CA IPCC PROJECT REPORT ON CHILD LABOUR

PROJECT REPORT
SUBMITTED
IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR
100 Hours Information Technology Training
(During the month of September, 2014)
The Institute of Chartered Accountants
Information Technology Training program
Project report
Under Supervision of:- Submitted By:-
Mr. Mukund Sharma Shahebaz Momin
Department Of Computer WRO-0522415
LATUR BRANCH OF WIRC, LATUR

Content
 Candidate declaration
 Acknowledgement
 Certificate

CANDIDATE DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the project work for ‘100 Hours Information Technology
Training’ under “The Institute of Chartered Accountant of India” is an authentic work
carried out by me under Supervision of “Mr. Mukund Sharma” Instructor, Department
of Computer Application, HISAR BRANCH OF NIRC.
ShahebazMomin
WRO0522415

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I here by take this chance to express my knowledge. My sincere
and grateful thanks to “ ”, Presidentof LATUR BRANCHOF
WIRC, Latur, for providing me a chance to work in this project, the
knowledge inevitably polished my skillsin due course.
I would like to express my very greatappreciation to Sharma
Sir for his valuable and constructive suggestions during the planning and
developmentof Project Report. His willingnessto give his time so
generously has been very much appreciated. I would alsolike to thanks my
friends for there useful and constructive recommendations on this project.
Lastbut not least I would like to thank my beloved parent
and brothers for their support and management
ShahebazMomin
WRO0522415

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Project of “The Institute of Chartered Accountants
of India” is a bonafide work done by Shahebaz Momin, Reg.no. WRO 0522415
in partial fulfillment of ‘The 100 Hours Information Technology Training’ and
has been carried under my direct supervision and guidance. This report or a
similar report on the topic has not been submitted for any other examination and
does not form part of any other course undergone by the candidate.
Mukund Sharma
. Department Of Computer
. LATUR BRANCH OF NIRC,
. LATUR

INDEX
Contents
CHILD LABOR................................................................................................................................8
HISTORY.............................................................................................................................................8
DEFINITIONS......................................................................................................................................9
MEANING.........................................................................................................................................10
EFFECTS...........................................................................................................................................11
DISADVANTAGES..............................................................................................................................14
HARMFUL TO THE CHILD ...............................................................................................................14
LAWS & ACTS PASSED BY THE GOVERNMENT.....................................................................................16
The FactoriesAct of 1948 ..............................................................................................................16
The Mines Act of 1952 ..................................................................................................................16
The Juvenile Justice (Care andProtection) of Children Act of 2000...................................................16
The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act of 2009 ..............................................16
STATISTICS.......................................................................................................................................19
Number of children involved in ILO categories of work, by age and gender in 2002 ..........19
ELIMINATING CHILD LABOUR............................................................................................................20
Exceptions granted....................................................................................................................21
CHILD LABOUR LAWS AND INITIATIVES..............................................................................................22
CAUSES OF CHILD LABOUR................................................................................................................24
Primary causes .............................................................................................................................24
Cultural causes.............................................................................................................................25
Macroeconomic causes.................................................................................................................26
CHILD LABOUR INCIDENTS.................................................................................................................28
Cocoa production .........................................................................................................................28
BONDED CHILD LABOUR IN INDIA......................................................................................................29
CONSEQUENCES OF CHILD LABOUR...................................................................................................30
DIAMOND INDUSTRY ....................................................................................................................31
FIREWORKS MANUFACTURE..........................................................................................................32
The town of Sivakasi in South India has been reported to employ child labour in the
production of fireworks. In 2011, Sivakasi, Tamil Nadu was home to over 9,500 firecracker
factories and produced almost 100 percent of total fireworks output in India. The fireworks

industry employed about 150,000 people at an average of 15 employees per factory. Most of
these were in unorganised sector, with a few registered and organised companies. ...........32
SILK MANUFACTURE.....................................................................................................................33
CARPET WEAVING.........................................................................................................................33
DOMESTIC LABOUR.......................................................................................................................34
COAL MINING...............................................................................................................................34
INITIATIVES AGAINST CHILD LABOUR.................................................................................................34
NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS............................................................................................34
Many NGOs like Bachpan Bachao Andolan, CARE India,Talaash Association Child Rights
and You, Global march against child labour, RIDE India etc. have been working to
eradicate child labour in India................................................................................................34
DEMOGRAPHY OF CHILD LABOUR......................................................................................................35
ORGANISATION WORKS AGAINST CHILD LABOUR...............................................................................35
UNICEF:........................................................................................................................................35
Governance, organization, and membership ..................................................................................38
Governing Body.........................................................................................................................38
International Labour Conference................................................................................................38
CONVENTIONS..........................................................................................................................39
RECOMMENDATIONS................................................................................................................40
MEMBERSHIP............................................................................................................................40
POSITION WITHIN THE UN .........................................................................................................40
The International Labour Organization (ILO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations
(UN). As with other UN specialized agencies (or programmes) working on international
development, the ILO is also a member of the United Nations Development Group..................40
ISSUES .............................................................................................................................................41
FORCED LABOUR...........................................................................................................................41
Vulnerability.................................................................................................................................42
DAIGRAMS SHOW THE CHILD LABOR IN INDIA....................................................................................43
CONCLUSION....................................................................................................................................53
Child Protection............................................................................................................................53
Child Rights ..................................................................................................................................54
REFERENCES.....................................................................................................................................56

CHILD LABOR
HISTORY
During the Industrial Revolution, children as young as four
were employed in production factories with dangerous, and often fatal,
working conditions. Based on this understanding ofthe use of children as
labourers, itis now considered by wealthy countries to be a human
rights violation, and is outlawed, while some poorer countries may allow
or tolerate child labour. Child labour can alsobe defined as the full-time
employmentof children whoare under a minimum legal age.
The Victorian era became notorious for employing young children
in factories and mines and as chimney sweeps. Child labour played an
importantrole in the Industrial Revolution from its outset, often brought
about by economic hardship. Charles Dickens for example worked atthe
age of 12 in a blackingfactory, with his family in debtor's prison. The
children of the poor were expected to help towards the family budget,
often working long hours in dangerous jobs for low pay,[20]earning 10–
20% of an adultmale's wage. In England and Scotland in 1788, two-thirds
of the workers in 143 water-powered cotton mills were described as
children.[21]In 19th-century GreatBritain, one-third of poor families were
without a breadwinner,as a result of death or abandonment, obliging
many children to work from a young age.
In the early 1900s,thousands of boys were employed in glass
making industries. Glassmakingwas a dangerous and tough job especially
without the current technologies. The process of making glass includes
intense heat to meltglass (3133 °F). When the boys are at work, they are
exposed to this heat. This could cause eye trouble, lung ailments, heat
exhaustion, cut, and burns. Since workers were paid by the piece, they had
to work productively for hours without a break. Since furnaces had to be
constantly burning, there were night shifts from 5:00 pm to 3:00 am Many
factory owners preferred boys under 16 years of age.

DEFINITIONS
The termchild labour, suggestsILO, is best defined as work that
deprives children of their childhood, their potential and their dignity, and
that is harmful to physical and mental development. It refers to work that
is mentally, physically, socially or morallydangerous and harmful to
children, or work whose schedule interferes with their ability toattend
regular school, or work that affects in any manner their ability to focus
during school or experience a healthy childhood.
UNICEF defines child labour differently. A child, suggests UNICEF, is
involved in child labour activities ifbetween 5 to 11 years of age, he or she
did at leastone hour of economic activity or at least28 hours of domestic
work in a week, and in case of children between 12 to 14 years of age, he or
she did at least 14 hours of economic activity or at least42 hours of
economic activity and domesticwork per week. UNICEF in another report
suggests, "Children’s work needs to be seen as happening along a
continuum, with destructive or exploitative work atone end and beneficial
work - promoting or enhancing children’s developmentwithoutinterfering
with their schooling, recreation and rest - at the other. And between these
two poles are vast areas of work that need not negatively affecta child’s
development."
India's Census 2001 office defines child labor as participation of a child less
than 17 years of age in any economically productive activity with or
without compensation, wages or profit. Such participation could be
physical or mental or both. This work includes part-time help or unpaid
work on the farm, family enterprise or in any other economic activity such
as cultivation and milk production for sale or domestic consumption.
Indian governmentclassifies child laborers intotwo groups: Main workers
are those who work 6 months or more per year. And marginalchild
workers are those who work at any time during the year but less than 6
months in a year.
Some child rights activists argue that child labour must include every child
who is not in school because he or she is a hidden child worker. UNICEF,
however, points out that India faces major shortages of schools, classrooms
and teachers particularly in rural areas where 90 percent of child labour

