviour understanding has been investigated worldwide as an active research topic. In particular, an automated video
surveillance system for robustly and effectively detecting of unattended objects is increasing the worldwide attention in many contexts, especially, in
the consumer world of applications. In these systems, it should be a sufficiently high accuracy enabling a real–time performance. Thus, a prime goal of
automated visual surveillance is to obtain a live description of what is happening in a monitored

Understand The Features And Settings Of Digital Equipment
LO1: Understand the features and settings of digital photographic equipment
Features and settings
Zoom range – Zoom affects how much of a scene will be captured in your photograph. A zoom range of 5x means that at maximum zoom objects will
appear 5 times larger than at minimum zoom.
Image Quality – You can change the image quality on thecamera but it requires you to change the file format it is saved in which could affect the size
of the image. Most of the time, shooting at a maximum resolution is the best option, but sometimes a small file size is more appropriate.
Pixel count – A pixel is a physical point in an image represented on the screen. The intensity of each pixel is variable. The more pixels, the better the
quality. Resolution ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
White balance – it adjusts the colours to make the image more natural and accurate. It corrects the colours in the pictures so they have a more realistic
colour background.
Rules of Photography
Depth of field – depth of field, also called focus range is the distance between the nearest and farthest objects in a scene. It decreases focus on anything
other than the picture and makes the object it is focused on appear closer and sharper than everything else in the background. Rules of odds – The rule
of odds suggests that an odd number of subjects in an image is more interesting than an even number. Therefore if you have more than one subject in
your picture, the suggestion is to choose an arrangement with at least three subjects to make it symmetrical and visually appeasing. Centred
composition – Central composition is often calm and static. It places the one subject in the very centre of the shot. By composing your subject in the
centre, you are basically placing him in front of the viewer as if attempting to introduce them. It also helps emphasize the space around your subject as
it becomes the very thing that leads the viewer's gaze towards where you, the creator, intended it to go. Experimentation – An experimental
photography technique can be defined as anything that we use to change a photography in a way that differs from just taking a photograph. It is a
mean of depicting a visual image that does not have an

Comparing Apple Vs Apple
The smartphone industry is a very up and coming place. In the US, more than 77% of adults own a smartphone (Smith). There are many different
kinds of smartphones. They can vary in shape, size, color, and brand. Two of the largest brands of smartphone are Samsung and Apple. They make two
of the hottest phones on the market right now. Just recently Samsung made the Galaxy S8, and Apple came out with theiPhone 8. Both phones are
reported to be top of the line. Both being high–end devices have many similarities, but they also have differences that set them far apart from each
other. Let's start off with one big difference between these two phones, the camera. "We're again treated to a solitary 12–megapixel f/1.8 rear snapper...
The Galaxy S8 comes with a 12–megapixel Dual Pixel rear camera" (Spendelow). The difference between the cameras here is that the Galaxy has a
dual camera, whereas the iPhone does not. The iPhone 8 Plus and the iPhone X do have the dual camera if you're willing to spend the extra money.
These two phones also have different camera resolution. The Galaxy's camera resolution is 2960 x 1440 pixels, and the iPhones is 1334 x 750 pixels
(Bushnell). Between the two phones camera resolution, the Galaxy has the iPhone beat. The Samsung's front–facing camera is also a little bit better
than the iPhone's. The iPhone's camera is 7 megapixels whereas the Samsungs is 8 megapixels (Kidman). However, the iPhone has reportedly been
seen with warmer colors, helping with the contrast of pictures. Overall, the Samsung's dual rear camera and 8 megapixels front facing camera has
the iPhone beat. Another big difference between the two phones is the hardware and internal specs. One main difference between these two phones
is the two kinds of operating systems they use. Samsung uses Android 7.1.1, and the iPhone uses iOS 11. Two separate systems tailored to the
devices' needs. They both are top of the line operating systems and are the most up to date systems you can use (Kidman). Both operating systems
are fine tuned to the use of the consumer and are both extremely customizable. The iPhone Has a 2GB RAM and uses the A11 Bionic processor, and
the Galaxy has a 4GB RAM and uses the octa–core Exynos 8895 processor

What Are The Advantages And Disadvantages Of A Bitmap Vs....
In the presently highly digital world we live in, there are essentially two types of graphic "files" used, the bitmap and the vector graphics. Both have
an overall similar principal but differ in various sub–arrays, which bring along each of their own advantages and disadvantages. To begin with, the word
bitmap originated in the year 1973, and came to be by adding the words bit + map which literally means a map of bits, which perfectly describes the
nature of a bitmap graphic. A bitmap is composed of thousands of pixels, each of which has it's own fixed position and can be individually edited,
which forms an overall bitmap graphic/image. Bitmaps are largely the standard for Internet graphics but however contain disadvantages. Bitmaps are
largely ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When written, the width measurement is always written first. Aspect ratios all have to deal with the amount of empty space you are willing to have
surrounding the "main subject". Awareness of the different aspect ratios provided by the device in hand may lead to better compositions in the image.
The difficulties with aspect ratio are that when there is an inconsistency, one must either crop the image or compromise the size of the image.
Furthermore, when the aspect ratio of a particular image is not compatible with the screen, upon which it's displayed, black stripes are used to adjust
the difference without compromising the

