short view aircraft's movement mechanism , engine , maintenance workshops and materials uses in air craft

1. INTERNSHIP REPORT
AEROSPACE
20 JUNE – 1 JULY 2016
SUBMITTED BY: HAMZA MUSTAFA
(NUST), KAMRAN JAWED (NED)
SUBMITTED TO: MR SHAHID MAHFOOZ

2. PITCH : Rotational movement of an aircraft
around its transverse axis; it is caused by an
imbalance of pressure on the nose and tail.
ELEVATOR: It is a flight control surfaces,
usually at the rear of an aircraft, which
control the aircraft's pitch

3. ROLL :Rotational movement of an aircraft
around its longitudinal axis; it is caused by
an imbalance in the lift of the wings. By the
help of aileron
AILERON : It is a hinged flight control
surface usually forming part of the trailing
edge of each wing of a fixed-wing aircraft.
Ailerons are used in pairs to control the
aircraft in roll

4. YAW :Aircraft’s rotational motion around
its vertical axis; it is caused by an imbalance
of pressure on the leading edges of the
wings.
RUDDER : is usually attached to the fin (or
vertical stabilizer) which allows the pilot to
control yaw about the vertical axis, i.e.
change the horizontal
direction in which the
nose is pointing

5. THRUST : Force developed by the engine’s
propeller pulling it forward; in jet aircraft,
thrust is created by the force of the ducts
In commercial aircrafts 80% of thrust is
produced by the mass of air where as 20 %
of thrust is produced by burning of air
DRAG : Force opposite to thrust that
creates resistance to the aircraft’s forward
movement and must be reduced

6. WEIGHT :Force resulting from the effect of
the Earth’s gravity acting on the aircraft’s
mass; the force of the engines must
overpower this to keep the aircraft in the
air
LIFT : Force exerted on an aircraft’s wings
to keep it in the air when a certain forward
speed is reached

7. CF6-80C2
It is turbo fan gas turbine engine produces
thrust about 57860 lb , manufactured by GE
aviation
COMPONENTS :
 Low pressure compressor (4 stages)
which also include fan
 High pressure compressor (14 stages)
 Combustor (annular)
 High pressure turbine (2 stages)
 Low pressure turbine (5 stages)

8. The engine is divided into modules
MODULE 1 : It includes fan and low
pressure compressor
MODULE 2 : It includes high pressure
compressor and compressor rear frame
which also has combustion chamber
MODULE 3 : It only includes high
pressure turbine
MODULE 4 : It includes low pressure
turbine and turbine rear frame
MODULE 5 : This module is known as
ADM (accessories device module) which
only have accessories such as fuel pipes
and wires etc

9. WORKING MECHANISM
At First air intake from the fan then
compress by low pressure compressor
which has larger blades as the air under
goes through the compressor the size of
the blades of rotor gets smaller, the
distance between two consecutive blades
of rotor and veins are called divergent
duck from which air has low velocity and
high pressure , the pressure is equally
exerted on blades and straightening veins
after passing through high pressure
compressor the air is burned in
combustion chamber which starts the
turbine and the turbine move the fan and
compressor . This process only gives 20 %
of thrust and rest of it attained by the fan

10. PW127
It is a turbo prop engine manufactured by
Pratt & Whitney Canada use in small air
crafts such as ATR
COMPONENTS :
Compressor: LP and HP independent
centrifugal compressors of 2 stages because
small engine size
Combustors: Annular reverse flow
combustion chamber
Turbine: Axial flow: single-stage HP; single-
stage LP; the power turbine has two stages
Fuel type: JET A

11. APU
 Auxiliary power unit
 It biggest function is to start the main
engine through pneumatics
 Controls electronics systems and air
conditioning system through pneumatics.
 It start through an electric starter 28 volt
DC
 When APU reaches to its 50 % RPM the
starter is cut off
 Its biggest advantage is its make aircraft
self sustainable
 It has 2 valves , surge control valve and
load valve
 Average cut off time for starter is 38.72
seconds.

12. QEC (Quick Engine Change)
 Engine overhauling and changing is done QEC.
Different types of system in an engine are:
 Hydraulic System
 Pneumatic System
 Exhaust System
 Starting System
 Anti-icing System
 The engine becomes a power plant when
it is capable of attaching in the wing.
 Hydraulic system’s main purpose is to
operate landing gear. Other uses include
operating flaps and ailerons.
 Pump pressurizes from 1500 to 3000psi.

13. 3 startup ways for engine:
 Ground cart
 APU.
 Alternate Engine (must be running
on higher RPM between 35-50psi).
 The purpose of exhaust and nozzle is
to change the shape of rotary air
into streamline for smooth
operation.
 Wear pads made of tungsten
carbide are used to protect the
material of exhaust.
 In earlier aircrafts particularly
Boeing-737 de-icing system were
used.

14. Test Cell
 Engine testing is done in test cell
and control rooms are there to
control different variables and
parameters.
 Primary factors include N1(RPM of
engine1), N2(RPM of engine2) and
EGT(exhaust gas temperature).
 Secondary factors include
temperature, pressure, vibrations
and oil leaks.
 1lakh lb-f thrust sustainable in test
cell.
 Intake is also known as bell mouth
which must be smooth for laminar
flow of air(less turbulence).
REPAIR AND MOD

15. In repair and mod there are three sections
 Heavy machining
 Medium machining
 Light machining
Which includes various types of machines such
as :
 VLT (vertical lathe machine)
 CNC
 Horizontal boring machine
 Surface grinder machine
 Milling machine
 Radial boring machine
 Cylindrical grinding machine
 Plasma spraying
 Bridge board milling machine
PLATING SECTION
It works for three purposes

16.  Corrosion prevention
 Decoration
 Resizing
TYPES OF PLATING
 Copper
 Chromium
 Cadmium
 Sliver
 Nickel
The plating is electrolytic
Striping which is reverse of plating is also done in
plating section. Other than this Hydrogen baking ,
masking , waxing , passivation of sodium
dichromate , etching , unrusting and blasting is
done in this section
BASE MAINTAINCE
 Structure repair shop

17.  Machine shop
 Paint shop
 Composite shop
 Heat treatment shop
 Bending machines
 Rolling machine
 Shearing machine
There are two types of sheets
 Tension in sheets ( 2024 AL alloy base CU)
 Compression in sheets ( 7075 AL alloy base
Zinc)
The sheets are also made up of titanium ,
stainless steel and magnesium
TYPES OF MATERIAL
 Carbon fiber

18.  Glass fiber
 Bagging film
 Breather fabric
 Wire mesh
 Release film
 Resins