problem is observed. About1 in 5 primaryschools have just one teacher to
teach students across all grades
MEANING
Child labour refers to the employmentof children in any
work that deprives children of their childhood, interferes with their ability
to attend regular school, and that is mentally,physically,socially or
morally dangerous and harmful. This practice is considered exploitative by
many international organisations. Legislations across the world prohibitchild
labour. These laws do not consider all work by children as child labour;
exceptions include work by child artists, supervised training, certain
categories of work such as those by Amish children, some forms of child
work common among indigenous American children, and others.
Child labour was employed to varyingextents through most
of history. Before 1940, numerous children aged 5–14 worked in Europe,
the United States and various colonies of European powers. These children
worked in agriculture,home-based assemblyoperations, factories, mining
and in services such as newsies. Some worked nightshifts lasting 12 hours.
With the rise of household income, availability ofschools and passage of
child labour laws, the incidence rates of child labour fell.
In developing countries, with high poverty and poor schooling
opportunities, child labour is still prevalent. In 2010, sub-saharan Africa had the
highestincidence rates of child labour; with several African nations
witnessing over 50 percent of children aged 5–14 working. Worldwide
agriculture is the largestemployer of child labour. Vastmajority of child
labour is found in rural settings and informal urban economy; children are
predominantlyemployed by their parents, rather than factories. Poverty
and lack of schools are considered as the primary cause of child labour.
The incidence of child labour in the world decreased from 25% to
10% between 1960 and 2003, accordingto the World Bank. Nevertheless, the
total number of child labourers remains high,
with UNICEF and ILO acknowledging an estimated 168million children aged
5–17 worldwide, were involved in child labour in 2013

EFFECTS
For much of human history and across differentcultures, children less than
17 years old have contributed to family welfare in a variety of ways.
UNICEF suggests that poverty is the big cause of child labour. The report
also notes that in rural and impoverished parts of developing and
undeveloped parts of the world, children have no real and meaningful
alternative. Schools and teachers are unavailable. Child labour is the
unnatural result. A BBC report, similarly, concludes poverty and
inadequate publiceducation infrastructure are some of the causes of child
labour in India.
Between boys and girls, UNICEF finds girls are twotimes more likely to
be out of school and working in a domesticrole. Parents with limited
resources, claims UNICEF, have to choose whose school costs and fees they
can afford when a school is available. Educatinggirls tends to be a lower
priority across the world, including India. Girls are alsoharassed or bullied
at schools, sidelined by prejudice or poor curricula, according to UNICEF.
Solely by virtue of their gender, therefore, many girls are keptfrom school
or drop out, then provide child labour.
The International Labour Organisation (ILO)and Spreading Smiles
Through Education Organisation (OSSE)suggests poverty is the greatest
single force driving children intothe workplace. Income from a child's
work is felt to be crucial for his/her own survival or for that of the
household. For some families, income from their children's labour is
between 25 to 40% of the household income.
According to a 2008 study by ILO, among the most importantfactors
drivingchildren toharmful labour is the lack of availabilityand qualityof
schooling. Many communities, particularly ruralareas donot possess
adequate school facilities. Even when schools are sometimes available, they
are too far away, difficultto reach, unaffordable or the quality of education
is so poor that parents wonder if going to school is really worthwhile.In
government-run primary schools, even when children show up,

government-paidteachers do not show up 25% of the time. The 2008 ILO
study suggests that illiteracyresulting from a child going to work, rather
than a quality primary and secondaryschool, limits the child's ability toget
a basiceducational groundingwhich would in normal situations enable
them to acquire skills and to improve their prospects for a decent adult
working life. An albeitolder reportpublished by UNICEF outlines the
issues summarizedby the ILO report. The UNICEF report claimed that
while 90% of child labour in India is in its rural areas, the availability and
quality of schools is decrepit; in rural areas of India, claims the old UNICEF
report, about50% of governmentfunded primaryschools that existdo not
have a building, 40% lack a blackboard, few have books, and 97% of funds
for these publicly funded school have been budgeted by the governmentas
salaries for the teacher and administrators. A 2012 Wall StreetJournal
article reports while the enrollmentin India's school has dramatically
increased in recent years to over 96% of all children in the 6-14-yearage
group, the infrastructure in schools, aimed in part to reduce child labour,
remains poor - over 81,000 schools do not have a blackboard and about
42,000governmentschools operate without a buildingwith make shift
arrangements duringmonsoons and inclementweather.
Biggeriand Mehrotra have studied the macroeconomicfactors that
encourage child labour. They focus their study on five Asian nations
including India, Pakistan, Indonesia, Thailandand Philippines. They
suggest that child labour is a serious problem in all five, but it is not a new
problem. Macroeconomic causes encouraged widespreadchild labour
across the world, over most of human history. They suggest that the causes
for child labour include both the demand and the supply side. While
poverty and unavailabilityof good schools explain the child labour supply
side, they suggest that the growth of low paying informal economy rather
than higher paying formal economy - called organised economy in India - is
amongstthe causes of the demand side. India has rigid labour laws and
numerous regulations thatprevent growth of organised sector where work
protections are easier to monitor, and work more productive and higher
paying. The unintended effect of Indian complex labour laws is the work
has shifted to the unorganised, informal sector. As a result, after the
unorganised agriculture sector which employs 60% of child labour, it is the
unorganised trade, unorganisedassembly and unorganised retail work that is
the largestemployer ofchild labour. If macroeconomicfactors and laws
prevent growth of formal sector, the family owned informal sector grows,
deploying low cost, easy to hire, easy to dismiss labour in form of child

labour. Even in situations where children are going to school, claim Biggeri
and Mehrotra, children engage in routine after-school home-based
manufacturing and economic activity. Other scholars too suggestthat
inflexibilityand structure of India's labour market, size of informal
economy, inabilityof industries to scale up and lack of modern
manufacturing technologies are major macroeconomicfactors affecting
demand and acceptabilityof child labour.
Cigno et al. suggestthe governmentplanned and implementedland
redistribution programs in India, where poor families were given small
plots of land with the idea of enabling economicindependence, have had
the unintended effect of increased child labour. They find thatsmallholder
plots of land are labour-intensively farmedsince small plots cannot
productively afford expensive farming equipment. In these cases, a means
to increase output from the small plot has been to apply more labour,
including child labour
 Effects through technological change
 Effects through income inequality
 Effects through gender inequality
 Impact on foreign directinvestment
 Child labour impacton adultlabour market
 Impact on adultunemploymentor wage rate

DISADVANTAGES
CHILD LABOUR IMPACTON LONG RUN GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT
Having discussed the short and the long run economic impactof child
labour at the family level, in the present section we analyse the effects of
child labour on long-run growth. A review of the theoretical and empirical
literature on child labour has lead us to the identification of at least six
channels through which child labour mighthave a negative impacton long
run growth: lower human capital accumulation, higher fertility, worse
health, slower investmentand technical change, higher income and gender
inequality (see Figure 1).7 DISCUSSION PAPERS SERIES NO. 128
HARMFUL TO THE CHILD
In May 2002, the ILO issued a new Global reporton Child labour that
describes the extent of the problem. Almost250 million children,about
one in every six children aged 5 to 17 on the face of the globe, are
involved in child labour. Of these, some 179 million (one in eight)are
trapped in the “worstforms” of child labour. The worstform are those
that endanger the child’s physical, mental or moral well-being.
Children can be found in almostany economic sector. However, ata
global level, mostof them are in agriculture (70%). Some hazards in
agriculture are the exposure to pesticides, the use of dangerous
machinery or tools (like knives), carrying heavyloads, the presence of
snakes, and so on. Children working in agricultureare the ones suffering
most injuries. And one of the sad characteristics of child labour in
agriculture are the few, if any opportunities for advance or change.
For children workingas domesticlabourers, the hazards are sometimes
not that obvious. Here, it can be the psychological hazards,like isolation,
abuse, exploitation that make this form dangerous. Domesticlabour is
often called “hidden”and itis often difficult to find those children.
Other sectors where children are working (although not in large
proportion) are mining (1%) and construction (2%). The work done is
generallyvery dangerous for children.