Application Of A Mobile Phone Manufacturer
Get the OnePlus advantage in your life by owning a Smartphone from this Chinese mobile phone manufacturer. Founded in 2013 and headquartered in
Shenzhen, OnePlus has its presence across 34 countries till October, 2015. Browse through the OnePlus Brand Store on Amazon India and pick your
favourite OnePlus product to experience the best in wirelessly telephony and mobile entertainment.
Description:
Ever since OnePlus made its foray into the cut–throat Indian Smartphone market, it has never shown any sign of slowing down. After the heavy
success of the OnePlus One Smartphone, the company has come up with two more handsets – the OnePlus 2 and the OnePlus X. Amazon India gives
you full freedom to own any of these three trend–setting Smartphones ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A solid pane of jet black glass on the display creates that arresting look thus adding more drama to its build. Same is the case with the OnePlus 2. You
can select from two versions – the OnePlus 2 16GB and the OnePlus 2 64GB. Strong and exceptionally lightweight, the OnePlus 2 has an eye–catching
outer frame, meticulously crafted from resilient alloy of aluminium and magnesium. The stainless steel accents seamlessly create a nice chemistry with
the Corning Gorilla Glass treatment done on the display. Coming to the recently launched OnePlus X, it's now available in three exciting colours –
ceramic, champagne and onyx. The elegantly designed handset is made from zirconia ceramic and syncs well with your personality. A pure piece of
modern aesthetics, it easily grabs all eyeballs effortlessly.
Pick Any of These Smartphones and Get Access to the Best of Specifications An all–round performer, the OnePlus One is driven by a super–efficient
Qualcomm Snapdragon 801 Quad Core processor that clocks at an impressive speed of 2.5GHz. With an Adreno 330 GPU installed, the handset
gives you the best gaming and visual experience ever. The OnePlus One comes equipped with a massive 16 GB or 64GB internal memory, so you
can store and carry your world of music, movies and photos wherever you go. The OnePlus 2 Smartphone is propelled by an ultra–premium
Qualcomm Snapdragon 810 processor, built on a powerful 64–bit architecture. It houses 4GB RAM which

The Desages And Advantages Of Sony Xperia Z
Advantages of Sony Xperia Z
You have to know that Sony Xperia Z supports 5 inch TFT capacitive touch screen with a screen resolution of 1080 x 1920 pixels resulting in a
pixel density of 441 ppi and has 16M color depth , The display is shatterproof and scratch resistant glass , And the internal storage of the device is
16GB and supports microSD card upto 64GB .
Do you know that that there is 13.1MP auto focus primary camera with LED flash and 2.2MP front facing camera in Sony Xperia Z , Both the front
and the back cameras can record 1080p HD videos at 30fps ?
Everybody must know that Sony Xperia Z supports Wi–Fi, 2G , 3G , Bluetooth 4.0 , NFC and microUSB 2.0 , It supports both USB and WiFi
tethering , And it can be used as modem to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is very necessary to know that Sony Xperia Z back cover is not tight up with any kind to screws , It is assembled with some kind to the chemical seal
material , this seal is lose it up when it is heated , And it is not water and dust proof .
It is very important to know that Sony Xperia Z heat up so much during use , and its back cover reaches up to 38 to 42 Degree temperature , that will
be effect on the back cover seal , The life of the seal will also be affected with it .
You have to know that during unlock , The data partition will be wiped , your SD card will be wiped too , Your Sony Xperia Z warranty may void ,
DRM keys will be lost permanently , You will not have the ability to use some of Sony's official service such as Track ID , etc .
It is very important to know that the previous Xperia devices sometimes have problems after unlock especially after receiving the OTA update , It is
good to always deny the OTA update

Definition Of Image Quality Of Digital Imaging
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1.Background
1.1.1.Limits to image quality
Digital imaging systems have a lot of applications including digital photography for recreational and commercial purposes, electronic surveillance,
satellite imaging and ground based geographic information systems, medical imaging systems like computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance
imaging (MRI), forensics and even particle physics.
In many applications of digital imaging, a high quality image is required to allow human interpretation or machine perception. Image quality is defined
in terms of spatial resolution, pixel resolution, temporal resolution and spectral resolution. For our application, we are interested in spatial resolution.
Spatial resolution is measured in terms of pixel density and refers to the number of pixels used per unit area to construct the image. It defines the
minimum separation distance for 2 features in the original scene for them to be distinguishable. Spatial resolution is determined by the density of
imaging sensors. Imaging sensors are charge coupled devices (CCD) or CMOS active pixel sensors, arranged in a two dimensional array. The higher
the sensor density, the higher the spatial resolution. Higher sensor density can be achieved either by reducing the sensor size or increasing the size of
the chip carrying the sensors. Increasing the pixel density is limited by:
1.Reducing the size of sensors results in less light falling on the sensors, thus generating shot