Children are often “achievers”, they wantto perform well, go that extra
mile, and are inexperienced and untrained in dealing with hazards.
Tools are not made for them, and thus pose more hazards. There are no
personal protection devices for children. Additionally, they are alsonot
organizedand powerless. Girls are atspecial risk. They often begin to
work at a younger age and have a double work burden (at home and in
the fields). They frequently work longer hours, and in differentcultural
settings may get poorer nutrition.
Occupational hazards cause not only short-term health effects (mainly
injuries, skin problems, etc.), but most effects are long-term and will only
become evidentin adulthood. Therefore, they are difficult to measure
and to quantify. Cancer, infertility,chronicback pain and IQ reduction
are some of the expected long-term outcomes.
Health professionals are in a key position to identify children atrisk,
advise the parents on ways to reduce this risk and recommend action to
policy-makers.They should be able to recognize and assess the
occupational and environmentalhealth threats present in the places
where children live, learn and play, and work, in the urban and rural
communities. They should alsoknow that these threats increase in low-
income populations and minority communities, and in degraded
environments. In combating hazardous child labour the most important
challenge is the translation ofknowledge and legislation intoaction,
moving good intention and ideas into protecting the health of the
children. For this, the involvementof the relevantstakeholders like
health and safety experts (they know about hazards and health
outcomes), labour inspectors (they know how to enforce the law)and
general health experts (they know about the vulnerabilityand health
outcomes in the child and are the first-line care givers), is absolutely
essential.
The elimination of child labour is a long-term objective. However, in the
meanwhile, we cannot allow thatchildren are injured or harmed atwork
in their struggle for survival, especially when we have the knowledge
and means to prevent this

LAWS & ACTS PASSED BY THE GOVERNMENT
After its independence from colonial rule, India has passed a number of
constitutional protections and laws on child labour. The Constitution of
India in the FundamentalRights and the Directive of State Policy prohibits
child labour below the age of 14 years in any factory or mine or castle or
engaged in any other hazardous employment(Article 24). The constitution
also envisioned thatIndia shall, by 1960, provide infrastructure and
resources for free and compulsory education to all children of the age six to
14 years. (Article 21-A and Article 45).
India has a federal form of government, and child labour is a matter on
which both the central governmentand country governments can legislate,
and have. The major national legislative developments include the
following:
The FactoriesAct of 1948: The Act prohibits the employmentof children
below the age of 14 years in any factory. The law alsoplaced rules on who,
when and how long can pre-adults aged 15–18 years be employed in any
factory.
The MinesAct of 1952: The Act prohibits the employment of children
below 18 years of age in a mine.
The Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation)Actof 1986: The Act
prohibits the employmentof children below the age of 14 years in
hazardous occupations identified in a list by the law. The list was
expanded in 2006, and again in 2008.
The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection)of Children Act of 2000: This
law made it a crime, punishable with a prison term, for anyone to procure
or employ a child in any hazardous employmentor in bondage.
The Rightof Children to Free and Compulsory Education Actof 2009:
The law mandates free and compulsory education to all children aged 6 to
14 years. This legislation alsomandated that25 percent of seats in every
private school must be allocated for children from disadvantaged groups
and physically challenged children.

India formulated a National Policy on Child Labour in 1987. This Policy
seeks to adopt a gradual& sequential approach with a focus on
Rehabilitation of children working in hazardous occupations. It
envisioned strictenforcement of Indian laws on child labour combined
with developmentprograms toaddress the root causes of child labour such
as poverty. In 1988, this led to the National Child LabourProject (NCLP)
initiative.This legal and developmentinitiative continues, with a current
central governmentfunding of 6 billion, targetedsolely to eliminate child
labour in India. Despite these efforts, child labour remains a major
challenge for India.
The Indian Penal Code (IPC) 1860 finds thatno child below the age of
seven may be held criminally responsible for an action (Sec 82 IPC). In case
of mental disabilityor inability tounderstand the consequences of one's
actions the criminal responsibility age is raised to twelve years (Sec 83 IPC).
A girl must be of at leastsixteen years in order to give sexual consent,
unless she is married,in which case the prescribed age is no less that
fifteen. With regard toprotection againstkidnapping, abduction and
related offenses the given age is sixteen for boys and eighteen for girls.
According to Article 21 (a) of the Indian Constitution all children between
the ages of six to fourteen should be provided with free and compulsory
education. Article 45 states that the state should provide early childhood
care and education to all children below the age of six. Lastly Article 51(k)
states the parents/guardians of the children between the ages of six and
fourteen should provide them with opportunities for education.
The Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation)Act, 1986 defines a child as
a person who has not completed fourteen years of age. The Factories Act,
1948 and Plantation Labour Act1951 states that a child is one that has not
completed fifteen years of age and an adolescentis one who has completed
fifteen years of age but has not completed eighteen years of age. According
to the Factories Act adolescents are allowed to work in factories as long as
they are deemed medicallyfitbut may not for more than four and half
hours a day. The Motor TransportWorkers Act 1961, and The Beedi And
Cigar Workers (Conditions Of Employment)Act 1966, both define a child

as a person who has not completed fourteen years of age. The Merchant
Shipping Act 1958 and Apprentices Act 1961 don'tdefine a child, but in
provisions of the act state that a child below fourteen is not permitted to
work in occupations of the act. The Mines Act, 1952 is the only labour
related act that defines adultas person who has completed eighteen years
of age (hence a child is a person who has not completed eighteen years of
age).
The Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006 states that a male has not
reached majority until he is twenty-one years of age and a female has not
reached majority until she is eighteen years of age. The Indian Majority
Act, 1875 was enacted to create a blanketdefinition of a minor for such acts
as the Guardians and Wards Act of 1890. Under the Indian Majority Act,
1875 a person has not attainted majority until he or she is of eighteen years
of age. This definition of a minor also stands for both the HinduMinority
and GuardianshipAct, 1956 and the HinduAdoption and Maintenance
Act, 1956. Muslim, Christian and Zoroastrian personal law alsoupholds
eighteen as the age of majority. The first Juvenile Justice Act, 1986 defined a
boy child as below sixteen years of age and a girl child as below eighteen
years of age. The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children)Act,
2000 has changed the definition of child to any person who has not
completed eighteen years of age.
Because of its umbrella clauses and because it is the latestlaw to be enacted
regarding child rights and protection, many are of the opinion that the
definition of child found in the Juvenile Justice Act, 2000 should be
considered the legal definition for a child in all matters.

STATISTICS
Number of children involvedin ILO categories of work, by age and gender
in 2002
All
Children
('000s)
(2002)[137]
Economically
Active
Children
('000s)
Economically
Active
Children (%)
Child
Labour
('000s)
Child
Labour
(%)
Children
In
Hazardous
Work
('000s)
Children In
Hazardous
Work (%)
Ages
5–11
838,800 109,700 13.1 109,700 13.1 60,500 7.2
Ages
12–
14
360,600 101,100 28.0 76,000 21.1 50,800 14.1
Ages
5–14
1,199,400 210,800 17.6 186,300 15.5 111,300 9.3
Ages
15–
17
332,100 140,900 42.4 59,200 17.8 59,200 17.8
Boys 786,600 184,100 23.4 132,200 16.8 95,700 12.2
Girls 744,900 167,600 22.5 113,300 15.2 74,800 10.5

Total 1,531,500 351,700 23.0 245,500 16.0 170,500 11.1
ELIMINATING CHILD LABOUR
Child labour in a coal mine, United States, c. 1912. Photograph by Lewis
Hine.
Differentforms of child labour in Central America, 1999.
Concerns have often been raised over the buying public's moral complicity
in purchasing products assembled or otherwise manufactured
in developing countries with child labour. However, others have raised
concerns that boycotting products manufactured through child labour may
force these children to turn to more dangerous or strenuous professions,
such as prostitution or agriculture. For example, A UNICEF study found
that after the Child Labour Deterrence Act was introduced in the US, an
estimated 50,000 children were dismissedfrom their garmentindustry jobs
in Bangladesh, leavingmany to resortto jobs such as "stone-crushing,
street hustling, and prostitution", jobs that are "more hazardous and
exploitative than garmentproduction". The study suggests that boycotts
are "blunt instruments with long-term consequences that can actually harm
rather than help the children involved.
According to Milton Friedman, before the Industrial Revolution virtually
all children worked in agriculture, Duringthe Industrial Revolution many
of these children moved from farm work to factory work. Over time, as real

wages rose, parents became able to afford to send their children to school
instead of work and as a result child labour declined, both before and after
legislation.[129]School economist Murray Rothbardsaid thatBritish and
American children ofthe pre- and post-Industrial Revolution lived and
suffered in infinitely worse conditions where jobs were not available for
them and went "voluntarily and gladly" to work in factories.[130]
British historian and socialist E. P. Thompson in The Making ofthe English
Working Class draws a qualitative distinction between child domestic
work and participation in the wider (waged)labour market.[18]Further,
the usefulness of the experience of the industrialrevolution in making
predictions about current trends has been disputed. Social historian Hugh
Cunningham, author of Children and Childhood in Western Society Since
1500, notes that:
"Fifty years agoit mighthave been assumed that, just as child labour
had declined in the developed world in the late nineteenth and early
twentieth centuries, so it would also, in a trickle-down fashion, in the
rest of the world. Its failure to do that, and its re-emergence in the
developed world, raise questions aboutits role in any economy,
whether national or global."[129]
The International Programme on the Elimination ofChild Labour (IPEC),
founded in 1992, aims toeliminate child labour. It operates in 88 countries
and is the largestprogramof its kind in the world.[132]IPEC works with
internationaland governmentagencies,NGOs, the media, and children
and their families to end child labour and provide children with education
and assistance.[132]
From 2008 to 2013, the ILO operated a program through International
Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC) titled " Combating
Abusive Child Labour (CACL-II) ". The project, funded by the European
Union, contributed to the Governmentof Pakistan by providing alternative
opportunities for vocational training and education to children withdrawn
from the worstforms of child labour.[1
Exceptions granted
In 2004, the United States passed an amendmentto the Fair Labour
Standards Actof 1938. The amendmentallows certain children aged 14–18
to work in or outside a business where machinery is used to process
wood.[78] The law aims to respect the religious and cultural needs of
the Amish community of the United States. The Amish believe thatone
effective way to educate children is on the job.[6] The new law allows

Amish children the abilityto work with their families, once they are past
eighth grade in school.
Similarly, in 1996,member countries of the European Union, per Directive
94/33/EC,[8] agreedto a number of exceptions for young people in its
child labour laws. Under these rules, children of various ages may work in
cultural, artistic, sporting or advertisingactivitiesifauthorised by
competent authority. Children above the age of 13 may perform lightwork
for a limited number of hours per week in other economic activities as
defined at the discretion of each country. Additionally, the European law
exception allows children aged 14 years or over to work as part of a
work/training scheme. The EU Directive clarified thatthese exceptions do
not allow child labour where the children may experience harmful
exposure to dangerous substances.[79] Nonetheless, many children under
the age of 13 do work, even in the most developed countries of the EU. For
instance, a recent study showed over a third of Dutch twelve-year-oldkids
had a job
CHILD LABOUR LAWS AND INITIATIVES
Almostevery country in the world has laws relating to and aimed at
preventing child labour. International LabourOrganisation has helped set
internationallaw, which most countries have signed on and ratified.
According to ILO minimum age convention (C138)of 1973, child labour
refers to any work performed by children under the age of 12, non-light
work done by children aged 12–14, and hazardous work done by children
aged 15–17. Lightwork was defined, under this Convention, as any work
that does not harm a child's health and development, and that does not
interfere with his or her attendance atschool. This convention has been
ratified by 135 countries.
The United Nations adopted the Convention on the Rights of the Child in
1990, which was subsequently ratified by 193 countries. Article 32 of the
convention addressed child labour, as follows:
...Parties recognise the rightof the child to be protected from economic
exploitation and from performing any work that is likely tobe hazardous
or to interfere with the child's education, or to be harmful to the child's
health or physical, mental, spiritual,moral or social development.
Under Article 1 of the 1990 Convention, a child is defined as "... every
human being below the age of eighteen years unless, under the law

applicable to the child, majority is attained earlier." Article 28 of this
Convention requires States to, "make primaryeducation compulsory and
available free to all."
Three countries that have not ratified the 1990 Convention
are Somalia, South Sudan and the United States.
In 1999, ILO helped lead the Worst Forms Convention 182 (C182), which
has so far been signed upon and domesticallyratifiedby 151 countries
including the United States. This international law prohibits worstforms of
child labour, defined as all forms of slavery and slavery-like practices, such
as child trafficking, debtbondage, and forced labour, including forced
recruitmentof children intoarmed conflict. The law alsoprohibits use of a
child for prostitution or the production of pornography, child labour in
illicitactivities such as drug production and trafficking;and in hazardous
work. Both the Worst Forms Convention 182 (C182)and the Minimum Age
Convention (C138)are examples of standards implemented through the
ILO that deal with child labour.
In addition to setting the international law, the United Nations initiated
International Programon the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC) in
1992.[76] This initiative aimsto progressivelyeliminate child labour
through strengthening nationalcapacities to address some of the causes of
child labour. Amongstthe key initiative is the so-called time bounded
program countries, where child labour is most prevalentand schooling
opportunities lacking. The initiative seeks to achieve amongstother things,
universal primaryschool availability. The IPEC has expanded to at least
the following targetcountries: Bangladesh,Brazil, China, Egypt, India,
Indonesia, Mexico, Nigeria,Pakistan,DemocraticRepublicof Congo, El
Salvador, Nepal, Tanzania,Dominican Republic, Costa Rica, Philippines,
Senegal, South Africa and Turkey.
Targeted child labour campaigns were initiated by the International Programme
on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC) in order to advocate for prevention and
elimination of all forms of child labour. The global MusicagainstChild
Labour Initiative was launched in 2013 in order to involve socially
excluded children in structured musical activity and education in efforts to
help protect them from child labour

CAUSES OF CHILD LABOUR
Primary causes
International Labour Organisation (ILO)suggests poverty is the greatest
single cause behind child labour.[15]For impoverished households, income
from a child's work is usually crucial for his or her own survival or for that
of the household. Income from working children, even if small, may be
between 25 to 40% of this household income. Other scholars such as Harsch
on African child labour, and Edmonds and Pavcnik on global child labour
have reached the same conclusion.
Lack of meaningful alternatives, such as affordable schools and quality
education, according to ILO, is another major factor driving children to
harmful labour. Children work because they have nothing better to do.
Many communities, particularly ruralareas where between 60–70% of
child labour is prevalent, donot possess adequate school facilities. Even
when schools are sometimes available, they are too far away, difficultto
reach, unaffordable or the quality of education is so poor that parents
wonder if going to school is really worth it.

Culturalcauses
In European history when child labour was common, as well as in
contemporary child labour of modern world, certain cultural beliefs have
rationalizedchild labour and thereby encouraged it. Some view that work
is good for the character-building and skilldevelopmentof children. In
many cultures, particular where informaleconomy and small household
businesses thrive, the cultural tradition is that children follow in their
parents' footsteps; child labour then is a means to learn and practice that
trade from a very early age. Similarly, in many cultures the education of
girls is less valued or girls are simply not expected to need formal
schooling, and these girls pushed into child labour such as providing
domesticservices.
Child labour in Brazil, leavingafter collecting recyclables from a landfill.
Agriculture deploys 70% of the world's child labour. Above, child worker
on a rice farm in Vietnam.

Macroeconomiccauses
Biggeriand Mehrotra have studied the macroeconomicfactors that
encourage child labour. They focus their study on five Asian nations
including India, Pakistan, Indonesia, Thailandand Philippines. They
suggest that child labour is a serious problem in all five, but it is not a new
problem. Macroeconomiccauses encouraged widespreadchild labour
across the world, over most of human history. They suggest that the causes
for child labour include both the demand and the supply side. While
poverty and unavailabilityof good schools explain the child labour supply
side, they suggest that the growth of low paying informal economy rather
than higher paying formal economy is amongstthe causes of the demand
side. Other scholars too suggestthat inflexible labour market, sise of
informal economy, inabilityof industries to scale up and lack of modern
manufacturing technologies are major macroeconomicfactors affecting
demand and acceptabilityof child labour.
Child labour is still common in many parts of the world. Estimates for
child labour vary. It ranges between 250 to 304 million; ifchildren aged 5–
17 involved in any economic activity are counted. If lightoccasional work
is excluded, ILO estimates there were 153 million child labourers aged 5–14
worldwide in 2008. This is about 20 million less than ILO estimate for child
labourers in 2004. Some 60 percent of the child labour was involved in
agriculturalactivities such as farming, dairy, fisheries and forestry.
Another 25 percent of child labourers were in service activities such as
retail, hawking goods, restaurants, load and transfer of goods, storage,
picking and recycling trash, polishing shoes, domestichelp, and other
services. The remaining 15 percentlaboured in assembly and
manufacturing in informal economy, home-based enterprises, factories,
mines, packaging salt, operatingmachinery, and such operations. Twoout
of three child workers work alongside their parents, in unpaid family work
situations. Some children work as guides for tourists, sometimes combined
with bringing in business for shops and restaurants. Child labour
predominantlyoccurs in the rural areas (70%)and informal urban sector
(26%).Contraryto popular beliefs, most child labourers are employed by
their parents rather than in manufacturing or formal economy. Children
who work for pay or in-kind compensation are usually found in rural
settings, than urban centers. Less than 3 percent of child labour aged 5–14
across the world work outside their household, or away from their parents.
Child labour accounts for 22% of the workforce in Asia, 32% in Africa, 17%
in Latin America, 1% in US, Canada, Europe and other wealthy