HTC Desire 400
Finally, after some speculation and assumptions, the features of HTC Desire 400 have been officially unveiled. However, a few specifications, such
as the OS version and HTC Desire price in Pakistan are yet to be revealed.
Here is an overview of the smartphone as revealed by the company's Russian website.
A Decent Look:
The handset looks sophisticated and attractive. It is 8.9 mm in thickness which makes it satisfyingly sleek. The overall length equals 5.04 inches, but
the screen covers only 4.3 inches of the area. This medium measurement makes the phone delightfully portable without disrupting the browsing, gaming
and video watching experience.
A Wonderful Display:
Users will be able to experience an amazing 'Super LCD2' touchscreen ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to the former, there is a rear cam as well as a 1.6 MP secondary camera in the front. The top–notch primary cam comes with a resolution of 8
MP. LED flash is included for brighter results. On the other hand, the Ukraine website says that the phone has only one 5 MP camera. It does come
with the basic features including flash, face detection, autofocus, touch–focus, and so on.
In both cases, users will have a decent camera for photography. Pictures will be clear and bright.
Superb Connectivity:
All possible options of connectivity will be available for users. The phone covers 2G as well as 3G network. In addition, data transfer can take place
through Bluetooth technology while Wi–Fi connectivity gives you access to internet browsing.
Appreciable Battery Life:
The phone houses a decent 1800 mAh battery with the support of which the talk time goes up to twelve hours. The stand–by time is just as impressive,
extending up to four hundred and thirty–five hours. This data proves the reliability of the phone's appreciable battery life.
Affordability:
Although the exact HTC Desire 400 price has not yet been revealed by the official sources, a rough estimate tells that the cost of the phone is
mid–range. Average folks who want to enjoy the luxuries of a smartphone with a delightful quality will definitely be willing to pay for what the phone
is worth. Therefore, it is not going to be out of reach for most potential buyers.

Biometric Codes Are Used For Recognising A User On The...
Abstract
Biometric systems are used for recognising a user on the basis of biometric traits he have. During authentication some of the frequently asked
questions are "Is he who he claims to be?", "Is he a valid user for gaining access to the system?". Biometric system answers all these questions by
authenticating the users. Every second information is shared and transferred between people and it is important to make sure that what is sent by
sender is what received by the receiver thus raising the demand of security. Steganography is one of the techniques used for securing the data. The
secret message is hidden inside a cover media like audio, video or image with the help of a secret key. Biometric templates can also be secured with
this technique. Instead of storing original templates in the database stego–image is stored. LSB is one of the common techniques that replace the LSB
of every pixel of the cover image with the secret message to form stego–image.
Keywords: Biometric, Biometric Attacks, Biometric template, Steganography, Security.
1.Introduction
With increasing rate of attacks, everyone today needs a reliable and secure system. Biometric systems fulfil the needs to a great extent as biometric
traits are better than passwords or pins which have chances of being stolen and forgotten. Before using biometric systems enrolment phase is necessary
during which the templates of the users are stored in the database. During authentication user 's claim is matched with the

Using Kalman Filter Is Digital Signal Processing Based Filter
2.4 VIDEO DENOISING
Nowadays digital cameras which is used to capture images and videos are storing it directly in digital form. But this digital data ie. images or videos
are corrupted by various types of noises. It may cause due to some disturbances or may be impulse noise. To suppress noise and improve the image
performances we use image processing schemes. In this paper they uses Kalman filter to remove the impulse noise. The Kalman filter is digital signal
processing based filter. It estimates three states past, present and future of a system.[10] To remove noise from video sequences they utilize both
temporal and spatial information. In the temporal domain, by collecting neighbouring frames based on similarities of all images, to remove noise from
a video tracking sequence they given a low–rank matrix recovery phenomena. [11]
3. METHODOLOGY ADOPTED
3.1 Wavelength De–noising
3.2 Bilateral De–noising
3.1 WAVELENGTH DENOISING
Basically a wavelet is small wave, which has its energy concentrated in time to give a tool for the analysis time varying phenomena. It is easier to
remove noise from a contaminated 1D or 2D data using these algorithms to eliminate the small coefficient associated to the noise. In many signals,
mostly concentration of energy is in a small number of dimensions and the coefficients of these dimensions are relatively large compared to other
dimensions (noise) that has its energy spread over a large number of coefficients. In wavelet thresholding

Concrete Filled Tubular ( Cft ) Column
The steel tube in a concrete filled tubular (CFT) column acts as both lateral and longitudinal reinforcement, and is thus subjected to hoop tension and
biaxial stresses of longitudinal compression. At the same time, concrete is tri–axially stressed. Concrete filled tubular (CFT) column has become
popular as structural–member in buildings due to their excellent performance for structural characteristics, which include high ductility, stiffness, and
high strength. The advantages of the Concrete filled tubular (CFT) column over other composite members are that the filled–in concrete prolongs local
buckling of the steel tube wall, the steel tube provides formwork for the concrete, the tube prevents excessive concrete spalling and composite columns
add more stiffness to a frame compared to old–style steel frame construction. According to past study on the concentric compression behavior of
Concrete filled tubular (CFT) columns, the ultimate axial strength of Concrete filled tubular (CFT) columns is largely affected by the thickness of the
steel tube and the shape of its cross section Although confining effect in square columns show a small increase in axial strength due to triaxial–effects,
although it has large wall thicknesses. On the other hand, the axial load and deformation behavior of columns is remarkably affected by the cross
sectional shape, diameter/width–to thickness ratio (D/t) of the steel tube, and the strength of the filled concrete.
1.3 Significance of research

The Iphone 6 And The Ipad 6
The world has become more technologically advanced than ever before. In today's society, people have become overly concerned with keeping up with
the newest and hottest gadgets on the market. Like the majority of Americans, I never leave the house without my smartphone. People have become
reliant upon their phones as a form of communication, navigation, entertainment and much more. September 2014, Apple CEO Tim Cook released two
new, advanced smartphones, the iPhone 6 and the iPhone 6 Plus. Apple fanatics, including myself, had been anticipating the launch of the new phones
for months. Several hardcore fanatics even lined up outside of Apple stores across the nation anxious to hold Apple's latest release in their hands.
[Apple's iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus, both smartphones with advanced computing capability, seem very similar; however, the two differ in size, battery
capability, screen resolution and price.]
The most noticeable difference between the iPhone 6 and the iPhone 6 Plus is the size difference. The iPhone 6 Plus is the larger of the two phones,
leaving the iPhone 6 noticeably smaller. Both phones differ in height, width, and weight; however, the depth of the phones is only 0.01 inch different.
The iPhone 6 height is 5.44 inches and its width is 2.64 inches. Its larger counterpart, the iPhone 6 Plus, is 6.22 inches in height and 3.06 inches wide.
Noticeably, the height difference is exactly 0.78 inch and the width difference is 0.42 inch. The phones also differ in