nations. The proportion of child labourers variesgreatlyamong countries
and even regions inside those countries. Africa has the highest percentage
of children aged 5–17 employed as child labour, and a total of over 65
million. Asia, with its larger population, has the largestnumber of children
employed as child labour atabout 114 million. Latin America and
Caribbean region has lower overall population density, butat 14 million
child labourers has high incidence rates too.
Accurate present day child labour information is difficultto
obtain because of disagreements between data sources as to what
constitutes child labour. In some countries, governmentpolicy contributes
to this difficulty. For example, the overall extentof child labour in China is
unclear due to the governmentcategorizingchild labour data as “highly
secret”. China has enacted regulations to prevent child labour; still, the
practice of child labour is reported to be a persistentproblem within China,
generallyin agriculture and low-skillservice sectors as well as small
workshops and manufacturing enterprises.
MaplecroftChild Labour Index 2012 survey reports 76 countries pose
extreme child labour complicity risks for companies operating worldwide.
The ten highestrisk countries in 2012, ranked in decreasingorder, were:
Myanmar, North Korea, Somalia, Sudan, DR Congo, Zimbabwe,
Afghanistan, Burundi, Pakistan and Ethiopia. Ofthe major growth
economies, Maplecroftranked Philippines 25th riskiest,India 27th, China
36th, Viet Nam 37th, Indonesia 46th, and Brazil54th - all of them rated to
involve extreme risks of child labour uncertainties, tocorporations seeking
to investin developing world and importproducts from emerging
markets.

CHILD LABOUR INCIDENTS
Cocoa production
Main articles:Childrenin cocoaproduction andHarkin-EngelProtocol
In 1998, UNICEF reported that Ivory Coast farmers used enslaved children –
many from surrounding countries, In late 2000 a BBC documentary
reported the use of enslaved childrenin the production of cocoa—the main
ingredientin chocolate— in West Africa. Other media followed by reporting
widespread child slavery and child trafficking in the production of cocoa. In 2001,
the US State Department estimated there were 15,000child slaves cocoa, cotton
and coffee farms in the Ivory Coast,[96] and the Chocolate Manufacturers
Association acknowledgedthatchild slavery is used in the cocoa harvest [not
in citation given][better source needed]
Malian migrants have long worked on cocoa farms in the Ivory Coast, but in
2000 cocoa prices had dropped to a 10-yearlow and some farmers stopped
paying their employees. The Malian counsel had to rescue some boys who
had not been paid for five years and who were beaten if they tried to run
away. Malianofficials believedthat 15,000children,some as young as 11
years old, were working in the Ivory Coast in 2001. These children were
often from poor families or the slums and were sold to work in other
countries. Parents were told the children would find work and send money
home, but once the children lefthome, they often worked in conditions
resemblingslavery.In other cases, children beggingfor food were lured
from bus stations and sold as slaves. In 2002, the Ivory Coast had 12,000
children with no relatives nearby,which suggested they were trafficked,
likely from neighboring Mali, Burkina Faso and Togo.
The cocoa industry was accused of profiting from child slavery and
trafficking. The European Cocoa Association dismissed these accusations

as "false and excessive" and the industry said the reports were not
representative of all areas. Laterthe industry acknowledgedthe working
conditions for children were unsatisfactory and children's rights were
sometimes violated and acknowledgedthe claims could not be ignored. In
a BBC interview, the ambassador for Ivory Coast to the United Kingdom
called these reports of widespreaduse of slave child labour by 700,000
cocoa farmers as absurd and inaccurate.
In 2001, a voluntary agreementcalled the Harkin-Engel Protocol, was accepted
by the internationalcocoa and chocolate industry to eliminate the worst
forms of child labour, as defined by ILO's Convention 182, in West Africa. This
agreementcreated a foundation named International Cocoa Initiative in
2002. The foundation claims it has, as of 2011, active programs in 290 cocoa
growing communities in Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana, reaching a total
population of 689,000 people to help eliminate the worst forms of child
labour in cocoa industry. Other organisations claim progress has been
made, but the protocol's 2005 deadlines have not yet been met
BONDED CHILD LABOUR IN INDIA
Srivastava describes bonded child labour as a system of forced, or partly
forced, labour under which the child, or usually child's parententer into an
agreement, oral or written, with a creditor. The child performs work as in-
kind repaymentof credit. In this 2005 ILO report, Srivastava claims debt-
bondage in India emerged during the colonial period, as a means to obtain
reliable cheaplabour, with loan and land-lease relationships implemented
during thatera of Indian history. These were regionallycalled Hali,
or Halwaha, or Jeura systems; and by colonial administration
the indentured labour system. These systems included bonded child labour.
Over time, claims the ILO report, this traditionalform of long-duration
relationships have declined.
In 1977, India passed legislation thatprohibits solicitation or use of bonded
labour by anyone, of anyone including children. Evidence of continuing
bonded child labour continue. A report by the Special Rapporteur to India's
National Human Rights Commission, reported the discovery of 53 child
labourers in 1996 in the state of Tamil Naduduringa surprise inspection.
Each child or the parent had taken an advance of Rs. 10,0000to 25,0000.

The children were made to work for 12 to 14 hours a day and received only
Rs. 2 to 3 per day as wages.[48][49] According to an ILO report, the extent of
bonded child labour is difficultto determine, butestimates from various
social activistgroups range up to 350,000 in 2001
Despite its legislation, prosecutors in India seldom use the Bonded Labour
System (Abolition)Act of 1976 to prosecute those responsible. According to
one report, the prosecutors have no direction from the central government
that if a child is found to be underpaid, the case should be prosecuted not
only under the Minimum Wages Act, 1948 and the Child Labour
(Prohibition & Regulation)Act, 1986, the case should include charges
under the Bonded Labour Act of India. The few enforcement actions have
had some unintended effects. While there has been a decrease in children
working in factories because of enforcement and community vigilance
committees, the report claims poverty still compels children and poor
families to work. The factory lends money to whoever needs it, puts a loom
in the person’s home, and then the family with children works out of their
homes, bring finished productto pay interest and get some wages. The
bonded child and family labour operations were moving out of small
urban factories into rural homes
CONSEQUENCES OF CHILD LABOUR

The presence of a large number of child labourers is regarded as a serious
issue in terms of economic welfare. Children whowork fail to get necessary
education. They do not get the opportunity to develop physically,
intellectually, emotionally and psychologically. In terms of the physical
condition of children, children are not ready for long monotous work
because they become exhausted more quickly than adults. This reduces
their physical conditions and makes the children more vulnerable to
disease. Children in hazardous workingconditions are even in worse
condition. Children who work, instead of going to school, will remain
illiterate which limits their abilityto contribute to their own well being as
well as to community they live in. Child labour has long term adverse
effects for India.
To keep an economy prospering, a vital criteria is to have an educated
workforce equipped with relevantskills for the needs of the industries. The
young labourers today, willbe part of India’s human capital tomorrow.
Child labour undoubtedly results in a trade-offwith human capital
accumulation.
Child labour in India are employed with the majority (70%)in
agriculture some in low-skilledlabour-intensive sectors such as sari
weaving or as domestichelpers, which require neither formal education
nor training, butsome in heavy industry such as coal mining.
According to the International Labour Organisation (ILO), there are
tremendous economic benefits for developing nations by sending children
to school instead of work. Without education, children donot gain the
necessary skills such as English literacy and technical aptitude that will
increase their productivity to enable them to secure higher-skilled jobs in
future with higher wages that will liftthem out of poverty.
DIAMOND INDUSTRY
In the year 1999, the International Labour Organisation co-published a
report with Universal Alliance of Diamond Workers, a trade union. The
ILO report claimed thatchild labour is prevalentin the Indian diamond
industry. InternationalConfederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU) in a
separate 1997 press release observed thatchild labour continued to flourish
in India's diamond industry. Noteveryone agreed with these claims. The
South GujaratDiamond Workers Association, another trade union,
acknowledgedchild labour is present but it is not systematic, is less than
1% and againstlocal industry norms. Local diamondindustry businessmen
too downplayed these charges.

According to the 1999 ILO paper, India annuallycuts and polishes 70 per
cent of the world’s diamonds by weight, or 40 per cent by value.
Additionally, India contributes 95 percent of the emeralds, 85 percentof the
rubies, and 65 percent of the sapphires worldwide.India processes these
diamonds and gems using traditionallabour-intensive methods. About1.5
million people are employed in the diamond industry,mostly in
the unorganizedsector. The industry is fragmented intosmall units, each
employing a few workers. The industry has not scaled up, organised, and
big operators absent. The ILO paper claims thatthis is to avoid the
complex labour laws of India. The export order is split, work is
subcontracted through many middlemen, and mostworkers do not know
the name of enterprise with the export order. In this environment, claims
the ILO report, exact number of child labourers in India's diamond and
gem industry is unknown; they estimate that child labourers in 1997 were
between 10,00 to 20,00 out of 1.5 million total workers (about1 in 100). The
ILO report claims the causes for child labour include parents who send
their children to work because they see education as expensive, education
quality offering no real value, while artisan work in diamond and gem
industry to be more remunerative as the child grows up.
A more recent study from 2005, conducted at 663 manufacturing units at 21
differentlocations in India's diamond and gem industry,claims incidence
rates of child labour have dropped to 0.31%.
FIREWORKSMANUFACTURE
The town of Sivakasi in South India has been reported to employ child
labour in the production of fireworks. In 2011, Sivakasi,TamilNaduwas
home to over 9,500 firecracker factories and produced almost100 percent
of total fireworks output in India. The fireworks industry employed about
150,000 people at an average of 15 employees per factory. Most of these
were in unorganised sector, with a few registered and organised
companies.
In 1989, Shubh Bhardwajreported thatchild labour is present in India's
fireworks industry, and safety practices poor. Child labour is common in
small shed operation in the unorganizedsector. Only 4 companies scaled
up and were in the organisedsector with over 250 employees; the larger
companies did not employ children and had superior safety practices and
resources. The child labour in small, unorganisedsector operations

suffered long working hours, low wages, unsafe conditions and tiring
schedules.
A more recent 2002 reportby International Labour Organisation
claims that child labour is significantin Tamil Nadu's fireworks,matches
or incense sticks industries. However, these children donot work in the
formal economy and corporate establishments thatproduce for export. The
child labourers in manufacturing typically toil in supply chains producing
for the domesticmarketof fireworks, matches or incense sticks. The ILO
report claims that as the demand for these products has grown, the formal
economy and corporate establishments have notexpanded to meet the
demand, rather home-basedproduction operations have mushroomed.
This has increased the potential of child labour. Such hidden operations
make research and effective action difficult, suggests ILO.
SILK MANUFACTURE
A 2003 Human Rights Watch report claims children as young as five years
old are employed and work for up to 12 hours a day and six to seven days
a week in silk industry. These children, claims, are bonded labour;even
though the governmentof India denies existence of bonded child labour,
these silk industry child are easy to find in Karnataka,and TamilNadu,
claims Children are forced to dip their hands in scalding water
to palpate the cocoons and are often paid less than Rs 10 per day.
In 2010, a German news investigative report claimed thatin states
like Karnataka,non-governmentalorganisations had found up to 10,000
children working in the 1,000 silk factories in 1998. In other places,
thousands of bonded child labourers were presentin 1994. Buttoday, after
UNICEF and NGOs got involved, child labourfigure is drasticallylower,
with the total estimated to be fewer than a thousand child labourers.The
released children were back in school, claims the report.
CARPET WEAVING
SiddarthaKarafinds about20% of carpets manufactured in India could
involve child labour. He notes, "determining the extent to which the hand-
made carpet supply chain from India to the U.S.A. is tainted by slavery and
child labor requires an additional exercise in supply chain tracing." Kara's
study alsofinds variation in child labour practices between ethnic and
religious groups. Kara and colleagues reporthighestlevel of child labour in

Muslim community carpet operations, and the presence of debtbonded
child labourers in Muslim villages.
DOMESTIC LABOUR
Official estimates for child labour working as domesticlabour and in
restaurants is more than 2,500,000while NGOs estimate the figure to be
around 20 million. The Governmentof India expanded the coverage of The
Child Labour Prohibition and Regulation Act and banned the employment
of children as domestic workers and as workers in restaurants, dhabas,
hotels, spas and resorts effective from 10 October 2006.
COAL MINING
Despite laws enacted in 1952 prohibiting employmentof people under the
age of 18 in the mines primitive coal mines in Meghalayausing child
Labour were discovered and exposed by the international mediain 2013.
INITIATIVES AGAINST CHILD LABOUR
In 1979, the Indian governmentformed the GurupadswamyCommittee to
find aboutchild labour and means to tackle it. The Child Labour
Prohibition and Regulation Actwas not enacted based on the
recommendations of the committee in 1986.[citation needed]A National
Policy on Child Labour was formulated in 1987 to focus on rehabilitating
children working in hazardous occupations. The Ministry of Labour and
Employmenthad implemented around 100 industry-specificNational
Child Labour Projects to rehabilitate the child workers since 1988.
NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS
Many NGOs like Bachpan BachaoAndolan, CARE India, Talaash
Association Child Rights and You, Global march againstchild labour, RIDE
India etc. have been working to eradicate child labour in India.
Pratham is India's largestnon-governmentalorganisation with the mission
'every child in school and learningwell.' Founded in 1994, Prathamhas
aimed to reduce child labour and offer schooling to children irrespective of
their gender, religion and social background.It has grown by introducing

low cost education models that are sustainable and reproducible. Child
labour has also been a subject of publicinterest litigations in Indian courts.
DEMOGRAPHY OF CHILD LABOUR
According to 2005 Governmentof India NSSO (National Sample Survey
Org.), child labour incidence rates in India is highestamong Muslim
Indians, about40% higher than HinduIndians. Child labour was found to
be present in other minority religions of India but at significantlylower
rates. Across caste classification, the lowest caste Dalit children had child
labour incidence rates of 2.8%, statistically similar tothe nationwide
average of 2.74%. Tribal populations, however, had higher child labour
rates at 3.8%.
ORGANISATION WORKS AGAINST CHILD LABOUR
UNICEF: (United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund)
The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)is a United Nations
Program headquartered in New York City that provides long
term humanitarian and developmentalassistance
to children and mothers in developing countries. It is one of the members
of the United Nations DevelopmentGroup and its Executive Committee.
UNICEF was created by the United Nations General Assemblyon
December 11, 1946,to provide emergency food and healthcare to children
in countries that had been devastated by World War II. In 1953, UNICEF
became a permanentpart of the United Nations System and its name was
shortened from the original United Nations InternationalChildren's
Emergency Fund but it has continued to be known by the
popular acronym based on this previous title.
UNICEF relies on contributions from governments and private donors and
UNICEF's total income for 2008 was $3,372,540,239.Governments
contribute two thirds of the organization's resources; private groups and
some 6 million individuals contribute the rest through the National
Committees. It is estimated that 91.8% of their revenue is distributedto
Program Services. UNICEF's programs emphasize developingcommunity-
level services to promote the health and well-being of children. UNICEF

was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1965 and the Prince of Asturias
Award of Concord in 2006.
Most of UNICEF's work is in the field, with staff in over 190 countries and
territories. More than 200 country offices carry out UNICEF's mission
through a program developed with host governments. Seventeen regional
offices provide technical assistance to country offices as needed.
Overall managementand administration of the organization takes place at
its headquartersin New York. UNICEF's Supply Division is based
in Copenhagen and serves as the primarypointof distribution for such
essential items as vaccines, antiretroviral medicines for children and
mothers with HIV, nutritional supplements, emergency shelters,
educational supplies, among others. A 36-memberExecutive Board
establishes policies, approves programs and oversees administrative and
financial plans. The Executive Board is made up of government
representatives whoare elected by the United Nations Economic and Social
Council, usually for three-year terms.
UNICEF School in a box contains basiceducational items for 1 teacher and
40 students
Following the reaching of term limits by Executive Director of
UNICEF Carol Bellamy,former United States Secretary of Agriculture Ann
Veneman became executive director of the organization in May 2005,with
an agenda to increase the organization's focus on the Millennium
DevelopmentGoals. She was succeeded in May 2010, by Anthony Lake.
UNICEF is an intergovernmentalorganization (IGO)and thus is
accountable to those governments. UNICEF’s salary and benefits package
is based on the United Nations Common System.
"ILO" redirects here. For other uses,.
International Labour Organization

ILO logo
Abbreviation ILO
Formation 1919
Type UN agency
Legal status Active
Headquarters Geneva, Switzerland
Head Guy Ryder
Website www.ilo.org
The International Labour Organization (ILO)is a United Nations agency
dealing with labour issues, particularly international labour standards and decent
work for all.[1] 185 of the 193 UN member states are members of the ILO.
In 1969, the organization received the Nobel Peace Prize for improving peace
among classes, pursuing justice for workers, and providingtechnical
assistance to other developing nations.
The ILO registers complaints againstentities thatare violating
internationalrules; however, itdoes not impose sanctions on governments.