How the Transition from Film to Digital Cinema Affected...
How did the transition from film to digital cinema affect cinematography?
1.How did the transition from film to digital cinema affect cinematography?
The transition from film to digital cinema drastically changed the way films were made and greatly affected the cinematography of films. Digital versus
film has been a widely debated subject in the film industry since the availability of digital cameras at the end of the 20th century. Now in the 21st
century, digital dominates the film industry, so why is 35mm film still being used by both amateur and professional filmmakers? For years film was
seen as a joke, far more inferior to digital, because of the fact that digital gave a better picture and was more convenient to use. But now, film has
developed to the point where the typical audience cannot see the difference between HD digital films and 35mm films. For example, HDTV
laser–beam recording on 35mm colour film can now be used to enhance the quality of the image without using digital. So now to answer the question
earlier on why 35mm film is still being used today is that it is a preference for some directors. Although the average viewer cannot spot the difference
between digital and film, that doesn't mean that there aren't any differences between them.
2.Image Quality
There is a clear difference in image quality between digital and 35mm film. The quality of films can be measured in different ways, such as the
resolution of the picture, the noise and grain of

Comparing Canon PowerShot Digital ELPH with Sony DSC-P10...
Comparing Canon PowerShot Digital ELPH with Sony DSC–P10
There are many good digital cameras spread around the global market, and inevitably this will make many costumers confused since they don't know
which digital camera to have. Canon, Casio, Kodak, Nikon, Olympus, Sony are the examples of well–known digital camera manufacturers and they
have some really good products such as Canon PowerShot S400, Casio Exilim EX–Z3, Kodak Professional DCS Pro 14n, etc. Since I have Canon
PowerShot Digital ELPH and my friend has the Sony DSC–P10, I decide to compare these two worth–to–buy cameras.
Ask a professional photographer to give some names of camera manufacturers and chances are one of it would be Canon. For the digital section, Canon
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Shutter speeds from 1/2,000 to 15 seconds.
Maximum aperture f/2.8 to f/4.9, depending on lens zoom position.
Built–in flash with five modes.
CompactFlash Type I memory card storage device, with a standard 32MB card included.
Power supplied by a rechargeable lithium–ion battery pack (charger included) or optional AC adapter.
ArcSoft Camera Suite 1.2, Canon Digital Camera software, and USB drivers included for both Windows and Mac platforms.
Special Features
Movie mode with sound.
Standard and High Speed Continuous Shooting modes.
Stitch–Assist panorama mode.
Infinity and Macro focus modes.
Customizable "My Camera" settings.
Two– or 10–second Self–Timer for delayed shutter release.
Sound Memo option for recording captions.
Spot, Center–Weighted, and Evaluative exposure metering.
White balance (color) adjustment with seven modes, including a Custom setting.
Photo Effect menu for color adjustment.
Adjustable ISO setting.

DPOF (Digital Print Order Format) compatibility.
USB cable for connection to a computer (driver software included).
A/V cable for connection to a television set.
While Canon is popular for its camera product, Sony Electronics Inc is very well known for its multimedia products. Over the last decade they have
showed dominance in the digital camera market as they have developed several digital cameras that stood out in the market. The latest

D2: Discuss the Impact That File Format, Compression...
D2: Discuss the impact that file format, compression techniques image resolution and colour depth have on file size and image quality.
In this report, I will talk about my understanding of the impact in various file format, the different compression techniques, and different resolutions
and different colour depth. I will show print screens of different types of compression techniques, megapixels under image quality & resolution and
three different types of colour depths. I will explain the reasons why some are larger compared to others. The format includes PSD, JPEG, TIFF, BMP
and GIF. I will also go into detail why colour depths will affect the quality of the final output that the file has created.
File formats:
As you know, there are 5 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A disadvantage is that a single TIF format file can take up to 100 megabytes or other storage spaces. The smallest TIFF files are too large to send by
email, other applications; most Web browser cannot open TIFF files.
All these file formats will result will either take a lot of spaces on the RAM or maybe taken up less spaces. E.g. JPEG formats will take less space
compared to other formats, whereas, GIP and PSD will take a massive spaces.
Compression techniques:
There are two types of compression techniques and they are named 'lossy compression' and 'lossless compression'. The files can be compressed to
make it smaller and each methods affect images in different ways. Therefore, the compression techniques are used to reduce the dark size of the file.
Hence if the file size is reduced then there are more storage spaces.
Lossy compression happens when the compression turns out in pixels and resolution is lost after compression taken places. This is why the file can
be used efficiently and at a lower file size. This compression usually happens during video conferencing and during freeze frames or when an image is
pixilated. This is accepted as high resolution is not needed as long as the user understands the file. Disadvantage of it is that it could give poor quality
which could cause miscommunication.
Lossless compression is when you compress the file and expect it to be the same as before, so the user may want