Governance,organization, andmembership
ILO headquarters in Geneva
Unlike other United Nations specialized agencies, the International Labour
Organization has a tripartite governing structure – representing
governments, employers, and workers (usually with a ratioof 2:1:1). The
rationale behind the tripartite structure is the creation of free and open
debate among governments and social partners.
The ILO secretariat(staff) is referred to as the International Labour Office.
Governing Body
The Governing Body decides the agenda of the International Labour
Conference, adopts the draftprogramme and budgetof the organization
for submission to the conference, elects the director-general, requests
information from member states concerning labour matters, appoints
commissions of inquiry and supervises the work of the International
Labour Office.
Juan Somavía was the ILO's director-general since 1999 until October 2012,
when Guy Ryder was elected as his replacement.
This guiding body is composed of 28 governmentrepresentatives, 14
workers' representatives, and 14 employers' representatives.
Ten of the governmentseats are held by member states that are nations of
"chief industrial importance,"as first considered by an "impartial
committee." The nations are Brazil, China, France, Germany, India,Italy,
Japan, the Russian Federation,the United Kingdom and the United
States. The terms of office are three years.
International Labour Conference

Interpreting booth ready for an ILO meeting
The ILO organizes the International Labour Conference in Geneva every year in
June, where conventions and recommendations are crafted and adopted.
Also known as the parliamentofLabour, the conference alsomakes
decisions about the ILO's general policy, work programme and budget.
Each member state has four representatives atthe conference: two
governmentdelegates,an employer delegate and a worker delegate. All of
them have individualvoting rights, and all votes are equal, regardless of
the population of the delegate's member state. The employer and worker
delegates are normallychosen in agreementwith the "most representative"
national organizations of employers and workers. Usually, the workers'
delegates coordinate their voting, as do the employers' delegates.[citation
needed]. All delegates have the same rights, and are not required to vote in
blocs.
CONVENTIONS
Through July 2011, the ILO has adopted 189 conventions. If these
conventions are ratified by enough governments, they become in force.
However, ILO conventions are considered international regardless of
ratifications. When a convention comes into force, it creates a legal
obligation for ratifyingnations to apply its provisions.
Every year the International LabourConference's Committee on the
Application of Standards examines a number of alleged breaches
of international labour standards. Governments are required tosubmit reports
detailingtheir compliance with the obligations of the conventions they
have ratified. Conventions that have not been ratified by member states
have the same legal force as do recommendations.
In 1998, the 86th International Labour Conference adopted the Declaration on
Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work. This declaration contains four
fundamental policies:
1. The rightof workers to associate freely and bargaincollectively;
2. The end of forced and compulsory labour;

3. The end of child labour; and
4. The end of unfair discrimination among workers.
The ILO asserts that its members have an obligation to work towards fully
respecting these principles, embodiedin relevantILO Conventions. The
ILO Conventions which embody the fundamental principles have now
been ratified by mostmember states.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Recommendations donot have the bindingforce of conventions and are
not subject to ratification.Recommendations may be adopted at the same
time as conventions to supplement the latter with additional or more
detailed provisions.In other cases recommendations may be adopted
separately and may address issues separate from particular conventions
MEMBERSHIP
ILO member states
As of 2013, 185 of the 193 member states of the United Nations are members of the
ILO. The UN member states which are not members of the ILO
are Andorra, Bhutan, Liechtenstein, Micronesia, Monaco, Nauru, North Korea and Tonga.
The ILO constitution permits any member of the UN to become a member
of the ILO. To gain membership, a nation must inform the Director-General
that it accepts all the obligations of the ILO constitution.
Members of the ILO under the League of Nations automaticallybecame
members when the organization's new constitution came into effect after
World War II. In addition,any original memberof the United Nations and
any state admitted to the U.N. thereafter may join. Other states can be
admitted by a two-thirds vote of all delegates, including a two-thirds vote
of governmentdelegates, atany ILO General Conference.
POSITION WITHIN THE UN
The InternationalLabourOrganization (ILO)is a specialized agency of
the United Nations(UN). As with otherUN specialized agencies(or
programmes)workingon international development, the ILO is also a
memberof the United Nations Development Group.

ISSUES
FORCED LABOUR
The ILO has considered the fightagainst forced labour to be one of its main
priorities. During the interwar years, the issue was mainly considereda
colonial phenomenon, and the ILO's concern was to establish minimum
standards protecting the inhabitants of colonies from the worst abuses
committed by economic interests. After 1945, the goal became to set a
uniform and universal standard, determined by the higher awareness
gained during World War II of politicallyand economically motivated
systems of forced labour, butdebates were hampered by the Cold War and
by exemptions claimed by colonial powers. Since the 1960s, declarations of
labour standards as a component of human rights have been weakened by
governmentof postcolonial countries claiminga need to exercise
extraordinary powers over labour in their role as emergency regimes
promoting rapid economic development.
Ratifications of the ILO's 1957 Abolition of Forced Labour Convention,
with non-ratifiers shown in red
In June 1998 the International Labour Conference adopted a Declaration on
FundamentalPrinciples and Rights atWork and its Follow-upthat
obligates memberStates to respect, promote and realize freedom of
association and the rightto collective bargaining, the elimination of all
forms of forced or compulsory labour, the effective abolition of child
labour, and the elimination ofdiscrimination in respect of employmentand
occupation.
With the adoption of the Declaration, the International Labour
Organization (ILO) created the InFocus Programme on Promoting the
Declaration which is responsible for the reporting processes and technical
cooperation activities associated with the Declaration; and itcarries out
awareness raising,advocacy and knowledge functions.
In November 2001, followingthe publication of the in Focus Programme's
first Global Reporton forced labour, the ILO Governing Body created
a Special Action Programme to Combat Forced Labour (SAP-FL), as part of broader
efforts to promote the 1998 Declaration on FundamentalPrinciples and
Rights at Work and its Follow-up.

Since its inception, SAP-FL has focused on raisingglobalawareness of
forced labour in its differentforms, and mobilising action againstits
manifestation. Severalthematicand country-specificstudies and surveys
have since been undertaken, on such diverse aspects of forced labour
as bonded labour, human trafficking, forced domesticwork, rural servitude, and
forced prison labour.
The Special Action Programme to combatForced Labour (SAP-FL) has
spearheaded the ILO's work in this field since early 2002.The programme
is designed to:
 Raise global awareness and understandingof modern forced labour
 Assistgovernments in developing and implementing new laws, policies
and action plans
 Developand disseminate guidance and training materials on key
aspects of forced labour and trafficking
 Implementinnovative programmes thatcombine policy development,
capacity building oflaw enforcement and labour marketinstitutions,
and targeted, field-based projects of directsupport for both prevention
of forced labour and identification and rehabilitation of its victims.
Vulnerability of children leads to and is further created by the socio-
cultural, socio political and socio-religious situations they are in. A child
who is forced or born into a situation or discriminatedgroupis at risk for
abuse, neglect and exploitation. The lack of a protection system either due
to mis-implementation of national laws and programmes or the absence of
protection policies and legislation alsorenders children vulnerable.
Following is a discussion of various protection issues concerning children.
Children in conflict with law are juveniles who have allegedly committed a
crime under the Indian Penal Code. The ICPS also recognizes a third
category of children; Child in contact with law. These children are victims
of or witnesses to crimes. ICPS lastly outlines that vulnerable children
groups also include but are not limited to the following: "childrenof
potentially vulnerable familiesand families atrisk, children ofsocially
excluded groups like migrantfamilies,families livingin extreme poverty,
scheduled castes, scheduled tribes and other backwardclasses, families
subjected to or affected by discrimination, minorities, children infected

and/or affected by HIV/AIDS, orphans, child drug abusers, children of
substance abusers, child beggars, trafficked or sexually exploited children,
children of prisoners, and street and working children."
CHILDREN IN NEED OF CARE AND PROTECTION IS DEFINED AS A CHILD
WHO :
 Doesn't have a home or shelter and no means to obtain such an abode
 Resides with a person(s) who has threatened to harm them and is likely to
carry out that threat, harmed other children and hence is likely to kill,
abuse or neglect the child.
 Is mentally or physically handicapped, or has an illness, terminal or
incurable disease and has no one to provide and care for him/her.
 Has a parent or guardian deemed unfit or unable to take care of the child.
 Is an orphan, has no family to take care of him/her, or is a runaway or
missing child whose parents cannot be located after a reasonable search
period.
 Is being or is likely to be sexual, mentally, emotionally or physically
abused, tortured or exploited.
 Is being trafficked or abusing drug substances.
 Is being abused for unthinkable gains or illegal activities.
 Is a victim of arm conflict, civil unrest or a natural disaster
DAIGRAMS SHOW THE CHILD LABOR IN INDIA
How many children are there in India?