Scanners Advantages And Disadvantages
(K) – Scanner
A scanner is an input device that can scan images, text and handwriting and convert them into a digital image into a computer, the images are
normally saved as jpegs. Scanners can both scan images in colour or black and white and also can be used to scan an old photograph that you would
like to keep safe.
Output medium
(L) –Printer
There are different types of printers like the dot matrix printer, the ink jet printer and the laser jet printer and the colour laser jet printer.
The dot matrix printer is a type of computer printer with a print head that prints by impact, it does this by shaking an ink soaked ribbon against the
paper just like an old typewriter.
The cost is normally around –ВЈ50–ВЈ150
The disadvantages is that they print in Low quality are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Pixel Graphics Many now have 5 and 7 inch displays and have high definition displays 1080p Retina display – Apple 3.5 inch screen has 326 pixels per
inch PPI. They have become increasingly better and more important for digital graphics as more and more people use their phone for taking
photographs, watching movies and playing games.
(O) PDA (Personal Digital assistant)
PDA's are like handheld computers or diaries, examples include blackberry and palm plot. They have touch screens and mini keyboards. On PDA's
you can have documents for work, emails and contact details.
(P) Plotter
The plotter is a printer for printing vector graphics
Plotters are used in applications such as computer aided design and blueprints for buildings. Pen plotters print by moving a pen across a surface of
paper. Plotters are vector graphic devices. Pen plotters can draw complex line art including text, it does this slowly as of the pens. They are often
incapable of creating a solid colour, but can hatch a copy buy doing copies of it.
Software for digital graphics

(a)– Vector based e.g. Adobe

Understanding Digital Imaging
Digital Imaging Understanding Digital Imaging
What is Digital Images
DIGITAL IMAGES are electronic snapshots taken of a scene or scanned from documents, such as photographs, manuscripts, printed texts, and artwork.
The digital image is sampled and mapped as a grid of dots or picture elements (pixels). Each pixel is assigned a total value (black, white, shades of gray
or color), which is represented in binary code (zeros and ones). The binary digits ("bits") for each pixel are stored in a sequence by a computer and often
reduced to a mathematical analog version for display or printing. http://preservationtutorial.library.cornell.edu/intro/intro–01.html
At Amazon ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Vector Graphics can include text, most modern fonts, floor plans, engineering diagrams and spreadsheet charts.
While Bitmap Graphics format is used for still images, such as scanners, digital cameras and most web pages use Bitmap to create realistic images.
The Vector Graphic SVG format is the most popular for Web
–based Vector graphics. Vector Graphics also resize better than and use less storage than
Bitmap Graphics, Vector Graphics are not usually as realistic as Bitmap Graphics. Each Graphic has its purpose so depending what is needed. If
there is a need to scan doc, use a camera to take a photo, etc then one of the Bitmap Graphic format is used. If you want to create a spreadsheet or do
floor plans then one of the Vector Graphics format is used.
We will explain 3D graphics, how it is created and what occupations at Amazon and other companies use them.
3–D (3– dimensional) is the creation, display and manipulation of objects in the computer in three dimensions. 3D Graphics are based on Vector
graphs stored as a set of instructions describing the coordinates for lines and shapes in a 3–dimensional space. The Vectors form a wireframe, which is
covered with surface texture and color to create a graphic of a 3–D object that is called rendering.
Software such as Auto desk, AutoCAD, Open Source, etc. are needed to create 3D graphics. Each of this software, have tools for drawing a

Application Of Graphics And Design
Application of graphics Backgrounds A good background should have a consistent colour scheme which is eye–catching without being overpowering
to your eyes. So depending on the style of site should use block colours this will give the website a sleek but simple look. But depending on the
purpose of a site the background colours etc. can vary e.g. if a background was for a childrens sight it may be colourful or a car site may be a steely
grey if it was intended to sell sports cars e.g. an Aston Martin. Backgrounds are a prevelant feature on websites and can be the block from which a
website designer decides on what layout and colour schemes they use throughout the rest of the site. When deciding on a background a website
designer must take into account the file size of the background image and maybe the quality of the background image as it may lead to longer load
times and so the background should be properly optimised. For a background image the designer can use a raster image say if the background was the
badge of a car or an image of a sports car. Raster images are good for displaying detailed images their quality is lost when they are zoomed in. This is
an example of a bad website background: This is an example of an appealing background for a web site: Website graphics Website graphics such as
logos or banners for sites should be eye–catching and professional looking as they can make a business or site more memorable and thus may make
the user more likely to come

How Hardware And Software Is Necessary
What Hardware and Software is needed to create and edit graphical images.
Hardware
Monitor – Visually Displaying the image on Screen, they come in a very of different sizes and resolutions. The monitor is an output device where is
receives information from the computer to display the image on the screen in the form of pixels. This data usually comes from the Graphics Card or the
integrated graphics within the processor outputted by the motherboard. This connects to the computer either via HMDI, VGA, DVI or Thunderbolt.
Graphics Card – display the data on the screen. These consist of small pixels but many millions of them. So the graphics card is a translator and
takes binary data from the CPU and turns it into a picture you can see on the monitor. Unless there is an integrated GPU built in with the
motherboard then this replaces it. It's connected to the motherboard by slotting in the PCI slot which is shown with the arrow. Also there is a power
cable which is connected to it from the PSU and a cable to connect to the monitor (VGA, HDMI and DVI). It is required in order to reduce the power
output from the CPU needed to display the image. This allows the CPU to perform other background tasks whilst the GPU can deal with displaying the
Graphical data.
Graphics Tablet– Easing the ability to create, edit images, it's an Alternative from using a mouse.
Hard Drive – A hard drive is similar to RAM however its stores data permanently rather than temporarily. This is stored

Web Design For Make Websites More Mobile Friendly
Abstract The purpose of this paper is to explore the emerging trends that are occurring in web design to make websites more mobile–friendly. The main
focus of this paper is how to design a website to be more responsive to meet the growing number of screen sizes instead of creating multiple websites to
meet different viewing screens. Introduction
In 2013, IDC forecasted that 87% of connected device sales in 2017 would be tablets and smartphones (Columbus, 2013). Today we can see that the
IDC forecast was correct with tablets out–selling PC's (Anthony, 2014) and smartphone sales surpassing one billion units in 2014 (Gartner, 2015). With
more individuals accessing the World Wide Web(WWW) using smaller screen size devices, Google has ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When using this strategy, the most important content and functionality are the main focus––not the size of the screen (Serianna, 2014). With over 30
different smartphone and 20 different tablets on the market, it is essential to have a fluid framework that will adapt to any screen size (Code Type,
2015). Today there are a number of ways to make websites' frameworks fluid. One way is to use media queries to change the display of a layout when
viewed at minimum or maximum pixel width. However, this way only allows for the screen to change from one set media query rule to another with
no smooth progression between the media queries (Frain, 2014). In addition, there would still be a need for several media queries to properly
display on all of the various screen sizes that are available. Another method of coding that would allow for a smoother screen progression would be
to assign <div> elements' width sizes as percentages instead of fixed pixels. The conversion of pixel width can be done using the formula target
/ context = result that was developed by Ethan Marcotte (Frain, 2014) . With this method there still would be the need for some media queries
because some content could become so small that it would be unreadable. The latest and simplest way of designing a fluid framework is to use the
CSS3 Flexible Box or flexbox elements to define a flexible layout within a web page (Karlmoz, 2015). Chris Coyier, a web

Essay On Brain Tissue
Brain tissue can be classified into three tissue types; grey matter (GM), white matter (WM) and cerebro–spinal fluid
(CSF). Initially, all MR images are segmented into three images, each represents one tissue type. The segmented images are then registered iteratively
with their average to estimate the deformations that best align the images together. These deformations are used to generate spatially normalized and
smoothed gray matter images. The image values after seg– mentation represent the probability of belonging to the tissue
(GM or WM) of every voxel. These features generate one part of the feature vector
In a parallel step, image texture features are extracted deriving the other part of the feature vector. Five texture features
are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
producing a measure of the local balance between the count of gray matter and non–gray matter voxels). Second, the smoothing helps ameliorate the
effects of misalignment of structures when the registration is imperfect. Third, it can increase sensitivity if the extent of smoothing matches the size of
an effect of interest. Fourth, smoothing renders the data more Gaussian distributed, improving the validity of the commonly used Gaussian random
field (GRF) theory thresholding approach. Typically between 4 and 16 mm full– width half maximum (FWHM) smoothing (with a Gaussian linear
filter) is applied. Smoothing is done to correct noise and small variations. Finally, spatially normalized images are generated. every voxel of the image.
These features generate one part of the feature vector
2) Texture features: Texture features reflect the regular changes of gray values in images. These changes in the values are correlated statistically and
spatially. Textural feature vector is constructed from the gray levelco–occurrence matrix.
The co–occurrence matrix and texture features were initially used for for image classification by Haralick [24]. GLCM estimate image properties
related to second–order statistics.
It accounts for the spatial inter–dependency of two pixels at specific neighboring positions. GLCM is created from the high resolution grayscale NIFTI
images. It is then normalized and used to calculate five different textural features; Contrast(1),
Correlation(2),

Unit 30: Digital Graphics P1, M1 Essay examples
The Role of Components within a given computer system in the Production and Manipulation of Graphics
Introduction: In this assignment, I will explain the role of hardware and software components within a computer system. Furthermore, I will explain
how they relate to digital graphics.I will also recommend suitable components for Cambridge Industrial Design. (P1)
I will then compare the limitations of different software packages used in graphics work. (M1)
Digital graphics are in their own way an art form, digitally constructed to create phenomenal images. However, you need to have some sort of artistic
ability combined with a suitable computer system before you can design the perfect graphic.
Graphics Card
Starting the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, a word document is saved to a folder within a folder within a hard drive. Other files such as programs are saved onto the hard drive.
Modern day HDDs are cheap and effective as the cost is low and the memory capacity can be of mass size, however, they are slow which makes
HDDs a worthy competitor for SSDs. SSDs are flash memory drives, capable is holding programs and loading them faster than HDDs, however,
small in memory capacity and expensive. Furthermore, you can combine the two. You can use the Solid state drive to save and quickly load
programmes such as adobe Photoshop and use the hard disk driveto store images, videos, music and documents. I would recommend this powerful
combination to anyone searching for fast performance and large memory capacities.
Processors (CPU)
The processor (otherwise known as CPU) is the very soul and performance core of the computer system; it is what allows the operating system and
other software applications to–run. Every program demands dedication from the processor to decode commands that are then actionedinside the CPU
to make them work.When a program is running, the CPU has to make every command work consistently one after the other. However, modern
processors have the power to process commands side by side. This means that the quicker the commands are executed, the quicker the program
responds to the user. Central Processing Units (CPUs) play an important role when it comes to maintaining