India with 1.21 billion people constitutes as the second most populous
country in the world, while children represents 39% of total population of
the country.
Age group of India’s Children *
The above figures show that the larger number of about29 percent
constitutes Children in the age between 0-5 years. The share of Children (0-
6 years)in the total population has showed a decline of 2.8 points in 2011,
compared to Census 2001. The children's population (0-18)is 472 million.

Age group VS GenderofIndia’s Children *
While an absolute increase of 181 million in the country’s
population has been recorded during the decade 2001-2011, there is a
reduction of 5.05 millions in the population of children aged 0-6 years
during 2010-11.The decline in male children is 2.06 million and in female
children is 2.99 millions. The share of Children (0-6 years)in the total
population has showed a decline of 2.8 points in 2011, compared toCensus
2001 and the decline was sharper for female children than male children in
the age group 0-6 years.
GenderofIndia’s Children *
The number of boys has dropped 2.42 per cent and that of girls 3.80per
cent. Population (0-6 years)2001-2011registered minus (-) 3.08 percent
growth with minus (-) 2.42 for males and -3.80 for females. The proportion

of Child Population in the age group of 0-6 years to total population is 13.1
percent while the corresponding figure in 2001 was 15.9 percent. The
decline has been to the extent of 2.8 points.
Rural- Urban Distribution of Children Population *
State wise distribution of Children’spopulation*

Uttar Pradesh (19.27%)is the state with highestchildren’s population in the
country followed by Bihar (10.55%), Maharashtra(8.15 %), West Bengal
(6.81 %) and Madhya Pradesh (6.46%)constitutes 52% of Children’s
population in the country.
State wise and Genderwise distribution of Children’spopulation*
Male – Female Children’sRatio *

The Child gender Ratioin the country has declined.
Genderwise Adult V/S Children *
Genderwise distribution of Rural- Urban Children Population*

Age distribution of Rural& Urban population*

Comparison ofAdultand Children population in Ruraland Urban India
* Data Source: Censusof India 2010-11
1

State wise details of working children in the age group of5-14 years as
per Census
2001 and Census 2011 are as under:
working children in the age
group of 5-14 years
Census 2001 Census 2011
1. Andaman & Nicobar Island 1960 -999
2. Andhra Pradesh 1363339 -404851
3. Arunachal Pradesh 18482 -5766
4. Assam 351416 -99512
5. Bihar 1117500 -451590
6. Chandigarh U.T. 3779-3135
7. Chhattisgarh364572 - 63884
8. Dadra & NagarH. 4274-1054
9. Daman & Diu U.T. 729 -774
10. Delhi U.T. 41899-26473
11. Goa 4138 -6920
12. Gujarat485530-250318
13. Haryana253491-53492
14. Himachal Pradesh 107774-15001
15. Jammu& Kashmir 175630 -25528
16. Jharkhand 407200 -90996
17. Karnataka 822615 -249432
18. Kerala 26156 -21757
19. LakshadweepUT 27-28

20. Madhya Pradesh 1065259-286310
21. Maharashtra 764075-496916
22. Manipur 28836 -11805
23. Meghalaya 53940 - 18839
24. Mizoram 26265-2793
25. Nagaland 45874 -11062
26. Odisha 377594 -92087
27. Pondicherry U.T. 1904 - 1421
28. Punjab 177268 - 90353
29. Rajasthan 1262570 -252338
30. Sikkim 16457- 2704
31. Tamil Nadu418801 - 151437
32. Tripura 21756 -4998
33. Uttar Pradesh 1927997 - 896301
34. Uttarakhand 70183 - 28098
35. West Bengal 857087 - 234275
Totalin 2001-12666377 In 2011 - 4353247

CONCLUSION
Child Protection
UNICEF considers child protection as the prevention of or responding to
the incidence of abuse, exploitation, violence and neglect of children. This
includes commercial sexual exploitation, trafficking,child labour and
harmful traditional practices, such as female genital mutilation/cutting
and child marriage. Protection alsoallows children to have access to their
other rights of survival, development, growth and participation. UNICEF
maintains thatwhen child protection fails or is absentchildren have a
higher risk of death, poor physical and mental health, HIV/AIDS infection,
educational problems, displacement, homelessness,vagrancyand poor
parenting skills later in life.
According to the Integrated Child Protection Scheme (ICPS) Child
Protection is about keeping children safe from a risk or perceived risk to
their lives or childhood. It is about recognizing thatchildren are vulnerable
and hence reducing their vulnerability by protecting them from harm and
harmful situations. Child protection is about ensuring that children have a
security net to depend on, and if they happen to fall through the holes in
the system, the system has the responsibilityto provide the child with the
necessary care and rehabilitation tobring them back into the safety net.
CHILD PROTECTION
Prevention Intervention Rehabilitation
 Law and Policies
 Processes and
Protocols
 Mechanisms and
Systems
 Monitoring
 Sensitization and
Awareness Building
 Laws and Policies
 Access and
Assistance
 Immediate Relief
(SOS attention)
 Restoration of
rights/Status Quo
 Laws and Policies
 Long term care
until age 18
 Skills and Training

 Punish violators
Child Rights?
A rightis as an agreementor contract established between the persons who
hold a right(often referred to as the "rights-holders")and the persons or
institutions which then have obligations and responsibilities in relation to
the realization of that right(often referred to as the
"duty-bearers".) Child rights are specialized human
rights that apply to all human beings below the age
of 18.
Universallychild rights are defined by the United
Nations and UnitedNationsConventiononthe Rightsof the Child
(UNCRC). According to the UNCRC Child Rights are
minimum entitlements and freedoms thatshould be afforded to all persons
below the age of 18 regardless ofrace, colour, gender, language, religion,
opinions, origins, wealth, birth status or ability and therefore apply to all
people everywhere.The UN finds these rights interdependentand
indivisible, meaning thata right cannot be fulfilled atthe expense of
another right.
The purpose of the UNCRC is to outline the basichuman rights thatshould be
afforded to children. There are four broad classifications of these rights.
These four categories cover all civil, political, social, economicand cultural
rights of every child.
 Rightto Survival:A child's rightto survival begins before a child is
born. According to Governmentof India, a child life begins after
twenty weeks of conception. Hence the rightto survivalis inclusive
of the child rights to be born, rightto minimum standards of food,
shelter and clothing, and the rightto live with dignity.
 Rightto Protection: A child has the rightto be protected from neglect,
exploitation and abuse at home, and elsewhere.
 Rightto Participation: A child has a rightto participate in any
decision making thatinvolves him/her directly or indirectly. There

are varying degrees of participation as per the age and maturity of
the child.
 Rightto Development: Children have the rightto all forms of
development: Emotional, Mental and Physical. Emotional
developmentis fulfilled by proper care and love of a support system,
mental developmentthrough education and learning and physical
developmentthrough recreation, play and nutrition.
Instead of Lots of laws & Act Passed by the government, Actual
Implementation nothing, or we can say very low progress is there, They
Can’t Get the benefitof Education facility, or Other facility, So it should
be Improved.

REFERENCES
 Baland,Jean-Marieand James A. Robinson (2000)'Is child labour
inefficient?
 Basu, Kaushik, and Homa Zarghamee (2009)'Is product boycott a
good idea for controlling child labour?A theoretical investigation'
 Bhukuth, Augendra. "Definingchild labour: a controversialdebate"
 Emerson, Patrick M., and André Portela Souza. "Is Child Labour
Harmful
 WIKIPEDIA
 INTERNET
 Trishla Jasani (child Line 1098)

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