What Is PHP Code Snippet Applications
PHP Code Snippet Applications Determine Dominant Color of Any Image: To see the colour of a certain image snapped or displayed online
attained through certain coding as shown below, has a few loops that properly detect pixels found in the image. In addition, a function that
provides a dominant colour image scenario has utilization using a coding method to perceive accurate determination of what exact colour the picture
is. function dominant_color($image) { $i = imagecreatefromjpeg($image); for ($x=0;$x<imagesx($i);$x++) { for ($y=0;$y<imagesy($i);$y++) { $rgb
= imagecolorat($i,$x,$y); $r = ($rgb >> 16) & 0xFF; $g = ($rgb >> & 0xFF; $b = $rgb & 0xFF; $rTotal += $r; $gTotal += $g;... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
find resources and lists // like these on wikipedia: // // http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whois // $servers = array( "biz" => "whois.neulevel.biz", "com"
=> "whois.internic.net", "us" => "whois.nic.us", "coop" => "whois.nic.coop", "info" => "whois.nic.info", "name" => "whois.nic.name", "net" =>
"whois.internic.net", "gov" => "whois.nic.gov", "edu" => "whois.internic.net", "mil" => "rs.internic.net", "int" => "whois.iana.org", "ac" =>
"whois.nic.ac", "ae" => "whois.uaenic.ae", "at" => "whois.ripe.net", "au" => "whois.aunic.net", "be" => "whois.dns.be", "bg" => "whois.ripe.net",
"br" => "whois.registro.br", "bz" => "whois.belizenic.bz", "ca" => "whois.cira.ca", "cc" => "whois.nic.cc", "ch" => "whois.nic.ch", "cl" =>
"whois.nic.cl", "cn" => "whois.cnnic.net.cn", "cz" => "whois.nic.cz", "de" => "whois.nic.de", "fr" => "whois.nic.fr", "hu" => "whois.nic.hu", "ie" =>
"whois.domainregistry.ie", "il" => "whois.isoc.org.il", "in" => "whois.ncst.ernet.in", "ir" => "whois.nic.ir", "mc" => "whois.ripe.net", "to" =>
"whois.tonic.to", "tv" => "whois.tv", "ru" => "whois.ripn.net", "org" => "whois.pir.org", "aero" => "whois.information.aero", "nl" =>

Digital Image Of A Optical Signature Recognition
3.4.1 Offline Signature Recognition
In this type of recognition, the text is not recognized at the same time as it is produced but after the user has finished writing. In this case, the text is
originally written on a surface such as paper and from there on it is recognized by the computer by scanning the surface. In the scanned Signature is
first stored digitally in grey scale format. bitmap image, and then further processing is done on it to have a good recognition accuracy.
Features for recognition are enhanced and extracted from the stored bitmap image by using digital image processing. Offline signature recognition is
known as Optical Signature Recognition (OCR), because the image of writing is converted into bit pattern by an optically digitizing device such as
optical camera or scanner. The recognition is done on this bit pattern data for machine–printed or hand–written text [3]. Recognition of machine printed
signatures is also a part of Optical Signature Recognition. In offline, methods are less suitable for man–machine communication because no real time
interactivity is present. It is suitable for automatic conversion of paper documents to electric documents, which then may be interpreted by computers.
Some applications of the off–line recognition are large–scale data processing such as postal address reading; check sorting, office automation for text
entry automatic inspection and identification [11].
3.4.2 Online Signature Recognition
In contrast to the offline

Samsung versus Apple Smartphones
Compare & Contrast Essay Samsung Compare and Contrast Are you a teenager? If so, then that must mean that you possess a phone, possibly a
smart phone. Within this generation, the top smartphone manufactures are Apple and Samsung. However, Apple has had the edge for a while,
but ever since the release of the Samsung Galaxy S4 and the Samsung Galaxy Note 3, Samsung has soared to the top. I personally admire Samsung
over Apple because I own a Samsung Galaxy S4. Teenagers who favor Samsung over Apple are going to have to decide on either the Galaxy S4 or
the Note 3. A majority of the people believe that the Note 3 is more so than the Galaxy S4, but they have a great deal in common. I assume that the
design of the phone is the fundamental component that will draw the consumer's attention. The Galaxy S4's dimensions are 5.38 x 2.75 x .31 inches.
The S4 materializes in four different colors: black, white, brown, blue, red purple pink, and light pink. From a glimpse, you will notice that it is
covered in plastic, which is actually polycarbonate chassis, it incorporates a removable rear cover, and that there is a silver trim that goes around the
sides. On the front, there is a 2–megapixel front facing camera and LED notification lights. On the back, there is a 13 megapixel camera, LED flash,
and speakers. The Note 3's dimensions are 5.95 x 2.75 x .33 inches. The Note 3 is obviously larger than the S4, and from a glance, the Note 3 looks
outwardly different. The Note 3 was

Methods Of Image Compressions
ce this method depends on the centre mass of the object, the generated images have different sizes [5], for this reason a scaled normalization
operation are applied to overcome this problem which maintain image dimensions and the time as well [5], where each block of the four blocks are
scaling with a factor that is different from other block's factors. Two methods are used for extraction the features; firstly by using the edge mages,
and secondly by using normalized features where only the brightness values of pixels are calculated and other black pixels are neglected to reduce
the length of the feature vector [5]. The database consists of 6 different gestures, 10 samples per gesture are used, 5 samples for training and 5
samples for... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The drawbacks of some discussed methods are explained: Orientation histogram method applied in [19] have some problems which are; similar
gestures might have different orientation histograms and different gestures could have similar orientation histograms, besides that, the proposed
method achieved well for any objects that dominate the image even if it is not the hand gesture [19]. Neural Network classifier has been applied for
gestures classification[8] but it is time consuming and when the number of training data increase, the time needed for classification are increased too
[8]. In [2] the NN required several hours for learning 42 characters and four days to learn ten words [2]. Fuzzy c–means clustering algorithm applied in
[6] has some disadvantages; wrong object extraction problem raised if the objects larger than the hand. The performance of recognition algorithm
decreases when the distance greater than 1.5 meters between the user and the camera. Besides that, its variation to lighting condition changes and
unwanted objects might overlap with the hand gesture. In [16] the system is variation to environment lighting changes which produces erroneous
segmentation of the

The Active Pixel Sensor Of Digital Cameras
Photodiode Active Pixel Sensor in Digital Cameras
Basic Working and Modes of Operation
Aronee Dasgupta
Telecommunication Department
RV College of Engineering
Bangalore, India aronee2008@live.com Bharghav Ram
Telecommunication Department
RV College of Engineering
Bangalore, India bhargavrammv@yahoo.co.in Abstract–Digital cameras have become extremely common as the prices have reduced. One of the
drivers behind the falling prices has been the introduction of CMOS image sensors. Integrating a CCD sensor is very difficult with existing CMOS
technology while a CMOS sensor. On the other hand CMOS sensors can be very conveniently integrated with the silicon substrate. The main objective
of this essay is to provide information about active pixel sensors.
Introduction
The market for image sensors are showing an enormous increase in sales and developments of digital cameras and mobile phone cameras. Imaging
sensors are mainly of two types: complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) image sensors and charge couple device (CCD) sensors.
Active pixel sensors (APS) are the emerging sensors for the replacement of existing and widely used charged couple device (CCD) sensors. There is
a constant drive in researchers to develop APS sensors which have more sensitivity have lower marginal noise faster operation and can capture greater
detail. The reason for using an active pixel sensor and not a passive pixel sensor is that passive pixel sensors are very noisy as there are no

Different And Important Elements Within Graphics Design
Introduction: I will discuss several different and important elements within graphics design. Specifically speaking, I will provide a discussion on the
hardware and software and how these have an impact on graphic work. E.g.: A graphics card, PaintShop, memory digital camera drivers and much
more. Additionally, I will explain the different file formats (using examples) as well as their features and limitations; I will come to a conclusion to
which of these suit certain graphical products. Adding on from this report, I will compare the limitations of hardware/software where I will select two
graphic–related hardware devices and compare their limitations – the limitations of raster will also be compared. With the final point adding, I will...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Furthermore, images on a monitor are made up of pixels (very tiny dots) – the processor works closely together with several software's and eventually
sends data/information about an image to the graphics card. What the graphics card does next is it decides how to use pixels on a monitor to create
and actually make the image visible (all this information is sent through a video cable, directly to the monitor). As a result, a graphics card impacts
graphical work because it is used to display image contents on the monitor and process changes in graphics. в—¦ RAM = This is an acronym for
"Random Access Memory" which is the internal memory within a computer. RAM is a container which holds applications/programs, documents
and files every time they're at run or graphic files that have been opened. When a user insists on opening any type of file, there is a process that is
used each time this happens. E.g.: When a software application is at run, the program is copied directly to the hard disk of the computer. This is then
copied to RAM and, very quickly, it travels through to the processor. While saying that, the more RAM is available, the better, as Flash and ROM
take up a lot of space. Roughly about 128–256MB (or more) is needed to for the best performances. It is often confused that a brand new computer
may resolve the issue of a computer

The Neonatal Brain Mri Image Database
As shown in the above figure 1, the input neonatal image from the database is preprocessed using techniques such as noise removal, inhomogeneity and
partial volume correction. Then from the preprocessed image the texture feature is extracted through EWT (Empirical Wavelet transform) and the most
relevant features like Entropy, Correlation, Contrast, Homogeneity and Dissimilarity are chosen by GLCM (Gray Level Co–Occurrence Matrix).
Based on the selected features the image is segmented by means of SOM–DCNN and then from the segmented image the tissues are classified through
the help of sparse auto encoder.
Consider is the neonatal brain MRI image database, where ' ' is the number of images and the vector function of each image in the neonatal brain MRI
image database is given as .
3.1 Preprocessing
The regions of an image containing different intensity values can be modelled as a finite Gaussian distribution. All the pixels in the same image
belongs to same class and energy function is given by (1)
Where is a set of Gaussian parameters; is the Gaussian mean and is the Gaussian variance for the object .
Also reduction of noise present in the image is important and it is done when the contextual constraint is taken into account as the weight of the pixel.
For the above equation 4 with zero mean only the variance is varied by additive Gaussian noise. By this way the Gaussian model suppress the
Gaussian noise and variation can be

Dan Houser
Topic: Dan Houser General Purpose: To introduce Specific Purpose: To introduce Dan Houser Main ideas: 1.State who Dan Houser is 2.What he has
accomplished 3.State what he is known for Introduction: Hello ladies and gentlemen. Today I have the honor of introducing a man who has
influenced the lives of many through the questionable art form of video games. Originally, it was not Dan Houser's intention to become a game
designer, but over time he became fascinated with storytelling. Dan's brother, Sam, was working for a music label that was trying to branch out into
games, and Dan was allowed to join. Eventually their game, Grand Theft Auto, was released. The sales were marginally good, but the label lost too
much money and decided to sell

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